[Federal Register: October 5, 2001 (Volume 66, Number 194)] [Proposed Rules] [Page 51197-51246] From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov] [DOCID:fr05oc01-55] [[pp. 51197-51246]] Control of Emissions From Nonroad Large Spark Ignition Engines and Recreational Engines (Marine and Land-Based) [[Continued from page 51196]] [[Page 51197]] showing emission levels at or below the standards in Sec. 1048.101(a) through (c). (b) Your engine family does not comply if any emission-data engine representing that family has test results showing emission levels above the standards from Sec. 1048.101(a) through (c) for any pollutant. (c) To compare emission levels from the test engine with the emission standards, apply deterioration factors to the measured emission levels. The deterioration factor is a number that shows the relationship between exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and at the low-hour test point. Specify the deterioration factors based on emission measurements, using three decimal places. Deterioration factors must be consistent with emission increases observed from in-use testing with similar engines (see subpart E of this part). Small-volume manufacturers may use assigned deterioration factors established by EPA. Apply the deterioration factors as follows: (1) For engines that use aftertreatment technology, such as catalytic converters, the deterioration factor is the ratio of exhaust emissions at the end of useful life to exhaust emissions at the low- hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested engine at the selected test point by multiplying the measured emissions by the deterioration factor. If the factor is less than one, use one. (2) For engines that do not use aftertreatment technology, the deterioration factor is the difference between exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and exhaust emissions at the low-hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested engine at the selected test point by adding the factor to the measured emissions. If the factor is less than zero, use zero. (d) After adjusting the emission levels for deterioration, round them to the same number of decimal places as the standard. Compare the rounded emission levels to the emission standard for each test engine. Sec. 1048.245 What records must I keep and make available to EPA? (a) Organize and maintain the following records to keep them readily available; we may review these records at any time: (1) A copy of all applications and any summary information you sent us. (2) Any of the information we specify in Sec. 1048.205 that you did not include in your application. (3) A detailed history of each emission-data engine. In each history, describe all of the following: (i) The test engine's construction, including its origin and buildup, steps you took to ensure that it represents production engines, any components you built specially for it, and all emission- related components. (ii) How you accumulated engine operating hours, including the dates and the number of hours accumulated. (iii) All maintenance (including modifications, parts changes, and other service) and the dates and reasons for the maintenance. (iv) All your emission tests, including documentation on routine and standard tests, as specified in part 1065 of this chapter, and the date and purpose of each test. (v) All tests to diagnose engine or emission-control performance, giving the date and time of each and the reasons for the test. (vi) Any other significant events. (b) Keep data from routine emission tests (such as test cell temperatures and relative humidity readings) for one year after we issue the associated certificate of conformity. Keep all other information specified in paragraph (a) of this section for eight years after we issue your certificate. (c) Store these records in any format and on any media, as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. (d) Send us copies of any engine maintenance instructions or explanations if we ask for them. Sec. 1048.250 When may EPA deny, revoke, or void my certificate of conformity? (a) We may deny your application for certification if your emission-data engines fail to comply with emission standards or other requirements. Our decision may be based on any information available to us. If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing. (b) In addition, we may deny your application or revoke your certificate if you do any of the following: (1) Refuse to comply with any testing or reporting requirements. (2) Submit false or incomplete information (paragraph (d) of this section applies if this is fraudulent). (3) Render inaccurate any test data. (4) Deny us from completing authorized activities despite our presenting a warrant or court order (see Sec. 1068.20 of this chapter). (5) Produce engines for importation into the United States at a location where local law prohibits us from carrying out authorized activities. (c) We may void your certificate if you do not keep the records we require or do not give us information when we ask for it. (d) We may void your certificate if we find that you committed fraud to get it. This means intentionally submitting false or incomplete information. (e) If we deny your application or revoke or void your certificate, you may ask for a hearing (see Sec. 1048.720). Any such hearing will be limited to substantial and factual issues. Subpart D--Testing Production-line Engines Sec. 1048.301 When must I test my production-line engines? (a) If you produce engines that are subject the requirements of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart. (b) We may suspend or revoke your certificate of conformity for certain engine families if your production-line engines do not meet emission standards or you do not fulfill your obligations under this subpart (see Secs. 1048.325 and 1048.340). (c) The requirements of this part do not affect our ability to do selective enforcement audits, as described in part 1068 of this chapter. (d) You may ask to use an alternate program for testing production- line engines. In your request, you must show us that the alternate program gives equal assurance that your production-line engines meet the requirements of this part. If we approve your alternate program, we may waive some or all of this part's requirements. (e) If you certify an engine family with carryover emission data, as described in Sec. 1048.235(c), and these equivalent engine families consistently meet the emission standards with production-line testing over the preceding two-year period, you may ask for a reduced testing rate for further production-line testing for that family. The minimum testing rate is one engine per engine family. If we reduce your testing rate, we may limit our approval to a single model year. (f) We may ask you to make a reasonable number of production-line engines available for a reasonable time so we can test or inspect them for compliance with the requirements of this part. Sec. 1048.305 How must I prepare and test my production-line engines? (a) Test procedures. Test your production-line engines using either the steady-state or transient testing procedures in subpart F of this part to show you meet the emission standards in Sec. 1048.101 (a) or (b), respectively. We may require you to test engines using the transient testing procedures to show [[Page 51198]] you meet the emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(b). (b) Modifying a test engine. Once an engine is selected for testing (see Sec. 1048.310), you may adjust, repair, prepare, or modify it or check its emissions only if one of the following is true: (1) You document the need for doing so in your procedures for assembling and inspecting all your production engines and make the action routine for all the engines in the engine family. (2) This subpart otherwise specifically allows your action. (3) We approve your action in advance. (c) Engine malfunction. If an engine malfunction prevents further emission testing, ask us to approve your decision to either repair the engine or delete it from the test sequence. (d) Setting adjustable parameters. Before any test, we may adjust or require you to adjust any adjustable parameter to any setting within its physically adjustable range. (1) We may adjust idle speed outside the physically adjustable range as needed until the engine has stabilized emission levels (see paragraph (e) of this section). We may ask you for information needed to establish an alternate minimum idle speed. (2) We may make or specify adjustments within the physically adjustable range by considering their effect on emission levels, as well as how likely it is someone will make such an adjustment with in- use engines. (e) Stabilizing emission levels. Before you test production-line engines, you may operate the engine to stabilize the emission levels. Using good engineering judgment, operate your engines in a way that represents the way production engines will be used. You may operate each engine for no more than the greater of two periods: (1) 50 hours. (2) The number of hours you operated your emission-data engine for certifying the engine family (see 40 CFR part 1065, subpart E). (f) Damage during shipment. If shipping an engine to a remote facility for production-line testing makes necessary an adjustment or repair, you must wait until after the after the initial emission test to do this work. We may waive this requirement if the test would be impossible or unsafe, or if it would permanently damage the engine. Report to us, in your written report under Sec. 1048.345, all adjustments or repairs you make on test engines before each test. (g) Retesting after invalid tests. You may retest an engine if you determine an emission test is invalid. Explain in your written report reasons for invalidating any test and the emission results from all tests. If you retest an engine and, within ten days after testing, ask to substitute results of the new tests for the original ones, we will answer within ten days after we receive your information. Sec. 1048.310 How must I select engines for production-line testing? (a) Use test results from two engines for each engine family to calculate the required sample size for the model year. Update this calculation with each test. (b) Early in each calendar quarter, randomly select and test two engines from the end of the assembly line for each engine family. (c) Calculate the required sample size for each engine family. Separately calculate this figure for HC+NOX and for CO. The required sample size is the greater of these two calculated values. Use the following equation: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.003 Where: N = Required sample size for the model year. t95 = 95% confidence coefficient, which depends on the number of tests completed, n, as specified in the table in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. It defines 95% confidence intervals for a one- tail distribution. x = Mean of emission test results of the sample. STD = Emission standard. = Test sample standard deviation (see paragraph (c)(2) of this section). (1) Determine the 95% confidence coefficient, t95, from the following table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ n t95 n t95 n t95 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 6.31 12 1.80 22 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 2.92 13 1.78 23 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 2.35 14 1.77 24 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 2.13 15 1.76 25 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 2.02 16 1.75 26 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 1.94 17 1.75 27 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 1.90 18 1.74 28 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 1.86 19 1.73 29 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 1.83 20 1.73 30+ 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 1.81 21 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Calculate the standard deviation, , for the test sample using the following formula: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.004 Where: Xi = Emission test result for an individual engine. n = The number of tests completed in an engine family. (d) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equations in paragraph (c) of this section (see Sec. 1048.315(a)). (e) After each new test, recalculate the required sample size using the updated mean values, standard deviations, and the appropriate 95% confidence coefficient. [[Page 51199]] (f) Distribute the remaining engine tests evenly throughout the rest of the year. You may need to adjust your schedule for selecting engines if the required sample size changes. Continue to randomly select engines from each engine family; this may involve testing engines that operate on different fuels. (g) Continue testing any engine family for which the sample mean, x, is greater than the emission standard. This applies if the sample mean for either HC+NOX or for CO is greater than the emission standard. Continue testing until one of the following things happens: (1) The sample size, n, for an engine family is greater than the required sample size, N, and the sample mean, x, is less than or equal to the emission standard. (2) The engine family does not comply according to Sec. 1048.325. (3) You test 30 engines from the engine family. (4) You test one percent of your projected annual U.S.-directed production volume for the engine family. (5) You choose to declare that the engine family does not comply with emission standards. (h) You may elect to test more randomly chosen engines than we require. Include these engines in the sample size calculations. Sec. 1048.315 How do I know when my engine family does not comply? (a) Calculate your test results. Round them to the number of decimal places in the emission standard expressed to one more decimal place. (1) Initial and final test results. Calculate and round the test results for each engine. If you do several tests on an engine, calculate the initial test results, then add them together and divide by the number of tests and round for the final test results on that engine. (2) Final deteriorated test results. Apply the deterioration factor for the engine family to the final test results (see Sec. 1048.240(c)). (b) Construct the following CumSum Equation for each engine family (for HC+NOX and for CO emissions): Ci = Ci-1 + Xi - (STD + F) Where: Ci = The current CumSum statistic. Ci-1 = The previous CumSum statistic. Prior to any testing, the CumSum statistic is 0 (i.e. C0 = 0). Xi = The current emission test result for an individual engine. STD = Emission standard. F = 0.25 x (c) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equation in paragraph (b) of this section (see Sec. 1048.315(a)). (d) After each new test, recalculate the CumSum statistic. (e) If you test more than the required number of engines, include the results from these additional tests in the CumSum Equation. (f) After each test, compare the current CumSum statistic, Ci, to the recalculated Action Limit, H, defined as H = 5.0 x . (g) If the CumSum statistic exceeds the Action Limit in two consecutive tests, the engine family does not comply with the requirements of this part. Tell us within ten working days if this happens. (h) If you amend the application for certification for an engine family (see Sec. 1048.225), do not change any previous calculations of sample size or CumSum statistics for the model year. Sec. 1048.320 What happens if one of my production-line engines fails to meet emission standards? (a) If you have a production-line engine with final deteriorated test results exceeding one or more emission standards (see Sec. 1048.315(a)), the certificate of conformity is automatically suspended for that failing engine. You must take the following actions before your certificate of conformity can cover that engine: (1) Correct the problem and retest the engine to show it complies with all emission standards. (2) Include in your written report a description of the test results and the remedy for each engine (see Sec. 1048.345). (b) You may at any time ask for a hearing to determine whether the tests and sampling methods were proper (see Sec. 1048.720). Sec. 1048.325 What happens if an engine family does not comply? (a) We may suspend your certificate of conformity for an engine family if it fails to comply under Sec. 1048.315. The suspension may apply to all facilities producing engines from an engine family, even if you find noncompliant engines only at one facility. (b) We will tell you in writing if we suspend your certificate in whole or in part. We will not suspend a certificate until at least 15 days after the engine family became noncompliant. The suspension is effective when you receive our notice. (c) Up to 15 days after we suspend the certificate for an engine family, you may ask for a hearing to determine whether the tests and sampling methods were proper (see Sec. 1048.720). If we agree before a hearing that we used erroneous information in deciding to suspend the certificate, we will reinstate the certificate. Sec. 1048.330 May I sell engines from an engine family with a suspended certificate of conformity? You may sell engines that you produce after we suspend the engine family's certificate of conformity under Sec. 1048.315 only if one of the following occurs: (a) You test each engine you produce and show it complies with emission standards that apply. (b) We conditionally reinstate the certificate for the engine family. We may do so if you agree to recall all the affected engines and remedy any noncompliance at no expense to the owner if later testing shows that the engine family still does not comply. Sec. 1048.335 How do I ask EPA to reinstate my suspended certificate? (a) Send us a written report asking us to reinstate your suspended certificate. In your report, identify the reason for noncompliance, propose a remedy, and commit to a date for carrying it out. In your proposed remedy include any quality control measures you propose to keep the problem from happening again. (b) Give us data from production-line testing that shows the remedied engine family complies with all the emission standards that apply. Sec. 1048.340 When may EPA revoke my certificate under this subpart and how may I sell these engines again? (a) We may revoke your certificate for an engine family in the following cases: (1) You do not meet the reporting requirements. (2) Your engine family fails to meet emission standards and your proposed remedy to address a suspended certificate under Sec. 1048.325 is inadequate to solve the problem or requires you to change the engine's design or emission-control system. (b) To sell engines from an engine family with a revoked certificate of conformity, you must modify the engine family and then show it complies with the requirements of this part. (1) If we determine your proposed design change may not control emissions for the engine's full useful life, we will tell you within five working days after receiving your report. In this case we will decide whether production-line testing will be enough for us to evaluate the change or whether you need to do more testing. (2) Unless we require more testing, you may show compliance by testing production-line engines as described in this subpart. [[Page 51200]] (3) We will issue a new or updated certificate of conformity when you have met these requirements. Sec. 1048.345 What production-line testing records must I send to EPA? (a) Within 30 calendar days of the end of each calendar quarter, send us a report with the following information: (1) Describe any facility used to test production-line engines and state its location. (2) State the total U.S.-directed production volume and number of tests for each engine family. (3) Describe how you randomly selected engines. (4) Describe your test engines, including the engine family's identification and the engine's model year, build date, model number, identification number, and number of hours of operation before testing for each test engine. (5) Identify where you accumulated hours of operation on the engines and describe the procedure and schedule you used. (6) Provide the test number; the date, time and duration of testing; test procedure; initial test results before and after rounding; final test results; and final deteriorated test results for all tests. Provide the emission results for all measured pollutants. Include information for both valid and invalid tests and the reason for any invalidation. (7) Describe completely and justify any nonroutine adjustment, modification, repair, preparation, maintenance, or test for the test engine if you did not report it separately under this subpart. Include the results of any emission measurements, regardless of the procedure or type of equipment. (8) Provide the CumSum analysis required in Sec. 1048.315 for each engine family. (9) Report on each failed engine as described in Sec. 1048.320. (10) State the date the calendar quarter ended for each engine family. (b) We may ask you to add information to your written report, so we can determine whether your new engines conform with the requirements of this subpart. (c) An authorized representative of your company must sign the following statement: We submit this report under Sections 208 and 213 of the Clean Air Act. Our production-line testing conformed completely with the requirements of 40 CFR part 1048. We have not changed production processes or quality-control procedures for the engine family in a way that might affect the emission control from production engines. All the information in this report is true and accurate, to the best of my knowledge. I know of the penalties for violating the Clean Air Act and the regulations. (Authorized Company Representative) (d) Send electronic reports of production-line testing to the Designated Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a different format, send us a written request with justification for a waiver. (e) We will send copies of your reports to anyone from the public who asks for them. We will not release information about your sales or production volumes, which we will consider confidential under 40 CFR part 2. Sec. 1048.350 What records must I keep? (a) Organize and maintain your records as described in this section. We may review your records at any time, so it is important to keep required information readily available. (b) Keep paper records of your production-line testing for one full year after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year. You may use any additional storage formats or media if you like. (c) Keep a copy of the written reports described in Sec. 1048.345. (d) Keep the following additional records: (1) A description of all test equipment for each test cell that you can use to test production-line engines. (2) The names of supervisors involved in each test. (3) The name of anyone who authorizes adjusting, repairing, preparing, or modifying a test engine and the names of all supervisors who oversee this work. (4) If you shipped the engine for testing, the date you shipped it, the associated storage or port facility, and the date the engine arrived at the testing facility. (5) Any records related to your production-line tests that are not in the written report. (6) A brief description of any significant events during testing not otherwise described in the written report or in this section. (e) If we ask, you must give us projected or actual production figures for an engine family. We may ask you to divide your production figures by power rating, displacement, fuel type, or assembly plant (if you produce engines at more than one plant). (f) Keep a list of engine identification numbers for all the engines you produce under each certificate of conformity. Give us this list within 30 days if we ask for it. (g) We may ask you to keep or send other information necessary to implement this subpart. Subpart E--Testing In-Use Engines Sec. 1048.401 What testing requirements apply to my engines that have gone into service? (a) If you produce engines that are subject to the requirements of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart. This generally involves testing engines in the field or removing them for measurement in a laboratory. (b) We may suspend or revoke your certificate of conformity for an engine family if in-use testing shows that the family fails to meet emission standards (see Sec. 1048.420) or if you do not meet your obligations under this part. You may use averaging, banking, or trading of in-use emission credits to show that an engine family meets the standards (see Sec. 1048.415). (c) We may approve an alternate plan for showing that in-use engines comply with the requirements of this part if one of the following is true: (1) You produce 200 or fewer engines per year in the selected engine family. (2) Removing the engine from most of the applications for that engine family causes significant, irreparable damage to the equipment. (3) You identify a unique aspect of your engine applications that keeps you from doing the required in-use testing. (d) Independent of your responsibility to test in-use engines, we may choose at any time to do our own testing of your in-use engines. Sec. 1048.405 How does this program work? (a) You must test in-use engines from the families we select. We may select up to 25 percent of your engine families in any model year-- or one engine family if you have three or fewer families. We will select engine families for testing before the end of the model year. When we select an engine family for testing, we may specify that you preferentially test engines based on fuel type or equipment type. In addition, we may identify specific modes of operation or sampling times. (b) You may choose to test additional engine families that we do not select. You must explain to us your rationale and propose a testing plan if you want to generate in-use emission credits from this testing (see Sec. 1048.415). You may begin testing these engines 30 days after you propose your testing plan or after we approve it, whichever comes first. (c) Send us an in-use testing plan within 12 calendar months after we direct you to test a particular engine [[Page 51201]] family. Complete the testing within 24 calendar months after we approve your plan. (d) You may need to test engines from more than one model year at a given time. Sec. 1048.410 How must I select, prepare, and test my in-use engines? (a) You may make arrangements to select representative test engines from your own fleet or from other independent sources. (b) For the selected engine families, select engines that you or your customers have-- (1) Operated for at least 50 percent of the engine family's useful life (see Sec. 1048.101(d)); (2) Not maintained or used in an abnormal way; and (3) Documented in terms of total hours of operation, maintenance, operating conditions, and storage. (c) Use the following methods to determine the number of engines you must test in each engine family: (1) Test at least two engines if you produce 2,000 or fewer engines in the model year from all engine families, or if you produce 500 or fewer engines from the selected engine family. Otherwise, test at least four engines. (2) If you successfully complete an in-use test program on an engine family and later certify an equivalent engine family with carryover emission data, as described in Sec. 1048.235(c), then test at least one engine instead of the testing rates in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. (3) If you test the minimum required number of engines and all comply fully with emission standards, you may stop testing. (4) For each engine that fails any applicable standard, test two more. Regardless of measured emission levels, you do not have to test more than ten engines in an engine family. You may do more tests than we require. (5) You may concede that the engine family does not comply before testing a total of ten engines. (d) You may do minimal maintenance to set components of a test engine to specifications for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter (see Sec. 1048.205(m)). Limit maintenance to what is in the owner's instructions for engines with that amount of service and age. Document all maintenance and adjustments. (e) Do at least one valid emission test for each test engine. (f) For a test program on an engine family, choose one of the following methods to test your engines: (1) Remove the selected engines for testing in a laboratory. Use the applicable steady-state and transient procedures in subpart F of this part to show compliance with the duty-cycle standards in Sec. 1048.101(a) and (b). We may direct you to measure emissions on the dynamometer using the supplemental test procedures in Sec. 1048.515 to show compliance with the field-testing standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). (2) Test the selected engines while they remain installed in the equipment. Use the field testing procedures in subpart F of this part. Measure emissions during normal operation of the equipment to show compliance with the field-testing standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). We may direct you to include specific areas of normal operation. (g) You may ask us to waive parts of the prescribed test procedures if they are not necessary to determine in-use compliance. (h) Calculate the average emission levels for an engine family from the results for the set of tested engines. Round them to the number of decimal places in the emission standards expressed to one more decimal place. Sec. 1048.415 How can I use in-use emission credits? (a) You may include all engines subject to this part in the voluntary in-use credit program; however, you may generate or use emission credits under this program only if you measure emissions using the transient duty-cycle procedures in Subpart F of this part. (b) If your average emission level for a family is lower than the emission standard, you may generate positive emission credits for any of three purposes: (1) Averaging. Use these emission credits for averaging in the same model year. If you want to test other engine families to generate additional credits, file your request and plan with us for approval (See Sec. 1048.405). (2) Banking. Reserve a positive balance of unused credits at the end of the model year for banking and then ``withdraw'' them for a later model year. (3) Trading. Sell your banked credits to another manufacturer or a broker for engines that are also subject to the requirements of this part. A manufacturer may use purchased credits for averaging, banking, or further trading. (c) You may use emission credits for banking or trading beginning 30 days after you submit the last report required for a model year. We may correct any errors in calculating banked credits, but we may revoke some or all in-use emission credits if we discover problems or errors in calculating or reporting them. (d) If your average emission level for a family is higher than the emission standard, you must calculate the negative or required credits for that engine family and use positive emission credits to offset them. You have until the date of the last report required for a model year to complete credit exchanges, so you can show a zero or positive credit balance. (e) You may not generate positive emission credits for an engine family if it has an average emission level higher than the emission standard for any other pollutant. (f) In-use emission credits expire after three model years. For example, emission credits you generate with 2007 model year engines are available for showing compliance with 2010 model year engines, but not with 2011 model year engines. (g) For in-use emission credit trading that results in a negative credit balance, both the buyer and seller are liable, except in cases involving fraud. If a credit buyer is not responsible for causing the negative credit balance, the buyer is only liable to supply additional credits equivalent to any amount of invalid credits involved. If your engine families are involved in a negative trade, we order you to recall those engines. (h) Calculate positive and negative emission credits according to the following equation and round the results to the nearest metric ton: CREDITS = SALES x (STD - CL) x POWER x AF x LF x UL x 10-6 Where: CREDITS = Emission credits in metric tons. SALES = The number of eligible sales, tracked to the point of first retail sale in the U.S., for the given engine family during the model year. STD = The emission standard in g/kW-hr. CL = Average emission level for an in-use testing family in g/kW-hr. UL= Useful life in hours (see Sec. 1048.101(d)). POWER = The sales-weighted average rated power for an engine family in kW. LF = Load factor or fraction of rated engine power utilized in use; use 0.50 for constant-speed engines and 0.32 for all other engines. AF = Adjustment factor for the number of tests you do, as shown in the table in paragraph (i) of this section; this factor is 1.0 if the engine family has an average emission level higher than the emission standard for any pollutant. [[Page 51202]] (i) Use the following table for the adjustment factor in the equation in paragraph (h) of this section: Table 1 of Sec. 1048.415.--Adjustment Factors for In-use Credit Calculation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Adjustment factor for Number of engines tested positive credits ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2.......................................................... 0.45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3.......................................................... 0.45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4.......................................................... 0.45 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5.......................................................... 0.56 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6.......................................................... 0.68 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7.......................................................... 0.74 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8.......................................................... 0.81 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9.......................................................... 0.86 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10+........................................................ 0.90 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sec. 1048.420 What happens if my in-use engines do not meet requirements? (a) Determine the reason each in-use engine exceeds the emission standards. (b) If the average emission levels calculated in Sec. 1048.410(h) exceed any of the emission standards that apply, the engine family is noncompliant. Section 1048.415 describes how you can use in-use averaging, banking, or trading to show that your engine families comply with the standards. Determine the reasons any engine family does not comply and notify us within fifteen days of completing testing on this family. (c) If you voluntarily test more engine families and these engines do not comply with emission standards, you must treat the family as though it failed under the in-use testing program we direct. (d) You may voluntarily recall an engine family for emission failures, as described in Sec. 1068.535 of this chapter, unless we have ordered a recall for that family under Sec. 1068.505 of this chapter. (e) We will consider failure rates, average emission levels, and any defects--among other things--to decide on taking remedial action under this subpart. We may order a recall before or after you complete testing of an engine family if we determine a substantial number of engines do not conform to section 213 of the Act or to this part. (f) You have the right to a hearing before we suspend or revoke your engine family's certificate of conformity (see Sec. 1048.720). Sec. 1048.425 What in-use testing information must I report to EPA? (a) In a report to us within three months after you finish testing an engine family, do all the following: (1) Identify the engine family, model, serial number, and date of manufacture. (2) For each engine inspected or considered for testing, identify whether the diagnostic system was functioning. (3) Describe the specific reasons for disqualifying any engines for not being properly maintained or used. (4) For each engine selected for testing, include the following information: (i) Estimate the hours each engine was used before testing. (ii) Describe all maintenance, adjustments, modifications, and repairs to each test engine. (5) State the date and time of each test attempt. (6) Include the results of all emission testing, including incomplete or invalidated tests, if any. (b) Notify us separately of any engine families that do not meet emission standards, as described in Sec. 1048.420. (c) If you participate in the in-use credit program, send us a report within 90 days after completing all in-use testing for the model year. If we do not receive this report on time, we will treat the results of your in-use testing without considering credits. Include required information in your report and show the calculated credits from all your in-use testing for the model year. (d) If you or we determine a previous report had errors, you must recalculate your credits. We will void any erroneous positive credits and may adjust any erroneous negative credits. Do not recalculate your credits when you update your sales information for in-use testing, unless you made an error in estimating the number of engines you export. (e) Send electronic reports of in-use testing to the Designated Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a different format, send us a written request with justification for a waiver. (f) We will send copies of your reports to anyone from the public who asks for them. We will not release information about your sales or production volumes, which is all we will consider confidential. (g) We may ask for more information. Sec. 1048.430 What records must I keep? (a) Organize and maintain your records as described in this section. We may review your records at any time, so it is important to keep required information readily available. (b) Keep paper records of your in-use testing for one full year after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year. You may use any additional storage formats or media if you like. (c) Keep a copy of the written reports described in Sec. 1048.425. (d) Keep the following additional records: (1) Documents used in the procurement process. (2) Required records for the in-use credit program described in Sec. 1048.415 if you participate in it. Subpart F--Test Procedures Sec. 1048.501 What procedures must I use to test my engines? (a) Use the equipment and procedures for spark-ignition engines in part 1065 of this chapter to show your engines meet the duty-cycle emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(a) and (b). Measure HC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions using the dilute sampling procedures in part 1065 of this chapter. Use the applicable duty cycles in Secs. 1048.505 and 1048.510. (b) We describe in Sec. 1048.515 the supplemental procedures for showing that your engines meet the field-testing emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). (c) Use the fuels specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart C, for all the testing and service accumulation we require in this part. (d) You may use special or alternate procedures, as described in Sec. 1065.10 of this chapter. (e) We may reject data you generate using alternate procedures if later testing with the procedures in part 1065 of this chapter shows contradictory emission data. Sec. 1048.505 What steady-state duty cycles apply for laboratory testing? (a) Measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with one or both of the following sets of steady-state duty cycles: (1) Use the 5-mode duty cycle described in the following table if you certify an engine family for operation only at a single, rated speed: [[Page 51203]] Table 1 of Sec. 1048.505.--5-Mode Duty Cycle for Constant-Speed Engines \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimum time in Weighting Mode No. Engine speed Torque mode factors (minutes) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1....................................... Maximum test................... 100 5.0 0.05 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2....................................... Maximum test................... 75 5.0 0.25 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3....................................... Maximum test................... 50 5.0 0.30 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4....................................... Maximum test................... 25 5.0 0.30 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5....................................... Maximum test................... 10 5.0 0.10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ This duty cycle is analogous to the D2 cycle specified in ISO 8178-4. (2) Use the 7-mode duty cycle described in the following table for engines from an engine family that will be used only in variable-speed applications: Table 2 of Sec. 1048.505.--7-Mode Duty Cycle \1\ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimum Observed time in Weighting Mode No. Engine speed torque \2\ mode factors (minutes) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1....................................... Maximum test speed............. 25 5.0 0.06 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 100 5.0 0.02 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 75 5.0 0.05 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 50 5.0 0.32 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 25 5.0 0.30 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6....................................... Intermediate test speed........ 10 5.0 0.10 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 7....................................... Idle........................... 0 5.0 0.15 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ This duty cycle is analogous to the C2 cycle specified in ISO 8178-4. \2\ The percent torque is relative to the maximum torque at the given engine speed. (3) Use both of the duty cycles described in paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2) of this section if you will not restrict an engine family to constant-speed or variable-speed applications. (b) If we test an engine to confirm that it meets the duty-cycle emission standards, we will use the duty cycles that apply for that engine family. (c) During idle mode, operate the engine with the following parameters: (1) Hold the speed within your specifications. (2) Keep the throttle fully closed. (3) Keep engine torque under 5 percent of the peak torque value at maximum test speed. (d) For the full-load operating mode, operate the engine at its maximum fueling rate. (e) See part 1065 of this chapter for detailed specifications of tolerances and calculations. Sec. 1048.510 What transient duty cycles apply for laboratory testing? (a) Starting with the 2007 model year, measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with one of the following transient duty cycles: (1) If you certify an engine family for constant-speed operation only, use the transient duty-cycle described in Appendix I of this part. (2) For all other engines, use the transient duty-cycle described in Appendix II of this part. (b) If we test an engine to confirm that it meets the duty-cycle emission standards, we will use the duty cycle that applies for that engine family. (c) To warm up the engine, operate it for the first 180 seconds of the appropriate duty cycle, then allow it to idle without load for 30 seconds. At the end of the 30-second idling period, start measuring emissions as the engine operates over the prescribed duty cycle. Sec. 1048.515 Field-testing procedures. (a) This section describes the procedures to show that your engines meet the field-testing emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(c). These procedures may include any normal engine operation and ambient conditions that the engines may experience in use. Paragraph (c) of this section defines the limits of what we will consider normal engine operation and ambient conditions. Measure emissions with one of the following procedures. (1) Remove the selected engines for testing in a laboratory. This generally involves the same equipment and sampling methods we specify in Sec. 1048.501(a). You can use the engine dynamometer to simulate normal operation, as described in this section. (2) Test the selected engines while they remain installed in the equipment. Part 1065, subpart J, of this chapter describes the equipment and sampling methods for testing engines in the field. Use fuel meeting the specifications of Sec. 1065.210 of this chapter or a fuel typical of what you would expect the engine to use in service. (b) Use the test procedures we specify in Sec. 1048.501, except for the provisions we specify in this section. (c) To comply with the emission standards in Sec. 1048.101(c), an engine's [[Page 51204]] emissions may not exceed the levels we specify in Sec. 1048.101(c) for any continuous sampling period of at least 120 seconds under the following ranges of operation and operating conditions: (1) Engine operation during the emission sampling period may include any normal operation, subject to the following restrictions: (i) Average power must be over 5 percent of rated power. (ii) Continuous time at idle must not be greater than 120 seconds. (iii) The sampling period may not begin until the engine has reached stable operating temperatures. For example, this would exclude engine operation after starting until the thermostat starts modulating coolant temperature. (iv) The sampling period may not include engine starting. (v) For gasoline-fueled engines, operation at 90 percent or more of maximum power must be less than 10 percent of the total sampling time. You may request our approval for a different power threshold. (2) Engine testing may occur under any normal conditions without correcting measured emission levels, subject to the following restrictions: (i) Barometric pressure must be between 600 and 775 mm Hg. (ii) Ambient air temperature must be between 13 deg. and 35 deg. C. Subpart G--Compliance Provisions Sec. 1048.601 What compliance provisions apply to these engines? Engine and equipment manufacturers, as well as owners, operators, and rebuilders of these engines, and all other persons, must observe the requirements and prohibitions in part 1068 of this chapter. The compliance provisions in this subpart apply only to the engines we regulate in this part. Sec. 1048.605 What are the provisions for exempting engines from the requirements of this part if they are already certified under the motor-vehicle program? (a) This section applies to you if you are an engine manufacturer. See Sec. 1048.610 if you are not an engine manufacturer. (b) The only requirements or prohibitions from this part that apply to an engine that is exempt under this section are in this section. (c) If you meet all the following criteria regarding your new engine, it is exempt under this section: (1) You must produce it by modifying an engine covered by a valid certificate of conformity under 40 CFR part 86. (2) You must not make any changes to the certified engine that we could reasonably expect to increase its exhaust or evaporative emissions. For example, if you make any of the following changes to one of these engines, you do not qualify for this exemption: (i) Change any fuel system or evaporative system parameters from the certified configuration (this does not apply to refueling emission controls). (ii) Change any other emission-related components. (iii) Modify or design the engine cooling system so that temperatures or heat rejection rates are outside the original engine manufacturer's specified ranges. (3) You must make sure the engine still has the label we require under 40 CFR part 86. (4) You must make sure that fewer than 50 percent of the engine model's total sales, from all companies, are used in nonroad applications.. (d) If you produce both the engine and vehicle under this exemption, you must do all of the following to keep the exemption valid: (1) Make sure the original engine label is intact. (2) Add a permanent supplemental label to the engine in a position where it will remain clearly visible after installation in the equipment. In your engine label, do the following: (i) Include the heading: ``Nonroad Engine Emission Control Information''. (ii) Include your full corporate name and trademark. (iii) State: ``THIS ENGINE WAS ADAPTED FOR NONROAD USE WITHOUT AFFECTING ITS EMISSION CONTROLS.''. (iv) State the date you finished modifying the engine (month and year). (3) Make sure the original and supplemental labels are readily visible after the engine is installed in the equipment or, if equipment obscures the engine's labels, make sure the equipment manufacturer attaches duplicate labels, as described in Sec. 1068.105 of this chapter. (4) Send the Designated Officer a signed letter by the end of each calendar year (or less often if we tell you) with all the following information: (i) Identify your full corporate name, address, and telephone number. (ii) List the engine models you expect to produce under this exemption in the coming year. (iii) State: ``We produce each listed engine model for nonroad application without making any changes that could increase its certified emission levels, as described in 40 CFR 1048.605.''. (e) If your engines do not meet the criteria listed in paragraph (c) of this section, they will be subject to the standards and prohibitions of this part. Producing these engines without a valid exemption or certificate of conformity would violate the prohibitions in Sec. 1068.101 of this chapter. (f) If you are the original manufacturer of both the highway and nonroad versions of an exempted engine, you must send us emission test data on the applicable nonroad duty cycle(s) (see Secs. 1048.505 and 1048.510). You may include the data in your application for certification or in your letter requesting the exemption. (g) If you are the original manufacturer of an exempted engine that is modified by another company under this exemption, we may require you to send us emission test data on the applicable nonroad duty cycle(s). If we ask for this data, we will allow a reasonable amount of time to collect it. (h) Make sure the engine exempted under this section meets all applicable requirements from 40 CFR part 86. This applies to engine manufacturers, equipment manufacturers who use these engines, and all other persons as if these engines were used in a motor vehicle. Sec. 1048.610 What are the provisions for producing nonroad equipment with engines already certified under the motor-vehicle program? If you are not an engine manufacturer, you may produce nonroad equipment from complete or incomplete motor vehicles with the motor vehicle engine if you meet three criteria: (a) The engine or vehicle is certified to 40 CFR part 86. (b) The engine is not adjusted outside the manufacturer's specifications. (c) The engine or vehicle is not modified in any way that may affect its emission control. This applies to exhaust and evaporative emission controls, but not refueling emission controls. Sec. 1048.615 What are the provisions for exempting engines designed for lawn and garden applications? This section is intended for engines designed for lawn and garden applications, but it applies to any engines meeting the size criteria in paragraph (a) of this section. (a) If an engine meets all the following criteria, it is exempt from the requirements of this part: (1) The engine must have a total displacement of 1,000 cc or less. (2) The engine must have a rated power at or below 30 kW. (3) The engine must be in an engine family that has a valid certificate of conformity showing that it meets emission standards for Class II engines under 40 CFR part 90. [[Page 51205]] (b) The only requirements or prohibitions from this part that apply to an engine that is exempt under this section are in this section. (c) If your engines do not meet the criteria listed in paragraph (a) of this section, they will be subject to the provisions of this part. Producing these engines without a valid exemption or certificate of conformity would violate the prohibitions in Sec. 1068.101 of this chapter. (d) Engines exempted under this section are subject to all the requirements affecting engines under 40 CFR part 90. The requirements and restrictions of 40 CFR part 90 apply to anyone manufacturing these engines, anyone manufacturing equipment that uses these engines, and all other persons in the same manner as if these engines had a total rated power at or below 19 kW. Subpart H--Definitions and Other Reference Information Sec. 1048.701 What definitions apply to this part? The following definitions apply to this part. The definitions apply to all subparts unless we note otherwise. All undefined terms have the meaning the Act gives to them. The definitions follow: Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. Adjustable parameter means any device, system, or element of design that someone can adjust (including those which are difficult to access) and that, if adjusted, may affect emissions or engine performance during emission testing or normal in-use operation. Aftertreatment means relating to any system, component, or technology mounted downstream of the exhaust valve or exhaust port whose design function is to reduce exhaust emissions. Aircraft means any vehicle capable of sustained air travel above treetop heights. All-terrain vehicle means a nonroad vehicle with three or more wheels and a seat, designed for operation over rough terrain and intended primarily for transportation. This includes both land-based and amphibious vehicles. Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature, engine rpm, motive speed, transmission gear, atmospheric pressure, manifold pressure or vacuum, or any other parameter to activate, modulate, delay, or deactivate the operation of any part of the emission-control system. This also includes any other feature that causes in-use emissions to be higher than those measured under test conditions, except as we allow under this part. Auxiliary marine engine means a marine engine not used for propulsion. Blue Sky Series engine means an engine meeting the requirements of Sec. 1048.140. Broker means any entity that facilitates a trade of emission credits between a buyer and seller. Calibration means the set of specifications and tolerances specific to a particular design, version, or application of a component or assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its working range. Certification means obtaining a certificate of conformity for an engine family that complies with the emission standards and requirements in this part. Compression-ignition means relating to a type of reciprocating, internal-combustion engine that is not a spark-ignition engine. Constant-speed engine means an engine governed to operate at a single speed. Crankcase emissions means airborne substances emitted to the atmosphere from any part of the engine crankcase's ventilation or lubrication systems. The crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft and other related internal parts. Designated Officer means the Manager, Engine Programs Group (6403- J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC 20460. Emission-control system means any device, system, or element of design that controls or reduces the regulated emissions from an engine. Emission-data engine means an engine that is tested for certification. Emission-related maintenance means maintenance that substantially affects emissions or is likely to substantially affect emissions deterioration. Engine family means a group of engines with similar emission characteristics, as specified in Sec. 1048.230. Engine manufacturer has the meaning given in section 216(1) of the Act. In general, this term includes any person who manufactures an engine for sale in the United States or otherwise introduces a new engine into commerce in the United States. This includes importers. Fuel system means all components involved in transporting, metering, and mixing the fuel from the fuel tank to the combustion chamber(s), including the fuel tank, fuel tank cap, fuel pump, fuel filters, fuel lines, carburetor or fuel-injection components, and all fuel-system vents. Good engineering judgment has the meaning we give it in Sec. 1068.5 of this chapter. High-cost warranted part means a component covered by the emission- related warranty with a replacement cost (at the time of certification) exceeding $400 (in 1998 dollars). Adjust this value using the most recent annual average consumer price index information published by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. For this definition, replacement cost includes the retail cost of the part plus labor and standard diagnosis. Hydrocarbon (HC) means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type. For gasoline- and LPG-fueled engines, HC means total hydrocarbon (THC). For natural gas-fueled engines, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC). For alcohol-fueled engines, HC means total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE). Identification number means a unique specification (for example, model number/serial number combination) that allows someone to distinguish a particular engine from other similar engines. Intermediate test speed has the meaning we give in Sec. 1065.515 of this chapter. Marine engine means an engine that someone installs or intends to install on a marine vessel. Marine vessel means a vehicle that is capable of operation in water but is not capable of operation out of water. Amphibious vehicles are not marine vessels. Maximum test torque has the meaning we give in Sec. 1065.1000 of this chapter. Maximum test speed has the meaning we give in Sec. 1065.515 of this chapter. Model year means one of the following things: (1) For freshly manufactured engines (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (1)), model year means one of the following: (i) Calendar year. (ii) Your annual new model production period if it is different than the calendar year. This must include January 1 of the calendar year for which the model year is named. It may not begin before January 2 of the previous calendar year and it must end by December 31 of the named calendar year. (2) For an engine that is converted to a nonroad engine after being placed into service in a motor vehicle, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (2)). [[Page 51206]] (3) For a nonroad engine excluded under Sec. 1048.5 that is later converted to operate in an application that is not excluded, model year means the calendar year in which the engine was originally produced (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (3)). (4) For engines that are not freshly manufactured but are installed in new nonroad equipment, model year means the calendar year in which the engine is installed in the new nonroad equipment (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (4)). (5) For an engine modified by an importer (not the original engine manufacturer) who has a certificate of conformity for the imported engine (see definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' paragraph (5)), model year means one of the following: (i) The calendar year in which the importer finishes modifying and labeling the engine. (ii) Your annual production period for producing engines if it is different than the calendar year; follow the guidelines in paragraph (1)(ii) of this definition. (6) For an engine you import that does not meet the criteria in paragraphs (1) through (5) of the definition of ``new nonroad engine,'' model year means the calendar year in which the manufacturer completed the original assembly of the engine. In general, this applies to used equipment that you import without conversion or major modification. Motor vehicle has the meaning we give in Sec. 85.1703(a) of this chapter. In general, motor vehicle means a self-propelled vehicle that can transport one or more people or any material, but doesn't include any of the following: (1) Vehicles having a maximum ground speed over level, paved surfaces no higher than 40 km per hour (25 miles per hour). (2) Vehicles that lack features usually needed for safe, practical use on streets or highways--for example, safety features required by law, a reverse gear (except for motorcycles), or a differential. (3) Vehicles whose operation on streets or highways would be unsafe, impractical, or highly unlikely. Examples are vehicles with tracks instead of wheels, very large size, or features associated with military vehicles, such as armor or weaponry. New nonroad engine means any of the following things: (1) A freshly manufactured nonroad engine for which the ultimate buyer has never received the equitable or legal title. The engine is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives this title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An engine originally manufactured as a motor vehicle engine that is later intended to be used in a piece of nonroad equipment. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (3) A nonroad engine that has been previously placed into service in an application we exclude under Sec. 1048.5, where that engine is installed in a piece of equipment for which these exclusions do not apply. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (4) An engine not covered by paragraphs (1) through (3) of this definition that is intended to be installed in new nonroad equipment. The engine is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives a title for the equipment or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (5) An imported nonroad engine covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part, where someone other than the original manufacturer modifies the engine after its initial assembly and holds the certificate. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (6) An imported nonroad engine that is not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation. New nonroad equipment means either of the following things: (1) A nonroad vehicle or other piece of equipment for which the ultimate buyer has never received the equitable or legal title. The product is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives this title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An imported nonroad piece of equipment with an engine not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation and manufactured after the date for applying the requirements of this part. Noncompliant engine means an engine that was originally covered by a certificate of conformity, but is not in the certified configuration or otherwise does not comply with the conditions of the certificate. Nonconforming engine means an engine not covered by a certificate of conformity that would otherwise be subject to emission standards. Nonmethane hydrocarbon means the difference between the emitted mass of total hydrocarbons and the emitted mass of methane. Nonroad means relating to nonroad engines. Nonroad engine has the meaning given in Sec. 1068.25 of this chapter. In general this means all internal-combustion engines except motor vehicle engines, stationary engines, or engines used solely for competition. This part does not apply to all nonroad engines (see Sec. 1048.5). Off-highway motorcycle means a two-wheeled vehicle with a nonroad engine and a seat (excluding marine vessels and aircraft). Note: highway motorcycles are regulated under 40 CFR part 86. Oxides of nitrogen means nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the NO were in the form of NO2 (assume a molecular weight for oxides of nitrogen equivalent to that of NO2). Placed into service means used for its intended purpose. Propulsion marine engine means a marine engine that moves a vessel through the water or directs the vessel's movement. Rated power means the maximum power an engine produces at maximum test speed. Revoke means to discontinue the certificate for an engine family. If we revoke a certificate, you must apply for a new certificate before continuing to produce the affected vehicles or engines. This does not apply to vehicles or engines you no longer possess. Round means to round numbers according to ASTM E29-93a, which is incorporated by reference (see Sec. 1048.710), unless otherwise specified. Scheduled maintenance means adjusting, repairing, removing, disassembling, cleaning, or replacing components or systems that is periodically needed to keep a part from failing or malfunctioning. It also may mean actions you expect are necessary to correct an overt indication of failure or malfunction for which periodic maintenance is not appropriate. Snowmobile means a vehicle designed to operate outdoors only over snow-covered ground, with a maximum width of 1.5 meters or less. Spark-ignition means relating to a type of engine with a spark plug (or other sparking device) and with operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical Otto combustion cycle. Spark- ignition engines usually use a throttle to regulate intake air flow to control power during normal operation. Stationary engine means an internal combustion engine that is neither a nonroad engine, nor a motor-vehicle engine, nor an engine used solely for competition (see the definition of nonroad engine in Sec. 1068.25 of this [[Page 51207]] chapter). In general this includes fixed engines and all portable or transportable engines that stay in a single site at a building, structure, facility, or installation for at least a full year; this does not include an engine installed in equipment that has the ability to propel itself. For year-round sources, a full year is 12 consecutive months. For seasonal sources, a full year is a full annual operating period of at least three months. A seasonal source is a site with engines operating only part of the year for at least two consecutive years. If you replace an engine with one that does the same or similar work in the same place, you may apply the previous engine's service to your calculation for residence time. Stoichiometry means the proportion of a mixture of air and fuel such that the fuel is fully oxidized with no remaining oxygen. For example, stoichiometric combustion in gasoline engines typically occurs at an air-fuel mass ratio of about 14.7. Suspend means to temporarily discontinue the certificate for an engine family. If we suspend a certificate, you may not sell vehicles or engines from that engine family unless we reinstate the certificate or approve a new one. Test engine means an engine in a test sample. Test sample means the collection of engines selected from the population of an engine family for emission testing. Total hydrocarbon means the combined mass organic compounds measured by our total hydrocarbon test procedure, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of 1.85:1. Total hydrocarbon equivalent means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as petroleum-fueled engine hydrocarbons. The hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1. Ultimate buyer means ultimate purchaser. Ultimate purchaser means, with respect to any new nonroad equipment or new nonroad engine, the first person who in good faith purchases such new nonroad equipment or new nonroad engine for purposes other than resale. United States means the States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. U.S.-directed production volume means the number of engine units, subject to the requirements of this part, produced by a manufacturer for which the manufacturer has a reasonable assurance that sale was or will be made to ultimate buyers in the Unites States. Useful life means the period during which the engine is designed to properly function in terms of reliability and fuel consumption, without being remanufactured, specified as a number of hours of operation or calendar years. It is the period during which a new engine is required to comply with all applicable emission standards. Void means to invalidate a certificate or an exemption. If we void a certificate, all the vehicles produced under that engine family for that model year are considered noncompliant, and you are liable for each vehicle produced under the certificate and may face civil or criminal penalties or both. If we void an exemption, all the vehicles produced under that exemption are considered uncertified (or nonconforming), and you are liable for each vehicle produced under the exemption and may face civil or criminal penalties or both. You may not produce any additional vehicles using the voided exemption. Volatile liquid fuel means any fuel other than diesel or biodiesel that is a liquid at atmospheric pressure. Sec. 1048.705 What symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations does this part use? The following symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations apply to this part: deg.C degrees Celsius. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials. cc cubic centimeters. CO carbon monoxide. CO2 carbon dioxide. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. g/kW-hr grams per kilowatt-hour. LPG liquefied petroleum gas. m meters. mm Hg millimeters of mercury. NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbons. NOX oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2). rpm revolutions per minute. SAE Society of Automotive Engineers. SI spark-ignition. THC total hydrocarbon. THCE total hydrocarbon equivalent. U.S.C. United States Code. Sec. 1048.710 What materials does this part reference? We have incorporated by reference the documents listed in this section. The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference as prescribed in 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Anyone may inspect copies at U.S. EPA, OAR, Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center, 401 M Street, SW, Washington, DC 20460 or Office of the Federal Register, 800 N. Capitol St., NW, 7th Floor, Suite 700, Washington, DC. (a) ASTM material. Table 1 of Sec. 1048.710 lists material from the American Society for Testing and Materials that we have incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material. The second column lists the sections of this part where we reference it. The second column is for information only and may not include all locations. Anyone may receive copies of these materials from American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. Table 1 follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1048.710.--ASTM Materials ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Document No. and name Part reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ASTM E29-93a, Standard Practice for Using 1048.240, 1048.315, Significant Digits in Test Data to 1048.345, 1048.410, Determine Conformance with Specifications. 1048.415 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) ISO material. Table 2 of Sec. 1048.710 lists material from the International Organization for Standardization that we have incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material. The second column lists the section of this part where we reference it. The second column is for information only and may not be all-inclusive. Anyone may receive copies of these materials from International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH- 1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland. Table 2 follows: Table 2 of Sec. 1048.710.--ISO Materials ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Document No. and name Part 1048 reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ISO 9141-2 February 1994, Road vehicles-- 1048.110 Diagnostic systems Part 2. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ISO 14230-4 June 2000, Road vehicles-- 1048.110 Diagnostic systems--KWP 2000 requirements for emission-related systems. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sec. 1048.715 How should I request EPA to keep my information confidential? (a) Clearly show what you consider confidential by marking, circling, bracketing, stamping, or some other [[Page 51208]] method. We will store your confidential information as described in 40 CFR part 2. Also, we will disclose it only as specified in 40 CFR part 2. (b) If you send us a second copy without the confidential information, we will assume it contains nothing confidential whenever we need to release information from it. (c) If you send us information without claiming it is confidential, we may make it available to the public without further notice to you, as described in Sec. 2.204 of this chapter. Sec. 1048.720 How do I request a public hearing? (a) File a request for a hearing with the Designated Officer within 15 days of a decision to deny, suspend, revoke, or void your certificate. If you ask later, we may give you a hearing for good cause, but we do not have to. (b) Include the following in your request for a public hearing: (1) State which engine family is involved. (2) State the issues you intend to raise. We may limit these issues, as described elsewhere in this part. (3) Summarize the evidence supporting your position and state why you believe this evidence justifies granting or reinstating the certificate. (c) We will hold the hearing as described in 40 CFR part 1068, subpart F. Appendix I to Part 1048--Transient Duty Cycle for Constant-Speed Engines The following table shows the transient duty-cycle for constant- speed engines, as described in Sec. 1048.510: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Normalized Normalized Time(s) speed (in torque (in percent) percent) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1....................................... 58 5 2....................................... 58 5 3....................................... 58 5 4....................................... 58 5 5....................................... 58 5 6....................................... 58 5 7....................................... 58 5 8....................................... 58 5 9....................................... 58 5 10...................................... 58 5 11...................................... 58 5 12...................................... 65 8 13...................................... 72 9 14...................................... 79 12 15...................................... 86 14 16...................................... 93 16 17...................................... 93 16 18...................................... 93 16 19...................................... 93 16 20...................................... 93 16 21...................................... 93 16 22...................................... 93 16 23...................................... 93 16 24...................................... 93 31 25...................................... 93 30 26...................................... 93 27 27...................................... 93 23 28...................................... 93 24 29...................................... 93 21 30...................................... 93 20 31...................................... 93 18 32...................................... 93 16 33...................................... 93 18 34...................................... 93 16 35...................................... 93 17 36...................................... 93 20 37...................................... 93 20 38...................................... 93 22 39...................................... 93 20 40...................................... 93 17 41...................................... 93 17 42...................................... 93 17 43...................................... 93 16 44...................................... 93 18 45...................................... 93 18 46...................................... 93 21 47...................................... 93 21 48...................................... 93 18 49...................................... 94 24 50...................................... 93 28 51...................................... 93 23 52...................................... 93 19 53...................................... 93 20 54...................................... 93 20 55...................................... 93 29 56...................................... 93 23 57...................................... 93 25 58...................................... 93 23 59...................................... 93 23 60...................................... 93 23 61...................................... 93 22 62...................................... 93 21 63...................................... 93 22 64...................................... 93 30 65...................................... 93 33 66...................................... 93 25 67...................................... 93 29 68...................................... 93 27 69...................................... 93 23 70...................................... 93 21 71...................................... 93 21 72...................................... 93 19 73...................................... 93 20 74...................................... 93 24 75...................................... 93 23 76...................................... 93 21 77...................................... 93 44 78...................................... 93 34 79...................................... 93 28 80...................................... 93 37 81...................................... 93 29 82...................................... 93 27 83...................................... 93 33 84...................................... 93 28 85...................................... 93 22 86...................................... 96 30 87...................................... 95 25 88...................................... 95 17 89...................................... 95 13 90...................................... 95 10 91...................................... 95 9 92...................................... 95 8 93...................................... 95 7 94...................................... 95 7 95...................................... 95 6 96...................................... 95 6 97...................................... 93 37 98...................................... 93 35 99...................................... 93 29 100..................................... 93 23 101..................................... 93 23 102..................................... 93 21 103..................................... 93 20 104..................................... 93 29 105..................................... 93 27 106..................................... 93 26 107..................................... 93 35 108..................................... 93 43 109..................................... 95 35 110..................................... 95 24 111..................................... 95 17 112..................................... 95 13 113..................................... 95 10 114..................................... 95 9 115..................................... 95 8 116..................................... 95 7 117..................................... 95 7 118..................................... 95 6 119..................................... 93 36 120..................................... 93 30 121..................................... 93 25 122..................................... 93 21 123..................................... 93 22 124..................................... 93 19 125..................................... 93 34 126..................................... 93 36 127..................................... 93 31 128..................................... 93 26 129..................................... 93 27 130..................................... 93 22 131..................................... 93 22 132..................................... 93 18 133..................................... 93 18 134..................................... 93 19 135..................................... 93 19 136..................................... 93 23 137..................................... 93 22 138..................................... 93 20 139..................................... 93 23 140..................................... 93 20 141..................................... 93 18 142..................................... 93 18 143..................................... 93 16 144..................................... 93 19 145..................................... 94 25 146..................................... 93 30 147..................................... 93 29 148..................................... 93 23 149..................................... 93 24 150..................................... 93 22 151..................................... 94 20 152..................................... 93 17 153..................................... 93 16 154..................................... 93 16 155..................................... 93 15 156..................................... 93 17 157..................................... 93 18 158..................................... 93 20 159..................................... 93 21 160..................................... 93 18 161..................................... 93 17 162..................................... 92 54 163..................................... 93 38 164..................................... 93 29 165..................................... 93 24 166..................................... 93 24 167..................................... 93 24 168..................................... 93 23 [[Page 51209]] 169..................................... 93 20 170..................................... 93 20 171..................................... 93 18 172..................................... 93 19 173..................................... 93 19 174..................................... 93 16 175..................................... 93 16 176..................................... 93 16 177..................................... 93 18 178..................................... 93 21 179..................................... 93 20 180..................................... 93 20 181..................................... 93 17 182..................................... 93 19 183..................................... 93 17 184..................................... 93 18 185..................................... 93 16 186..................................... 93 16 187..................................... 93 16 188..................................... 93 17 189..................................... 93 16 190..................................... 93 17 191..................................... 93 18 192..................................... 93 17 193..................................... 93 16 194..................................... 93 17 195..................................... 93 17 196..................................... 93 22 197..................................... 93 19 198..................................... 93 19 199..................................... 95 21 200..................................... 95 16 201..................................... 95 12 202..................................... 95 10 203..................................... 96 8 204..................................... 96 7 205..................................... 95 7 206..................................... 96 7 207..................................... 95 6 208..................................... 96 6 209..................................... 96 6 210..................................... 88 6 211..................................... 89 48 212..................................... 93 34 213..................................... 93 27 214..................................... 93 26 215..................................... 93 25 216..................................... 93 22 217..................................... 93 23 218..................................... 93 21 219..................................... 93 21 220..................................... 93 23 221..................................... 93 23 222..................................... 93 23 223..................................... 93 23 224..................................... 93 23 225..................................... 93 22 226..................................... 93 22 227..................................... 93 24 228..................................... 93 23 229..................................... 93 23 230..................................... 93 21 231..................................... 93 20 232..................................... 93 20 233..................................... 93 20 234..................................... 93 22 235..................................... 93 26 236..................................... 93 22 237..................................... 93 20 238..................................... 93 18 239..................................... 93 22 240..................................... 93 20 241..................................... 94 27 242..................................... 93 22 243..................................... 93 23 244..................................... 93 21 245..................................... 93 22 246..................................... 95 22 247..................................... 95 16 248..................................... 95 12 249..................................... 95 10 250..................................... 95 9 251..................................... 95 8 252..................................... 96 7 253..................................... 95 7 254..................................... 95 6 255..................................... 92 42 256..................................... 93 36 257..................................... 93 33 258..................................... 92 60 259..................................... 93 48 260..................................... 93 36 261..................................... 93 30 262..................................... 93 28 263..................................... 93 24 264..................................... 93 24 265..................................... 93 23 266..................................... 93 23 267..................................... 93 25 268..................................... 93 27 269..................................... 93 29 270..................................... 93 26 271..................................... 93 26 272..................................... 93 21 273..................................... 93 23 274..................................... 93 23 275..................................... 94 23 276..................................... 93 40 277..................................... 94 67 278..................................... 93 46 279..................................... 93 38 280..................................... 93 29 281..................................... 93 28 282..................................... 93 27 283..................................... 93 29 284..................................... 93 28 285..................................... 94 34 286..................................... 93 31 287..................................... 93 30 288..................................... 94 42 289..................................... 93 31 290..................................... 93 29 291..................................... 93 27 292..................................... 93 23 293..................................... 93 23 294..................................... 93 20 295..................................... 93 20 296..................................... 93 23 297..................................... 93 23 298..................................... 93 24 299..................................... 93 25 300..................................... 93 20 301..................................... 93 25 302..................................... 93 23 303..................................... 93 23 304..................................... 93 24 305..................................... 93 28 306..................................... 93 23 307..................................... 93 24 308..................................... 93 34 309..................................... 93 31 310..................................... 93 35 311..................................... 93 31 312..................................... 93 32 313..................................... 93 31 314..................................... 93 30 315..................................... 93 23 316..................................... 93 23 317..................................... 93 36 318..................................... 93 32 319..................................... 93 25 320..................................... 93 31 321..................................... 93 33 322..................................... 93 31 323..................................... 93 27 324..................................... 93 24 325..................................... 93 19 326..................................... 96 21 327..................................... 96 16 328..................................... 95 12 329..................................... 95 10 330..................................... 95 8 331..................................... 95 8 332..................................... 95 7 333..................................... 95 7 334..................................... 95 6 335..................................... 95 6 336..................................... 95 6 337..................................... 87 6 338..................................... 57 6 339..................................... 58 6 340..................................... 58 6 341..................................... 58 6 342..................................... 58 6 343..................................... 58 6 344..................................... 58 6 345..................................... 58 6 346..................................... 58 6 347..................................... 58 6 348..................................... 58 6 349..................................... 58 6 350..................................... 58 6 351..................................... 58 6 352..................................... 95 73 353..................................... 93 65 354..................................... 93 52 355..................................... 93 38 356..................................... 93 30 357..................................... 93 31 358..................................... 93 26 359..................................... 93 21 360..................................... 93 22 361..................................... 93 26 362..................................... 93 23 363..................................... 93 19 364..................................... 93 27 365..................................... 93 42 366..................................... 93 29 367..................................... 94 25 368..................................... 94 26 369..................................... 94 29 370..................................... 93 28 371..................................... 93 23 372..................................... 93 21 373..................................... 93 26 374..................................... 93 23 375..................................... 93 20 376..................................... 94 23 377..................................... 93 18 378..................................... 93 19 379..................................... 93 23 380..................................... 93 19 381..................................... 93 16 382..................................... 93 25 383..................................... 93 22 384..................................... 93 20 [[Page 51210]] 385..................................... 93 25 386..................................... 94 28 387..................................... 93 23 388..................................... 93 23 389..................................... 93 25 390..................................... 93 23 391..................................... 93 20 392..................................... 93 19 393..................................... 93 24 394..................................... 93 20 395..................................... 93 18 396..................................... 93 21 397..................................... 95 22 398..................................... 96 16 399..................................... 96 12 400..................................... 95 10 401..................................... 96 9 402..................................... 95 8 403..................................... 96 7 404..................................... 96 7 405..................................... 96 6 406..................................... 96 6 407..................................... 95 6 408..................................... 91 6 409..................................... 58 6 410..................................... 58 6 411..................................... 58 6 412..................................... 58 6 413..................................... 58 6 414..................................... 58 6 415..................................... 58 6 416..................................... 58 6 417..................................... 58 6 418..................................... 58 6 419..................................... 58 6 420..................................... 58 6 421..................................... 58 6 422..................................... 58 6 423..................................... 58 6 424..................................... 58 6 425..................................... 58 6 426..................................... 58 6 427..................................... 58 6 428..................................... 58 6 429..................................... 58 6 430..................................... 58 6 431..................................... 58 6 432..................................... 58 6 433..................................... 58 6 434..................................... 58 6 435..................................... 58 6 436..................................... 58 6 437..................................... 58 6 438..................................... 58 6 439..................................... 58 6 440..................................... 58 6 441..................................... 58 6 442..................................... 58 6 443..................................... 93 66 444..................................... 93 48 445..................................... 93 40 446..................................... 93 34 447..................................... 93 28 448..................................... 93 23 449..................................... 93 28 450..................................... 93 27 451..................................... 93 23 452..................................... 93 19 453..................................... 93 25 454..................................... 93 24 455..................................... 93 22 456..................................... 93 31 457..................................... 93 36 458..................................... 93 28 459..................................... 93 25 460..................................... 93 35 461..................................... 93 34 462..................................... 93 29 463..................................... 93 37 464..................................... 93 36 465..................................... 93 38 466..................................... 93 31 467..................................... 93 29 468..................................... 93 34 469..................................... 93 36 470..................................... 93 34 471..................................... 93 31 472..................................... 93 26 473..................................... 93 21 474..................................... 94 16 475..................................... 96 19 476..................................... 96 15 477..................................... 95 11 478..................................... 96 10 479..................................... 95 8 480..................................... 95 7 481..................................... 95 7 482..................................... 96 7 483..................................... 96 6 484..................................... 96 6 485..................................... 95 6 486..................................... 85 6 487..................................... 56 74 488..................................... 93 52 489..................................... 93 42 490..................................... 93 36 491..................................... 93 35 492..................................... 93 33 493..................................... 93 38 494..................................... 93 40 495..................................... 93 29 496..................................... 93 23 497..................................... 93 23 498..................................... 93 24 499..................................... 93 24 500..................................... 93 20 501..................................... 93 19 502..................................... 93 16 503..................................... 93 21 504..................................... 93 23 505..................................... 93 24 506..................................... 93 22 507..................................... 93 18 508..................................... 93 21 509..................................... 95 18 510..................................... 95 20 511..................................... 95 15 512..................................... 96 11 513..................................... 95 10 514..................................... 96 8 515..................................... 95 7 516..................................... 95 7 517..................................... 95 7 518..................................... 95 6 519..................................... 96 6 520..................................... 96 6 521..................................... 83 6 522..................................... 56 6 523..................................... 58 6 524..................................... 72 54 525..................................... 94 51 526..................................... 93 42 527..................................... 93 42 528..................................... 93 31 529..................................... 93 25 530..................................... 93 21 531..................................... 93 17 532..................................... 93 15 533..................................... 93 15 534..................................... 93 16 535..................................... 93 15 536..................................... 93 14 537..................................... 93 15 538..................................... 93 16 539..................................... 94 15 540..................................... 93 45 541..................................... 93 45 542..................................... 93 41 543..................................... 93 33 544..................................... 93 26 545..................................... 93 21 546..................................... 93 20 547..................................... 93 17 548..................................... 93 16 549..................................... 93 17 550..................................... 93 16 551..................................... 93 14 552..................................... 93 16 553..................................... 93 15 554..................................... 93 14 555..................................... 93 16 556..................................... 93 15 557..................................... 93 14 558..................................... 93 13 559..................................... 93 14 560..................................... 93 14 561..................................... 93 15 562..................................... 93 17 563..................................... 93 17 564..................................... 93 22 565..................................... 93 22 566..................................... 93 19 567..................................... 93 19 568..................................... 93 20 569..................................... 93 18 570..................................... 93 20 571..................................... 93 20 572..................................... 93 42 573..................................... 93 32 574..................................... 93 25 575..................................... 93 26 576..................................... 93 23 577..................................... 93 21 578..................................... 93 23 579..................................... 93 19 580..................................... 93 21 581..................................... 93 20 582..................................... 93 20 583..................................... 93 20 584..................................... 93 18 585..................................... 93 18 586..................................... 93 21 587..................................... 93 19 588..................................... 93 21 589..................................... 93 19 590..................................... 93 19 591..................................... 93 18 592..................................... 93 18 593..................................... 93 17 594..................................... 93 16 595..................................... 93 16 596..................................... 93 15 597..................................... 93 16 598..................................... 93 19 599..................................... 93 52 600..................................... 93 45 [[Page 51211]] 601..................................... 95 39 602..................................... 95 39 603..................................... 95 39 604..................................... 95 39 605..................................... 94 30 606..................................... 95 30 607..................................... 95 29 608..................................... 95 24 609..................................... 94 30 610..................................... 95 28 611..................................... 94 25 612..................................... 94 29 613..................................... 95 32 614..................................... 95 33 615..................................... 95 44 616..................................... 99 37 617..................................... 98 27 618..................................... 98 19 619..................................... 98 13 620..................................... 98 11 621..................................... 98 9 622..................................... 98 7 623..................................... 98 7 624..................................... 98 6 625..................................... 98 6 626..................................... 98 6 627..................................... 98 5 628..................................... 69 6 629..................................... 49 5 630..................................... 51 5 631..................................... 51 5 632..................................... 51 5 633..................................... 51 6 634..................................... 51 6 635..................................... 51 6 636..................................... 51 6 637..................................... 51 5 638..................................... 51 5 639..................................... 51 5 640..................................... 51 5 641..................................... 51 6 642..................................... 51 6 643..................................... 51 6 644..................................... 51 6 645..................................... 51 5 646..................................... 51 6 647..................................... 51 5 648..................................... 51 6 649..................................... 51 5 650..................................... 96 35 651..................................... 95 29 652..................................... 95 26 653..................................... 95 31 654..................................... 95 34 655..................................... 95 29 656..................................... 95 29 657..................................... 95 30 658..................................... 95 24 659..................................... 95 19 660..................................... 95 23 661..................................... 95 21 662..................................... 95 22 663..................................... 95 19 664..................................... 95 18 665..................................... 95 20 666..................................... 94 60 667..................................... 95 48 668..................................... 95 39 669..................................... 95 36 670..................................... 95 27 671..................................... 95 22 672..................................... 95 19 673..................................... 95 22 674..................................... 95 19 675..................................... 94 17 676..................................... 95 27 677..................................... 95 24 678..................................... 98 19 679..................................... 98 19 680..................................... 98 14 681..................................... 98 11 682..................................... 98 9 683..................................... 98 8 684..................................... 98 7 685..................................... 98 6 686..................................... 98 6 687..................................... 98 6 688..................................... 98 6 689..................................... 98 5 690..................................... 81 5 691..................................... 49 5 692..................................... 78 48 693..................................... 95 37 694..................................... 95 31 695..................................... 94 32 696..................................... 94 34 697..................................... 95 29 698..................................... 95 25 699..................................... 94 26 700..................................... 95 28 701..................................... 95 27 702..................................... 94 28 703..................................... 95 30 704..................................... 95 27 705..................................... 95 26 706..................................... 95 27 707..................................... 95 25 708..................................... 95 26 709..................................... 95 25 710..................................... 95 23 711..................................... 95 20 712..................................... 95 23 713..................................... 95 20 714..................................... 95 18 715..................................... 94 22 716..................................... 95 19 717..................................... 95 23 718..................................... 95 27 719..................................... 95 26 720..................................... 95 23 721..................................... 95 20 722..................................... 99 23 723..................................... 98 20 724..................................... 98 14 725..................................... 98 11 726..................................... 98 9 727..................................... 98 8 728..................................... 98 7 729..................................... 98 6 730..................................... 98 6 731..................................... 98 6 732..................................... 98 5 733..................................... 98 5 734..................................... 73 6 735..................................... 49 5 736..................................... 50 77 737..................................... 95 39 738..................................... 95 30 739..................................... 95 28 740..................................... 94 31 741..................................... 95 36 742..................................... 95 36 743..................................... 95 30 744..................................... 95 26 745..................................... 95 27 746..................................... 95 22 747..................................... 95 18 748..................................... 95 19 749..................................... 95 25 750..................................... 94 25 751..................................... 95 21 752..................................... 95 22 753..................................... 95 27 754..................................... 95 27 755..................................... 95 27 756..................................... 95 24 757..................................... 94 20 758..................................... 94 23 759..................................... 94 26 760..................................... 95 25 761..................................... 95 25 762..................................... 95 21 763..................................... 95 28 764..................................... 94 39 765..................................... 95 32 766..................................... 95 24 767..................................... 95 19 768..................................... 98 20 769..................................... 98 17 770..................................... 98 12 771..................................... 98 10 772..................................... 98 8 773..................................... 98 7 774..................................... 98 6 775..................................... 98 6 776..................................... 95 61 777..................................... 94 51 778..................................... 95 40 779..................................... 94 35 780..................................... 94 36 781..................................... 94 32 782..................................... 95 24 783..................................... 94 19 784..................................... 94 19 785..................................... 95 19 786..................................... 95 19 787..................................... 94 18 788..................................... 94 20 789..................................... 94 23 790..................................... 94 22 791..................................... 95 23 792..................................... 94 20 793..................................... 94 18 794..................................... 95 16 795..................................... 95 17 796..................................... 94 16 797..................................... 94 16 798..................................... 94 17 799..................................... 94 18 800..................................... 94 21 801..................................... 95 21 802..................................... 94 19 803..................................... 95 18 804..................................... 94 19 805..................................... 95 22 806..................................... 95 21 807..................................... 95 19 808..................................... 94 20 809..................................... 94 22 810..................................... 94 22 811..................................... 94 22 812..................................... 95 23 813..................................... 94 22 814..................................... 95 22 815..................................... 95 19 816..................................... 95 16 [[Page 51212]] 817..................................... 95 14 818..................................... 95 18 819..................................... 95 18 820..................................... 94 20 821..................................... 94 22 822..................................... 94 19 823..................................... 95 18 824..................................... 95 17 825..................................... 95 19 826..................................... 95 19 827..................................... 95 19 828..................................... 94 19 829..................................... 94 21 830..................................... 94 19 831..................................... 94 17 832..................................... 94 18 833..................................... 94 21 834..................................... 94 19 835..................................... 95 18 836..................................... 95 19 837..................................... 95 17 838..................................... 94 15 839..................................... 94 17 840..................................... 95 19 841..................................... 94 22 842..................................... 94 21 843..................................... 94 18 844..................................... 94 16 845..................................... 95 14 846..................................... 95 14 847..................................... 94 19 848..................................... 95 20 849..................................... 95 23 850..................................... 98 23 851..................................... 98 22 852..................................... 98 16 853..................................... 98 12 854..................................... 98 9 855..................................... 98 8 856..................................... 98 7 857..................................... 98 6 858..................................... 98 6 859..................................... 98 6 860..................................... 98 5 861..................................... 98 5 862..................................... 80 5 863..................................... 49 5 864..................................... 51 5 865..................................... 51 5 866..................................... 51 6 867..................................... 51 6 868..................................... 51 6 869..................................... 51 6 870..................................... 51 5 871..................................... 51 6 872..................................... 51 7 873..................................... 96 45 874..................................... 94 44 875..................................... 94 34 876..................................... 94 41 877..................................... 95 44 878..................................... 94 32 879..................................... 95 26 880..................................... 94 20 881..................................... 95 29 882..................................... 95 27 883..................................... 95 21 884..................................... 95 34 885..................................... 95 31 886..................................... 94 26 887..................................... 95 22 888..................................... 95 23 889..................................... 95 19 890..................................... 94 18 891..................................... 94 20 892..................................... 94 26 893..................................... 95 29 894..................................... 94 32 895..................................... 95 26 896..................................... 95 34 897..................................... 95 30 898..................................... 95 24 899..................................... 95 19 900..................................... 94 17 901..................................... 94 16 902..................................... 98 19 903..................................... 98 17 904..................................... 98 12 905..................................... 98 10 906..................................... 98 8 907..................................... 98 7 908..................................... 98 6 909..................................... 98 6 910..................................... 98 6 911..................................... 98 5 912................... 98 5 913..................................... 98 5 914..................................... 69 5 915..................................... 49 5 916..................................... 51 5 917..................................... 51 6 918..................................... 51 6 919..................................... 69 75 920..................................... 95 70 921..................................... 95 57 922..................................... 94 49 923..................................... 94 38 924..................................... 95 43 925..................................... 94 51 926..................................... 94 41 927..................................... 98 42 928..................................... 95 89 929..................................... 95 66 930..................................... 94 52 931..................................... 95 41 932..................................... 95 34 933..................................... 95 34 934..................................... 94 30 935..................................... 94 30 936..................................... 95 29 937..................................... 94 28 938..................................... 95 24 939..................................... 94 34 940..................................... 95 26 941..................................... 94 36 942..................................... 95 27 943..................................... 95 25 944..................................... 95 26 945..................................... 94 21 946..................................... 94 19 947..................................... 98 21 948..................................... 93 53 949..................................... 94 45 950..................................... 94 35 951..................................... 95 28 952..................................... 95 23 953..................................... 95 20 954..................................... 95 17 955..................................... 94 19 956..................................... 94 18 957..................................... 94 18 958..................................... 94 18 959..................................... 94 19 960..................................... 97 17 961..................................... 98 19 962..................................... 98 14 963..................................... 98 11 964..................................... 98 9 965..................................... 98 7 966..................................... 98 7 967..................................... 98 6 968..................................... 98 6 969..................................... 98 6 970..................................... 98 5 971..................................... 98 5 972..................................... 82 5 973..................................... 49 5 974..................................... 51 6 975..................................... 51 6 976..................................... 51 6 977..................................... 51 5 978..................................... 51 6 979..................................... 72 58 980..................................... 94 36 981..................................... 95 28 982..................................... 95 24 983..................................... 95 25 984..................................... 95 26 985..................................... 94 30 986..................................... 94 26 987..................................... 95 34 988..................................... 95 57 989..................................... 95 45 990..................................... 94 37 991..................................... 95 34 992..................................... 95 27 993..................................... 95 27 994..................................... 95 29 995..................................... 98 22 996..................................... 94 84 997..................................... 94 74 998..................................... 95 62 999..................................... 94 51 1000.................................... 95 50 1001.................................... 95 81 1002.................................... 94 65 1003.................................... 95 49 1004.................................... 94 56 1005.................................... 95 65 1006.................................... 94 59 1007.................................... 99 58 1008.................................... 98 41 1009.................................... 98 27 1010.................................... 98 19 1011.................................... 98 13 1012.................................... 98 11 1013.................................... 98 9 1014.................................... 98 8 1015.................................... 98 7 1016.................................... 98 6 1017.................................... 98 6 1018.................................... 98 6 1019.................................... 71 6 1020.................................... 49 5 1021.................................... 51 6 1022.................................... 51 6 1023.................................... 51 6 1024.................................... 51 6 1025.................................... 51 6 1026.................................... 51 6 1027.................................... 51 6 1028.................................... 51 6 1029.................................... 51 6 1030.................................... 51 6 1031.................................... 51 5 1032.................................... 51 6 [[Page 51213]] 1033.................................... 51 5 1034.................................... 51 6 1035.................................... 51 6 1036.................................... 51 6 1037.................................... 51 5 1038.................................... 51 5 1039.................................... 51 6 1040.................................... 51 6 1041.................................... 69 59 1042.................................... 94 48 1043.................................... 95 34 1044.................................... 95 29 1045.................................... 95 26 1046.................................... 94 27 1047.................................... 95 31 1048.................................... 95 26 1049.................................... 95 34 1050.................................... 95 29 1051.................................... 95 31 1052.................................... 95 29 1053.................................... 95 35 1054.................................... 95 38 1055.................................... 94 41 1056.................................... 95 28 1057.................................... 95 36 1058.................................... 94 30 1059.................................... 94 26 1060.................................... 94 33 1061.................................... 95 34 1062.................................... 95 27 1063.................................... 98 26 1064.................................... 98 19 1065.................................... 98 13 1066.................................... 98 11 1067.................................... 98 9 1068.................................... 98 7 1069.................................... 98 7 1070.................................... 98 6 1071.................................... 98 6 1072.................................... 98 6 1073.................................... 98 5 1074.................................... 89 6 1075.................................... 49 5 1076.................................... 51 6 1077.................................... 51 6 1078.................................... 51 6 1079.................................... 51 6 1080.................................... 51 6 1081.................................... 51 6 1082.................................... 51 6 1083.................................... 50 6 1084.................................... 51 6 1085.................................... 51 6 1086.................................... 51 6 1087.................................... 51 6 1088.................................... 51 6 1089.................................... 51 6 1090.................................... 51 6 1091.................................... 56 74 1092.................................... 95 56 1093.................................... 94 49 1094.................................... 95 47 1095.................................... 94 43 1096.................................... 94 33 1097.................................... 95 50 1098.................................... 94 40 1099.................................... 95 33 1100.................................... 95 24 1101.................................... 94 22 1102.................................... 94 22 1103.................................... 94 25 1104.................................... 95 27 1105.................................... 95 32 1106.................................... 94 29 1107.................................... 94 26 1108.................................... 94 26 1109.................................... 94 24 1110.................................... 98 52 1111.................................... 94 41 1112.................................... 99 35 1113.................................... 95 58 1114.................................... 95 58 1115.................................... 98 57 1116.................................... 98 38 1117.................................... 98 26 1118.................................... 93 63 1119.................................... 94 59 1120.................................... 98 100 1121.................................... 94 73 1122.................................... 98 53 1123.................................... 94 76 1124.................................... 95 61 1125.................................... 94 49 1126.................................... 94 37 1127.................................... 97 50 1128.................................... 98 36 1129.................................... 98 25 1130.................................... 98 18 1131.................................... 98 12 1132.................................... 98 10 1133.................................... 98 8 1134.................................... 98 7 1135.................................... 98 7 1136.................................... 98 6 1137.................................... 98 6 1138.................................... 98 6 1139.................................... 80 6 1140.................................... 49 6 1141.................................... 78 61 1142.................................... 95 50 1143.................................... 94 43 1144.................................... 94 42 1145.................................... 94 31 1146.................................... 95 30 1147.................................... 95 34 1148.................................... 95 28 1149.................................... 95 27 1150.................................... 94 27 1151.................................... 95 31 1152.................................... 95 42 1153.................................... 94 41 1154.................................... 95 37 1155.................................... 95 43 1156.................................... 95 34 1157.................................... 95 31 1158.................................... 95 27 1159.................................... 95 23 1160.................................... 95 27 1161.................................... 96 38 1162.................................... 95 40 1163.................................... 95 39 1164.................................... 95 26 1165.................................... 95 33 1166.................................... 94 28 1167.................................... 94 34 1168.................................... 98 73 1169.................................... 95 49 1170.................................... 95 51 1171.................................... 94 55 1172.................................... 95 48 1173.................................... 95 35 1174.................................... 95 39 1175.................................... 95 39 1176.................................... 94 41 1177.................................... 95 30 1178.................................... 95 23 1179.................................... 94 19 1180.................................... 95 25 1181.................................... 94 29 1182.................................... 98 27 1183.................................... 95 89 1184.................................... 95 74 1185.................................... 94 60 1186.................................... 94 48 1187.................................... 94 41 1188.................................... 94 29 1189.................................... 94 24 1190.................................... 95 19 1191.................................... 94 21 1192.................................... 95 29 1193.................................... 95 28 1194.................................... 95 27 1195.................................... 94 23 1196.................................... 95 25 1197.................................... 95 26 1198.................................... 94 22 1199.................................... 95 19 1200.................................... 94 17 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Appendix II to Part 1048--Transient Duty Cycle for Engines That Are Not Constant-Speed Engines The following table shows the transient duty-cycle for engines that are not constant-speed engines, as described in Sec. 1048.510: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Normalized Normalized Time(s) speed (in torque (in percent) percent) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 0....................................... 0 0 1....................................... 0 0 2....................................... 0 0 3....................................... 0 0 4....................................... 0 0 5....................................... 0 0 6....................................... 0 0 7....................................... 0 0 8....................................... 0 0 9....................................... 1 8 10...................................... 6 54 11...................................... 8 61 12...................................... 34 59 13...................................... 22 46 14...................................... 5 51 15...................................... 18 51 16...................................... 31 50 17...................................... 30 56 18...................................... 31 49 19...................................... 25 66 20...................................... 58 55 21...................................... 43 31 22...................................... 16 45 23...................................... 24 38 24...................................... 24 27 25...................................... 30 33 26...................................... 45 65 27...................................... 50 49 28...................................... 23 42 29...................................... 13 42 30...................................... 9 45 31...................................... 23 30 32...................................... 37 45 33...................................... 44 50 [[Page 51214]] 34...................................... 49 52 35...................................... 55 49 36...................................... 61 46 37...................................... 66 38 38...................................... 42 33 39...................................... 17 41 40...................................... 17 37 41...................................... 7 50 42...................................... 20 32 43...................................... 5 55 44...................................... 30 42 45...................................... 44 53 46...................................... 45 56 47...................................... 41 52 48...................................... 24 41 49...................................... 15 40 50...................................... 11 44 51...................................... 32 31 52...................................... 38 54 53...................................... 38 47 54...................................... 9 55 55...................................... 10 50 56...................................... 33 55 57...................................... 48 56 58...................................... 49 47 59...................................... 33 44 60...................................... 52 43 61...................................... 55 43 62...................................... 59 38 63...................................... 44 28 64...................................... 24 37 65...................................... 12 44 66...................................... 9 47 67...................................... 12 52 68...................................... 34 21 69...................................... 29 44 70...................................... 44 54 71...................................... 54 62 72...................................... 62 57 73...................................... 72 56 74...................................... 88 71 75...................................... 100 69 76...................................... 100 34 77...................................... 100 42 78...................................... 100 54 79...................................... 100 58 80...................................... 100 38 81...................................... 83 17 82...................................... 61 15 83...................................... 43 22 84...................................... 24 35 85...................................... 16 39 86...................................... 15 45 87...................................... 32 34 88...................................... 14 42 89...................................... 8 48 90...................................... 5 51 91...................................... 10 41 92...................................... 12 37 93...................................... 4 47 94...................................... 3 49 95...................................... 3 50 96...................................... 4 49 97...................................... 4 48 98...................................... 8 43 99...................................... 2 51 100..................................... 5 46 101..................................... 8 41 102..................................... 4 47 103..................................... 3 49 104..................................... 6 45 105..................................... 3 48 106..................................... 10 42 107..................................... 18 27 108..................................... 3 50 109..................................... 11 41 110..................................... 34 29 111..................................... 51 57 112..................................... 67 63 113..................................... 61 32 114..................................... 44 31 115..................................... 48 54 116..................................... 69 65 117..................................... 85 65 118..................................... 81 29 119..................................... 74 21 120..................................... 62 23 121..................................... 76 58 122..................................... 96 75 123..................................... 100 77 124..................................... 100 27 125..................................... 100 79 126..................................... 100 79 127..................................... 100 81 128..................................... 100 57 129..................................... 99 52 130..................................... 81 35 131..................................... 69 29 132..................................... 47 22 133..................................... 34 28 134..................................... 27 37 135..................................... 83 60 136..................................... 100 74 137..................................... 100 7 138..................................... 100 2 139..................................... 70 18 140..................................... 23 39 141..................................... 5 54 142..................................... 11 40 143..................................... 11 34 144..................................... 11 41 145..................................... 19 25 146..................................... 16 32 147..................................... 20 31 148..................................... 21 38 149..................................... 21 42 150..................................... 9 51 151..................................... 4 49 152..................................... 2 51 153..................................... 1 58 154..................................... 21 57 155..................................... 29 47 156..................................... 33 45 157..................................... 16 49 158..................................... 38 45 159..................................... 37 43 160..................................... 35 42 161..................................... 39 43 162..................................... 51 49 163..................................... 59 55 164..................................... 65 54 165..................................... 76 62 166..................................... 84 59 167..................................... 83 29 168..................................... 67 35 169..................................... 84 54 170..................................... 90 58 171..................................... 93 43 172..................................... 90 29 173..................................... 66 19 174..................................... 52 16 175..................................... 49 17 176..................................... 56 38 177..................................... 73 71 178..................................... 86 80 179..................................... 96 75 180..................................... 89 27 181..................................... 66 17 182..................................... 50 18 183..................................... 36 25 184..................................... 36 24 185..................................... 38 40 186..................................... 40 50 187..................................... 27 48 188..................................... 19 48 189..................................... 23 50 190..................................... 19 45 191..................................... 6 51 192..................................... 24 48 193..................................... 49 67 194..................................... 47 49 195..................................... 22 44 196..................................... 25 40 197..................................... 38 54 198..................................... 43 55 199..................................... 40 52 200..................................... 14 49 201..................................... 11 45 202..................................... 7 48 203..................................... 26 41 204..................................... 41 59 205..................................... 53 60 206..................................... 44 54 207..................................... 22 40 208..................................... 24 41 209..................................... 32 53 210..................................... 44 74 211..................................... 57 25 212..................................... 22 49 213..................................... 29 45 214..................................... 19 37 215..................................... 14 43 216..................................... 36 40 217..................................... 43 63 218..................................... 42 49 219..................................... 15 50 220..................................... 19 44 221..................................... 47 59 222..................................... 67 80 223..................................... 76 74 224..................................... 87 66 225..................................... 98 61 226..................................... 100 38 227..................................... 97 27 228..................................... 100 53 229..................................... 100 72 230..................................... 100 49 231..................................... 100 4 232..................................... 100 13 233..................................... 87 15 234..................................... 53 26 235..................................... 33 27 236..................................... 39 19 237..................................... 51 33 238..................................... 67 54 239..................................... 83 60 240..................................... 95 52 241..................................... 100 50 242..................................... 100 36 243..................................... 100 25 244..................................... 85 16 245..................................... 62 16 246..................................... 40 26 247..................................... 56 39 248..................................... 81 75 249..................................... 98 86 [[Page 51215]] 250..................................... 100 76 251..................................... 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1155.................................... 93 26 1156.................................... 93 22 1157.................................... 93 18 1158.................................... 93 16 1159.................................... 93 16 1160.................................... 93 17 1161.................................... 93 19 1162.................................... 93 18 1163.................................... 93 16 1164.................................... 93 19 1165.................................... 93 22 1166.................................... 93 25 1167.................................... 93 29 1168.................................... 93 27 1169.................................... 93 22 1170.................................... 93 18 1171.................................... 93 16 1172.................................... 93 19 1173.................................... 93 19 1174.................................... 93 17 1175.................................... 93 17 1176.................................... 93 17 1177.................................... 93 16 1178.................................... 93 16 1179.................................... 93 15 1180.................................... 93 16 1181.................................... 93 15 1182.................................... 93 17 1183.................................... 93 21 1184.................................... 93 30 1185.................................... 93 53 1186.................................... 93 54 1187.................................... 93 38 1188.................................... 93 30 1189.................................... 93 24 1190.................................... 93 20 1191.................................... 95 20 1192.................................... 96 18 1193.................................... 96 15 1194.................................... 96 11 1195.................................... 95 9 1196.................................... 95 8 1197.................................... 96 7 1198.................................... 94 33 1199.................................... 93 46 1200.................................... 93 37 1201.................................... 16 8 1202.................................... 0 0 1203.................................... 0 0 1204.................................... 0 0 1205.................................... 0 0 1206.................................... 0 0 1207.................................... 0 0 1208.................................... 0 0 1209.................................... 0 0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ PART 1051--CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM RECREATIONAL ENGINES AND VEHICLES Subpart A--Determining How To Follow This Part Sec. 1051.1 Does this part apply to me? 1051.5 May I exclude any vehicles from this part's requirements? 1051.10 What main steps must I take to comply with this part? 1051.15 Do any other regulation parts affect me? 1051.20 May I certify a recreational engine instead of the vehicle? Subpart B--Emission Standards and Related Requirements 1051.100 What exhaust emission standards must my vehicles meet? 1051.101 What are the exhaust emission standards for snowmobiles? 1051.102 What are the exhaust emission standards for off-highway motorcycles? 1051.103 What are the exhaust emission standards for all-terrain vehicles (ATVs)? 1051.115 What other requirements must my vehicles meet? 1051.120 What warranty requirements apply to me? 1051.125 What maintenance instructions must I give to buyers? 1051.130 What installation instructions must I give to vehicle manufacturers? 1051.135 How must I label and identify the vehicles and engines I produce? 1051.145 What provisions apply only for a limited time? Subpart C--Certifying Engine Families 1051.201 What are the general requirements for submitting a certification application? 1051.205 How must I prepare my application? 1051.210 May I get preliminary approval before I complete my application? 1051.215 What happens after I complete my application? 1051.220 How do I amend the maintenance instructions in my application? 1051.225 How do I amend my application to include new or modified vehicles? 1051.230 How do I select engine families? 1051.235 How does testing fit with my application for a certificate of conformity? 1051.240 How do I determine if my engine family complies with emission standards? 1051.245 What records must I keep and make available to EPA? 1051.250 When may EPA deny, revoke, or void my certificate of conformity? Subpart D--Testing Production-line Engines 1051.301 When must I test my production-line vehicles or engines? 1051.305 How must I prepare and test my production-line vehicles or engines? 1051.310 How must I select vehicles or engines for production-line testing? 1051.315 How do I know when my engine family does not comply? 1051.320 What happens if one of my production-line vehicles or engines fails to meet emission standards? 1051.325 What happens if an engine family does not comply? 1051.330 May I sell vehicles from an engine family with a suspended certificate of conformity? 1051.335 How do I ask EPA to reinstate my suspended certificate? 1051.340 When may EPA revoke my certificate under this subpart and how may I sell these vehicles again? 1051.345 What production-line testing records must I send to EPA? 1051.350 What records must I keep? Subpart E--Testing In-use Engines 1051.401 What provisions apply for in-use testing of my vehicles or engines? Subpart F--Test Procedures 1051.501 What procedures must I use to test my vehicles or engines? 1051.505 What special provisions apply for testing snowmobiles? 1051.520 How do I perform durability testing? Subpart G--Compliance Provisions 1051.601 What compliance provisions apply to these vehicles? 1051.605 What are the provisions for exempting vehicles from the requirements of this part if they use engines you have certified under the motor-vehicle program or the Large Spark-ignition (SI) program? 1051.610 What are the provisions for producing recreational vehicles with engines already certified under the motor-vehicle program or the Large SI program? 1051.615 What are the special provisions for certifying small recreational engines? 1051.620 When may a manufacturer introduce into commerce an uncertified [[Page 51220]] recreational vehicle to be used for competition? 1051.625 What special provisions apply to unique snowmobile designs? Subpart H--Averaging, Banking, and Trading for Certification 1051.701 General provisions. 1051.705 How do I average emission levels? 1051.710 How do I generate and bank emission credits? 1051.715 How do I trade emission credits? 1051.720 How do I calculate my average emission level or emission credits? 1051.725 What information must I retain? 1051.730 What information must I report? Subpart I--Definitions and Other Reference Information 1051.801 What definitions apply to this part? 1051.805 What symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations does this part use? 1051.810 What materials does this part reference? 1051.815 How should I request EPA to keep my information confidential? 1051.820 How do I request a public hearing? Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671(q). Subpart A--Determining How To Follow This Part Sec. 1051.1 Does this part apply to me? (a) This part applies to you if you manufacture or import any of the following recreational vehicles or engines used in them, unless we exclude them under Sec. 1051.5 or exempt them under Sec. 1051.620: (1) Snowmobiles. (2) Off-highway motorcycles. (3) All-terrain vehicles (ATVs). (b) Note in subpart G of this part that 40 CFR part 1068 applies to everyone, including anyone who manufactures, installs, owns, operates, or rebuilds any of the vehicles or engines this part covers. (c) You need not follow this part for vehicles you produce before the 2006 model year, unless you certify voluntarily. See Sec. 1051.101, Sec. 1051.145, and the definition of model year in Sec. 1051.801 for more information about the timing of new requirements. (d) See Secs. 1051.801 and 1051.805 for definitions and acronyms that apply to this part. Sec. 1051.5 May I exclude any vehicles from this part's requirements? (a) You may exclude vehicles with compression-ignition engines. See 40 CFR part 89 for regulations that cover these engines. (b) See subpart G of this part and 40 CFR part 1068, subpart C, for exemptions of specific engines. (c) We may require you to label an engine or vehicle (or both) if this section excludes it and other requirements in this chapter do not apply. (d) Send the Designated Officer a written request with supporting documentation if you want us to determine whether this part covers or excludes certain vehicles. Excluding engines from this part's requirements does not affect other requirements that may apply to them. Sec. 1051.10 What main steps must I take to comply with this part? (a) You must get a certificate of conformity from us for each engine family before do any of the following things with a new vehicle or new engine covered by this part: sell, offer for sale, introduce into commerce, distribute or deliver for introduction into commerce, or import it into the United States. ``New'' vehicles or engines may include some already placed in service (see the definition of ``new'' in Sec. 1051.801). You must get a new certificate of conformity for each new model year. (b) To get a certificate of conformity and comply with its terms, you must do four things: (1) Meet the emission standards and other requirements in subpart B of this part. (2) Apply for certification (see subpart C of this part). (3) Do routine emission testing on production vehicles or engines (see subpart D of this part). (4) Follow our instructions throughout this part. (c) Subpart F of this part and 40 CFR parts 86 and 1065 describe how you must test your vehicles or engines. Subpart F of this part describes when you may test the engine alone instead of the entire vehicle. (d) Subpart G of this part and 40 CFR part 1068 describe requirements and prohibitions that apply to manufacturers, owners, operators, rebuilders, and all others. They also describe exemptions available for special circumstances. Sec. 1051.15 Do any other regulation parts affect me? (a) Parts 86 and 1065 of this chapter describe procedures and equipment specifications for testing vehicles and engines. Subpart F of this part describes how to apply part 86 or 1065 of this chapter to show you meet the emission standards in this part. (b) Part 1068 of this chapter describes general provisions, including these seven areas: (1) Prohibited acts and penalties for manufacturers and others. (2) Rebuilding and other aftermarket changes. (3) Exemptions for certain vehicles and engines. (4) Importing vehicles and engines. (5) Selective enforcement audits of your production. (6) Defect reporting and recall. (7) Procedures for public hearings. (c) Other parts of this chapter affect you if referenced in this part. Sec. 1051.20 May I certify a recreational engine instead of the vehicle? (a) You may certify engines sold separately from vehicles in either of two cases: (1) If you manufacture recreational engines but not recreational vehicles, you may ask to certify the engine alone. In your request, explain why you cannot certify the entire vehicle. (2) If you manufacture complete recreational vehicles containing engines you also sell separately, you may ask to certify all these engines in a single engine family or in separate engine families. (b) If you certify an engine under this section, you must use the test procedures in subpart F of this part. If the test procedures require chassis testing, use good engineering judgment to install the engine in an appropriate vehicle for measuring emissions. (c) If we allow you to certify recreational engines, we may tell you how to ensure the engine will comply with emission standards after it is in a vehicle. If we do not tell you what to do, use good engineering judgment to ensure that the engine will meet standards after installation. You must comply with Sec. 1051.130. (d) Do not use the provisions of this section to circumvent or reduce the stringency of this part's standards or other requirements. Subpart B--Emission Standards and Related Requirements Sec. 1051.100 What exhaust emission standards must my vehicles meet? Your vehicles must meet the following exhaust emission standards: (a) For snowmobiles, see Sec. 1051.101. (b) For off-highway motorcycles, see Sec. 1051.102. (c) For all-terrain vehicles, see Sec. 1051.103. (d) Apply this subpart to all testing, including production-line and in-use testing, as described in subparts D and E of this part. Sec. 1051.101 What are the exhaust emission standards for snowmobiles? (a) Apply the exhaust emission standards in this section by model year while measuring emissions with snowmobile test procedures in subpart F of this part. [[Page 51221]] (b) Follow Table 1 of this section for exhaust emission standards. You may use the averaging, banking, and trading provisions of subpart H of this part to show compliance with these standards. Table 1 also shows the maximum value you may specify for a Family Emission Limit, as follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1051.101.--Exhaust Emission Standards for Snowmobiles (g/kW-hr) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emission standards Maximum allowable family --------------------------------- emission limits Phase--Model year ------------------------------- HC CO HC CO ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phase 1--2007-2009............................. 100 275 150 400 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phase 2--2010 and later........................ 75 200 150 400 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) You may also follow the voluntary standards in Table 2 of this section while measuring emissions with the test procedures in subpart F of this part. If you certify snowmobiles under this paragraph (c), you must meet the emission standards and all testing and reporting requirements. Table 2 follows: Table 2 of Sec. 1051.101.--Voluntary Exhaust Emission Standards for Snowmobiles (g/kW-hr) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Emission standards Model year ------------------------- HC CO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2002-2009..................................... 75 200 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2002 and later................................ 45 120 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) Apply the exhaust emission standards in this section for snowmobiles using all fuels. You must meet the numerical emission standards for hydrocarbons in this section based on the following types of hydrocarbon emissions for snowmobiles powered by the following fuels: (1) Gasoline- and LPG-fueled snowmobiles: THC emissions. (2) Natural gas-fueled snowmobiles: NMHC emissions. (3) Alcohol-fueled snowmobiles: THCE emissions. (e) You must show in your certification application that your snowmobiles meet emission standards over their full useful life. The minimum useful life is 300 hours of operation or five years, whichever comes first. Specify a longer useful life under either of two conditions: (1) If you design, advertise, or market your snowmobile to operate longer than the minimum useful life (your recommended time until rebuild may indicate a longer design life). (2) If your basic mechanical warranty is longer than the minimum useful life. (f) Refer to Sec. 1051.240 to apply deterioration factors. Sec. 1051.102 What are the exhaust emission standards for off-highway motorcycles? (a) Apply the exhaust emission standards in this section by model year while measuring emissions with off-highway motorcycle test procedures in subpart F of this part. (b) Follow Table 1 of this section for exhaust emission standards. You may use the averaging, banking, and trading provisions of subpart H of this part to show compliance with these HC+NOX standards. The phase-in percentages in the following table specify the percentage of your production that must comply with the emission standards for those model years: Table 1 of Sec. 1051.102.--Exhaust Emission Standards for Off-Highway Motorcycles (g/km) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emission standards Maximum -------------------------------- allowable family Model year--phase-in emission HC+NOX CO limits --------------- HC+NOX ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2006--50%....................................................... 2.0 25.0 20.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2007 and later--100%............................................ 2.0 25.0 20.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) You may also follow the voluntary standards in Table 2 of this section while measuring emissions with the test procedures in subpart F of this part. If you certify off-highway motorcycles under this paragraph (c), you must meet the emission standards and all testing and reporting requirements. Table 2 follows: Table 2 of Sec. 1051.102.--Voluntary Exhaust Emission Standards for Off- Highway Motorcycles (g/km) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Emission standards Model year --------------------------- HC+NOX CO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2002 and later.............................. 0.8 15 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) Apply the exhaust emission standards in this section for snowmobiles using all fuels. You must meet the numerical emission standards for hydrocarbons in this section based on the following types of hydrocarbon emissions for snowmobiles powered by the following fuels: (1) Gasoline- and LPG-fueled snowmobiles: THC emissions. (2) Natural gas-fueled snowmobiles: NMHC emissions. (3) Alcohol-fueled snowmobiles: THCE emissions. (e) You must show in your certification application that your snowmobiles meet emission standards over their full useful life. The minimum useful life is 300 hours of operation or five years, whichever comes first. [[Page 51222]] Specify a longer useful life under either of two conditions: (1) If you design, advertise, or market your snowmobile to operate longer than the minimum useful life (your recommended time until rebuild may indicate a longer design life). (2) If your basic mechanical warranty is longer than the minimum useful life. (f) Refer to Sec. 1051.240 to apply deterioration factors. Sec. 1051.102 What are the exhaust emission standards for allterrain vehicles (ATVs)? (a) Apply the exhaust emission standards in this section by model year while measuring emissions with ATV test procedures in subpart F of this part. (b) Follow Table 1 of this section for exhaust emission standards. You may use the averaging, banking, and trading provisions of subpart H of this part to show compliance with these HC+NOX standards. Table 1 also shows the maximum value you may specify for a Family Emission Limit. (1) The phase-in percentages in the table specify the percentage of your production that must comply with the emission standards for those model years. (2) In the 2009 model year, you must produce the specified minimum percentage of Phase 2 vehicles, while certifying any remaining vehilces to Phase 1 standards. (3) Table 1 follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1051.103.--Exhaust Emission Standards for ATVs (g/km) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emission standards Maximum -------------------------- allowable family Phase Model year Phase-in emission (percent) HC+NOX CO limits ------------ HC+NOX ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phase 1............................. 2006.................. 50 2.0 25.0 20.0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2007 and 2008......... 100 2.0 25.0 20.0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2009.................. 50 2.0 25.0 20.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phase 2............................. 2009.................. 50 1.0 25.0 2.0 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2010 and later........ 100 1.0 25.0 2.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) You may also follow the voluntary standards in Table 2 of this section while measuring emissions with the test procedures in subpart F of this part. If you certify ATVs under this paragraph (c), you must meet the emission standards and all testing and reporting requirements. Table 2 follows: Table 2 of Sec. 1051.103.--Voluntary Exhaust Emission Standards for ATVs (g/km) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Emission standards Model year --------------------------- HC+NOX CO ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2002 and later.............................. 0.8 12 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (d) Apply the exhaust emission standards in this section for ATVs using all fuels. You must meet the numerical emission standards for hydrocarbons in this section based on the following types of hydrocarbon emissions for ATVs powered by the following fuels: (1) Gasoline- and LPG-fueled ATVs: THC emissions. (2) Natural gas-fueled ATVs: NMHC emissions. (3) Alcohol-fueled ATVs: THCE emissions. (e) You must show in your certification application that your ATVs meet emission standards over their full useful life. The minimum useful life is 30,000 km or five years, whichever comes first. Specify a longer useful life under either of two conditions: (1) If you design, advertise, or market your ATV to operate longer than the minimum useful life (your recommended time until rebuild may indicate a longer design life). (2) If your basic mechanical warranty is longer than the minimum useful life. (f) Refer to Sec. 1051.240 to apply deterioration factors. Sec. 1051.115 What other requirements must my vehicles meet? Your vehicles must meet the following requirements: (a) Closed crankcase. Design and produce your vehicles so they release no crankcase emissions into the atmosphere. (b) Emission sampling capability. Produce all your vehicles to allow sampling of exhaust emissions in the field. This sampling requires either exhaust ports downstream of any aftertreatment devices or the ability to extend the exhaust pipe by 20 cm. This is necessary to minimize any diluting effect from ambient air at the end of the exhaust pipe. (c) Adjustable parameters. If your vehicles have adjustable parameters, make sure they meet all the requirements of this part for any adjustment in the physically available range. (1) We do not consider an operating parameter adjustable if you permanently seal it or if ordinary tools cannot readily access it. (2) We may require you to adjust the engine to any specification within the adjustable range during certification testing, production- line testing, selective enforcement auditing, or in-use testing. (d) Other adjustments. This provision applies if an experienced mechanic can change your engine's air-fuel ratio in less than one hour with a few parts whose total cost is under $50 (in 2001 dollars). An example is carburetor jets. In this case, your vehicle must meet all the requirements of this part for any air/fuel ratio within the adjustable range described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section. (1) In your application for certification, specify the adjustable range of air/fuel ratios you expect to occur in use. You may specify it in terms of engine parts (such as the carburetor jet's size). This adjustable range must include all air/fuel ratios between the lean limit and the rich limit, unless you can show that some air/fuel ratios will not occur in use. (i) The lean limit is the air/fuel ratio that produces the highest engine power output (averaged over the test cycle). (ii) The rich limit is the richest of the following air/fuel ratios: [[Page 51223]] (A) The air/fuel ratio when you produce it. (B) The air/fuel ratio when you do durability testing. (C) The richest air-fuel ratio that you recommend to your customers. (2) We may require you to adjust the engine to any specification within the adjustable range during certification testing, production- line testing, selective enforcement auditing, or in-use testing. (e) Prohibited controls. You may not design engines with an emission-control system that emits any noxious or toxic substance that the engine would not emit during operation in the absence of such a system, except as specifically permitted by regulation. (f) Defeat devices. You may not equip your vehicles with a defeat device. A defeat device is an auxiliary emission-control device or other control feature that reduces the effectiveness of emission controls under conditions you may reasonably expect the vehicle to encounter during normal operation and use. This does not apply to auxiliary emission-control devices you identify in your certification application if any of the following is true: (1) The conditions of concern were substantially included in your prescribed duty cycles. (2) You show your design is necessary to prevent catastrophic vehicle damage or accidents. (3) The reduced effectiveness applies only to starting the engine. (g) Noise standards. See 40 CFR chapter I, subchapter G, to determine if your vehicle must meet noise emission standards. Sec. 1051.120 What warranty requirements apply to me? (a) You must warrant to the ultimate buyer that the new vehicle meets two conditions: (1) You have designed, built, and equipped it to meet the requirements of this part. (2) It is free from defects in materials and workmanship that may keep it from meeting these requirements. (b) Your emission-related warranty must be valid for at least 50 percent of the vehicle's useful life in kilometers (or hours) of operation or at least three years, whichever comes first. You may offer a warranty more generous than we require. This warranty may not be shorter than any published or negotiated warranty you offer for the vehicle or any of its components. If a vehicle has no tamper-proof odometer (or hour meter), we base warranty periods in this paragraph (b) only on the vehicle's age (in years). (c) Your emission-related warranty must cover components whose failure would increase a vehicle's emissions, including electronic controls, fuel injection, exhaust-gas recirculation, aftertreatment, or any other system you develop to control emissions. In general, we consider replacing or repairing other components to be the owner's responsibility. (d) You may exclude from your warranty a component named in paragraph (c) of this section, if it meets two conditions: (1) It was in general use on similar vehicles before January 1, 2000. (2) Its failure would clearly degrade the vehicle's performance enough that the operator would need to repair or replace it. (e) You may limit your emission-related warranty's validity to properly maintained vehicles, as described in Sec. 1068.115 of this chapter. (f) If you make an aftermarket part, you may--but do not have to-- certify that using the part will still allow vehicles to meet emission standards, as described in Sec. 85.2114 of this chapter. Sec. 1051.125 What maintenance instructions must I give to buyers? Give the ultimate buyer of each new vehicle written instructions for properly maintaining and using the vehicle, including the emission- control system. The maintenance instructions also apply to service accumulation on your test vehicles or engines, as described in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart E. (a) Critical emission-related maintenance. You may schedule critical maintenance on particular devices if you meet the following conditions: (1) You may ask us to approve maintenance on air-injection, fuel- system, or ignition components, aftertreatment devices, exhaust gas recirculation systems, crankcase ventilation valves, or oxygen sensors only if it meets two criteria: (i) Operators are reasonably likely to do the maintenance you call for. (ii) Vehicles need the maintenance to meet emission standards. (2) We will accept scheduled maintenance as reasonably likely to occur in use if you satisfy any of four conditions: (i) You present data showing that, if a lack of maintenance increases emissions, it also unacceptably degrades the vehicle's performance. (ii) You present survey data showing that 80 percent of vehicles in the field get the maintenance you specify at the recommended intervals. (iii) You provide the maintenance free of charge and clearly say so in maintenance instructions for the customer. (iv) You otherwise show us that the maintenance is reasonably likely to be done at the recommended intervals. (b) Minimum maintenance intervals. You may not schedule emission- related maintenance within the minimum useful life period for aftertreatment devices, fuel injectors, sensors, electronic control units, and turbochargers. (c) Noncritical emission-related maintenance. For engine parts not listed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, you may recommend any additional amount of inspection or maintenance. But you must state clearly that these steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid. Also, do not take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your test vehicles or engines. (d) Source of parts and repairs. Print clearly on the first page of your written maintenance instructions that any repair shop or person may maintain, replace, or repair emission-control devices and systems. Make sure your instructions require no component or service identified by brand, trade, or corporate name. Also, do not directly or indirectly distinguish between service by companies with which you have a commercial relationship and service by independent repair shops or the owner. You may disregard the requirements in this paragraph (d) if you do one of two things: (1) Provide a component or service without charge under the purchase agreement. (2) Get us to waive this prohibition in the public's interest by convincing us the vehicle will work properly only with the identified component or service. Sec. 1051.130 What installation instructions must I give to vehicle manufacturers? (a) If you sell an engine for someone else to install in a recreational vehicle, give the buyer of the vehicle written instructions for installing it consistent with the requirements of this part. Make sure these instructions have the following information: (1) Include the heading: ``Emission-related installation instructions.'' (2) State: ``Failing to follow these instructions when installing a certified engine in a recreational vehicle violates federal law (40 CFR 1068.105(b)), subject to fines or other penalties as described in the Clean Air Act.''. (3) Describe any other instructions needed to install an exhaust [[Page 51224]] aftertreatment device consistent with your application for certification. (4) Describe any limits on the range of applications needed to ensure that the engine operates consistently with your application for certification. For example, if your engines are certified only to the snowmobile standards, tell vehicle manufacturers not to install the engines in other vehicles. (5) Describe any other instructions to make sure the installed engine will operate according to any design specifications you describe in your application for certification. (6) State: ``If you obscure the engine's emission label, you must attach a duplicate label to your vehicle, as described in 40 CFR 1068.105.''. (b) You do not need installation instructions for engines you install in your own vehicle. Sec. 1051.135 How must I label and identify the vehicles and engines I produce? (a) Assign each production engine a unique identification number and permanently and legibly affix or engrave it on the engine. (b) At the time of manufacture, add a permanent label identifying each engine. To meet labeling requirements, do four things: (1) Attach the label in one piece so it is not removable without being destroyed or defaced. (2) Design and produce it to be durable and readable for the engine's entire life. (3) Secure it to a part of the engine needed for normal operation and not normally requiring replacement. (4) Write it in block letters in English. (c) On your engine label, do 13 things: (1) Include the heading ``EMISSION CONTROL INFORMATION.'' (2) Include your full corporate name and trademark. (3) State: ``THIS VEHICLE IS CERTIFIED TO OPERATE ON [specify operating fuel or fuels].''. (4) Identify the emission-control system; your identifiers must use names and abbreviations consistent with SAE J1930, which we incorporate by reference (see Sec. 1051.810). (5) List all requirements for fuel and lubricants. (6) State the date of manufacture [DAY (optional), MONTH, and YEAR]; if you stamp it on the engine and print it in the owner's manual, you may omit this information from the label. (7) State: ``THIS VEHICLE MEETS U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY REGULATIONS FOR [MODEL YEAR] [SNOWMOBILES or OFF-ROAD MOTORCYCLES or ATVS].''. (8) Include EPA's standardized designation for the engine family. (9) State the engine's displacement (in liters) and rated power. (10) State the engine's useful life (see Sec. 1051.100(h). (11) List specifications and adjustments for engine tuneups; show the proper position for the transmission during tuneup and state which accessories should be operating. (12) Describe other information on proper maintenance and use. (13) Identify the emission standards or Family Emission Limits to which you have certified the engine. (d) Some of your engines may need more information on the label. If you produce an engine or vehicle that we exempt from the requirements of this part, see 40 CFR part 1068, subparts C and D, for more label information. (e) Some engines may not have enough space for a label with all the required information. In this case, you may omit the information required in paragraphs (c)(3), (c)(4), (c)(5), and (c)(12) of this section if you print it in the owner's manual instead. (f) If you are unable to meet these labeling requirements, you may ask us to modify them consistent with the intent of this section. (g) If you obscure the engine label while installing the engine in the vehicle, you must place a duplicate label on the vehicle. If someone else installs the engine in a vehicle, give them duplicate labels if they ask for them (see 40 CFR 1068.105). Sec. 1051.145 What provisions apply only for a limited time? Apply the following provisions instead of others in this part for the periods and circumstances specified in this section. (a) Provisions for small-volume manufacturers. Special provisions apply to you if you are a small-volume manufacturer subject to the requirements of this part. (1) You may delay complying with otherwise applicable emission standards (and other requirements) for two model years. (2) If you are a small-volume manufacturer of snowmobiles, at least 50 percent of the models you produce must meet emission standards in the first two years they apply, as described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (3) Your vehicles for model years before 2011 may be exempt from the requirements and prohibitions of this part if you meet four criteria: (i) Produce your vehicles by installing engines covered by a valid certificate of conformity under 40 CFR part 90 that shows the engines meet standards for Class II engines for each engine's model year. (ii) Do not change the engine in a way that we could reasonably expect to increase its exhaust emissions. (iii) Make sure the engine meets all applicable requirements from 40 CFR part 90. This applies to engine manufacturers, vehicle manufacturers who use these engines, and all other persons as if these engines were not used in recreational vehicles. (iv) Make sure that fewer than 50 percent of the engine model's total sales, from all companies, are used in recreational vehicles regulated under this part. (b) Optional emission standards for Phase 1 ATVs. To meet Phase 1 ATV standards, you may apply the exhaust emission standards by model year in paragraph (b)(1) of this section while measuring emissions using the engine-based test procedures in 40 CFR part 1065 instead of the chassis-based test procedures in 40 CFR part 86. (1) Follow Table 1 of this section for exhaust emission standards, while meeting all the other requirements of Sec. 1051.103. You may use emission credits to show compliance with these standards (see subpart H of this part). You may not exchange emission credits with engine families meeting the standards in Sec. 1051.103. You may also not exchange credits between engine families certified above 225 cc and engine families certified below 225 cc. (i) The phase-in percentages in the table specify the percentage of your production that must comply with the emission standards for those model years. (ii) In the 2009 model year, you may produce fewer vehicles meeting Phase 1 standards if they are instead certified to Phase 2 standards. (iii) Table 1 follows: [[Page 51225]] Table 1 of Sec. 1051.145.--Optional Exhaust Emission Standards for Phase 1 ATVs (g/kW-hr) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Emission standards Maximum -------------------------- allowable family Engine displacement Model year Phase-in emission (percent) HC+NOX CO limits ------------ HC+NOX ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 225 cc.............................. 2006.................. 50 16.1 400 32.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2007 and 2008......... 100 16.1 400 32.2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2009.................. 50 16.1 400 32.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 225 cc................... 2006.................. 50 13.4 400 26.8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2007 and 2008......... 100 13.4 400 26.8 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2009.................. 50 13.4 400 26.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (2) Measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with the steady-state duty cycle described in Table 2 of this section. (i) During idle mode, hold the speed within your specifications, keep the throttle fully closed, and keep engine torque under 5 percent of the peak torque value at maximum test speed. (ii) For the full-load operating mode, operate the engine at its maximum fueling rate. (iii) See part 1065 of this chapter for detailed specifications of tolerances and calculations. (iv) Table 2 follows: Table 2 of Sec. 1051.145.--6-Mode Duty Cycle for Recreational Engines ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimum Engine time in Weighting Mode No. speed Torque mode factors (minutes) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1........................................................... 85 100 5.0 0.09 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2........................................................... 85 75 5.0 0.20 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3........................................................... 85 50 5.0 0.29 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4........................................................... 85 25 5.0 0.30 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5........................................................... 85 10 5.0 0.07 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6........................................................... Idle 0 5.0 0.05 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) For model years before 2011, if you are a small-volume manufacturer, your vehicles may be exempt from the requirements and prohibitions of this part if you meet all the following criteria: (1) You must produce them by installing engines covered by a valid certificate of conformity under 40 CFR part 90 showing that the engines meet the standards for Class II engines for each engine's model year. (2) You must not make any changes to the engine that we could reasonably expect to increase its exhaust emissions. (3) You must make sure the engine meets all the requirements from 40 CFR part 90 that apply. The requirements and restrictions of 40 CFR part 90 apply to anyone manufacturing these engines, anyone manufacturing vehicles that use these engines, and all other persons in the same manner as if these engines were not used in recreational vehicles. (4) You must make sure that fewer than 50 percent of the engine model's total sales, from all companies, are used in recreational vehicles. Subpart C--Certifying Engine Families Sec. 1051.201 What are the general requirements for submitting a certification application? (a) Send us an application for a certificate of conformity for each engine family. Each application is valid for only one model year. (b) The application must not include false or incomplete statements or information (see Sec. 1051.250). (c) We may choose to ask you to send us less information than we specify in this subpart, but this would not change your recordkeeping requirements. (d) Use good engineering judgment for all decisions related to your application (see Sec. 1068.5 of this chapter). (e) An authorized representative of your company must approve and sign the application. Sec. 1051.205 How must I prepare my application? In your application, you must do all the following things: (a) Describe the engine family's specifications and other basic parameters of the vehicle design. List the types of fuel you intend to use to certify the engine family (for example, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, or natural gas). (b) Explain how the emission-control system operates. Describe in detail all the system's components, auxiliary emission-control devices, and all fuel-system components you will install on [[Page 51226]] any production or test vehicle or engine. Explain why any auxiliary emission-control devices are not defeat devices (see Sec. 1051.115(f)). Do not include detailed calibrations for components unless we ask for them. (c) Describe the vehicles or engines you selected for testing and the reasons for selecting them. (d) Describe any special or alternate test procedures you used (see Sec. 1051.501). (e) Identify the duty cycle and the number of engine operating hours used to stabilize emission levels. Describe any scheduled maintenance you did. (f) List the specifications of the test fuel to show that it falls within the required ranges we specify in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart C. (g) Identify the engine family's useful life. (h) Propose maintenance and use instructions for the ultimate buyer of each new vehicle (see Sec. 1051.125). (i) Propose emission-related installation instructions if you sell engines for someone else to install in a vehicle (see Sec. 1051.130). (j) Propose an emission-control label. (k) Present emission data for HC, NOX (where applicable), and CO on a test vehicle or engine to show your vehicles meet the emission standards we specify in subpart B of this part. Show these figures before and after applying deterioration factors for each vehicle or engine. Include test data for each type of fuel on which you intend for vehicles in the engine family to operate (for example, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas, methanol, or natural gas). (l) Report all test results, including those from invalid tests or from any nonstandard tests (such as measurements based on exhaust concentrations in parts per million). (m) Identify the engine family's deterioration factors and describe how you developed them. Present any emission test data you used for this. (n) Describe all adjustable operating parameters and other adjustments (see Sec. 1051.115(c) and (d)), including the following: (1) The nominal or recommended setting and the associated production tolerances. (2) The intended physically adjustable range. (3) The limits or stops used to establish adjustable ranges. (4) Production tolerances of the limits or stops used to establish each physically adjustable range. (5) Where applicable, information showing that someone cannot readily modify the engines to operate outside the physically adjustable range. (6) The air/fuel ratios specified in Sec. 1051.115(d). (o) State that you operated your test vehicles or engines according to the specified procedures and test parameters using the fuels described in the application to show you meet the requirements of this part. (p) State unconditionally that all the vehicles (and/or engines) in the engine family comply with the requirements of this part, other referenced parts, and the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.) (q) Include estimates of vehicle production. (r) Add other information to help us evaluate your application if we ask for it. Sec. 1051.210 May I get preliminary approval before I complete my application? If you send us information before you finish the application, we will review it and make any appropriate determinations listed in Sec. 1051.215(b) within 90 days of your request. If we need to ask you for further information, we will extend the 90-day period by the number of days we wait for your response. Sec. 1051.215 What happens after I complete my application? (a) If any of the information in your application changes after you submit it, amend it as described in Sec. 1051.225. (b) We may decide that we cannot approve your application unless you revise it. (1) If you inappropriately use the provisions of Sec. 1051.230(c) or (d) to define a broader or narrower engine family, we will require you to redefine your engine family. (2) If we determine your selected useful life for the engine family is too short, we will require you to lengthen it (see Sec. 1051.101(e), Sec. 1051.102(e), or Sec. 1051.103(e)). (3) If we determine your deterioration factors are not appropriate, we will require you to revise them (see Sec. 1051.240(c)). (4) If your proposed label is inconsistent with Sec. 1051.135, we will require you to change it (and tell you how, if possible). (5) If you require or recommend maintenance and use instructions inconsistent with Sec. 1051.125, we will require you to change them. (6) If we find any other problem with your application, we will tell you how to correct it. (c) If we determine your application is complete and shows you meet all the requirements, we will issue a certificate of conformity for your engine family for that model year. If we deny the application, we will explain why in writing. You may then ask us to hold a hearing to reconsider our decision (see Sec. 1051.820). Sec. 1051.220 How do I amend the maintenance instructions in my application? Send the Designated Officer a request to amend your application for certification for an engine family if you want to change the maintenance instructions in a way that could affect emissions. In your request, describe the proposed changes to the maintenance instructions. Unless we disapprove it, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request. We may also approve a shorter time or waive this requirement. Sec. 1051.225 How do I amend my application to include new or modified vehicles? (a) You must amend your application for certification before you take either of the following actions: (1) Add a vehicle to a certificate of conformity. (2) Make a design change for a certified engine family that may affect emissions or an emission-related part over the vehicle's lifetime. (b) Send the Designated Officer a request to amend the application for certification for an engine family. In your request, do all of the following: (1) Describe the vehicle model or configuration you are adding or changing. (2) Include engineering evaluations or reasons why the original test vehicle or engine is or is not still appropriate. (3) If the original test vehicle or engine for the engine family is not appropriate to show compliance for the new or modified vehicle, include new test data showing that the new or modified vehicle meets the requirements of this part. (c) You may start producing the new or modified vehicle anytime after you send us your request. (d) You must give us test data within 30 days if we ask for more testing, or stop producing the vehicle if you are not able do this. (e) If we determine that the certificate of conformity would not cover your new or modified vehicle, we will send you a written explanation of our decision. In this case, you may no longer produce these vehicles, though you may ask for a hearing for us to reconsider our decision (see Sec. 1051.820). Sec. 1051.230 How do I select engine families? (a) Divide your product line into families of vehicles that you expect to [[Page 51227]] have similar emission characteristics. Your engine family is limited to a single model year. (b) Group vehicles in the same engine family if they are identical in all of the following aspects: (1) The combustion cycle. (2) The cooling system (water-cooled vs. air-cooled). (3) The number and arrangement of cylinders. (4) The number, location, volume, and composition of catalytic converters. (5) Method of air aspiration. (6) Bore and stroke. (7) Configuration of the combustion chamber. (8) Location of intake and exhaust valves or ports. (c) In some cases you may subdivide a group of vehicles that is identical under paragraph (b) of this section into different engine families. To do so, you must show you expect emission characteristics to be different during the useful life or that any of the following engine characteristics are different: (1) Method of actuating intake and exhaust timing (poppet valve, reed valve, rotary valve, etc.). (2) Sizes of intake and exhaust valves or ports. (3) Type of fuel. (4) Configuration of the fuel system. (5) Exhaust system. (d) In some cases, you may include different engines in the same engine family, even though they are not identical with respect to the things listed in paragraph (b) of this section. (1) If you show that different engines have similar emission characteristics during the useful life, we may approve grouping them in the same engine family. (2) If you are a small-volume manufacturer, you may group engines from any vehicles subject to the same emission standards into a single engine family. This does not change any of the requirements of this part for showing that an engine family meets emission standards. (e) If you cannot define engine families by the method in this section, we will define them based on features related to emission characteristics. Sec. 1051.235 How does testing fit with my application for a certificate of conformity? This section describes how to test vehicles or engines in your effort to apply for a certificate of conformity. (a) Test your vehicles or engines using the procedures and equipment specified in subpart F of this part. (b) Select from each engine family a test vehicle or engine for each fuel type with a configuration you believe is most likely to exceed the emission standards. Using good engineering judgment, consider the emission levels of all exhaust constituents over the full useful life of the vehicle. (c) You may submit emission data for equivalent engine families from previous years instead of doing new tests, but only if the data shows that the test vehicle or engine would meet all the requirements for the latest vehicle or engine models. We may require you to do new emission testing if we believe the latest vehicle or engine models could be substantially different from the previously tested vehicle or engine. (d) We may choose to measure emissions from any of your test vehicles or engines. (1) If we do this, you must provide the test vehicle or engine at the location we select. We may decide to do the testing at your plant or any other facility. If we choose to do the testing at your plant, you must schedule it as soon as possible and make available the instruments and equipment we need. (2) If we measure emissions on one of your test vehicles or engines, the results of that testing become the official data for the vehicle or engine. Unless we later invalidate this data, we may decide not to consider your data in determining if your engine family meets the emission standards. (3) Before we test one of your vehicles or engines, we may set its adjustable parameters to any point within the physically adjustable ranges (see Sec. 1051.115(c)) we may also adjust the air/fuel ratio within the adjustable range specified in Sec. 1051.115(d). (4) Calibrate the test vehicle or engine within the production tolerances shown on the engine label for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter (see Sec. 1051.205(m)). (e) If you are a small-volume manufacturer, you may certify by design on the basis of existing emission data from comparable vehicles, in accordance with good engineering judgment. In those cases, you are not required to test your vehicles. Sec. 1051.240 How do I determine if my engine family complies with emission standards? (a) Your engine family complies with the numerical emission standards in subpart B of this part if all emission-data vehicles representing that family have test results showing emission levels at or below the standards. (b) Your engine family does not comply if any emission-data vehicle representing that family has test results showing emission levels above the standards for any pollutant. (c) To compare emission levels from the emission-data vehicle with the emission standards, apply deterioration factors (to three decimal places) to the measured emission levels. The deterioration factor is a number that shows the relationship between exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and at the low-hour test point. Section 1051.520 specifies how to test your vehicle to develop deterioration factors that estimate the change in emissions over your vehicle's full useful life. Small-volume manufacturers may use assigned deterioration factors established by EPA. Apply the deterioration factors as follows: (1) For vehicles that use aftertreatment technology, such as catalytic converters, the deterioration factor is the ratio of exhaust emissions at the end of useful life to exhaust emissions at the low- hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested vehicle at the selected test point by multiplying the measured emissions by the deterioration factor. If the factor is less than one, use one. (2) For vehicles that do not use aftertreatment technology, the deterioration factor is the difference between exhaust emissions at the end of useful life and exhaust emissions at the low-hour test point. Adjust the official emission results for each tested vehicle at the selected test point by adding the factor to the measured emissions. If the factor is less than zero, use zero. (d) After adjusting the emission levels for deterioration, round them to the same number of decimal places as the standard. Compare the rounded emission levels to the emission standard for each test vehicle. Sec. 1051.245 What records must I keep and make available to EPA? (a) Organize and maintain the following records to keep them readily available; we may review these records at any time: (1) A copy of all applications and any summary information you sent us. (2) Any of the information we specify in Sec. 1051.205 that you did not include in your application. (3) A detailed history of each emission-data vehicle. In each history, describe all of the following: (i) The emission-data vehicle's construction, including its origin and buildup, steps you took to ensure that it represents production vehicles, any components you built specially for it, and all emission- related components. (ii) How you accumulated vehicle or engine operating hours, including the dates and the number of hours accumulated. [[Page 51228]] (iii) All maintenance (including modifications, parts changes, and other service) and the dates and reasons for the maintenance. (iv) All your emission tests, including documentation on routine and standard tests, as specified in part 1065 of this chapter, and the date and purpose of each test. (v) All tests to diagnose engine or emission-control performance, giving the date and time of each and the reasons for the test. (vi) Any other significant events. (b) Keep data from routine emission tests (such as test cell temperatures and relative humidity readings) for one year after we issue the associated certificate of conformity. Keep all other information specified in paragraph (a) of this section for eight years after we issue your certificate. (c) Store these records in any format and on any media, as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them. (d) Send us copies of any maintenance instructions or explanations if we ask for them. Sec. 1051.250 When may EPA deny, revoke, or void my certificate of conformity? (a) We may deny your application for certification if your emission-data vehicles fail to comply with emission standards or other requirements. Our decision may be based on any information available to us. If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing. (b) In addition, we may deny your application or revoke your certificate if you do any of the following: (1) Refuse to comply with any testing or reporting requirements. (2) Submit false or incomplete information (paragraph (d) of this section applies if this is fraudulent). (3) Render inaccurate any test data. (4) Deny us from completing authorized activities despite our presenting a warrant or court order (see Sec. 1068.20 of this chapter). (5) Produce vehicle or engines for importation into the United States at a location where local law prohibits us from carrying out authorized activities. (c) We may void your certificate if you do not keep the records we require or do not give us information when we ask for it. (d) We may void your certificate if we find that you committed fraud to get it. This means intentionally submitting false or incomplete information. (e) If we deny your application or revoke or void your certificate, you may ask for a hearing (see Sec. 1051.820). Any such hearing will be limited to substantial and factual issues. Subpart D--Testing Production-Line Engines Sec. 1051.301 When must I test my production-line vehicles or engines? (a) If you certify vehicles to the standards of this part, you must test them as described in this subpart. If your vehicle is certified to g/kW-hr standards, then test the engine; otherwise, test the vehicle. The provisions of this subpart do not apply to small-volume manufacturers. (b) We may suspend or revoke your certificate of conformity for certain engine families if your production-line vehicles or engines do not meet emission standards or you do not fulfill your obligations under this subpart (see Secs. 1051.325 and 1051.340). (c) The requirements of this part do not affect our ability to do selective enforcement audits, as described in part 1068 of this chapter. (d) You may ask to use an alternate program for testing production- line vehicles or engines. In your request, you must show us that the alternate program gives equal assurance that your products meet the requirements of this part. If we approve your alternate program, we may waive some or all of this part's requirements. (e) If you certify an engine family with carryover emission data, as described in Sec. 1051.235(c), and these equivalent engine families consistently meet the emission standards with production-line testing over the preceding two-year period, you may ask for a reduced testing rate for further production-line testing for that family. The minimum testing rate is one vehicle or engine per engine family. If we reduce your testing rate, we may limit our approval to a single model year. (f) We may ask you to make a reasonable number of production-line vehicles or engines available for a reasonable time so we can test or inspect them for compliance with the requirements of this part. Sec. 1051.305 How must I prepare and test my production-line vehicles or engines? (a) Test procedures. Test your production-line vehicles or engines using the applicable testing procedures in subpart F of this part to show you meet the emission standards in subpart B of this part. (b) Modifying a test vehicle or engine. Once a vehicle or engine is selected for testing (see Sec. 1051.310), you may adjust, repair, prepare, or modify it or check its emissions only if one of the following is true: (1) You document the need for doing so in your procedures for assembling and inspecting all your production vehicles or engines and make the action routine for all the vehicles or engines in the engine family. (2) This subpart otherwise specifically allows your action. (3) We approve your action in advance. (c) Malfunction. If a vehicle or engine malfunction prevents further emission testing, ask us to approve your decision to either repair it or delete it from the test sequence. (d) Setting adjustable parameters. Before any test, we may adjust or require you to adjust any adjustable parameter to any setting within its physically adjustable range. (1) We may adjust idle speed outside the physically adjustable range as needed until the vehicle or engine has stabilized emission levels (see paragraph (e) of this section). We may ask you for information needed to establish an alternate minimum idle speed. (2) We may make or specify adjustments within the physically adjustable range by considering their effect on emission levels, as well as how likely it is someone will make such an adjustment with in- use vehicles. (e) Stabilizing emission levels. Before you test production-line vehicles or engines, you may operate the vehicle or engine to stabilize the emission levels. Using good engineering judgment, operate your vehicles or engines in a way that represents the way they will be used. You may operate each vehicle or engine for no more than the greater of two periods: (1) 50 hours. (2) The number of hours you operated your emission-data vehicle for certifying the engine family (see 40 CFR part 1065, subpart E). (f) Damage during shipment. If shipping a vehicle or engine to a remote facility for production-line testing makes necessary an adjustment or repair, you must wait until after the after the initial emission test to do this work. We may waive this requirement if the test would be impossible or unsafe, or if it would permanently damage the vehicle or engine. Report to us, in your written report under Sec. 1051.345, all adjustments or repairs you make on test vehicles or engines before each test. (g) Retesting after invalid tests. You may retest a vehicle or engine if you determine an emission test is invalid. Explain in your written report reasons for invalidating any test and the emission results from all tests. If you retest a vehicle or engine and, within ten days after testing, ask to substitute results of the new tests for the original [[Page 51229]] ones, we will answer within ten days after we receive your information. Sec. 1051.310 How must I select vehicles or engines for production- line testing? (a) Use test results from two vehicles or engines for each engine family to calculate the required sample size for the model year. Update this calculation with each test. (1) For engine families with projected annual sales of at least 1600, the test periods are consecutive quarters (3 months). (2) For engine families with projected annual sales below 1600, the test period is the whole model year. (b) Early in each test period, randomly select and test an engine from the end of the assembly line for each engine family. (1) In the first test period for newly certified engines, randomly select and test one more engine. Then, calculate the required sample size for the test period as described in paragraph (c) of this section. (2) In later test periods or for engine families relying on previously submitted test data, combine the new test result with the last test result from the previous test period. Then, calculate the required sample size for the new test period as described in paragraph (c) of this section. (c) Calculate the required sample size for each engine family. Separately calculate this figure for HC, NOX (or HC+NOX), and CO. The required sample size is the greater of these calculated values. Use the following equation: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.005 Where: N = Required sample size for the model year. t95 = 95% confidence coefficient, which depends on the number of tests completed, n, as specified in the table in paragraph (c)(1) of this section. It defines 95% confidence intervals for a one- tail distribution. x = Mean of emission test results of the sample. STD = Emission standard. = Test sample standard deviation (see paragraph (c)(2) of this section). (1) Determine the 95% confidence coefficient, t95, from the following table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ n t95 n t95 n t95 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2 6.31 12 1.80 22 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3 2.92 13 1.78 23 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4 2.35 14 1.77 24 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5 2.13 15 1.76 25 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 6 2.02 16 1.75 26 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 7 1.94 17 1.75 27 1.71 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 8 1.90 18 1.74 28 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9 1.86 19 1.73 29 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 1.83 20 1.73 30+ 1.70 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11 1.81 21 1.72 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (2) Calculate the standard deviation, , for the test sample using the following formula: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.006 Where: Xi = Emission test result for an individual vehicle or engine. n = The number of tests completed in an engine family. (d) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equations in paragraph (c) of this section (see Sec. 1051.315(a)). (e) After each new test, recalculate the required sample size using the updated mean values, standard deviations, and the appropriate 95% confidence coefficient. (f) Distribute the remaining vehicle or engine tests evenly throughout the rest of the test period. You may need to adjust your schedule for selecting vehicles or engines if the required sample size changes. Continue to randomly select vehicles or engines from each engine family; this may involve testing vehicles or engines that operate on different fuels. (g) Continue testing any engine family for which the sample mean, x, is greater than the emission standard. This applies if the sample mean for either HC, NOX (or HC+NOX) or for CO is greater than the emission standard. Continue testing until one of the following things happens: (1) The sample size, n, for an engine family is greater than the required sample size, N, and the sample mean, x, is less than or equal to the emission standard. (2) The engine family does not comply according to Sec. 1051.325. (3) You test 30 vehicles or engines from the engine family. (4) You test one percent of your projected annual U.S.-directed production volume for the engine family. (h) You may elect to test more randomly chosen vehicles or engines than we require. Include these vehicles or engines in the sample size calculations. Sec. 1051.315 How do I know when my engine family does not comply? (a) Calculate your test results. Round them to the number of decimal places in the emission standard expressed to one more decimal place. (1) Initial and final test results. Calculate and round the test results for each vehicle or engine. If you do several tests on a vehicle or engine, calculate the initial test results, then add them together and divide by the number of tests and round for the final test results on that vehicle or engine. (2) Final deteriorated test results. Apply the deterioration factor for the engine family to the final test results (see Sec. 1051.240(c)). [[Page 51230]] (b) Construct the following CumSum Equation for each engine family (for HC, NOX (or HC+NOX), and CO emissions): Ci = Ci-1 + Xi - (STD + F) Where: Ci = The current CumSum statistic. Ci-1 = The previous CumSum statistic. Prior to any testing, the CumSum statistic is 0 (i.e. C0 = 0). Xi = The current emission test result for an individual vehicle or engine. STD = Emission standard. F = 0.25 x . (c) Use final deteriorated test results to calculate the variables in the equation in paragraph (b) of this section (see Sec. 1051.315(a)). (d) After each new test, recalculate the CumSum statistic. (e) If you test more than the required number of vehicles or engines, include the results from these additional tests in the CumSum Equation. (f) After each test, compare the current CumSum statistic, Ci, to the recalculated Action Limit, H, defined as H = 5.0 x . (g) If the CumSum statistic exceeds the Action Limit in two consecutive tests, the engine family does not comply with the requirements of this part. Tell us within ten working days if this happens. (h) If you amend the application for certification for an engine family (see Sec. 1051.225), do not change any previous calculations of sample size or CumSum statistics for the model year. Sec. 1051.320 What happens if one of my production-line vehicles or engines fails to meet emission standards? (a) If you have a production-line vehicle or engine with final deteriorated test results exceeding one or more emission standards (see Sec. 1051.315(a)), the certificate of conformity is automatically suspended for that failing vehicle or engine. You must take the following actions before your certificate of conformity can cover that vehicle or engine: (1) Correct the problem and retest the vehicle or engine to show it complies with all emission standards. (2) Include in your written report a description of the test results and the remedy for each vehicle or engine (see Sec. 1051.345). (b) You may at any time ask for a hearing to determine whether the tests and sampling methods were proper (see Sec. 1051.820). Sec. 1051.325 What happens if an engine family does not comply? (a) We may suspend your certificate of conformity for an engine family if it fails to comply under Sec. 1051.315. The suspension may apply to all facilities producing vehicles or engines from an engine family, even if you find noncompliant vehicles or engines only at one facility. (b) We will tell you in writing if we suspend your certificate in whole or in part. We will not suspend a certificate until at least 15 days after the engine family became noncompliant. The suspension is effective when you receive our notice. (c) Up to 15 days after we suspend the certificate for an engine family, you may ask for a hearing to determine whether the tests and sampling methods were proper (see Sec. 1051.820). If we agree before a hearing that we used erroneous information in deciding to suspend the certificate, we will reinstate the certificate. Sec. 1051.330 May I sell vehicles from an engine family with a suspended certificate of conformity? You may sell vehicles that you produce after we suspend the engine family's certificate of conformity under Sec. 1048.315 only if one of the following occurs: (a) You test each vehicle or engine you produce and show it complies with emission standards that apply. (b) We conditionally reinstate the certificate for the engine family. We may do so if you agree to recall all the affected vehicles and remedy any noncompliance at no expense to the owner if later testing shows that the engine family still does not comply. Sec. 1051.335 How do I ask EPA to reinstate my suspended certificate? (a) Send us a written report asking us to reinstate your suspended certificate. In your report, identify the reason for noncompliance, propose a remedy, and commit to a date for carrying it out. In your proposed remedy include any quality control measures you propose to keep the problem from happening again. (b) Give us data from production-line testing that shows the remedied engine family complies with all the emission standards that apply. Sec. 1051.340 When may EPA revoke my certificate under this subpart and how may I sell these vehicles again? (a) We may revoke your certificate for an engine family in the following cases: (1) You do not meet the reporting requirements. (2) Your engine family fails to meet emission standards and your proposed remedy to address a suspended certificate under Sec. 1051.325 is inadequate to solve the problem or requires you to change the vehicle's design or emission-control system. (b) To sell vehicles from an engine family with a revoked certificate of conformity, you must modify the engine family and then show it complies with the requirements of this part. (1) If we determine your proposed design change may not control emissions for the vehicle's full useful life, we will tell you within five working days after receiving your report. In this case we will decide whether production-line testing will be enough for us to evaluate the change or whether you need to do more testing. (2) Unless we require more testing, you may show compliance by testing production-line vehicles or engines as described in this subpart. (3) We will issue a new or updated certificate of conformity when you have met these requirements. Sec. 1051.345 What production-line testing records must I send to EPA? (a) Within 30 calendar days of the end of each calendar quarter, send us a report with the following information: (1) Describe any facility used to test production-line vehicles or engines and state its location. (2) State the total U.S.-directed production volume and number of tests for each engine family. (3) Describe how you randomly selected vehicles or engines. (4) Describe your test vehicles or engines, including the engine family's identification and the vehicle's model year, build date, model number, identification number, and number of hours of operation before testing for each test vehicle or engine. (5) Identify where you accumulated hours of operation on the vehicles or engines and describe the procedure and schedule you used. (6) Provide the test number; the date, time and duration of testing; test procedure; initial test results before and after rounding; final test results; and final deteriorated test results for all tests. Provide the emission results for all measured pollutants. Include information for both valid and invalid tests and the reason for any invalidation. (7) Describe completely and justify any nonroutine adjustment, modification, repair, preparation, maintenance, or test for the test vehicle or engine if you did not report it separately under this subpart. Include the results of any emission measurements, regardless of the procedure or type of vehicle. (8) Provide the CumSum analysis required in Sec. 1051.315 for each engine family. (9) Report on each failed vehicle or engine as described in Sec. 1051.320. [[Page 51231]] (10) State the date the calendar quarter ended for each engine family. (b) We may ask you to add information to your written report, so we can determine whether your new vehicles conform with the requirements of this subpart. (c) An authorized representative of your company must sign the following statement: We submit this report under Sections 208 and 213 of the Clean Air Act. Our production-line testing conformed completely with the requirements of 40 CFR part 1051. We have not changed production processes or quality-control procedures for the engine family in a way that might affect the emission control from production vehicles (or engines). All the information in this report is true and accurate, to the best of my knowledge. I know of the penalties for violating the Clean Air Act and the regulations. (Authorized Company Representative) (d) Send electronic reports of production-line testing to the Designated Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a different format, send us a written request with justification for a waiver. (e) We will send copies of your reports to anyone from the public who asks for them. We will not release information about your sales or production volumes, which we will consider confidential under 40 CFR part 2. Sec. 1051.350 What records must I keep? (a) Organize and maintain your records as described in this section. We may review your records at any time, so it is important to keep required information readily available. (b) Keep paper records of your production-line testing for one full year after you complete all the testing required for an engine family in a model year. You may use any additional storage formats or media if you like. (c) Keep a copy of the written reports described in Sec. 1051.345. (d) Keep the following additional records: (1) A description of all test equipment for each test cell that you can use to test production-line vehicles or engines. (2) The names of supervisors involved in each test. (3) The name of anyone who authorizes adjusting, repairing, preparing, or modifying a test vehicle or engine and the names of all supervisors who oversee this work. (4) If you shipped the vehicle or engine for testing, the date you shipped it, the associated storage or port facility, and the date the vehicle or engine arrived at the testing facility. (5) Any records related to your production-line tests that are not in the written report. (6) A brief description of any significant events during testing not otherwise described in the written report or in this section. (e) If we ask, you must give us projected or actual production figures for an engine family. We may ask you to divide your production figures by power rating, displacement, fuel type, or assembly plant (if you produce vehicles or engines at more than one plant). (f) Keep a list of vehicle or engine identification numbers for all the vehicles or engines you produce under each certificate of conformity. Give us this list within 30 days if we ask for it. (g) We may ask you to keep or send other information necessary to implement this subpart. Subpart E--Testing In-Use Engines Sec. 1051.401 What provisions apply for in-use testing of my vehicles or engines? We may conduct in-use testing of any vehicle or engine subject to the standards of this part. If we determine that a substantial number of vehicles or engines do not comply with the regulations of this part throughout their full useful life, we may order the manufacturer to conduct a recall as specified in 40 CFR part 1068. Subpart F--Test Procedures Sec. 1051.501 What procedures must I use to test my vehicles or engines? (a) For snowmobiles, use the equipment and procedures for spark- ignition engines in part 1065 of this chapter to show your snowmobiles meet the duty-cycle emission standards in Sec. 1051.101. Measure HC, NOX, CO, and CO2 emissions using the dilute sampling procedures in part 1065 of this chapter. Use the duty cycle in Sec. 1051.505. (b) For motorcycles and ATVs, use the equipment, procedures, and duty cycle in 40 CFR part 86, subpart F, to show your vehicles meet the exhaust emission standards in Sec. 1051.102 or Sec. 1051.103. Measure HC, NOX, CO, and CO2. If you certify ATVs using the interim testing provisions of Sec. 1051.145, use the equipment, procedures, and duty cycle described or referenced in that section. Motorcycles and ATVs with engine displacement at or below 169 cc must use the driving schedule in paragraph (c) of Appendix I to part 86. All others must use the driving schedule in paragraph (b) of Appendix I to part 86. (c) Use the fuels and lubricants specified in 40 CFR part 1065, subpart C, for all the testing and service accumulation we require in this part. (d) You may use special or alternate procedures, as described in Sec. 1065.10 of this chapter. (e) We may reject data you generate using alternate procedures if later testing with the procedures in part 1065 of this chapter shows contradictory emission data. Sec. 1051.505 What special provisions apply for testing snowmobiles? Use the following special provisions for testing snowmobiles: (a) Measure emissions by testing the engine on a dynamometer with the steady-state duty cycle described in Table 1 of this section. (b) During idle mode, operate the engine with the following parameters: (1) Hold the speed within your specifications. (2) Keep the throttle fully closed. (3) Keep engine torque under 5 percent of the peak torque value at maximum test speed. (c) For the full-load operating mode, operate the engine at its maximum fueling rate. (d) Keep the test engine's intake air between -15 deg. C and - 5 deg. C (5 deg. F and 23 deg. F). Ambient temperatures during testing must be between -15 deg. C and 30 deg. C (5 deg. F and 86 deg. F). (e) See part 1065 of this chapter for detailed specifications of tolerances and calculations. (f) Table 1 follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1051.501.--5-mode Duty Cycle for Snowmobiles ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Minimum Engine time in Weighting Mode No. speed Torque mode factors (minutes) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1........................................................... 100 100 5.0 0.12 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 51232]] 2........................................................... 85 51 5.0 0.27 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3........................................................... 75 33 5.0 0.25 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4........................................................... 65 19 5.0 0.31 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5........................................................... Idle 0 5.0 0.05 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sec. 1051.520 How do I perform durability testing? This section applies for durability testing to determine deterioration factors. A small-volume manufacturer may omit durability testing if it uses our assigned deterioration factors that we establish based on our projection of the likely deterioration in the performance of specific emission controls. (a) Calculate your deterioration factor by testing a vehicles or engine that is representative of your engine family at a low-hour test point and the end of its useful life. You may also test at intermediate points. (b) Operate the vehicle or engine over a representative duty cycle for a period at least as long as the useful life (in hours or kilometers). You may operate the vehicle or engine continuously. (c) You may only perform the scheduled emission-related maintenance specified in Sec. 1051.125. You may not perform any unscheduled maintenance during durability testing unless we approve it in advance. (d) Use a linear least-squares fit of your test data for each pollutant to calculate your deterioration factor. Subpart G--Compliance Provisions Sec. 1051.601 What compliance provisions apply to these vehicles? Engine and vehicle manufacturers, as well as owners, operators, and rebuilders of these vehicles, and all other persons, must observe the requirements and prohibitions in part 1068 of this chapter. The compliance provisions in this subpart apply only to the vehicles we regulate in this part. Sec. 1051.605 What are the provisions for exempting vehicles from the requirements of this part if they use engines you have certified under the motor-vehicle program or the Large Spark-ignition (SI) program? (a) This section applies to you if you are the manufacturer of the engine. See Sec. 1051.610 if you are not the engine manufacturer. (b) The only requirements or prohibitions from this part that apply to a vehicle that is exempt under this section are in this section and Sec. 1051.610. (c) If you meet all the following criteria regarding your new vehicle, you are exempt under this section: (1) You must produce it using an engine covered by a valid certificate of conformity under 40 CFR part 86 or part 1048. (2) You must not make any changes to the certified engine that we could reasonably expect to increase its exhaust or evaporative emissions. For example, if you make any of the following changes to one of these engines, you do not qualify for this exemption: (i) Change any fuel system or evaporative system parameters from the certified configuration (this does not apply to refueling emission controls). (ii) Change any other emission-related components. (iii) Modify or design the engine cooling system so that temperatures or heat rejection rates are outside the original engine's specified ranges. (3) You must make sure the engine still has the label we require under 40 CFR part 86 or part 1048. (4) You must make sure that fewer than 50 percent of the engine model's total sales, from all companies, are used in recreational vehicles. (d) If you produce both the engine and vehicle under this exemption, you must do all of the following to keep the exemption valid: (1) Make sure the original emission label is intact. (2) Add a permanent supplemental label to the engine in a position where it will remain clearly visible after installation in the vehicle. In your engine label, do the following: (i) Include the heading: ``Recreational Vehicle Emission Control Information''. (ii) Include your full corporate name and trademark. (iii) State: ``THIS ENGINE WAS ADAPTED FOR RECREATIONAL USE WITHOUT AFFECTING ITS EMISSION CONTROLS.''. (iv) State the date you finished installing (month and year). (3) Make the original and supplemental labels readily visible after the engine is installed in the vehicle or, if vehicle obscures the engine's labels, make sure the vehicle manufacturer attaches duplicate labels, as described in Sec. 1068.105 of this chapter. (4) Send the Designated Officer a signed letter by the end of each calendar year (or less often if we tell you) with all the following information: (i) Identify your full corporate name, address, and telephone number. (ii) List the models you expect to produce under this exemption in the coming year. (iii) State: ``We produce each listed model for recreational application without making any changes that could increase its certified emission levels, as described in 40 CFR 1051.605.''. (e) If your vehicles do not meet the criteria listed in paragraph (c) of this section, they will be subject to the standards and prohibitions of this part. Producing these vehicles without a valid exemption or certificate of conformity would violate the prohibitions in Sec. 1068.100 of this chapter. (f) If we request it, you must send us emission test data on the applicable recreational duty cycle(s) (see Secs. 1051.505 and 1051.510). You may include the data in your application for certification or in your letter requesting the exemption. (g) Vehicles exempted under this section are subject to all the requirements affecting engines and vehicles under 40 CFR part 86 or part 1048, as applicable. The requirements and restrictions of 40 CFR part 86 or 1048 apply to anyone manufacturing these engines, anyone manufacturing vehicles that use these engines, and all other persons in the same manner as if these engines were used in a motor vehicle or other nonrecreational application. [[Page 51233]] Sec. 1051.610 What are the provisions for producing recreational vehicles with engines already certified under the motor-vehicle program or the Large SI program? (a) You may produce a recreational vehicle using a motor vehicle engine, or a Large SI engine if you meet three criteria: (1) The engine or vehicle is certified to 40 CFR part 86 or part 1048. (2) The engine is not adjusted outside the manufacturer's specifications. (3) The engine or vehicle is not modified in any way that may affect its emission control. This applies to exhaust and evaporative emission controls, but not refueling emission controls. (b) This section does not apply if you manufacture the engine yourself; see Sec. 1051.605. Sec. 1051.615 What are the special provisions for certifying small recreational engines? (a) If an off-highway motorcycle or ATV has an engine with total displacement of 70 cc or less, you may choose for these engines to meet the Phase 1 emission standards from 40 CFR part 90 that apply to Class I nonhandheld engines instead of the requirements of this part. In this case, all the requirements and prohibitions of 40 CFR part 90 relevant to Class I engines meeting Phase 1 standards apply to these engines and vehicles, with the following additional provisions: (1) If you qualify as a small-volume manufacturer under this part, emission standards apply beginning with the 2008 model year. Otherwise, emission standards apply beginning with the 2006 model year. (2) If you qualify as a small-volume manufacturer under this part, the provisions of Sec. 1068.241 of this chapter apply to these engines. (3) The provisions of Sec. 1068.240 of this chapter apply to these engines. (b) If you do not certify the engines under 40 CFR part 90, then all the requirements and prohibitions of this part apply to these engines and vehicles. (c) Once emission standards apply, producing these engines or vehicles without a valid exemption or certificate of conformity under this part or part 90 of this chapter would violate the prohibitions in Sec. 1068.101 of this chapter. Sec. 1051.620 When may a manufacturer introduce into commerce an uncertified recreational vehicle to be used for competition? (a) You may introduce into commerce a new recreational vehicle that is to be used for competition if we grant you an exemption under this section. (b) We will exempt vehicles that we determine will be used solely for competition. The basis of our determinations are described in paragraphs (b)(1) and (b)(2) and (c) of this section. (1) Off-highway motorcycles. Motorcycles that are marketed and labeled as only for competitive use and which meet at least four of the criteria listed in paragraphs (b)(1)(i) through (v) of this section are considered to be used solely for competition, except in cases where other information is available that indicates that they are not used solely for competition. The following features are indicative of motorcycles used solely for competition: (i) The absence of a headlight or other lights. (ii) The absence of a spark arrestor. (iii) The absence of manufacturer warranty. (iv) Suspension travel greater than 10 inches. (v) Engine displacement greater than 50 cc. (2) Snowmobiles and ATVs. Snowmobiles and ATVs meeting all of the following criteria are considered to be used solely for competition, except in cases where other information is available that indicates that they are not used solely for competition: (i) The vehicle or vehicle may not be sold in any public dealership. (ii) Sale of the vehicle must be limited to professional racers or other qualified racers. (iii) The vehicle must have performance characteristics that are substantially superior to noncompetitive models. (c) Vehicles not meeting the applicable criteria listed in paragraph (b) of this section will be exempted only in cases where the manufacturer has clear and convincing evidence that the vehicles for which the exemption is being sought will be used solely for competition. (d) You must permanently label vehicles exempted under this section to clearly indicate that they are to be used only for competition. Failure to properly label a vehicle will void the exemption for that vehicle. (e) If we request it, you must provide us any information we need to determine whether the vehicles are used solely for competition. Sec. 1051.625 What special provisions apply to unique snowmobile designs? (a) We may permit you to produce up to 300 snowmobiles per year that are certified to less stringent emission standards than those in Sec. 1051.101, as long as you meet all the conditions and requirements in this section. (b) To be eligible for these alternate standards, you must be a small-volume manufacturer. (c) To apply for alternate standards under this section, send the Designated Officer a written request. In your request, do two things: (1) Show that the snowmobile has unique design, calibration, or operating characteristics that make it atypical and infeasible or highly impractical to meet the emission standards in Sec. 1051.101, considering technology, cost, and other factors. (2) Identify the level of compliance you can achieve, including a description of available emission-control technologies and any constraints that may prevent more effective use of these technologies. (d) You must give us other relevant information if we ask for it. (e) An authorized representative of your company must sign the request and include the statement: ``All the information in this request is true and accurate, to the best of my knowledge.'' (f) Send your request for this extension at least nine months before the relevant deadline. If different deadlines apply to companies that are not small-volume manufacturers, do not send your request before the regulations in question apply to the other manufacturers. (g) If we approve your request, we will set alternate standards for your qualifying snowmobiles. These standards will not be above 400 g/ kW-hr for CO or 150 g/kW-hr for HC. (h) You may produce these snowmobiles to meet the alternate standards we establish under this section as long as you continue to produce them at the same or lower emission levels. (i) Do not include snowmobiles you produce under this section in any averaging, banking, or trading calculations under Subpart H of this part. (j) You must meet all the requirements of this part, except as noted in this section. Subpart H--Averaging, Banking, and Trading for Certification Sec. 1051.701 General provisions. (a) You may average, bank, and trade emission credits for certification as described in this subpart to meet the average standards of this part. To do this you must show that your average emission levels are below the applicable standards in subpart B of this part, or that you have sufficient credits to offset a credit deficit for the model year (as calculated in Sec. 1051.720). [[Page 51234]] (b) There are separate averaging, banking, and trading programs for snowmobiles, ATVs, and off-highway motorcycles. You may not exchange credits from engine families of one type of these vehicles with those from engine families of another type. You may also not exchange credits with other families of the same type if you use different measurement procedures for the different engine families (for example, ATVs certified to chassis-based vs. engine-based standards). (c) The definitions of Subpart I of this part apply to this subpart. The following definitions also apply: (1) Average standard means the standard that applies on average to all your vehicle under this part. (2) Broker means any entity that facilitates a trade between a buyer and seller. (3) Buyer means the entity that receives credits as a result of trade or transfer. (4) Reserved credits means credits generated but not yet verified by EPA in the end of year report review. (5) Seller means the entity that provides credits during a trade or transfer. (d) Do not include any exported vehicles in the certification averaging, banking, and trading program. Include only vehicles certified under this part. Sec. 1051.705 How do I average emission levels? (a) As specified in subpart B of this part, certify each vehicle to a family emission limit (FEL). (b) Calculate a preliminary average emission level according to Sec. 1051.720 using projected production volumes for your application for certification. (c) After the end of your model year, calculate a final average emission level according to Sec. 1051.720 for each type of recreational vehicle or engine you manufacture or import. Use actual production volumes. (d) If your preliminary average emission level is below the allowable average standard, see Sec. 1051.710 for information about generating and banking emission credits. These credits will be considered reserved until verified by EPA during the end of year report review. Sec. 1051.710 How do I generate and bank emission credits? (a) If your average emission level is below the average standard, you may calculate credits according to Sec. 1051.720. (b) You may generate credits if you are a certifying manufacturer. (c) You may bank unused emission credits, but only after the end of the calendar year and after we have reviewed your end-of-year reports. Credits you generate do not expire. (d) During the calendar year and before you send in your end-of- year report, you may consider reserved any credits you originally designate for banking during certification. You may redesignate these credits for trading or transfer in your end-of-year report, but they are not valid to demonstrate compliance until verified. (e) You may use for averaging or trading any credits you declared for banking from the previous calendar year that we have not reviewed. But, we may revoke these credits later--following our review of your end-of-year report or audit actions. For example, this could occur if we find that credits are based on erroneous calculations; or that emission levels are misrepresented, unsubstantiated, or derived incorrectly in the certification process. Sec. 1051.715 How do I trade emission credits? (a) You may trade only banked emission credits, not reserved credits. (b) You may trade banked credits to any certifying manufacturer. (c) If a negative credit balance results from a credit trade, both buyers and sellers are liable, except in cases involving fraud. We may void the certificates of all emission families participating in a negative trade. (1) If you buy credits but have not caused the negative credit balance, you must only supply more credits equivalent to the amount of invalid credits you used. (2) If you caused the credit shortfall, you may be subject to the requirements of Sec. 1051.730(b)(6). Sec. 1051.720 How do I calculate my average emission level or emission credits? (a) Calculate your average emission level for each type of recreational vehicle or engine for each model year according to the following equation and round it to the nearest tenth of a g/km or g/kW- hr. Use consistent units throughout the calculation. (1) Calculate the average emission level as: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.007 Where: FELi = The FEL to which the engine family is certified. ULi = The useful life of the engine family. Productioni = The number of vehicles in the engine family. (2) Use production projections for initial certification, and actual production volumes to determine compliance at the end of the model year. (b) If your average emission level is below the average standard, calculate credits available for banking according to the following equation and round them to the nearest tenth of a gram: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.008 (c) If your average emission level is above the average standard, calculate your preliminary credit deficit according to the following equation, rounding to the nearest tenth of a gram: [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP05OC01.009 [[Page 51235]] Sec. 1051.725 What information must I retain? (a) Maintain and keep five types of properly organized and indexed records for each group and for each emission family: (1) Model year and EPA emission family. (2) FEL. (3) Useful life. (4) Projected production volume for the model year. (5) Actual production volume for the model year. (b) Keep paper records of this information for three years from the due date for the end-of-year report. You may use any additional storage formats or media if you like. (c) Follow Sec. 1051.730 to send us the information you must keep. (d) We may ask you to keep or send other information necessary to implement this subpart. Sec. 1051.730 What information must I report? (a) Include the following information in your applications for certification: (1) A statement that, to the best of your belief, you will not have a negative credit balance for any type of recreational vehicle or engine when all credits are calculated. This means that if you believe that your average emission level will be above the standard (i.e., that you will have a deficit for the model year), you must have banked credits (or project to have traded credits) to offset the deficit. (2) Detailed calculations of projected emission credits (zero, positive, or negative) based on production projections. (i) If you project a credit deficit, state the source of credits needed to offset the credit deficit. (ii) If you project credits, state whether you will reserve them for banking or transfer them. (b) At the end of each model year, send an end-of-year report. (1) Make sure your report includes three things: (i) Calculate in detail your average emission level and any emission credits (zero, positive, or negative) based on actual production volumes. (ii) If your average emission level is above the allowable average standard, state the source of credits needed to offset the credit deficit. (iii) If your average emission level is below the allowable average standard, state whether you will reserve the credits for banking or transfer them. (2) Base your production volumes on the point of first retail sale. This point is called the final product-purchase location. (3) Send end-of-year reports to the Designated Officer within 120 days of the end of the model year. If you send reports later, you are violating the Clean Air Act. (4) If you generate credits for banking and you do not send your end-of-year reports within 120 days after the end of the model year, you may not use or trade the credits until we receive and review your reports. You may not use projected credits pending our review. (5) You may correct errors discovered in your end-of-year report, including errors in calculating credits according to the following table: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ If . . . And if . . . Then we . . . ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (i) Our review discovers an the discovery occurs restore the credits error in your end-of-year within 180 days of for your use. report that increases your receipt. credit balance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (ii) You discover an error the discovery occurs restore the credits in your report that within 180 days of for your use. increases your credit receipt. balance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (iii) We or you discover an the discovery occurs do not restore the error in your report that more than 180 days credits for your increases your credit after receipt. use. balance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (iv) We discover an error in at any time after reduce your credit your report that reduces your receipt. balance. your credit balance. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (6) If our review of a your end-of year-report shows a negative balance, you may buy credits to bring your credit balance to zero. But you must buy 1.1 credits for each 1.0 credit needed. If enough credits are not available to bring your credit balance to zero, we may void the certificates for all families certified to standards above the allowable average. (c) Within 90 days of any credit trade or transfer, you must send the Designated Officer a report of the trade or transfer that includes three types of information: (1) The corporate names of the buyer, seller, and any brokers. (2) Information about the credits that depends on whether you trade or transfer them. (i) For trades, describe the banked credits being traded. (ii) For transfers, calculate the credits in detail and identify the source or use of the credits. (3) Copies of contracts related to credit trading or transfer from the buyer, seller, and broker, as applicable. (d) Include in each report a statement certifying the accuracy and authenticity of its contents. (e) We may void a certificate of conformity for any emission family if you do not keep the records this section requires or give us the information when we ask for it. Subpart I--Definitions and Other Reference Information Sec. 1051.801 What definitions apply to this part? The following definitions apply to this part. The definitions apply to all subparts unless we note otherwise. All undefined terms have the meaning the Act gives to them. The definitions follow: Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq. Adjustable parameter means any device, system, or element of design that someone can adjust (including those which are difficult to access) and that, if adjusted, may affect emissions or engine performance during emission testing or normal in-use operation. Aftertreatment means relating to any system, component, or technology mounted downstream of the exhaust valve or exhaust port whose design function is to reduce exhaust emissions. All-terrain vehicle means a nonroad vehicle with three or more wheels and a seat, designed for operation over rough terrain and intended primarily for [[Page 51236]] transportation. This includes both land-based and amphibious vehicles. Auxiliary emission-control device means any element of design that senses temperature, engine rpm, motive speed, transmission gear, atmospheric pressure, manifold pressure or vacuum, or any other parameter to activate, modulate, delay, or deactivate the operation of any part of the emission-control system. This also includes any other feature that causes in-use emissions to be higher than those measured under test conditions, except as we allow under this part. Broker means any entity that facilitates a trade of emission credits between a buyer and seller. Calibration means the set of specifications and tolerances specific to a particular design, version, or application of a component or assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its working range. Certification means obtaining a certificate of conformity for an engine family that complies with the emission standards and requirements in this part. Compression-ignition means relating to a type of reciprocating, internal-combustion engine that is not a spark-ignition engine. Crankcase emissions means airborne substances emitted to the atmosphere from any part of the engine crankcase's ventilation or lubrication systems. The crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft and other related internal parts. Designated Officer means the Manager, Engine Compliance Programs Group (6403-J), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., Washington, DC 20460. Emission-control system means any device, system, or element of design that controls or reduces the regulated emissions from a vehicle. Emission-data vehicle means a vehicle or engine that is tested for certification. Emission-related maintenance means maintenance that substantially affects emissions or is likely to substantially affect emissions deterioration. Engine family means a group of vehicles with similar emission characteristics, as specified in Sec. 1051.230. Fuel system means all components involved in transporting, metering, and mixing the fuel from the fuel tank to the combustion chamber(s), including the fuel tank, fuel tank cap, fuel pump, fuel filters, fuel lines, carburetor or fuel-injection components, and all fuel-system vents. Good engineering judgment has the meaning we give it in Sec. 1068.5 of this chapter. Hydrocarbon (HC) means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission standards are based for each fuel type. For gasoline- and LPG-fueled engines, HC means total hydrocarbon (THC). For natural gas-fueled engines, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC). For alcohol-fueled engines, HC means total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE). Identification number means a unique specification (for example, model number/serial number combination) that allows someone to distinguish a particular vehicle or engine from other similar vehicle or engines. Manufacturer has the meaning given in section 216(1) of the Act. In general, this term includes any person who manufactures a vehicle or engine for sale in the United States or otherwise introduces a new vehicle or engine into commerce in the United States. This includes importers. Maximum test torque means the torque output observed with the maximum fueling rate possible at a given speed. Model year means one of the following things: (1) For freshly manufactured vehicles or engines (see definition of ``new'' paragraph (1)), model year means one of the following: (i) Calendar year. (ii) Your annual new model production period if it is different than the calendar year. This must include January 1 of the calendar year for which the model year is named. It may not begin before January 2 of the previous calendar year and it must end by December 31 of the named calendar year. (2) For a vehicle or engine that is converted to a nonroad vehicle or engine after being placed into service in a motor vehicle, model year means the calendar year in which the vehicle or engine was originally produced (see definition of ``new'' paragraph (2)). (3) For a nonroad vehicle excluded under Sec. 1051.5 that is later converted to operate in an application that is not excluded, model year means the calendar year in which the vehicle was originally produced (see definition of ``new'' paragraph (3)). (4) For engines that are not freshly manufactured but are installed in new nonroad vehicle, model year means the calendar year in which the engine is installed in the new nonroad vehicle (see definition of ``new'' paragraph (4)). (5) For a vehicle or engine modified by an importer (not the original manufacturer) who has a certificate of conformity for the imported vehicle or engine (see definition of ``new'' paragraph (5)), model year means one of the following: (i) The calendar year in which the importer finishes modifying and labeling the vehicle or engine. (ii) Your annual production period for producing vehicles or engines if it is different than the calendar year; follow the guidelines in paragraph (1)(ii) of this definition. (6) For a vehicle or engine you import that does not meet the criteria in paragraphs (1) through (5) of the definition of ``new'' model year means the calendar year in which the manufacturer completed the original assembly of the vehicle or engine. In general, this applies to used equipment that you import without conversion or major modification. Motor vehicle has the meaning we give in Sec. 85.1703(a) of this chapter. In general, motor vehicle means a self-propelled vehicle that can transport one or more people or any material, but does not include any of the following: (1) Vehicles having a maximum ground speed over level, paved surfaces no higher than 40 km per hour (25 miles per hour). (2) Vehicles that lack features usually needed for safe, practical use on streets or highways--for example, safety features required by law, a reverse gear (except for motorcycles), or a differential. (3) Vehicles whose operation on streets or highways would be unsafe, impractical, or highly unlikely. Examples are vehicles with tracks instead of wheels, very large size, or features associated with military vehicles, such as armor or weaponry. New means relating to any of the following vehicles or engines: (1) A freshly manufactured engine or vehicle for which the ultimate buyer has never received the equitable or legal title. The vehicle or engine is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives this title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An engine originally manufactured as a motor vehicle engine that is later intended to be used in a piece of nonroad equipment. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (3) A nonroad engine that has been previously placed into service in an application we exclude under Sec. 1051.5, where that engine is installed in a piece of equipment for which these exclusions do not apply. The engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. [[Page 51237]] (4) An engine not covered by paragraphs (1) through (3) of this definition that is intended to be installed in new nonroad equipment. The engine is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives a title for the equipment or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (5) An imported nonroad vehicle or engine covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part, where someone other than the original manufacturer modifies the vehicle or engine after its initial assembly and holds the certificate. The vehicle or engine is no longer new when it is placed into nonroad service. (6) An imported nonroad vehicle or engine that is not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation. New nonroad equipment means either of the following things: (1) A nonroad vehicle or other piece of equipment for which the ultimate buyer has never received the equitable or legal title. The product is no longer new when the ultimate buyer receives this title or the product is placed into service, whichever comes first. (2) An imported nonroad piece of equipment with a vehicle or engine not covered by a certificate of conformity issued under this part at the time of importation and manufactured after the date for applying the requirements of this part. Noncompliant vehicle or engine means a vehicle or engine that was originally covered by a certificate of conformity, but is not in the certified configuration or otherwise does not comply with the conditions of the certificate. Nonconforming vehicle or engine means a vehicle or engine not covered by a certificate of conformity that would otherwise be subject to emission standards. Nonmethane hydrocarbon means the difference between the emitted mass of total hydrocarbons and the emitted mass of methane. Nonroad means relating to nonroad vehicle or engines. Nonroad engine has the meaning given in Sec. 1068.25 of this chapter. In general this means all internal- combustion engines except motor vehicle engines, stationary engines, or engines used solely for competition. This part only applies to nonroad engines that are used in snowmobiles, off-highway motorcycles, and ATVs (see Sec. 1051.5). Off-highway motorcycle means a two-wheeled vehicle with a nonroad engine and a seat (excluding marine vessels and aircraft). Note: highway motorcycles are regulated under 40 CFR part 86. Oxides of nitrogen means nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Oxides of nitrogen are expressed quantitatively as if the NO were in the form of NO2 (assume a molecular weight for oxides of nitrogen equivalent to that of NO2). Phase 1 means relating to Phase 1 standards of Sec. 1051.101 or Sec. 1051.103. Phase 2 means relating to Phase 2 standards of Sec. 1051.101 or Sec. 1051.103. Physically adjustable range means the entire range over which an engine parameter can be adjusted, except as modified by Sec. 1051.115(c). Placed into service means used for its intended purpose. Recreational means, for purposes of this part, relating to snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, and off-highway motorcycles we regulate under this part. Note that 40 CFR part 90 applies to other recreational vehicles. Revoke means to discontinue the certificate for an engine family. If we revoke a certificate, you must apply for a new certificate before continuing to produce the affected vehicles or engines. This does not apply to vehicles or engines you no longer possess. Round means to round numbers according to ASTM E29-93a, which is incorporated by reference (see Sec. 1051.810), unless otherwise specified. Scheduled maintenance means adjusting, repairing, removing, disassembling, cleaning, or replacing components or systems that is periodically needed to keep a part from failing or malfunctioning. It also may mean actions you expect are necessary to correct an overt indication of failure or malfunction for which periodic maintenance is not appropriate. Small-volume manufacturer means: (1) For motorcycles and ATVs, a manufacturer with U.S.-directed production of fewer than 5,000 off-road motorcycles and ATVs (combined number) in 2001. For manufacturers owned by a parent company, the limit applies to the production of the parent company and all of its subsidiaries. (2) For snowmobiles, a manufacturer with annual U.S. directed production of fewer than 300 snowmobiles in 2001. For manufacturers owned by a parent company, the limit applies to the production of the parent company and all of its subsidiaries. Snowmobile means a vehicle designed to operate outdoors only over snow-covered ground, with a maximum width of 1.5 meters or less. Spark-ignition means relating to a type of engine with a spark plug (or other sparking device) and with operating characteristics significantly similar to the theoretical Otto combustion cycle. Spark- ignition engines usually use a throttle to regulate intake air flow to control power during normal operation. Stoichiometry means the proportion of a mixture of air and fuel such that the fuel is fully oxidized with no remaining oxygen. For example, stoichiometric combustion in gasoline engines typically occurs at an air-fuel mass ratio of about 14.7. Suspend means to temporarily discontinue the certificate for an engine family. If we suspend a certificate, you may not sell vehicles or engines from that engine family unless we reinstate the certificate or approve a new one. Test sample means the collection of vehicles or engines selected from the population of an engine family for emission testing. Test vehicle or engine means a vehicle or engine in a test sample. Total hydrocarbon means the combined mass organic compounds measured by our total hydrocarbon test procedure, expressed as a hydrocarbon with a hydrogen-to-carbon mass ratio of 1.85:1. Total hydrocarbon equivalent means the sum of the carbon mass contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbons, alcohols and aldehydes, or other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a gas sample, expressed as petroleum-fueled engine hydrocarbons. The hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the equivalent hydrocarbon is 1.85:1. Ultimate buyer means ultimate purchaser. Ultimate purchaser means, with respect to any new vehicle or engine, the first person who in good faith purchases such vehicle or engine for purposes other than resale. United States means the States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. U.S.-directed production means the number of vehicle units, subject to the requirements of this part, produced by a manufacturer (and/or imported) for which the manufacturer has a reasonable assurance that sale was or will be made to ultimate buyers in the Unites States. Useful life means the period during which the vehicle is designed to properly function in terms of reliability and fuel consumption, without being remanufactured, specified as a number of hours of operation or calendar years. [[Page 51238]] It is the period during which a new vehicle is required to comply with all applicable emission standards. Void means to invalidate a certificate or an exemption. If we void a certificate, all the vehicles produced under that engine family for that model year are considered noncompliant, and you are liable for each vehicle produced under the certificate and may face civil or criminal penalties or both. If we void an exemption, all the vehicles produced under that exemption are considered uncertified (or nonconforming), and you are liable for each vehicle produced under the exemption and may face civil or criminal penalties or both. You may not produce any additional vehicles using the voided exemption. Sec. 1051.805 What symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations does this part use? The following symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations apply to this part: deg.C degrees Celsius. ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials. ATV all-terrain vehicle. cc cubic centimeters. CO carbon monoxide. CO2 carbon dioxide. EPA Environmental Protection Agency. g/kW-hr grams per kilowatt-hour. LPG liquefied petroleum gas. m meters. mm Hg millimeters of mercury. NMHC nonmethane hydrocarbons. NOX oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2). rpm revolutions per minute. SAE Society of Automotive Engineers. SI spark-ignition. THC total hydrocarbon. THCE total hydrocarbon equivalent. U.S.C. United States Code. Sec. 1051.810 What materials does this part reference? We have incorporated by reference the documents listed in this section. The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by reference as prescribed in 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Anyone may inspect copies at U.S. EPA, OAR, Air and Radiation Docket and Information Center, 401 M Street, SW., Washington, DC 20460 or Office of the Federal Register, 800 N. Capitol St., NW., 7th Floor, Suite 700, Washington, DC. (a) ASTM material. Table 1 of Sec. 1051.810 lists material from the American Society for Testing and Materials that we have incorporated by reference. The first column lists the number and name of the material. The second column lists the sections of this part where we reference it. The second column is for information only and may not include all locations. Anyone may receive copies of these materials from American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, PA 19103. Table 1 follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1051.810.--ASTM Materials ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Document No. and name Part 1051 reference ------------------------------------------------------------------------ ASTM E29-93a, Standard Practice for Using 1051.240, 1051.315, Significant Digits in Test Data to 1051.345, 1051.410, Determine Conformance with Specifications. 1051.415. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (b) ISO material. [Reserved] Sec. 1051.815 How should I request EPA to keep my information confidential? (a) Clearly show what you consider confidential by marking, circling, bracketing, stamping, or some other method. We will store your confidential information as described in 40 CFR part 2. Also, we will disclose it only as specified in 40 CFR part 2. (b) If you send us a second copy without the confidential information, we will assume it contains nothing confidential whenever we need to release information from it. (c) If you send us information without claiming it is confidential, we may make it available to the public without further notice to you, as described in Sec. 2.204 of this chapter. Sec. 1051.820 How do I request a public hearing? (a) File a request for a hearing with the Designated Officer within 15 days of a decision to deny, suspend, revoke, or void your certificate. If you ask later, we may give you a hearing for good cause, but we do not have to. (b) Include the following in your request for a public hearing: (1) State which engine family is involved. (2) State the issues you intend to raise. We may limit these issues, as described elsewhere in this part. (3) Summarize the evidence supporting your position and state why you believe this evidence justifies granting or reinstating the certificate. (c) We will hold the hearing as described in 40 CFR part 1068, subpart F. PART 1065--TEST PROCEDURES AND EQUIPMENT Subpart A--Applicability and General Provisions Sec. 1065.1 Applicability. 1065.5 Overview of test procedures. 1065.10 Other test procedures. 1065.15 Engine testing. 1065.20 Limits for test conditions. Subpart B--Equipment and Analyzers 1065.101 Overview. [Reserved] 1065.105 Dynamometer and engine equipment specifications. 1065.110 Exhaust gas sampling system; spark-ignition (SI) engines. 1065.115 Exhaust gas sampling system; compression-ignition (CI) engines. [Reserved] 1065.120 Analyzers (overview/general response characteristics). 1065.125 Hydrocarbon analyzers. 1065.130 NOX analyzers. 1065.135 CO and CO2 analyzers. 1065.140 Smoke meters. [Reserved] 1065.145 Flow meters. Subpart C--Test Fuels and Analytical Gases 1065.201 General requirements for test fuels. 1065.205 Test fuel specifications for distillate diesel fuel. [Reserved] 1065.210 Test fuel specifications for gasoline. 1065.215 Test fuel specifications for natural gas. 1065.220 Test fuel specifications for liquefied petroleum gas. 1065.240 Lubricating oils. 1065.250 Analytical gases. Subpart D--Analyzer and Equipment Calibrations 1065.301 Overview. 1065.305 Torque calibration. Subpart E--Engine Preparation and Service Accumulation 1065.405 Preparing and servicing a test engine. 1065.410 Service limits for stabilized test engines. 1065.420 Durability demonstration. Subpart F--Running an Emission Test 1065.500 Overview of the engine dynamometer test procedures. 1065.510 Engine mapping procedures. 1065.515 Transient test cycle generation. 1065.520 Engine starting, restarting, and shutdown. 1065.525 Engine dynamometer test run. 1065.530 Test cycle validation criteria. Subpart G--Data Analysis and Calculations 1065.601 Overview. 1065.605 Required records. 1065.610 Bag sample analysis. 1065.615 Bag sample calculations. Subpart H--Particulate Measurements [Reserved] Subpart I--Testing With Oxygenated Fuels [Reserved] Subpart J--Field Testing 1065.901 Applicability. 1065.905 General provisions. 1065.910 Measurement accuracy and precision. 1065.915 Equipment specifications for SI engines. [[Page 51239]] 1065.920 Equipment setup and test run for SI engines. 1065.925 Calculations. 1065.930 Specifications for mass air flow sensors. 1065.935 Specifications for THC analyzers. 1065.940 Specifications for NOX and air/fuel sensors. 1065.945 Specifications for CO analyzers. 1065.950 Specifications for speed and torque measurement. Subpart K--Definitions and Other Reference Information 1065.1000 Definitions. 1065.1005 Symbols, acronyms, and abbreviations. 1065.1010 Reference materials. 1065.1015 Confidential information. Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671(q). Subpart A--Applicability and General Provisions Sec. 1065.1 Applicability. (a) This part describes the procedures that apply to testing that we require for the following engines or for equipment using the following engines: (1) Large nonroad spark-ignition engines we regulate under 40 CFR part 1048. (2) Snowmobiles, all-terrain vehicles, and off-highway motorcycles we regulate under 40 CFR part 1051. (b) This part does not apply to any of the following engine or vehicle categories: (1) Light-duty highway vehicles (see 40 CFR part 86). (2) Heavy-duty highway Otto-cycle engines (see 40 CFR part 86). (3) Heavy-duty highway diesel engines (see 40 CFR part 86). (4) Aircraft engines (see 40 CFR part 87). (5) Locomotive engines (see 40 CFR part 92). (6) Land-based nonroad diesel engines (see 40 CFR part 89). (7) General marine engines (see 40 CFR parts 89 and 94). (8) Marine outboard and personal watercraft engines (see 40 CFR part 91). (9) Small nonroad spark-ignition engines (see 40 CFR part 90). (c) This part is addressed to you as an engine manufacturer, but it applies equally to anyone who does testing for you, and to us when we conduct testing to determine if you comply with the applicable emission standards. (d) Follow the provisions of the standard-setting part if they are different than any of the provisions in this part. (e) For equipment subject to this part and regulated under equipment-based standards, interpret the term ``engine'' in this part to include equipment (see 40 CFR 1068.25). Sec. 1065.5 Overview of test procedures. (a) Some of the provisions of this part do not apply to all types of engines. For example, measurement of particulate matter is not generally required for spark-ignition engines. See the standard-setting part to determine which provisions in this part may not apply. Before using the procedures in this part, you should see the standard-setting part to answer at least the following questions: (1) How should I warm up the test engine before measuring emissions? Do I need to measure cold-start emissions during this warm- up segment of the duty cycle? (2) Do I need to measure emissions while the hot-stabilized engine operates over a transient schedule? (3) Which speed and load points should I include for the steady- state segment of the duty cycle? (4) Which exhaust constituents do I need to measure? (5) Are there applicable emission standards that affect the limits on engine operation and ambient conditions? (6) Do emission standards apply to field testing under normal operation? (7) Does testing require full-flow dilute sampling? Is raw sampling acceptable? Is partial-flow dilute sampling acceptable? (8) Do any unique specifications apply for test fuels? (9) What maintenance steps may I plan to do before or between tests on an emission-data engine? (10) Are there any unique requirements related to stabilizing emission levels on a new engine? (11) Are there any unique requirements related to testing conditions, such as ambient temperatures or pressures? (b) The following table shows how this part divides testing specifications into subparts: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart . . . This subpart describes . . . ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart A.............................. General provisions for test procedures. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart B.............................. Equipment for performing tests. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart C.............................. Fuels and analytical gases for performing the tests. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart D.............................. How to calibrate test equipment. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart E.............................. How to prepare engines for testing, including service accumulation. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart F.............................. How to do an emission test. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart G.............................. How to calculate emission levels from measured data. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart H.............................. How to measure particulate emissions. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart I.............................. How to measure emissions from engines fueled with an oxygenated fuel such as methanol or ethanol. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart J.............................. How to do field testing of in- use vehicles and equipment. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Subpart K.............................. Definitions, abbreviations, and other reference information that applies to emission testing. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Sec. 1065.10 Other test procedures. (a) Your testing. These test procedures apply for all testing that you do to show compliance with emission standards, with a few exceptions listed in this section. (b) Our testing. These test procedures generally apply for testing that we do to determine if your engines comply with applicable emission standards. We may conduct other testing as allowed by the Act. (c) Exceptions. You may be allowed or required to use test procedures other than those specified in this part in the following cases: (1) The test procedures in this part are intended to produce emission measurements equivalent to those that would result from measuring emissions during in-use operation using the same engine configuration installed in a piece of equipment. If good engineering judgment indicates that use of the procedures in this part for an engine would result in measurements that are not representative of in- use operation of that engine, you must notify us. If we determine that using these procedures would result in measurements that are significantly unrepresentative and that changes to the procedures will result in more representative measurements that do not decrease the stringency of emission standards, we will specify changes to the procedures. In your notification to us, you should recommend specific changes you think are necessary. (2) You may ask to use emission data collected using other test procedures, such as those of the California Air Resources Board or the International Organization for Standardization. We will allow this only if you show us that these data are equivalent to data collected using our test procedures. [[Page 51240]] (3) You may ask to use alternate procedures that produce measurements equivalent to those obtained using the specified procedures. In this case, send us a written request showing that your alternate procedures are equivalent to the test procedures of this part. If you prove to us that the procedures are equivalent, we will allow you to use them. You may not use alternate procedures until we approve them. (Note: We may issue broad approval to all manufacturers for a specific change in the test procedures that allows you to use the alternate procedure without additional approval.) (4) You may ask to use special test procedures if your engine cannot be tested using the specified test procedures (for example, it is incapable of operating on the specified transient cycle). In this case, send us a written request showing that you cannot satisfactorily test your engines using the test procedures of this part. We will allow you to use special test procedures if we determine that they would produce emission measurements that are representative of those that would result from measuring emissions during in-use operation. You may not use special procedures until we approve them. (5) Other parts in this chapter (i.e., the parts that define emission standards for your engines) may contain other specifications for test procedures that apply for your engines. In cases where it is not possible to comply with both the test procedures in those parts and the test procedures in this part, you must comply with the test procedures specified in the standard-setting part. Those other parts may also allow you to deviate from the test procedures of this part for other reasons. Sec. 1065.15 Engine testing. (a) This part describes the procedures for performing exhaust emission tests on engines that must meet emission standards. (b) Testing generally consists of engine operation on a laboratory dynamometer over a prescribed sequence. (Subpart J of this part contains provisions for in-use testing of engines installed in vehicles or equipment.) You need to sample and analyze the exhaust gases generated during engine operation to determine the concentration of the regulated pollutants. (c) Concentrations are converted into units of grams of pollutant per kilowatt-hour (g/kW-hr) for comparison with the emission standards that apply. Sec. 1065.20 Limits for test conditions. (a) Unless specified elsewhere in this chapter, you may conduct tests to determine compliance with duty-cycle emission standards at ambient temperatures from 20 deg. C (68 deg. F) to 30 deg. C (86 deg. F), ambient pressures from 600 mm Hg to 775 mm Hg, and at any ambient humidity level. (b) Testing conducted to determine compliance with not-to-exceed standards may be conducted at ambient conditions specified in the standard-setting part. (c) For laboratory engine testing, you may heat and/or dehumidify the dilution air before it enters the CVS. (d) For laboratory engine testing, if the barometric pressure observed during the generation of the maximum torque curve changes by more than 25 mm Hg from the value measured at the beginning of the map, you must remap the engine. To have a valid test, the average barometric pressure observed during the exhaust emission test must be within 25 mm Hg of the average observed during the maximum torque curve generation. Subpart B--Equipment and Analyzers Sec. 1065.101 Overview. [Reserved] Sec. 1065.105 Dynamometer and engine equipment specifications. (a) The engine dynamometer system must be capable of controlling engine torque and rpm simultaneously over the applicable test cycle(s). The system should be capable of following the torque and rpm schedules within the accuracy requirements specified in Sec. 1065.530; dynamometers that are not capable of meeting the accuracy requirements specified in Sec. 1065.530 may be used only with advance approval. For transient testing, engine torque and rpm command set points must be issued at 5 Hz or greater (10 Hz recommended) during the tests. Feedback engine torque and rpm must be recorded at least once every second during the test. In addition to these general requirements, for all testing, the engine or dynamometer readout signals for speed and torque must meet the following accuracy specifications: (1) Engine speed readout must be accurate to within 2 percent of the absolute standard value. A 60-tooth (or greater) wheel in combination with a common mode rejection frequency counter is considered an absolute standard for engine or dynamometer speed. (2) Engine flywheel torque readout must be accurate to either within 3 percent of the NIST true value torque (as defined in Sec. 1065.305), or the following accuracies: ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Engine flywheel torque readout If the full-scale torque value is . . . must be within . . . ------------------------------------------------------------------------ T 550 ft-lbs............... 2.5 ft-lbs of NIST true value. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 550 T 1050 ft-lbs......... 5.0 ft-lbs of NIST true value. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ T > 1050 ft-lbs........................ 10.0 ft-lbs of NIST true value. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (3) Option: You may use internal dynamometer signals (i.e., armature current, etc.) for torque measurement, as long as you can show that the engine flywheel torque during the test cycle conforms to the accuracy specifications in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. Your measurement system must include compensation for increased or decreased flywheel torque due to the armature inertia during accelerations and decelerations in the test cycle. (b) To verify that the test engine has followed the test cycle correctly, you must collect the dynamometer or engine readout signals for speed and torque in a manner that allows a statistical correlation between the actual engine performance and the test cycle (see Sec. 1065.530). Normally this collection process would involve conversion of analog dynamometer or engine signals into digital values for storage in a computer. You must perform the conversion of dynamometer or engine values (computer or other) that are used to evaluate the validity of engine performance in relation to the test cycle while meeting the following criteria: (1) Speed values used for cycle evaluation are accurate to within 2 percent of the dynamometer or engine speed readout value. (2) Engine flywheel torque values used for cycle evaluation are accurate to [[Page 51241]] within 2 percent of the dynamometer or engine flywheel torque readout value. (c) Option: For some systems it may be more convenient to combine the tolerances in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. You may do this if you use the root mean square method (RMS). The RMS values would then refer to accuracy in relationship to absolute standard or to NIST true values. (1) Speed values used for cycle evaluation must be accurate to within 2.8 percent of the absolute standard values, as defined in paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (2) Engine flywheel torque values used for cycle evaluation must be accurate to within 3.6 percent of NIST true values, as determined in Sec. 1065.305. Sec. 1065.110 Exhaust gas sampling system; spark-ignition (SI) engines. (a) General. The exhaust gas sampling system described in this section is designed to measure the true mass of gaseous emissions in the exhaust of SI engines. Additional requirements apply for engines that use oxygenated fuels. In the CVS concept of measuring mass emissions, you must measure the total volume of the mixture of exhaust and dilution air and collect a continuously proportioned volume of sample for analysis. Determine the mass emissions from the sample concentration and total flow over the test period. (b) Critical flow venturi. The operation of the Critical Flow Venturi Constant-Volume Sampler (CFV-CVS) (see Figure B110-1) is based upon the principles of fluid dynamics associated with critical flow. The CFV system is commonly called a constant-volume system (CVS) even though the flow varies. It would be more proper to call the critical flow venturi (CFV) system a constant-proportion sampling system, since proportional sampling throughout temperature excursions is maintained by use of a small CFV in the sample lines. The variable mixture flow rate is maintained at choked flow, which is inversely proportional to the square root of the gas temperature, and is computed continuously. Since the pressure and temperature are the same at all venturi inlets, the sample volume is proportional to the total volume. (c) Configuration variations. Since various configurations can produce equivalent results, you need not conform exactly to the drawings in this subpart. You may use additional components such as instruments, valves, solenoids, pumps and switches to provide additional information and coordinate the functions of the component systems. You may exclude other components such as snubbers, which are not needed to maintain accuracy on some systems, if you exclude them based upon good engineering judgment. (d) CFV component description. The CFV sample system shown in Figure B110-1 consists of a dilution air filter (optional) and mixing assembly, cyclone particulate separator (optional), unheated sampling venturies for the bag sample, critical flow venturi, and associated valves, pressure and temperature sensors. With the exception of the hydrocarbon sampling system for two-stroke engines, the temperature of the sample lines must be more than 3 deg. C above the maximum dew point of the mixture and less than 121 deg. C; it is recommended that you maintain them at 113 8 deg. C. For the hydrocarbon sampling system with two-stroke engines, the temperature of the sample lines must be more than 3 deg. C above the maximum dew point of the mixture (water and/or HC) and less than 200 deg.C; it is recommended that you maintain them at 190 8 deg. C). The CFV sample system must conform to the following requirements: (1) Do not artificially lower exhaust system backpressure by the CVS or dilution air inlet system. Make the measurements to verify this in the raw exhaust immediately upstream of the inlet to the CVS. This verification requires the continuous measurement and comparison of raw exhaust static pressure observed during a transient cycle, both with and without the operating CVS. Static pressure measured with the operating CVS system must remain within 5 inches of water (1.2 kPa) of the static pressure measured without connection to the CVS, at identical moments in the test cycle. (We will use sampling systems capable of maintaining the static pressure to within 1 inch of water (0.25 kPa) if a written request shows that this closer tolerance is necessary.) This requirement serves as a design specification for the CVS/dilution air inlet system, and should be performed as often as good engineering practice dictates (for example, after installation of an uncharacterized CVS, addition of an unknown inlet restriction on the dilution air, etc.). (2) The temperature measuring system (sensors and readout) must have an accuracy and precision of 3.4 deg. F (1.9 deg. C). The temperature measuring system used in a CVS without a heat exchanger must have a response time of 1.50 seconds to 62.5 percent of a temperature change (as measured in hot silicone oil). There is no response time requirement for a CVS equipped with a heat exchanger. (3) The pressure measuring system (sensors and readout) must have an accuracy and precision of 3 mm Hg (0.4 kPa). (4) The flow capacity of the CVS must be large enough to eliminate water condensation in the system. You may dehumidify the dilution air before it enters the CVS. Heating is also allowed under the following conditions: (i) The air (or air plus exhaust gas) temperature does not exceed 250 deg. F (121 deg. C). (ii) Calculation of the CVS flow rate necessary to prevent water condensation is based on the lowest temperature encountered in the CVS prior to sampling. (It is recommended that the CVS system be insulated when heated dilution air is used.) (iii) The dilution ratio is sufficiently high to prevent condensation in bag samples as they cool to room temperature. (5) Sample collection bags for dilution air and exhaust samples must be big enough to allow unimpeded sample flow. (e) EFC-CFV component description. The EFC-CFV sample system is identical to the CFV system described in paragraph (b) of this section, with the addition of electronic flow controllers, metering valves, and separate flow meters to totalize sample flow volumes (optional). The EFC sample system must conform to the following requirements: (1) All of the requirements of paragraph (b) of this section. (2) The ratio of sample flow to CVS flow must not vary by more 5 percent from the setpoint of the test. (3) The sample flow totalizers must meet the accuracy specifications of Sec. 1065.145. You may obtain total sample flow volumes from the flow controllers, with advance approval from us, as long as you can show that they meet the accuracy specifications of Sec. 1065.145. (f) Component description, PDP-CFV. The PDP-CFV sample system is identical to the CFV system described in paragraph (b) of this section with the following changes and additional requirements: (1) A heat exchanger is required. (2) You must use positive displacement pumps for the CVS flow and for the sampling system flows. (3) The gas mixture temperature, measured at a point immediately ahead of the positive displacement pump and after the heat exchanger, must be maintained within 10 deg. F (5.6 deg. C) of the average operating temperature observed during the test. (The average operating temperature may be estimated from the average operating temperature from similar tests.) The temperature [[Page 51242]] measuring system (sensors and readout) must have an accuracy and precision of 3.4 deg. F (1.9 deg. C). There is no response time requirement for a CVS equipped with a heat exchanger. Sec. 1065.115 Exhaust gas sampling system; compression-ignition (CI) engines. [Reserved] Sec. 1065.120 Analyzers (overview/general response characteristics). (a) General. The specifications for analyzers and analytical equipment are described in the following sections and subparts: (1) The analyzers for measuring hydrocarbon, NOX, CO, and CO2 emission concentrations are specified in Sec. 1065.125 through Sec. 1065.135 of this chapter. (2) The analytical equipment for measuring particulate emissions is specified in Subpart H of this part. (3) The analytical equipment for measuring emissions of oxygenated compounds (for example, methanol) is specified in Subpart I of this part. (4) The analytical equipment for measuring in-use emissions is specified in Subpart J of this part. (b) Response time. Analyzers must have the following response characteristics: (1) For steady-state testing and transient testing with bag sample analysis, the analyzer must reach at least 90 percent of its final response within 5.0 seconds after any step change to the input concentration greater than or equal to 80 percent of full scale. (2) For transient testing with continuous measurement, the analyzer must reach at least 90 percent of its final response within 1.0 second after any step change to the input concentration greater than or equal to 80 percent of full scale. (c) Precision and noise. (1) The precision of the analyzers must be no worse than 1 percent of full-scale concentration for each range used above 155 ppm (or ppmC), or 2 percent for each range used below 155 ppm (or ppmC). For the purpose of this paragraph, precision is defined as 2.5 times the standard deviation(s) of 10 repetitive responses to a given calibration or span gas. (2) The analyzer peak-to-peak response to zero and calibration or span gases over any 10-second period shall not exceed 2 percent of full/scale chart deflection on all ranges used. (d) Drift. (1) The zero-response drift during a 1-hour period shall be less than 2 percent of full-scale chart deflection on the lowest range used. The zero-response is defined as the mean response including noise to a zero-gas during a 30-second time interval. (2) The span drift during a 1-hour period shall be less than 2 percent of full-scale chart deflection on the lowest range used. The analyzer span is defined as the difference between the span-response and the zero-response. The span-response is defined as the mean response including noise to a span gas during a 30-second time interval. (e) Calibration. Calibration procedures for analyzers are specified in subpart D of this part. Sec. 1065.125 Hydrocarbon analyzers. This section describes the requirements for flame ionization detectors (FIDs). (a) Fuel the FID with a mixture of hydrogen in helium, and calibrate it using propane. (b) You do not need to heat the FID for four-stroke SI engines. Heated FIDs are required for two-stroke SI engines. If you use a heated FID, you must keep the temperature below 200 deg. C. (c) An overflow sampling system is required for heated continuous FIDs. (An overflow system is one in which excess zero gas or span gas spills out of the probe when zero or span checks of the analyzer are made.) (d) Premixing the FID fuel and burner air is not allowed. (e) The FID must meet the applicable accuracy and precision specifications of ISO 8178, which is incorporated by reference (see Sec. 1065.1010). Sec. 1065.130 NOX analyzers. This section describes the requirements for chemiluminescent detectors (CLD). (a) The CLD must meet the applicable accuracy and precision specifications of ISO 8178, which is incorporated by reference (see Sec. 1065.1010). (b) The NO to NO2 converter must have an efficiency of at least 90 percent. (c) Heated CLDs are not required for SI engine testing. (d) An overflow sampling system is required for continuous CLDs. (An overflow system is one in which excess zero gas or span gas spills out of the probe when zero or span checks of the analyzer are made.) Sec. 1065.135 CO and CO2 analyzers. This section describes the requirements for non-dispersive infrared absorption detectors (NDIR). (a) The NDIR must meet the applicable accuracy and precision specifications of ISO 8178, which is incorporated by reference (see Sec. 1065.1010). (b) The NDIR must meet the applicable quench and interference requirements of ISO 8178, which is incorporated by reference (see Sec. 1065.1010). Sec. 1065.140 Smoke meters. [Reserved] Sec. 1065.145 Flow meters. (a) Flow meters must have accuracy and precision of 2 percent of point or better, and be traceable to NIST standards. (b) Flow measurements may be corrected for temperature and/or pressure, provided the temperature and pressure measurements have accuracy and precision of 2 percent of point or better (absolute). Subpart C--Test Fuels and Analytical Gases Sec. 1065.201 General requirements for test fuels. (a) For all emission tests, use test fuels meeting the specifications in this subpart, unless the standard-setting part gives other directions. For any service accumulation on a test engine, if we do not specify a fuel, use the specified test fuel or a fuel typical of what you would expect the engine to use in service. (b) We may require you to test the engine with each type of fuel it can use (for example, gasoline and natural gas). (c) If you will produce engines that can run on a type of fuel (or mixture of fuels) we do not specify in this subpart, we will allow you to do testing with fuel that represents commercially available fuels of that type. However, we must approve your fuel's specifications before you may use it for emission testing. (d) You may use a test fuel other than those we specify in this subpart if you do all of the following: (1) Show that it is commercially available. (2) Show that your engines will use only the designated fuel in service. (3) Show that operating the engines on the fuel we specify would increase emissions or decrease durability. (4) Get our written approval before you start testing. (e) The test fuel specifications rely on standards established by the American Society for Testing and Methods, which have been incorporated by reference in Sec. 1065.1010. Sec. 1065.205 Test fuel specifications for distillate diesel fuel. [Reserved] Sec. 1065.210 Test fuel specifications for gasoline. Gasoline test fuel must meet the specifications in Table 1 of Sec. 1065.210, as follows: [[Page 51243]] Table 1 of Sec. 1065.210.--Gasoline Test Fuel Specifications ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Item Procedure Value ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Distillation Range: 1. Initial boiling point, ASTM D 86-97 23.9-35.0\2\ deg.C. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. 10% point, deg.C......... ASTM D 86-97 48.9-57.2 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. 50% point, deg.C......... ASTM D 86-97 93.3-110.0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. 90% point, deg.C......... ASTM D 86-97 148.9-162.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. End point, deg.C......... ASTM D 86-97 212.8 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Hydrocarbon composition: 1. Olefins, volume %......... ASTM D 1319-98 10 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Aromatics, volume %....... ASTM D 1319-98 35 minimum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Saturates................. ASTM D 1319-98 Remainder. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lead (organic), g/liter.......... ASTM D 3237 0.013 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Phosphorous, g/liter............. ASTM D 3231 0.005 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sulfur, weight %................. ASTM D 1266 0.08 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Volatility (Reid Vapor Pressure), ASTM D 3231 60.0 to 63.4 \1\ \2\ kPa. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- \1\ For testing unrelated to evaporative emissions, the specified range is 55.2 to 63.4 kPa. \2\ For testing at altitudes above 1219 m, the specified volatility range is 52 to 55 kPa and the specified initial boiling point range is 23.9 deg. to 40.6 deg. C. Sec. 1065.215 Test fuel specifications for natural gas. (a) Natural gas test fuel must meet the specifications in Table 1 of Sec. 1065.215, as follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1065.215.--Natural Gas Test Fuel Specifications ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Item Procedure Value (mole percent) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Methane....................... ASTM D 1945 89.0 minimum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Ethane........................ ASTM D 1945 4.5 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. C3 and higher................. ASTM D 1945 2.3 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. C6 and higher................. ASTM D 1945 0.2 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Oxygen........................ ASTM D 1945 0.6 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Inert gases (sum of CO2 and ASTM D 1945 4.0 maximum. N2). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) At ambient conditions, the fuel must have a distinctive odor detectable down to a concentration in air of not over one-fifth of the lower flammability limit. Sec. 1065.220 Test fuel specifications for liquefied petroleum gas. (a) Liquefied petroleum gas test fuel must meet the specifications in Table 1 of Sec. 1065.220, as follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1065.220.--Liquefied Petroleum Gas Test Fuel Specifications ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Item Procedure Value ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Propane............................. ASTM D 2163.............. 85.0 vol. percent minimum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Vapor pressure at 38 deg. C......... ASTM D 1267 or 2598 1.... 14 bar maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Volatility residue (evaporated ASTM D 1837.............. -38 deg. C maximum. temp., 35 deg. C). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4. Butanes............................. ASTM D 2163.............. 5.0 vol. percent maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Butenes............................. ASTM D 2163.............. 2.0 vol. percent maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6. Pentenes and heavier................ ASTM D 2163.............. 0.5 vol. percent maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [[Page 51244]] 7. Propene............................. ASTM D 2163.............. 10.0 vol. percent maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. Residual matter (residue on evap. of ASTM D 2158.............. 0.05 ml maximum pass.2 100 ml oil stain observ.). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9. Corrosion, copper strip............. ASTM D 1838.............. No. 1 maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10. Sulfur............................. ASTM D 2784.............. 80 ppm maximum. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11. Moisture content................... ASTM D 2713.............. Pass. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 If these two test methods yield different results, use the results from ASTM D-1267. 2 The test fuel must not yield a persistent oil ring when 0.3 ml of solvent residue mixture is added to a filter paper, in 0.1 ml increments and examined in daylight after 2 minutes (see ASTM D-2158). (b) At ambient conditions, the fuel must have a distinctive odor detectable down to a concentration in air of not over one-fifth of the lower flammability limit. Sec. 1065.240 Lubricating oils. Lubricating oils that you use to comply with this part must be commercially available and representative of the oil that will be used with your in-use engines. Sec. 1065.250 Analytical gases. Analytical gases that you use to comply with this part must meet the accuracy and purity specifications of this section. You must record the expiration date specified by the gas supplier and may not use any gas after the expiration date. (a) Pure gases. Use the ``pure gases'' in Table 1 of Sec. 1065.250, as follows: Table 1 of Sec. 1065.250--Pure Gas Concentrations ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maximum contaminant concentrations ---------------------------------------------------------------- Gas type Organic Carbon Carbon Nitric oxide Oxygen content carbon monoxide dioxide (NO) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Purified Nitrogen............ 1 ppmC........ 1 ppm......... 400 ppm....... 0.1 ppm....... NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Purified Oxygen.............. NA............ NA............ NA............ NA............ 99.5-100.0% ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Purified Synthetic Air, or 1 ppmC........ 1 ppm......... 400 ppm....... 0.1 ppm....... 18-21% Zero-Grade Air. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (b) FID Fuel. For the flame ionization detector, use a hydrogen- helium mixture as the fuel. The mixture must contain 40 2 percent hydrogen, and may contain no more than 1 ppmC of organic carbon or 400 ppm of CO2. (c) Calibration and span gases. The following provisions apply to calibration and span gases: (1) Use the following gas mixtures for calibrating and spanning your analytical instruments: (i) Propane in purified synthetic air; (ii) CO in purified nitrogen; (iii) NO and NO2 in purified nitrogen (the amount of NO2 contained in this calibration gas must not exceed 5 percent of the NO content); (iv) Oxygen in purified nitrogen; (v) CO2 in purified nitrogen; (vi) Methane in purified synthetic air. (2) The calibration gases in paragraph (c)(1) of this section must be traceable to within one percent of NIST gas standards, or other gas standards we have approved. Span gases in paragraph (c)(1) of this section must be accurate to within two percent of true concentration, where true concentration refers to NIST gas standards, or other gas standards we have approved. All concentrations of calibration gas shall be given on a volume basis (volume percent or volume ppm). (3) You may use gases for species other than those listed in paragraph (c)(1) of this section (such as methanol in air gases used for response factor determination), as long as they meet the following criteria: (i) They are traceable to within 2 percent of NIST gas standards, or other standards we have approved. (ii) They remain within 2 percent of the labeled concentration. Demonstrate this by using a quarterly measurement procedure with a precision of 2 percent (two standard deviations), or other method that we approve. Your measurement procedure may incorporate multiple measurements. If the true concentration of the gas changes by more than two percent, but less than ten percent, you may relabel the gas with the new concentration. (4) You may generate calibration and span gases using precision blending devices (gas dividers) to dilute gases with purified nitrogen or with purified synthetic air. The accuracy of the mixing device must be such that the concentration of the blended calibration gases is accurate to within 1.5 percent. This accuracy implies that primary gases used for blending must be known to an accuracy of at least 1 percent, traceable to NIST gas standards, or other gas standards we have approved. For each calibration incorporating a blending device, verify the blending accuracy between 15 and 50 percent of full scale. You may optionally check the blending device with an instrument that is linear by nature (for example, using NO gas with a CLD). Adjust the span value of the instrument with the span gas directly connected to the instrument. Check the blending device at the used settings to ensure that the difference between nominal values and measured concentrations at each point stays within 0.5 percent of the nominal value. (d) Oxygen interference gases. Oxygen interference check gases are mixtures of oxygen, nitrogen, and propane. The [[Page 51245]] oxygen concentration must be between 20 and 22 percent, and the propane concentration must be between 50 and 90 percent of the maximum value in the most typically used FID range. Independently measure the concentration of total hydrocarbons plus impurities by chromatographic analysis or by dynamic blending. Subpart D--Analyzer and Equipment Calibrations Sec. 1065.301 Overview. Calibrate all analyzers and equipment at least annually. The actual frequency must be consistent with good engineering judgment. We may establish other guidelines as appropriate. Perform the calibrations according to the specifications of one of the following sources: (a) The recommendations of the manufacturer of the analyzers or equipment. (b) 40 CFR part 86, subpart N. Sec. 1065.305 Torque calibration. Two techniques are allowed for torque calibration. Alternate techniques may be used if shown to yield equivalent accuracies. The NIST ``true value'' torque is defined as the torque calculated by taking the product of an NIST traceable weight or force and a sufficiently accurate horizontal lever arm distance, corrected for the hanging torque of the lever arm. (a) The lever-arm dead-weight technique involves the placement of known weights at a known horizontal distance from the center of rotation of the torque measuring device. The equipment required is: (1) Calibration weights. A minimum of six calibration weights for each range of torque measuring device used are required. The weights must be approximately equally spaced and each must be traceable to NIST weights. Laboratories located in foreign countries may certify calibration weights to local government bureau standards. Certification of weight by state government Bureau of Weights and Measures is acceptable. Effects of changes in gravitational constant at the test site may be accounted for if desired. (2) Lever arm. A lever arm with a minimum length of 24 inches is required. The horizontal distance from the centerline of the engine torque measurement device to the point of weight application shall be accurate to within 0.10 inches. The arm must be balanced, or the hanging torque of the arm must be known to within 0.1 ft-lbs. (b) The transfer technique involves the calibration of a master load cell (i.e., dynamometer case load cell). This calibration can be done with known calibration weights at known horizontal distances, or by using a hydraulically actuated precalibrated master load cell. This calibration is then transferred to the flywheel torque measuring device. The technique involves the following steps: (1) A master load cell shall be either precalibrated or be calibrated per paragraph (a)(1) of this section with known weights traceable to NIST, and used with the lever arm(s) specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section. The dynamometer should be either running or vibrated during this calibration to minimize static hysteresis. (2) A lever arm(s) with a minimum length of 24 inches is (are) required. The horizontal distances from the centerline of the master load cell, to the centerline of the dynamometer, and to the point of weight or force application shall be accurate to within 0.10 inches. The arm(s) must be balanced or the net hanging torque of the arm(s) must be known to within 0.1 ft.-lbs. (3) Transfer of calibration from the case or master load cell to the flywheel torque measuring device shall be performed with the dynamometer operating at a constant speed. The flywheel torque measurement device readout shall be calibrated to the master load cell torque readout at a minimum of six loads approximately equally spaced across the full useful ranges of both measurement devices. (Note that good engineering practice requires that both devices have approximately equal useful ranges of torque measurement.) The transfer calibration shall be performed in a manner such that the accuracy requirements of Sec. 1065.105(a)(2) for the flywheel torque measurement device readout be met or exceeded. Subpart E--Engine Preparation and Service Accumulation Sec. 1065.405 Preparing and servicing a test engine. (a) If you are testing an emission-data engine for certification, make sure you have built it to represent production engines. (b) Run the test engine, with all emission-control systems operating, long enough to stabilize emission levels. If you accumulate 50 hours of operation, you may consider emission levels stable without measurement. (c) Do not service the test engine before you stabilize emission levels, unless we approve other maintenance in advance. This prohibition does not apply with respect to your recommended oil and filter changes for newly produced engines. (d) Select engine operation for accumulating operating hours on your test engines to represent normal in-use engine operation for the engine family. (e) If you need more than 50 hours to stabilize emission levels, record your reasons and the method you use to do this. Give us these records if we ask for them. Sec. 1065.410 Service limits for stabilized test engines. (a) After you stabilize the test engine's emission levels, you may do scheduled maintenance, other than during emission testing, as specified in the standard-setting part. (b) You may not do any unscheduled maintenance to the test engine or its emission-control system or fuel system without our advance approval. Unscheduled maintenance includes any adjustment, repair, removal, disassembly, cleaning, or replacement of the test engine. (1) We may approve unscheduled maintenance if all of the following occur: (i) You determine that a part failure or system malfunction (or the associated repair) does not make the engine unrepresentative of production engines in the field and does not require anyone to access the combustion chamber. (ii) Something clearly malfunctions (such as persistent misfire, engine stall, overheating, fluid leakage, or loss of oil pressure) and needs maintenance or repair. (iii) You give us a chance to verify the extent of the malfunction through audible or visual signals before you do the maintenance. (2) If we determine that a part's failure or a system's malfunction (or the associated repair) has made the engine unrepresentative of production engines, you may no longer use it as a test engine. (3) You may not do unscheduled maintenance based on emission measurements from the test engine. (4) Unless we approve beforehand, you may use equipment, instruments, or tools to identify bad engine components only if you specify they should be used for scheduled maintenance on production engines. In this case, you must also make them available at dealerships and other service outlets. (c) If you do maintenance that might affect emissions, you must completely test systems for emissions before and after the maintenance unless we waive this requirement. (d) If your test engine has a major mechanical failure that requires you to [[Page 51246]] take the engine apart, you may no longer use it as a test engine. Sec. 1065.420 Durability demonstration. Where durability testing is required by the standard-setting part, you must perform the service accumulation in a manner representative of the manner in which the engine is expected to be operated in use. However, you may accumulate service hours using an accelerated schedule (e.g., using continuous operation). The following specifications also apply: (a) Maintenance. (1) You may perform scheduled maintenance that you recommend to operators, but only if it is consistent with any applicable allowable maintenance restrictions of the standard-setting part. (2) You may performed additional maintenance only if we approve it in advance, as specified in Sec. 1065.410(b). (3) If your test engine has a major mechanical failure that requires you to take the engine apart, you may no longer use it as a test engine. (b) Emission measurements. (1) Emission testing to determine deterioration factors must be consistent with good engineering judgment and must be spaced evenly throughout the durability period. (2) Emission tests must be performed according to the provisions of this part and the applicable provisions of the standard-setting part. Subpart F--Running an Emission Test Sec. 1065.500 Overview of the engine dynamometer test procedures. (a) The engine dynamometer test procedure measures the brake- specific emissions of hydrocarbons (total and nonmethane, as applicable), carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen. To perform this test procedure, you first dilute exhaust emissions with ambient air and collect a continuous proportional sample for analysis, then analyze the composite samples (either in bags after the test or continuously during the test). The general test procedure consists of a test cycle made of one or more segments; check the standard-setting part for specific cycles. The segments are: (1) Either a cold-start cycle (where emissions are measured) or a warm-up cycle (where emissions are not measured). (2) A hot-start transient test (some test cycles may omit engine starting from the ``hot-start'' cycle). (3) A steady-state test. (b) Power is measured using the torque and rpm feedback signals from the dynamometer. This produces a brake kilowatt-hour value that leads to a calculation of brake-specific emissions (see Subpart G of this part). (c) Prepare engines for testing according to the following provisions: (1) When you test an engine or operate it for service accumulation, you need to use the complete engine, with all emission-control devices installed and functioning. (2) For air-cooled engines, the fan must be installed. (3) You may install additional accessories (for example, oil cooler, alternators, air compressors, etc.) or simulate their loading if they are typical of in-use operation. This loading must be applied during all testing operations, including mapping. (4) The engine may be equipped with a production-type starter. (5) Cool the engine in a way that will maintain the engine operating temperatures (for example, temperatures of intake air, oil, water, etc.) at approximately the same temperatures as would occur during normal operation. You may use auxiliary fans to maintain engine cooling during operation on the dynamometer. You may use rust inhibitors and lubrication additives, up to the levels recommended by the additive manufacturer. You may also use antifreeze mixtures and other coolants typical of those approved for use by the manufacturer. (6) Use representative exhaust systems and air intake systems. Make sure that the exhaust restriction is between 80 and 100 percent of the recommended maximum specified exhaust restriction, and that the air inlet restriction is between that of a clean filter and the maximum restriction specification. The manufacturer is liable for emission compliance from the minimum in-use restrictions to the maximum restrictions specified by the manufacturer for that particular engine. Sec. 1065.510 Engine mapping procedures. (a) Power map. Perform an engine power map with the engine mounted on the dynamometer. Use the torque curve resulting from the mapping to convert the normalized torque values in the engine cycle to actual torque values for the test cycle. The minimum speed range is from the warm no-load idle speed to 105 percent of the maximum test speed. Since, the maximum test speed is determined from the power map, it may be necessary to perform a preliminary power map to determine the full mapping range. You may perform a preliminary power map during engine warmup. To map the engine, do the following things in sequence: (1) Warm up the engine so oil and water temperatures vary by less than 2 percent for 2 minutes. (2) Operate the engine at the warm no-load idle speed. (3) Fully open the throttle. (4) While maintaining wide-open throttle and full-load, maintain minimum engine speed for at least 15 seconds. Record the average torque during the last 5 seconds. (5) In 10020 rpm increments, determine the maximum torque curve for the full speed range. Hold each test point for 15 seconds, and record the average torque over the last 5 seconds. (6) Fit all data points recorded with a cubic spline, Akima, or other technique we approve in advance. The resultant curve must be accurate to within 1.0 ft-lbs of all recorded engine torques. (b) Power map with continual rpm sweep. In place of paragraphs (a)(1) through (a)(4) of this section, you may do a a continual sweep of rpm. While operating at wide-open throttle, increase the engine speed at an average rate of 81 rpm/sec over the full speed range. Record speed and torque points at a rate of at least one point per second. Connect all points generated under this approach by linear interpolation. (c) Alternate mapping. If you believe the above mapping techniques are unsafe or unrepresentative for any given engine or engine family, you may use alternate mapping techniques. These alternate techniques must satisfy the intent of the specified mapping procedures to determine the maximum available torque at all engine speeds that occur during the test cycles. Report deviations from the mapping techniques specified in this section for reasons of safety or representativeness. In no case, however, may you use descending continual sweeps of rpm for governed or turbocharged engines. (d) Replicate tests. You need not map an engine before each and every test. Remap an engine before a test in any of the following situations: (1) An unreasonable amount of time has passed since the last map, as determined by good engineering judgment. (2) The barometric pressure prior to the start of the cold-cycle test has changed more than 1 in. Hg from the average barometric pressure observed during the map. (3) The engine has undergone physical changes or recalibration that might affect engine performance. Sec. 1065.515 Transient test cycle generation. (a) Denormalizing test cycles. The applicable test cycles are contained in the standard-setting parts. These cycles [[Continued on page 51247]]