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Introduction ix C. Health and Nutrition 223 List of Tables and Figures xii 1. Central Government Expenditures for List of Tables and Figures xiith,Cae 22 Health Care 226 A. Demographics and Vital Statistics 1 2. Access to Safe Water 228 1. Child Population 3 3. Access to Sanitation 231 2. Sex Ratio at Birth 28 4. Hospital Beds 234 3. Population Growth Rates 32 5. Health Care Professionals 235 4. Child Population Projections 36 6. Births Attended by Skilled Personnel 243 5. Youth Dependency Ratio 41 7. Vaccination and Immunization 246 6. Infant Mortality Rate 43 8. Vitamin and Mineral Supplements 274 7. Under-5 Mortality Rate 65 9. Oral Rehydration Treatment (ORT) 277 8. Gender Difference in Mortality 77 10. Food Aid 281 9. Births to Adolescents 82 11. Breast-fed Babies 282 10. Maternal Mortality 89 . 10. Materal Mortality 89 .D. Disease, Hunger and Malnutrition 284 11. The Mothers' Index 93 1. Causes of Death 287 1. Causes of Death 287 12. Life Expectancy 95 12. Lfe Expectancy 95 2. Preventable Diseases 296 13. Healthy Life Expectancy 115 Malaria 314 3. Malaria 314 B. Education 119 4. Childhood Cancer 315 1. Number of Schools 123 5. Deaths from Preventable Injuries 315 2. Compulsory Education 126 6. Deaths from Traffic Accidents 316 3. Entrance Age and Duration of Schooling 7. Vitamin and Mineral Deficiencies 317 by Level 129 8. Oral Disease Prevalence 322 4. Net Apparent Intake Rate 141 9. Low Birth Weight or Underweight 325 5. Enrollment Ratios 143 10. Childhood Obesity 328 6. Age-Specific Enrollment Ratio 154 11. Hunger 329 7. Gender and Wealth 157 12. Malnutrition 343 8. Types of Education 167 8. Types of Education 167 E. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome 9. Class Size and Pupil-Teacher Ratio 177ed Immunoy 10. Coefficient of Efficiency 184 1. B g of t E 1. Beginning of the Epidemic 353 11. Students Repeating Grades 185. 11. Students Repeating Grades 185 2. Children Living with HIV/AIDS 354 12. Survival Ratios 187 3 AIDS Deaths 364 13. Transition Rate 189 13. Transition Rate Exc189 4. Teens and the AIDS Info Gap 371 14. School Life Expectancy 190 5. AIDS Orphans 374 15. Facilities 191 5. AIDS Orphans 374 15. Facilities 191 6. AIDS and Education 379 16. Public Spending on Education 194 17. Time Spent in Overall Instruction 206 F. Economics 380 18. Homework 207 1. Gross Domestic and National Product per 19. Student Performance and Achievement 208 Capita 383 20. Literacy Rates 217 2. Indebtedness 390 21. Illiteracy 220 3. Official Development Assistance (ODA) 395 4. Spending for Basic Social Services 398 6. Commercial Sexual Exploitation 4b8 5. Human Poverty Index (HPI) 400 7. Violence Against Girls 471 6. International Poverty Line (IPL) 402 8. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) 472 7. Child Poverty in the Industrial World 404 9. Refugee Children 473 8. Poverty and Household Composition 405 10. Children in the Military 482 9. Minimum Work Age 406 11. Landmines 493 10. Children's Work Places 407 Appendixes 496 11. Size of Child Labor Force 408 i. World Health Organization Regional and 12. Distribution of Child Labor 414 Economic Groupings 496 13. Youth Unemployment 415 13. Youth Unemployment 415 2. Declaration of the Rights of the Child 498 ;. Family, Social Environment and Behavior 416 3. Convention on the Rights of the Child 1. Human Development Index (HDI) 419 (CRC) 499 2. The Child Risk Measure (CRM) 422 4. Signatories to the Convention on the Rights 3. Households 425 of the Child (CRC) 509 4. Average Family Size 429 5. UNICEF's Response to HIV/AIDS 5. Children Living Away from Parents 430 Epidemic 512 6. Foster Care and Foster Children 431 6. International Labour Organization C138 7. Institutional and State Care 432 Minimum Age Convention, 1973 513 8. Adoption 433 7. C182 Worst Forms of Child Labour 9. Children of Divorce 435 Convention, 1999 517 10. Working Mothers 436 8. Declaration on Social and Legal Principles 11. Sexual Activity 437 Relating to the Protection and Welfare of 12. Contraception 438 Children, with Special Reference to Foster 13. Teenage Abortions 439 Placement and Adoption Nationally and 14. Married Adolescents 439 Internationally 520 15. Tobacco and Alcohol 445 9. Draft Optional Protocol to the Convention 16. Food Habits 448 on the Rights of the Child on Involvement 17. Dental Care 451 of Children in Armed Conflict 522 18. Leisure Activities 451 10. Optional Protocols to the Convention on the 19. Exercise 453 Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and on the Sale 1. Irlme, Violene and War 454 4of Children, Child Prostitution and Child 1. Illegal Drug Use 457 2. Age of Criminal Responsibility 461 Pornography 525 3. Juvenile Crimes 462 Acronyms 533 4. Juvenile Prisoners 465 G Glossary 534 5. Homicide, Suicide and Firearm-Related Deaths 468 Index 538