MERCURY COMPOUNDS IN DRUGS AND FOOD
Under section 413(a) of the Food and Drug Administration
Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA) (Pub. L. 105-115), entitled "Food and Drug
Administration Study of Mercury Compounds in Drugs and Food," the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) is required to: (1) Compile a list of drugs and foods that contain
intentionally introduced mercury compounds, and (2) provide a quantitative and qualitative
analysis of the mercury compounds in this list. The statute did not differentiate between
mercury as an active or an inactive ingredient.
In the FEDERAL REGISTERs of December 14, 1998 (63 FR
68775) and April 29, 1999 (64 FR 23083), FDA published requests for data and information
on mercury compounds in drugs and food. The agency asked all manufacturers of any food,
including dietary supplements, and human and veterinary drug products (prescription or
over-the-counter (OTC)) containing any intentionally introduced mercury compounds, whether
used as an active or inactive ingredient, to provide information about the products to the
agency. The agency requested the following information for each product: (1) its
commercial name, (2) the chemical name of the mercury compound present in the product, the
Chemical Abstract Service (CAS) registry (Reg.) Number (No.) and the CAS preferred
chemical name of the mercury compound(s), (3) the quantitative amount present in the
product, (4) the purpose of the mercury compound in the product, (5) a copy of the
product's labeling, and (6) an estimate of the amount of the mercury compound used
annually in manufacturing the product. General comments on the subject could also be
submitted.
The agency received 41 responses to the request-for-data
notices; 38 from manufacturers of products, 1 from an association of homeopathic
pharmacists, and 2 from consumers. Of the38 responses from manufacturers, 15 were from
manufacturers of homeopathic drug products, and 23 were from manufacturers of drug and/or
biologic products (13 drug manufacturers, 8 biologic manufacturers, and 2 manufacturers of
both types of products). Five of the drug manufacturers informed the agency that they had
no products containing any mercury compounds. One drug manufacturer was an animal health
corporation providing information on a veterinary drug product, and two manufacturers of
homeopathic products included information on five veterinary drug products as well as
human drug products. The product information submitted with the comments is summarized
below in separate sections based on the types of products: Human drug products
(nonhomeopathic and homeopathic), veterinary drug products (nonhomeopathic and
homeopathic), biological products, food and dietary supplement products, and other
products (where the type of product could not be determined from the information that was
submitted).
I. Information from the Responses
A. Human Drug Products (nonhomeopathic).
The nine manufacturers of human drug products submitted
information on a total of 32 products, half of which are prescription products and half of
which are OTC products. The prescription products included 7 ophthalmic, 4 otic, 3
injectable (1 bacteriostatic water for injection and 2 hyaluronidase for injection), and 2
topical (for treating candidiasis) products. The OTC products included 14 nasal spray/drop
and 2 ophthalmic products. None of the products contained any mercury compounds as active
ingredients.
The 32 products contained the following mercury compounds
as inactive ingredients used as a preservative: 27 contained thimerosal (TM), 4 contained
phenylmercuric acetate (PMA),and 1 contained phenylmercuric nitrate (PMN). TM was used in
the 13 ophthalmic and otic products at the following concentrations: 0.001% (5 products),
0.002% (1 product), 0.004% (2 products), 0.005% (2 products), and 0.01% (3 products). TM
was used in 10 nasal spray/drop products at 0.00025% (3 products), 0.001% (6 products),
and 0.002% (1 product). The 2 topical products contained 0.01% TM, and the 2 hyaluronidase
injection products contained 0.075 or 0.1 milligram (mg) TM per 150 United States
Pharmacopeia (USP) units of drug (0.01%).
PMA was used in 4 nasal spray/drop products at 0.002%. One
manufacturer reported subsequently that its product had been reformulated to delete the
PMA. (This reduced the total number of products to 31.) PMN was used in the bacteriostatic
water for injection at 0.01%.
The manufacturers reported estimated annual amounts of TM
used as 1,086 grams (g) for 10 nasal spray/drop products, 1,123 g for 9 ophthalmic
products, 6,015 g for 4 otic products, 40 g for 2 topical products, and 192 g for the 2
hyaluronidase injection products. The manufacturers estimated annual amounts used were 482
g for PMA for the 4 nasal spray/drop products and 1.6 g for PMN for the 1 bacteriostatic
water for injection product.
B. Human Drug Products (homeopathic).
The agency considers homeopathic products as drugs. These
drugs may be either prescription or OTC products. Mercury compounds are used in very
dilute concentrations in homeopathic products for a variety of purposes. Homeopathic
dosages are based on principles of serial dilution, and homeopathic products are marketed
in strengths that indicate the number of dilutions that the substance has undergone in the
manufacturing process. Homeopathic products are marketed with either "X" or
"C" potencies. "X" potencies are prepared by 1 to 10 dilutions, and
"C" potencies are prepared by 1 to 100 dilutions.
For example, a mercury compound is completely dissolved in
solvent/diluent in a ratio of 1 part mercury compound to 10 parts or 100 parts solution.
The resulting solution is known as the 1X or 1C dilution. To manufacture the 2X or 2C
dilution, one part of the 1X solution is mixed with 9 parts of the solvent/diluent and one
part of the 1C solution is mixed with 99 parts of the solvent/diluent. The 3X or 3C
dilution is made from one part of the 2X or 2C dilution plus 9 or 99 parts, respectively,
of the solvent/diluent. This dilution is repeated as many times as desired.
For substances that are insoluble in alcohol and water,
the insoluble substance is mixed with 9 times its weight of lactose. This process is
repeated until the substance has been diluted to at least a 6X potency, at which point it
is sufficiently diluted to allow solubility in a fluid, and the process can be continued
to the desired dilution.
A homeopathic product marketed at a 6X potency would
contain 0.000001 g of mercury compound per 1 g of tablet or pellet. This represents 1 part
per million (ppm) by weight. The American Association of Homeopathic Pharmacists stated
that a typical dose of a 6X dilution of a mercury compound contains from 0.000066 to
0.000495 mg of elemental mercury. Mercury concentrations in submitted products generally
ranged from 6X to 200X.
The 15 manufacturers of homeopathic products submitted
information on 494 human products containing 22 different mercury compounds, as follows:
Homeopathic
name |
CAS preferred
or chemical name |
Number of
products |
Aethiops antimonialis antimony |
sulfide/mercury mixture |
2 |
Aethiops mercurialis-mineralis |
black mercuric sulfide |
8 |
Mercurius aceticus |
mercurous acetate |
4 |
Mercurius auratus |
mercury and gold amalgam |
3 |
Mercurius biniodatus |
mercuric iodide |
3 |
Mercurius bromatus |
mercurous bromide |
3 |
Mercurius corrosivus |
mercuric chloride |
80 |
Mercurius cum kali iodatus |
potassium tetraiodomercurate |
3 |
Mercurius cyanatus |
mercuric cyanide |
20 |
Mercurius dulcis |
mercurous chloride |
21 |
Mercurius iodatus flavus |
mercurous iodide |
23 |
Mercurius iodatus ruber |
mercuric iodide |
28 |
Mercurius methylenus |
dimethylmercury |
3 |
Mercurius nitricus |
mercuric nitrate |
4 |
Mercurius praecipitatus albus ammoniated |
mercury (chloride) |
11 |
Mercurius praecipitatus ruber |
red mercuric oxide |
31 |
Mercurius protoiodatus |
mercurous iodide |
2 |
Mercurius solubilis |
[Hahnemann's] soluble mercury |
126 |
Mercurius sulphocyanatus |
mercuric thiocyanate |
3 |
Mercurius sulphuratus ruber |
red mercuric sulfide |
10 |
Mercurius sulphuricus |
mercuric sulfate |
13 |
Mercurius vivus |
[Quicksilver] mercury |
72 |
Combination products |
|
18 |
Due to the large number of dilutions in the manufacture of
homeopathic products, the amount of mercury compounds used annually in manufacturing these
products is minimal. Onemanufacturer stated that 1 g of a mercury compound provides enough
active ingredient for 1,000 kilograms (kg) of 6X tablets or pellets. Thus, most
manufacturers annual requirements for any mercury compound used in manufacturing a
homeopathic drug product should not exceed 1 g.
C. Veterinary Drug Products (nonhomeopathic and
homeopathic).
Three manufacturers submitted information on six products.
One manufacturer of nonhomeopathic veterinary drug products stated that it marketed one
ophthalmic ointment for dogs containing a mercury compound (0.002% PMN) as a preservative.
Two of the veterinary homeopathic drug products contained mercurius corrosivus or
mercurius dulcis, both at a 15X potency. The other three veterinary homeopathic drug
products contained mercurius corrosivus, mercurius cyanatus, or mercurius vivus and are
marketed in 10X, 30X, and 100X potencies.
D. Biological Products.
The ten manufacturers of biological products submitted
information on a total of 38 products: 30 vaccines, 7 other biological products, and 1
diluent for a vaccine. Eight of the 30 vaccines were variations of diphtheria (D or d) and
tetanus (T) toxoids; 6 were tetanus toxoids (TT); 2 were DTaP (diphtheria and tetanus
toxoids and acellular pertussis); 1 was DTP (diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and whole cell
pertussis); and 2 were DTP or DTaP combined with Haemophilus influenzae type b (DTP-HIB or
DTaP-HIB). The other vaccines were 5 influenza, 2 hepatitis B, 2 HIB, 1 pneumococcal, and
1 Japanese encephalitis. The 7 other biological products were 3 antivenins, 2 human immune
globulins, 1 mumps skin test antigen, and 1 normal horse serum. The final product was a
diluent for a meningococcal vaccine. None of the products contained any mercury compounds
as active ingredients.
The 38 products all contained TM as the mercury compound
used as a preservative. TMwas present at a 0.01% concentration in 29 of the products;
0.003% in 3 products (1 Td and 2 immune globulins); 0.005% in 5 products (2 hepatitis B, 2
antivenins, and 1 normal horse serum), and 0.007% in 1 Japanese encephalitis virus
vaccine. For products containing 0.01% TM, the amount of TM per 0.5 milliliters (mL) of
product is 50 micrograms, and the amount of elemental mercury per 0.5 mL dose is
approximately 25 micrograms.
The manufacturers reported estimated annual amounts of TM
used as 3,125 g for the 19 products containing any form of D and T, 24,408 g for the other
11 vaccine products (one manufacturer estimated 20,000 g for a hepatitis B vaccine), 60 g
for 2 human immune globulins, 7 g for the 3 antivenins, 4 g for 1 mumps skin test antigen,
1 g for the 1 normal horse serum product, and 50 g for the diluent for 1 meningococcal
vaccine. The total estimated amount for the 38 products is 27,655 g of TM.
E. Food and Dietary Supplement Products.
No manufacturer of any food or dietary supplement products
submitted any information in response to the agency's requests.
F. Other Products.
One consumer provided some information about the mercury
content of some herbal pills from China that had been sold to her by an acupuncturist as
part of acupuncture treatment for a sinus condition. The consumer had the pills analyzed
and they were found to contain 62 ppm (0.0062%) mercury. The information provided did not
enable the agency to determine the ingredients these pills contain, whether the product
would be considered a drug or dietary supplement, or what the exposure to mercury would be
from its use.
II. Information from Other Sources
A. Human Drug Products (nonhomeopathic).
The agency has reviewed information from its Drug
Registration and Listing System (DRLS) and other sources to identify additional drug
products that contain intentionally introduced mercury compounds. All but one of the 32
submitted drug products (see section I.A. above) were included in the DRLS files. These 31
products are not discussed in this section.
The agency identified 138 additional nonhomeopathic
products containing mercury compounds. Of these, 13 contained mercury compounds as an
active or bulk chemical ingredient and 125 contained mercury compounds as a preservative
(124) or inactive ingredient (1).
Eleven of the 13 products contained mercury compounds (TM
(8), merbromin(2), and mercuric oxide yellow (1)) as a bulk chemical ingredient, and only
2 products (merbromin (mercurochrome) solution) had active drug uses. The agency does not
believe either of these products that had active drug uses is currently marketed because
of a final rule that the agency issued on April 22, 1998 (63 FR 19799). In that final
rule, the agency declared merbromin (and other mercury active ingredients) as not
generally recognized as safe and effective as an active ingredient for OTC first aid
antiseptic and antimicrobial diaper rash uses. Products containing these ingredients for
these uses could no longer be initially introduced or initially delivered for introduction
into interstate commerce after October 19, 1998.
Of the 124 products containing mercury compounds as a
preservative, 52 were nasal solutions/sprays, 41 were ophthalmic solutions/ointments, 18
were otic solutions, 8 were topical products, and 5 were injectable products. The 124
products contained TM (62), PMA (54), mercuric acetate (believed to be PMA) 1, PMN (5),
and mercuric nitrate (believed to be PMN) (2). The agency believes that the 7 ointment or
suppository products containing PMN as apreservative are no longer marketed because the
PMN was present in a product that contained live yeast cell derivative (LYCD). The agency
declared LYCD as not generally recognized as safe and effective for OTC anorectal use in a
final rule issued on September 2, 1993 (58 FR 46746). Products containing LYCD for
anorectal use could no longer be initially introduced or initially delivered for
introduction into interstate commerce after September 2, 1994. Based on current product
information and information about similar products that were previously marketed, the
agency believes that when these products were reformulated to remove the LYCD, the PMN
preservative was also removed from the products. One topical ointment listed mercury as an
inactive ingredient at less than 0.02 ppm.
When preservative concentration information was provided
in the DRLS files, TM was present at 0.0005 to 0.01% (about 75% of the products) in the
ophthalmic solutions and at 0.002 to 0.01% (over 75% of the products) in the otic
solutions. PMA was present in most of the nasal solutions/sprays at 0.002% and at 0.0008%
in 1 ophthalmic ointment. Mercuric acetate was listed at 0.002% in one nasal
solution/spray product.
The agency is able to estimate only the amounts of mercury
compounds used annually as a preservative in these products. Based on manufacturers'
information provided for submitted products (see section I.A. above), 1,086 g of TM is
used annually to manufacture 10 nasal spray/drop products. For 2 additional nasal
spray/drop products, the estimated amount would be approximately an additional 217 g (0.2
times 1,086), making a total of 1,303 g. The agency is unable to determine the accuracy of
this proration because it cannot correlate the 10 and 2 product quantities in terms of
total number of products sold. But the calculation provides an estimate that approximately
1,300 g of TM would be used annually as a preservative in themanufacture of approximately
12 nasal spray/drop drug products. The agency believes that this number will be less for
these products in the future because many manufacturers of these products have
reformulated or are currently reformulating the products to replace TM as the preservative
with another (nonmercury compound) preservative, e.g., benzalkonium chloride.
Manufacturers estimated 1,123 g of TM used annually as a
preservative for 9 ophthalmic products. Using the same type of calculation as above, 4,492
g (4 times 1,123) would be used for 36 additional products, making a total estimate of
5,615 g for 45 products. Similarly, 6,015 g of TM was estimated for 4 otic products. This
would estimate as 27,068 g (4.5 times 6,015) for 18 additional products, making a total
estimate of 33,083 g for 22 products. The agency believes this estimate is high because of
the large quantity used for 1 of the 4 submitted products. The agency does not believe
that many of the other 18 products have the same volume of sales; thus, the actual amount
used would be much lower.
Manufacturers estimated 192 g of TM are used for 2
injectable products and 40 g are used for 2 topical products. The 5 injectable products
and the 1 topical ointment product containing TM that were identified in the DRLS are
significantly different types of products than the submitted products for which estimates
of annual use were made. Therefore, the agency is not able to make an estimate for these 6
products in the DRLS.
Manufacturers estimated 482 g of PMA are used annually in
4 nasal spray/drop products. This would estimate as 6,025 g (12.5 times 482) for 50
additional products, making a total of 6,507 g for 54 products. No ophthalmic products
containing PMA were included in the submissions. Therefore, the agency has no estimate for
the 5 ophthalmic products containing PMA that were identified in the DRLS. Manufacturers
provided an estimate of 1.6 g for only 1product (a bacteriostatic water for injection)
containing PMN as a preservative. The agency believes that none of the topical products in
the DRLS that contained PMN as a preservative are currently marketed. Therefore, the
amount of PMN used as a preservative annually is minimal.
B. Human Drug Products (homeopathic).
The agency identified 607 additional single ingredient and
39 combination (more than one ingredient) homeopathic products containing 19 mercury
compounds as active ingredients. Most of these ingredients were previously identified
above (see section I.B.), but a few additional ingredients were included in the DRLS
files. The ingredients and the number of products in which they appear are as follows:
Ingredient |
Number of products |
Mercuric acetate |
3 |
Mercurous acetate |
2 |
Mercury and gold amalgam |
3 |
Mercurous bromide |
4 |
Mercuric chloride |
130 |
Mercuric chloride ammoniated |
6 |
Mercurous chloride |
21 |
Mercuric cyanide |
17 |
Mercury cyanide oxide |
1 |
Mercurous iodide |
28 |
Mercuric iodide red |
52 |
Mercuric nitrate |
6 |
Mercuric oxide red |
34 |
Mercurialis perennis (dog's mercury) |
17 |
Soluble mercury |
133 |
Mercuric sulfate |
30 |
Mercurous sulfate |
1 |
Mercuric sulfide red |
25 |
Mercury (mercurius vivus) |
94 |
Combination products |
39 |
As noted above (see section I.B.), these products are
marketed in various potencies, and mercury concentrations generally ranged from 6X to
200X. Based on information provided in the submissions, 1 g of a mercury compound provides
enough active ingredient for 1,000 kg of 6X tablets or pellets. Thus, annual requirements
for these 646 additional homeopathic products containing mercury should be minimal.
C. Veterinary Drug Products (nonhomeopathic and
homeopathic).
Information from the Center for Veterinary Medicine's drug
listing files and other sources indicates that there are some limited uses of mercury
compounds as active or inactive ingredients in animal drug products. The only FDA approved
product containing PMN as a preservative was included in the product information
manufacturers provided (see section I.C. above). Other products that contain mercury are
typically unapproved products for use in nonfood animals. Examples include mercuric
chloride (bichloride of mercury) and red iodide of mercury as a counterirritant for use on
horses, TM (in tincture of merthiolate) as a mild antiseptic or for the treatment of
equine fungal infections of the hoof, and merbromin (mercurochrome) used intreating
ornamental fish. The agency typically considers regulatory action when it becomes aware of
counterirritant or similar products that contain mercury. Occasional use of mercury
compounds as a preservative in unapproved products also occurs. Based on the information
available, the agency is unable to determine the total amount of mercury used annually in
these products.
D. Biological Products.
The agency has reviewed information from its DRLS and
other sources to identify additional biological products that contain intentionally
introduced mercury compounds. The agency identified 11 additional products, all containing
TM as a preservative. The products included 6 vaccines (1 DT, 1 TT, 1 DTP, 1 DTaP, 1 P,
and 1 rabies), 3 immune globulins, 1 allergen patch test, and 1 coccidioidin skin test
antigen. TM was present in 10 of the products at 0.01% and in 1 product at 0.0065 mg per
patch. The agency believes many of these products have limited distribution and, thus, is
not estimating an annual amount of TM used in these products.
E. Food and Dietary Supplement Products.
Foods, including dietary supplements, do not have to be
registered with the FDA. Therefore, the agency has no compilation of product formulations
that provide information on the intentional use of mercury compounds in foods or dietary
supplements. The agency is not aware of other reports or information on the use of mercury
in foods or dietary supplements. Further, the agency is not aware of any manufacturer who
is intentionally adding any mercury compounds in foods or dietary supplements.
F. Other Products.
The agency is aware of a warning issued by the Therapeutic
Products Programme of Health Canada concerning two Chinese herbal products that were
analyzed and found to contain unacceptable levels of mercury. It is not clear whether the
mercury found in the products was a contaminant or an intentionally introduced mercury
compound(s). The information in the Health Canada warning did not enable the agency to
determine whether these products would be a drug or a dietary supplement or whether they
are presently marketed in the United States.
III. Summary and Conclusions
The information provided by manufacturers, in the agency's
DRLS files, and from other sources shows that mercury compounds were marketed in the past
as an active ingredient in a small number of nonhomeopathic human and veterinary drug
products and are marketed as an active ingredient in miniscule amounts in approximately
1,000 to 1,100 homeopathic drug products. There may be some additional products in the
marketplace that were not found in the sources that the agency reviewed.
The primary use of mercury compounds in the marketplace is
as a preservative in drug and biological products. The attached list identifies 219
products as of October 26, 1999. These products are primarily nasal solutions/sprays,
ophthalmic solutions/ointments, otic solutions, vaccines, and injectable products. The
agency estimates that 15 to 20 of the products included on the list are currently not
marketed for two reasons. First, the agency was unable to locate 10 of the
manufacturers/distributors on the list to determine whether their products are or are not
currently marketed. Second, as discussed in section II.A., the 7 ointment or suppository
products containing PMN on the list are probably no longer marketed.
The two primary mercury compounds used as a preservative
are TM and PMA. The mostwidely used concentrations are 0.01% TM and 0.002% PMA. Some
concentrations are as dilute as 0.0005%. PMN is used in a few products. The agency is
aware that some manufacturers have voluntarily reformulated their products in recent years
to delete the mercury preservatives and to replace them with a nonmercury preservative,
e.g., benzalkonium chloride. The agency anticipates that additional products will be
reformulated in the future.
FDA has no information on the intentional use of mercury
compounds in food or dietary supplements.
Based on the information provided by manufacturers and the
agency's estimates, the amount of mercury compounds used annually as an active and
inactive ingredient in all products appears to be 75,000 to 80,000 g (75 to 80 kg). The
amount used in all drug products appears to be 45,000 to 50,000 g (45 to 50 kg), and the
amount used in all biological products appears to be 25,000 to 30,000 g (25 to 30 kg). As
noted above, this amount should be reduced in the future as more products are reformulated
to delete the mercury preservative.
FDA/Center for Drug Evaluation and Research
Last Updated: August 09, 2001
Originator: OTCOM/DML
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