Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment: Professional Fabricare Processes
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover, Disclaimer and Acknowledgements:
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Acronyms and Abbreviations:
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[12K]
Executive Summary:
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[61K]
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION:
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[29K]
- 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
- 1.2 CTSA APPROACH
- 1.2.1 Coverage of Fabricare Alternatives
- 1.2.2 Description of Health and Environmental Risks
- 1.2.3 Performance Data
- 1.2.4 Analysis of the Costs of the Alternative Clothes Cleaning Technologies
- 1.2.5 Selected Federal Regulations
- 1.2.6 Environmental Improvements
- 1.2.7 Evaluation of Trade-Off Issues
- 1.2.8 Emerging Technologies
- 1.2.9 Additional Information
- 1.3 HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT
- 1.3.1 Clothes Cleaners
- 1.3.2 Other Readers
- REFERENCES
HTML (summary only) || PDF [97K]
- 2.1 TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATED IN THE CTSA
- 2.2 CLOTHES CLEANING PROCESS
- 2.3 PROCESS EQUIPMENT DESCRIPTIONS
- 2.3.1 Perchloroethylene Processes Equipment
- 2.3.2 Hydrocarbon Processes Equipment
- 3.3.2 Machine Wetcleaning Processes Equipment
- 2.4 CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TECHNOLOGIES
- 2.4.1 Drycleaning -- Solvents
- 2.4.2 Machine Wetcleaning -- Detergents
- 2.5 COMMERCIAL FABRICARE INDUSTRY MARKET PROFILE
- 2.5.1 Introduction
- 2.5.2 Perchloroethylene Market Share and Volume
- 2.5.3 Hydrocarbon Solvents Market Share and Volume
- 2.5.4 Machine Wetcleaning
- 2.5.5 Fabricare Industry Trends
- REFERENCES
HTML (summary only) || PDF [78K]
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 OVERALL SUMMARY
- 3.2.1 Human Health Hazard
- 3.2.2 Environmental Hazard
- 3.3 HAZARD SUMMARIES BY TECHNOLOGY
- 3.3.1 Drycleaning Technologies
- 3.3.2 Machine Wetcleaning Technology
- REFERENCES
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- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE ASSESSMENT
- 4.2.1 Drycleaning Technologies
- 4.2.2 Machine Wetcleaning Release Assessment
- 4.3 EXPOSURE OVERVIEW
- 4.3.1 Background and Definitions
- 4.3.2 Exposure Descriptors
- 4.3.3 Exposure Comparisons
- 4.4 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTS
- 4.4.1 Drycleaning Technologies: Perchloroethylene Processes
- 4.4.2 Drycleaning: Hydrocarbon Solvents
- 4.4.3 Machine Wetcleaning Process
- REFERENCES
HTML (summary only) || PDF [147K]
- 5.1 RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- INTRODUCTION
- 5.1.1 Scope of the CTSA Risk Assessments
- 5.1.2 Background Information on Human Risk Assessment Methodology
- 5.2 DRYCLEANING USING PERCHLOROETHYLENE (PCE)
- 5.2.1 Human Health
- 5.2.2 Human Health Risks
- 5.2.3 Occupational Risks -- Drycleaning Workers
- 5.2.4 Risks to Residents Co-Located with Drycleaning Establishments
- 5.2.5 General Population Risks
- 5.2.6 Special Sub-Populations
- 5.2.7 Environmental Risk
- 5.2.8 Human and Environmental Risks -- Overall Summary and Conclusions
- 5.3 DRYCLEANING USING HYDROCARBON (HC) SOLVENTS
- 5.3.1 Human Health
- 5.3.2 Human Health Risks
- 5.3.3 Occupational Risks -- Drycleaning Workers
- 5.3.4 General Population Risks -- Residents Co-Located with Drycleaning Establishments
- 5.3.5 General Population Risks
- 5.3.6 Special Sub-Populations
- 5.3.7 Environmental Risk -- Summary and Conclusions
- 5.4 MACHINE WETCLEANING PROCESS
- 5.4.1 Human Health
- 5.4.2 Human Health Risks
- 5.4.3 Occupational Risks -- Wetcleaning Workers
- 5.4.4 General Population Risks
- 5.4.5 Environmental Risk -- Summary and Conclusions
- REFERENCES
HTML (summary only) || PDF [168K]
- 6.1 PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF PROFESSIONAL FABRICARE
- 6.1.1 Performance Assessment Protocol
- 6.1.2 Subjective Measures of Cleaning Performance
- 6.1.3 Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Clothes Cleaning
- 6.1.4 Clothes Cleaning and Textile Damage Potential
- 6.2 REVIEW OF PERFORMANCE STUDIES FOR FABRICARE OPTIONS
- 6.2.1 Summary of Findings
- 6.2.2 Alternative Clothes Cleaning Demonstration (The Greener Cleaner)
- 6.2.3 Final Report for the Green Clean Project
- 6.2.4 Pollution Prevention in the Garment Care Industry: Assessing the Viability of Professional Wetcleaning; Final Report (Cleaner by Nature)
- 6.2.5 Alternative Textile Care Technologies: Part I
- 6.2.6 Alternative Textile Care Technologies: Part II
- 6.2.7 University of Guelph Fabric Swatch Study
- REFERENCES
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- 7.1 SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGIES AND COST ELEMENTS MODELED
- 7.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND COST ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY
- 7.2.1 Clothes Cleaning Plant Capacity
- 7.2.2 Equipment Capacity
- 7.2.3 Capital Equipment Costs
- 7.2.4 Equipment Maintenance Costs
- 7.2.5 Energy Costs
- 7.2.6 Installation Costs
- 7.2.7 Solvent and Other Material Costs
- 7.2.8 Filters/Cleaning Supplies
- 7.2.9 Hazardous Waste Disposal Costs
- 7.2.10 Regulatory Compliance
- 7.2.11 Labor Costs
- 7.3 COST ESTIMATES FOR PCE MACHINE CONFIGURATIONS
- 7.3.1 PCE Transfer with No Carbon Adsorption or Refrigerated Condenser (PCE-A1)
- 7.3.2 PCE Transfer with Carbon Adsorber (PCE-A2)
- 7.3.3 PCE Transfer with Refrigerated Condenser (PCE-A3)
- 7.3.4 PCE Dry-to-Dry with No Carbon Adsorption or Refrigerated Condenser (PCE-B1)
- 7.3.5 PCE Dry-to-Dry with Carbon Adsorber (PCE-B2)
- 7.3.6 PCE Dry-to-Dry Converted to Closed-Loop (PCE-B3)
- 7.3.7 PCE Dry-to-Dry Closed-Loop with no Carbon Adsorber or with Door Fan and Small Carbon Adsorber (PCE-C)
- 7.3.8 PCE Dry-to-Dry Closed-Loop with Unvented Integral Secondary Carbon Adsorber (PCE-D)
- 7.4 COST ESTIMATES FOR HYDROCARBON SOLVENT MACHINE CONFIGURATIONS
- 7.4.1 HC Transfer Machine with Standard Dryer and No Condenser (HC-A1)
- 7.4.2 HC Transfer Machine with Recovery Dryer (HC-A2)
- 7.4.3 HC Dry-to-Dry Closed-Loop with Refrigerated Condenser (HC-B)
- 7.5 COST ESTIMATES FOR MACHINE WETCLEANING
- REFERENCES
HTML (summary only) || PDF [121K]
- 8.1 CLEAN AIR ACT
- 8.1.1 Perchloroethylene Cleaning
- 8.1.2 Hydrocarbon Solvent Cleaning
- 8.1.3 Machine Wetcleaning
- 8.2 CLEAN WATER ACT
- 8.2.1 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Program
- 8.2.2 Wastewater Discharges to Publicly-owned Treatment Works
- 8.2.3 Perchloroethylene Cleaning
- 8.2.4 Hydrocarbon Solvent Cleaning
- 8.2.5 Machine Wetcleaning
- 8.3 SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT - UNDERGROUND INJECTION
- 8.3.1 Perchloroethylene Cleaning
- 8.3.2 Hydrocarbon Solvent Cleaning
- 8.3.3 Machine Wetcleaning
- 8.4 RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
- 8.4.1 Classification of Hazardous Wastes
- 8.4.2 Classification of Hazardous Waste Generators
- 8.4.3 Underground Storage Tanks
- 8.4.4 Perchloroethylene Cleaning
- 8.4.5 Hydrocarbon Solvent Cleaning
- 8.4.6 Machine Wetcleaning
- 8.5 COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE, COMPENSATION AND LIABILITY
ACT
- 8.5.1 Perchloroethylene Cleaning
- 8.5.2 Hydrocarbon Solvent Cleaning
- 8.5.3 Machine Wetcleaning
- 8.6 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH ACT
- 8.6.1 Perchloroethylene Cleaning
- 8.6.2 Hydrocarbon Solvent Cleaning
- 8.6.3 Machine Wetcleaning
- 8.7 CARE LABELING RULE
- 8.8 OTHER APPLICABLE REGULATIONS
- REFERENCES
HTML (summary only) || PDF [67K]
- 9.1 PCE AND HC DRYCLEANING FACILITIES
- 9.1.1 Recommended Operating and Maintenance Procedures
- 9.1.2 Impact of Facility Conditions and Remedial Actions on PCE Concentrations in Co-located Residences
- 9.2 MACHINE WETCLEANING FACILITIES
- 9.3 TRADE ASSOCIATION CONTACTS FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
- REFERENCES
HTML (summary only) || PDF [117K]
- 10.1 SUMMARY OF TRADE-OFF FACTORS
- 10.1.1 Potential Health and Environmental Risks
- 10.1.2 Federal Regulatory Environment
- 10.1.3 Costs
- 10.1.4 Performance Characteristics
- 10.1.5 Other Factors
- 10.1.6 Summary of Trade-Off Considerations
- 10.2 APPROACHES FOR CONSIDERING TRADE-OFFS
- 10.2.1 Benefit/Cost Analysis
- 10.2.2 Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
- 10.2.3 Comparison of Alternative PCE-Based Machine Configurations
- 10.2.4 A Comparison of Alternative Hydrocarbon Solvent-Based Technologies
- REFERENCES
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- 11.1 LIQUID CARBON DIOXIDE PROCESS
- 11.2 ULTRASONIC CLEANING PROCESS
- 11.3 RYNEX SOLVENT
- 11.4 BIOTEX SOLVENT
- REFERENCES
- A.1 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND INFORMATION
- A.2 PERCHLOROETHYLENE ENVIRONMENTAL FATE SUMMARY
- A.3 HYDROCARBON ENVIRONMENTAL FATE SUMMARY
- A.4 MACHINE WETCLEANING ENVIRONMENTAL FATE SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- B.1 DEVELOPMENT OF HAZARD PROFILE
- B.2 DETERMINATION OF CONCERN CONCENTRATION
- REFERENCES
- C.1 DRYCLEANING
- C.1.1 Perchloroethylene
- C.1.2 Hydrocarbon Solvents
- C.2 MACHINE WETCLEANING EXAMPLE DETERGENT CHEMICALS
- C.2.1 Surfactants
- C.2.2 Surfactant Aids
- REFERENCES
- D.1 DRYCLEANING
- D.1.1 Perchloroethylene
- D.1.2 Hydrocarbon Solvents
- D.2 MACHINE WETCLEANING CHEMICALS
- REFERENCES
APPENDIX F. SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL TECHNICAL PEER REVIEW [PDF, 20K]
Download the entire CTSA in PDF format [1.9MB].
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