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Commuting Expenses: Disparity for the Working Poor
- The working poor spent a fraction of what other workers spent on
commuting expenses, but those costs amounted to a significantly higher
proportion of their income.
- The working poor who drove their own vehicle spent a higher
percentage of their income on commuting than those who used public
transit.
- The working poor used the less expensive commuting options of
public transit, carpooling, biking, and walking more frequently than
higher income workers.
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The working poor spent a fraction of what other workers spent on commuting expenses,
but those costs amounted to a significantly higher proportion of their
income.1
The working poor, those with an annual personal income less than
$8,000,2 spent nearly
10 percent of their income on
commuting expenses in 1999, more than twice the 4 percent figure for the total population.
The disparity grows to five times higher when compared to the 2 percent figure for
workers earning $45,000 or more per year. As income increased, workers
were able
to purchase more transportation services, but with a smaller percent of their income, leaving more income available for
other expenses.
The working poor who drove their own vehicle spent a higher percentage of their
income on commuting than those who used public transit.
The working poor who used their own vehicle to commute spent
21 percent of their income
on commuting, while those who took public transportation spent 13
percent.3 Both figures exceed the national medians for workers using either their own vehicle (5 percent of income) or public transit
(3 percent of income).4
All workers spent less to commute by public transit than by driving their own vehicle. However, using either mode, lower income workers still spent less than higher income workers to commute. In fact, the working poor spent less than half of what workers earning $45,000 or more spent to commute, whether they used their own vehicle or
public transit.
The working poor used the less expensive commuting options of public transit,
carpooling, biking, and walking more frequently
than higher income workers.
Most workers used their own vehicle to commute, but the working poor were more
likely than other groups to use alternative commuting modes. About 87 percent of
workers earning $22,000 or more per year used their own vehicle to commute, compared to 66 percent of the working poor. A substantial number of the working poor used the less expensive options of carpooling or vanpooling (12 percent), public transit (6 percent), biking or walking (11 percent), or commuting some
other way (8 percent).
This pattern may indicate that commuting expenses reported by the working poor represent the minimum expense required to travel to and from work. However, the working poor, totaling more than 9 million (6.1 percent of workers)
in 1999,5 still spent more of their income on commuting than all
other income groups.
According to U.S. Government estimates, food accounts for one-third of a
poverty budget,6 and housing that is considered affordable can cost up to 30 percent of one’s
annual income.7 In 1999, the working poor spent 10 percent of their income on commuting costs, leaving 27 percent of their income to cover expenses including: health care, child care, taxes, household supplies, personal care, nonwork-related transportation, education expenses, and
saving for their future.
A full report will be published in Fall 2003, focusing on how the percent of workers’ income spent on commuting varies by race, gender, age, location, household, and income definition; and will include the
years 1996-1999.
For More Information:
Elizabeth Roberto, Research Analyst
U.S. Department of Transportation
Bureau of Transportation Statistics
Office of Advanced Studies
400 7th Street SW, Suite 3430
Washington, DC 20590
Phone: 202-366-3629
Fax: 202-493-0568
Elizabeth.Roberto@bts.gov
1 Bureau of Transportation Statistics’ analysis of U.S.
Census Bureau’s Survey of Income and Program Participation (available
at http://www.sipp.census.gov/sipp). From the SIPP sample, only those with
a paid job during the reference period were selected for the study. Workers’
commuting expenses included fees and fares for those who did not use their own
vehicle to commute, and mileage expenses, parking fees, and tolls for those who used
their own vehicle. The income figure represents cash income before taxes.
2 The official government poverty line for a single adult
with no dependents was $8,501 in 1999. For the purposes of this study,
the working poor are defined as those with an annual income of less than $8,000.
(U.S. Census Bureau.
2002. http://www.census.gov/hhes/poverty/threshld/thresh99.html)
3 Workers who commuted by a carpool or vanpool, biking or walking, or
some other way had a median commuting expense of $0.
4 0.5 percent of workers reported using both their own
vehicle and public transit to commute. Overall, 2 percent of workers reported using
multiple modes.
5 U.S. Census Bureau. 2001. Available
at http://ferret.bls.census.gov/macro/032000/pov/new10_001.htm
6 U.S. Census Bureau. 2002. Available
at http://www.census.gov/hhes/income/defs/poverty.html
7 U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 2002.
Available at http://www.hud.gov/offices/cpd/affordablehousing
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