Notes and Sources

Highlights Section

1  Liquid fuels  and other petroleum include petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum-derived fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, coal-to-liquids, and gas-to-liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are natural gas liquids, crude oil consumed as a fuel, and liquid hydrogen. 

Chapter 1 - World Energy Demand and Economic Outlook Section

2 For consistency, OECD includes all members of the organization as of May 1, 2008, throughout all the time series presented in this report.

3 In IEO2008, “liquid fuels” includes a full array of liquid product supplies, both conventional and unconventional. Conventional liquids include crude oil and lease condensate, natural gas plant liquids, and refinery gain; unconventional liquids include biofuels, gas-to-liquids, coal-to-liquids, and unconventional petroleum products (extra-heavy oils, oil shale, and bitumen).

Chapter 2 - Liquid Fuels Section

4 Liquid fuels and other petroleum (also referred to as liquids) include petroleum-derived fuels and non-petroleum-derived fuels, such as ethanol and biodiesel, coal-to-liquids, and gas-to-liquids. Petroleum coke, which is a solid, is included. Also included are natural gas liquids, crude oil consumed as a fuel, and liquid hydrogen.

5 Throughout this chapter, liquids consumption and production are reported in million barrels oil equivalent per day.

6 Ecuador officially rejoined OPEC on October 1, 2007. Throughout this chapter, all references to OPEC include Ecuador. In addition, all time series have been updated to reflect country groupings as of March 1, 2008, so that Ecuador’s liquids production is included in the OPEC totals for 1980 through 2030.

7 “Above-ground” constraints refer to those nongeological factors that might affect supply, including: government policies that limit access to resources; conflict; terrorist activity; lack of technological advances or access to technology; price constraints on the economical development of resources; labor shortages; materials shortages; weather; and other short- and long-term geopolitical considerations.

Chapter 3 - Natural Gas Section

9  The Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) reports production on a fiscal year basis, which extends from July 1 through June 30 of the following year. 

10  Proved reserves, as reported by the Oil & Gas Journal, are estimated quantities that can be recovered under present technology and prices. Natural gas reserves reported by the Oil & Gas Journal are compiled from voluntary survey responses and do not always reflect the most recent changes. U.S. proved reserves of natural gas are reported by the Energy Information Administration and are defined as the estimated quantities of natural gas reserves as of December 31, 2007, which analysis of geological and engineering data demonstrate with reasonable certainty to be recoverable in future years from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions. Significant natural gas discoveries made in 2007 are not likely to be reflected in the reported reserves.

Chapter 4 - Coal Section

11 Internationally, the term"hard coal" is used to describe anthracite and bituminous coal. In data published by the International Energy Agency, coal of subbituminous rank is classified as hard coal for some countries and as brown coal (with lignite) for others.

12 Throughout this chapter, tons refer to short tons(2,000 pounds).

13 Recoverable reserves are those quantities of coal which geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be extracted in the future under existing economic and operating conditions. Because recoverable reserves are a subset of total coal resources, recoverable reserve estimates for a number of countries, including China and the United States, could increase substantially as coal mining technology improves and as additional geological assessments of the coal resource base are completed. The reserves-to-production ratio is based on the reserves estimates and data on world coal production for 2005 shown in Table 9.

Chapter 5 - Electricity Section

14 See Energy Information Administration, Energy Market and Economic Impacts of  S. 2191, the Lieberman-Warner Climate Security Act of 2007, SR-OIAF/2008- 01 (Washington, DC, April 2008); and Energy Market and Economic Impacts of S. 1766, the Low Carbon Economy Act of 2007, SR-OIAF/2007-06 (Washington, DC, January 2008), web site www.eia.doe.gov/ oiaf/service_rpts.htm. 

15 The WPPI supports the development of 4,000 megawatts of wind power by 2010, with qualifying wind producers eligible to receive an incentive of $0.01 per kilowatthour (Canadian dollars) for the first 10 years of production from new installations. 

16 According to the European Wind Energy Association, at the end of 2007 the 10 countries with the largest amounts of installed wind capacity were Germany, the United States, Spain, India, China, Denmark, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, and Portugal. 

Chapter 6 - Transportation Sector Energy Consumption Section

17 In the IEO2008 projections, fuel use in dedicated freight aircraft is included with fuel use in passenger aircraft. 

18 Flexible-fuel vehicles can operate using 100 percent ethanol, 100 percent motor gasoline, or any combination of the two fuels. 

Chapter 7 - Energy-Related Carbon Dioxide Emissions Section

19  In keeping with current international practice, IEO2008 presents data on greenhouse gas emissions in billion metric tons carbon dioxide equivalent. The figures can be converted to carbon equivalent units by multiplying by 12/44. 

20  Turkey is an Annex I country that has not ratified the Framework Convention on Climate Change and did not commit to quantifiable emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol. 

21  For a modeling analysis of the effects of the Kyoto Protocol, see Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2006, DOE/EIA-0484(2006) (Washington, DC, June 2006), “Kyoto Protocol Case,” pp. 75-79, web site www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo.

22  For example, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, which was signed into law in December 2007 (Public Law 110-140), includes a number of provisions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Other factors that contribute to the lower projections for carbon dioxide emissions include higher energy prices and lower projected economic growth rates in comparison with previous outlooks.

23  GDP is measured in chain-weighted 2000 dollars converted to the currency of the relevant country or region, based on purchasing power parity.

Appendix I - Comparisons With International Energy Agency and IEO2007 Projections

24  Platts, Energy Markets Data: UDI Data and Directories, “World Electric Power Plants Database,” web site www.platts.com.

Appendix K - Regionall Definitions

25  Turkey is an Annex I nation that has not ratified the Framework Convention on Climate Change and did not commit to quantifiable emissions targets under the Kyoto Protocol. In 2001, the United States withdrew from the Protocol.