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Smoking and
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Publications and Materials
Below are
selected publications and materials related to smoking and tobacco use.
Please note the year of publication may be later than the year(s) the data
represent.
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2008 Publications and Materials
2007 Publications and Materials
2006 Publications and Materials
2005 Publications and Materials
2004 Publications and Materials
2003 Publications and Materials
2002 Publications and Materials
2001 Publications and Materials
1995
Publications and Materials
Related
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2008 Publications and Materials
Smoking Prevalence among Women of Reproductive Age- United States, 2006
(9/5/08)
CDC analyzed state-specific prevalence of smoking and attempts to quit among
women of reproductive age. Data indicated a six-fold difference between the
state and territory with the highest and lowest prevalence. Among women of
reproductive age, those aged 18-24 years were most likely to have attempted
to quit, but least likely to have quit smoking.
Smoking
Early In Pregnancy Raises Risks of Heart Defects In Newborns
(4/30/08)
Mothers who smoke early in pregnancy are more likely to give birth to
infants with heart defects, according to a study funded by CDC. The study
shows that women who smoked anytime during the month before pregnancy to the
end of the first trimester were more likely to give birth to infants with
certain congenital heart defects compared to women who did not smoke during
this time period.
2007 Publications and Materials
Cigarette Smoking
among Adults- United States, 2006 (12/20/07)
In 2006, an estimated 20.8% (45.3 million) of U.S. adults were
current cigarette smokers. By sex, prevalence of current cigarette
smoking was higher among men (23.9%) than women (18.0%).
State-Specific Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking among Adults and Quitting
among Persons Aged 18-35 Years- United States, 2006 (10/9/07)
The median smoking prevalence for the 50 states and DC was 22.2% for men
and 18.5% for women. The majority of current smokers aged 18-35 years
reported that they had attempted to quit smoking during the past year,
and the median proportion of ever smokers aged 18-35 years who had quit
smoking was 34.0%.
Use of Cessation Methods
among
Smokers Aged 16-24 Years- United States, 2003
(1/8/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5550a3.htm
PDF (p. 1351)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5550.pdf
To track the history of quitting behavior among smokers aged 16-24
years, Roswell Park Cancer Institute (Buffalo, New York) initiated the
2-year longitudinal National Youth Smoking Cessation Survey in 2003.
This report summarizes key findings from the survey regarding lifetime
use of smoking-cessation methods. The findings indicated that smokers
aged 16-24 years who had tried to quit were more likely to use
unassisted quitting methods than assisted quitting methods; none of the
unassisted methods are recommended by the Public Health Service clinical
guidelines for treatment of tobacco use and dependence, whereas most of
the assisted methods are recommended for adults and have been determined
to be effective.
2006 Publications and Materials
Smoking and Alcohol Behaviors Reported by
Adults- United States, 1999–2002
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad378.pdf
This report presents
prevalence estimates for self-reported adult smoking and alcohol related
health risk behaviors in the United States. Data are from the National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected from 1999 to 2002.
Tables included in this report present estimates for smoking and alcohol
risk behaviors by selected sociodemographic characteristics among adults
20 years of age and older. For alcohol use, more females (19%) were
lifetime abstainers than males (7%). Males (36%) had a higher percentage
of moderate to heavier drinkers than females (14%), and a similar
pattern for males and females that drank five or more drinks in 1 day
for all adults (40% and 16%, respectively) and for current drinkers (51%
and 23%, respectively). The percentage of current and former smokers was
higher for men than women. A higher percentage of women started smoking
at 21 years and older than men (26% and 18%, respectively).
State Medicaid Coverage for
Tobacco-Dependence Treatments- United States, 2005
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5544a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5544.pdf
This report summarizes survey results, which indicated that as of
December 31, 2005: 1) 38 state Medicaid programs covered some
tobacco-dependence treatment (i.e., counseling or medication) for all
Medicaid recipients; 2) four states offered coverage only for pregnant
women; 3) one state (Oregon) offered coverage for all medication and
counseling treatments recommended by the 2000 PHS guideline; and 4)
seven states (including Oregon) covered all recommended medications and
at least one form of counseling.
Tobacco Use among
Adults– United
States, 2005
(11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5542a1.htm
In 2005, approximately 20.9 percent of U.S. adults were current cigarette
smokers. Current smoking was higher among men (23.9 percent) than women
(18.1 percent).
Not On Tobacco (N-O-T)
(8/21/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/prc/stories-prevention-research/stories/not-on-tobacco.htm
Mary Spearen was 8 and her sister, Morgan, was 6 when they smoked their
first cigarettes. They were living with their mother at a women’s
shelter in Fayetteville, West Virginia, when the resident bully
approached them. Learn more.
The Health
Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the
Surgeon General
(7/11/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2006/index.htm
U.S. Surgeon General Richard H. Carmona issued a comprehensive
scientific report, which concludes that there is no risk-free level of
exposure to secondhand smoke. Nonsmokers exposed to secondhand smoke at home
or work increase their risk of developing heart disease by 25 to 30 percent
and lung cancer by 20 to 30 percent. The finding is of major public health
concern due to the fact that nearly half of all nonsmoking Americans are
still regularly exposed to secondhand smoke.
Use of Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products among Students Aged 13–15
Years- Worldwide, 1999–2005 (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5520a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5520.pdf
Highlights
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/international/
mm5520a_highlights.htm
Nearly 2 in 10 students aged 13–15 years reported currently using cigarettes
and/or some other form of tobacco with no significant difference between
cigarette smoking (8.9%) and use of other tobacco products (11.2%). The
findings also indicate that there was no significant difference in cigarette
smoking by gender. Compared to adult data, which indicate that males have
higher rates of smoking than females, the similarity of use between boys and
girls is a cause for concern.
Youth Tobacco Surveillance- United States, 2001-2002 (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5503a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/ss/ss5503.pdf
Findings from the 2002 National Youth Tobacco Survey indicate that current
use of any tobacco product ranged from 13.3% among middle school students to
28.2% among high school students. Selected Highlights: Nationally,
cigarettes were the most prevalent form of tobacco ever used (57.4%) among
high school students, with male students (59.6%) significantly more likely
than female students (55.3%) to have ever smoked cigarettes. Cigars were the
second most prevalent form of tobacco ever used (34.7%), with male students
(44.4%) significantly more likely than female students (25.0%); white
students (36.7%) significantly more likely than black (29.5%) or Asian
(15.9%) students; and black and Hispanic (33.6%) students significantly more
likely than Asian students to have ever smoked cigars. Male [middle school]
students (5.1%) were significantly more likely than female students (1.9) to
currently smoke pipe tobacco.
QuickStats: Cigarette Smoking Prevalence among Adults Aged 18 Years or Older
Who Have Ever Spent >24 Hours on the Streets, in a Shelter, or in a Jail or
Prison, by Sex- United States, 2004 (3/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5510a7.htm
In 2004, an estimated 9.5 million adults (4.5% of the adult population; 6.8%
of men, and 2.3% of women) had ever spent >24 hours on the streets, in a
shelter, or in a jail or prison. The prevalence of cigarette smoking for
both men and women in this population was more than twice that observed
among the overall adult population.
2006 Tobacco Control Media Event Calendar
(2/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/calendar/2006/calendar.htm
Sample news releases are available to be personalized by your organization
for selected observances in 2006, including Mother’s Day.
Patterns of Global Tobacco Use in Young People and Implications for Future
Chronic Disease Burden in Adults
(2/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/cogh/publications/05art8184page.pdf
The difference in current cigarette smoking between boys and girls is
narrower than expected in many regions of the world. Use of tobacco products
other than cigarettes by students is as high as cigarette smoking in many
regions. Almost one in five never-smokers reported they were susceptible to
smoking in the next year. Student exposure to secondhand smoke was high both
at home (more than four in ten) and in public places (more than five in
ten). Never-smokers were significantly less likely than current smokers to
be exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in public places.
Smoking among Women: Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke
(2/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/factsheets/Cardiovascular.htm
This fact sheet provides data on cigarette smoking and women, cardiovascular
disease and stroke, and quitting smoking and attempts to quit.
2005 Publications and Materials
Cigarette
Smoking in the United States, 2004 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5444a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5444.pdf
CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2004 National Health Interview
Survey (NHIS) sample adult core questionnaire. This report describes the
results of that analysis, which indicated that, in 2004, approximately
20.9% of U.S. adults were current smokers. This prevalence is lower than
the 21.6% prevalence among U.S. adults in 2003 and is significantly lower
than the 22.5% prevalence among adults in 2002. Current smoking was higher
among men (23.4%) than women (18.5%). Hispanic (10.9%) and Asian (4.8%)
women, women with less than an 8th-grade education (10.5%), women with
undergraduate (10.1%) or graduate (8.1%) degrees, men with graduate degrees
(7.9%), men aged >65 years (9.8%), and women aged >65 years (8.1%)
all had smoking prevalence rates below the national health objective of <12%.
State-Specific
Prevalence of Cigarette Smoking and Quitting Among Adults- United States,
2004 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5444a3.htm
PDF
(p. 1124)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5444.pdf
To assess the prevalence of current and never cigarette smoking and the
proportion of ever smokers who had quit smoking, CDC analyzed state/area
data from the 2004 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. This report
summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated substantial variation
in current cigarette smoking prevalence among 49 states, the District of
Columbia (DC), Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (range: 9.5%-27.6%).
Men generally had a higher smoking prevalence (median: 23.2% [range: 11.7%-29.3%])
than women (median: 19.2% [range: 9.4%-26.4%]) in 49 states and DC. Women
had a higher never smoking prevalence (median: 59.5% [range: 52.1%-78.9%])
than men (median: 48.4% [range: 41.3%-68.4%]).
Moving
into Action: Promoting Heart–Healthy and Stroke–Free
Communities (10/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/dhdsp/library/moving_into_action/order.htm
Moving into Action is a series of action items designed to help governors,
state legislators, local officials, employers, and health care leaders
promote heart–healthy and stroke–free communities. Each item
suggests ways to encourage general interest and awareness of these health
issues to specific policies that promote healthy behaviors and reduce risks
associated with heart disease and stroke. Included are examples gathered
from states and communities that are working to reduce these risks and
a summary of the science underlying heart disease and stroke prevention.
Facts
on Quitting Smoking, Health Consequences of Smoking, & Other Related
Information (8/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/Factsheets.htm
This page provides quick facts on quitting, health consequences of tobacco
use, teen prevalence of tobacco use, adult smoking prevalence, economic
impact, prevention messages, and proven strategies.
Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and
Productivity Losses- United States, 1997-2001 (7/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5425a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5425.pdf
This report assesses the health consequences and productivity losses
attributable to smoking in the United States during 1997-2001. The findings
indicated that, during 1997-2001, cigarette smoking and exposure to tobacco
smoke resulted in approximately 438,000 premature deaths in the United
States, 5.5 million years of potential life lost (YPLL), and $92 billion in
productivity losses annually. During 1997-2001, smoking resulted in an
estimated annual average of 259,494 deaths among men and 178,408 deaths
among women in the United States. Smoking during pregnancy resulted in an
estimated 910 infant deaths annually during 1997-2001. During 1997-2001, on
average, smoking accounted for an estimated 3.3 million YPLL for men and 2.2
million YPLL for women annually, excluding burn deaths and adult deaths from
secondhand smoke. Estimates for average annual smoking-attributable
productivity losses were approximately $61.9 billion for men and $30.5
billion for women during this period.
WISEWOMAN Works: Volume 2- A Collection of Success Stories on Empowering
Women to Stop Smoking
(5/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/wisewoman/pdf/vol_2/success_stories_vol2.pdf
CDC highlights some of the ways the WISEWOMAN program is making a difference
for women smokers. These stories will demonstrate how many communities have
established strong partnerships, overcome cultural and geographic health
barriers, and maximized resources to expand their reach.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Adults Aged 18-24 Years Who Have Never Smoked Cigarettes, by
Sex and Race/Ethnicity- United States, 2002-2003 (5/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5420a4.htm
During 2002-2003, young women were more likely than young men to report
having never smoked cigarettes. Among those aged 18-24 years, Hispanic and
non-Hispanic black adults were more likely than non-Hispanic white adults to
have never smoked.
Cigarette
Smoking among Adults- United States, 2003 (5/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5420a3.htm
PDF (p. 509)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5420.pdf
In 2003, an estimated 21.6% (45.4 million) of U.S. adults were current
smokers; of these, 81.0% (36.8 million) smoked every day, and 19.0% (8.6
million) smoked some days. More men (24.1%) than women (19.2%) reported
current smoking. By education level, smoking prevalence was highest among
adults who had earned a General Educational Development diploma (44.4%) and
lowest among those with graduate degrees (7.5%). Persons in certain
subpopulations had cigarette smoking prevalence rates below the 2010 health
objective target of 12%. These subpopulations included women with
undergraduate (11.0%) or graduate degrees (6.7%), men with graduate degrees
(8.1%), Hispanic women (10.3%), Asian women (6.5%), and men and women aged
>65 years (10.1% and 8.3%, respectively).
Tobacco
Use, Access, and Exposure to Tobacco in Media among Middle and High School
Students- United States, 2004 (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5412a1.htm
PDF (p. 297)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5412.pdf
This report summarizes data from the 2004 National Youth Tobacco Survey and
describes changes in tobacco use and indicators related to tobacco use since
2002. During 2002-2004, middle school students reported decreases in pipe
use, seeing actors using tobacco on television or in movies, and seeing
advertisements for tobacco products on the Internet. Among high school
students, no changes were observed in the use of tobacco or in access to
tobacco products; however, seeing actors using tobacco on television or in
movies declined slightly, and seeing advertisements for tobacco products on
the Internet increased. The lack of substantial decreases in the use of
almost all tobacco products among middle and high school students
underscores the need to fully implement evidence-based strategies (e.g.,
increasing the retail price of tobacco products, implementing
smoking-prevention media campaigns, and decreasing minors' access as part of
comprehensive tobacco-control programs) that are effective in preventing
youth tobacco use.
Secular Trends
in Age at Menarche, Smoking, and Oral Contraceptive Use among Israeli Girls
(3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2005/apr/04_0063.htm
This study was designed to identify secular trends in age at menarche, at
first cigarette, and at first use of oral contraceptives among a large
population-based sample of young Israeli women and to assess whether these
trends are associated with sociodemographic factors.
National
Quitline 1-800-QUITNOW (1/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/lung/index.htm#quitline
The toll-free number (1-800-784-8669) is a single access point to the
National Network of Tobacco Cessation Quitlines. Callers are automatically
routed to a state-run quitline, if one exists in their area. If there is no
state-run quitline, the call goes to the National Cancer Institute quitline.
As part of the network, CDC provided funding to 49 states and the District
of Columbia to either enhance their existing quitline or to create one.
2004 Publications and Materials
State-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults- United
States, 2003 (11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5344a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5344.pdf
To assess the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, CDC
analyzed data from the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
survey. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated
substantial variation in cigarette smoking prevalence in the 50 states, the
District of Columbia (DC), Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands
(range: 10.0%-34.0%). In 2003, the median prevalence of current cigarette
smoking among adults was 22.1% in the 50 states and DC (range: 12.0%
[Utah]-30.8% [Kentucky]). Smoking prevalence was higher among men (median:
24.8%; range: 14.0%-33.8%) than women (median: 20.3%; range: 9.9%-28.1%) in
the 50 states and DC. Smoking prevalence for both men and women was highest
in Kentucky (men: 33.8%; women: 28.1%) and lowest in Utah (men: 14.0%;
women: 9.9%).
Smoking
during Pregnancy- United States, 1990-2002 (10/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5339a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5339.pdf
CDC analyzed state-specific trends in maternal smoking during 1990-2002 by
using data collected on birth certificates. This report summarizes the
results of those analyses, which indicated that whereas participating areas
observed a significant decline in maternal smoking during the surveillance
period, 10 states reported recent increases in smoking by pregnant teens.
State
Estimates of Neonatal Health-Care Costs Associated with Maternal Smoking-
United States, 1996 (10/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5339a2.htm
PDF (p. 915)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5339.pdf
To characterize costs by state, CDC analyzed pregnancy risk surveillance and
birth certificate data to estimate the association between maternal smoking
and the probability of infant admission to a neonatal intensive care unit.
This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which estimated
smoking-attributable neonatal expenditures (SAEs) of $366 million in the
United States in 1996, or $704 per maternal smoker, and indicated wide
variations in SAEs among states.
Cigarette
Use Among High School Students- United States, 1991-2003 (6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5323a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5323.pdf
This report summarizes the results of a Youth Risk Behavior Survey analysis,
which indicated that although 1) the prevalence of lifetime cigarette use
was stable among high school students during the 1990s and 2) the prevalence
of both current and current frequent cigarette use increased into the late
1990s, all three behaviors had declined significantly by 2003. Among female
students, the prevalence of current cigarette use peaked during 1997-1999
and then declined significantly to 21.9% in 2003. More white female students
than black and Hispanic female students and more Hispanic female than black
female students reported current cigarette use.
Tobacco Data
Highlights, 2004 (6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/datahighlights/
This report provides information on why tobacco control and prevention is
important, statistics on prevalence among adult population groups, policies
and costs, and sources and definitions.
The Health
Consequences of Smoking: 2004 Report of the Surgeon General (5/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/
This report identifies a substantial number of diseases found to be caused
by smoking that were not previously causally associated with smoking:
cancers of the stomach, uterine cervix, pancreas, and kidney; acute myeloid
leukemia; pneumonia; abdominal aortic aneurysm; cataract; and periodontitis.
The report concludes that smoking reduces the overall health of smokers,
contributing to such conditions as hip fractures, complications from
diabetes, increased wound infections following surgery, and a wide range of
reproductive complications.
Cigarette
Smoking Among Adults- United States, 2002 (5/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5320a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5320.pdf
CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2002 National Health Interview
Survey sample adult core questionnaire. This report summarizes the results
of that analysis, which indicated that, in 2002, approximately 22.5% of
adults were current smokers. The prevalence of smoking was higher among men
(25.2%) than women (20.0%) and inversely related to age, from 28.5% for
those aged 18-24 years to 9.3% for those aged >65 years.
Prevalence of Cigarette Use Among 14 Racial/Ethnic Populations- United
States, 1999-2001 (1/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5303a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5303.pdf
To assess the prevalence of cigarette smoking among persons aged >12
years among 14* racial/ethnic populations in the United States, CDC analyzed
self-reported data collected during 1999--2001 from the National Survey on
Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (formerly the National Household Survey on Drug
Abuse). This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated
that the prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults aged >18 years
ranged from 40.4% for AI/ANs to 12.3% for the Chinese population, and the
prevalence among youths aged 12-17 years ranged from 27.9% for AI/ANs to
5.2% for the Japanese population. Among non-Hispanic white youths, females
had a greater prevalence of cigarette smoking (17.2%) than males (14.9%).
Among non-Hispanic black youths, males had a greater prevalence of cigarette
smoking (8.2%) than females (5.9%). Among adults, smoking prevalence was
greater among men in all racial/ethnic populations except AI/ANs, Puerto
Ricans, and Cubans, which had no statistically significant variance by sex.
State
Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco-Dependence Treatments- United States,
1994—2002 (1/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5303a3.htm
PDF (p. 54)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5303.pdf
This report summarizes the results of the survey, which indicate that as of
December 31, 2002, 1) 36 Medicaid programs covered some tobacco-dependence
counseling or medication for all Medicaid recipients, 2) four states offered
coverage only for pregnant women, 3) two states offered coverage for all
pharmacotherapy and counseling treatments recommended by the 2000 PHS
guideline, and 4) seven states covered all recommended medications and at
least one form of counseling.
State-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults- United
States, 2002 (1/20/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5253a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5253.pdf
To assess the prevalence of current cigarette smoking among adults, attempts
to quit, and receipt of physician advice to quit during the preceding year,
CDC analyzed data from the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
survey. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated
a threefold difference in smoking prevalence across the 50 states, the
District of Columbia (DC), Guam, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.
The median smoking prevalence in the 50 states and DC was higher for men
than for women. Kentucky had the highest prevalence for both men and women,
and Utah had the lowest prevalence for both men and women. Cigarette smoking
in the United States causes serious illnesses among an estimated 8.6 million
persons and approximately 440,000 deaths annually, resulting in $157 billion
in health-related economic costs.
2003 Publications and Materials
Coverage for Tobacco Use Cessation Treatments (12/17/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/educational_materials/cessation/
Smoking is costly to employers both in terms of smoking-related medical
expenses and lost productivity. Ten percent of smokers alive today are
living with a smoking-related illness. Women who smoke incur $17,500 (in
2002 dollars) more in lifetime medical expenses and are absent from work 2
days more each year than nonsmoking women. Randomized controlled trials
indicate that a smoking cessation program for pregnant women can save as
much as $6 for each $1 spent. Smoking cessation treatments have been found
to be safe and effective. These include counseling and medications, or a
combination of both. Paying for tobacco use cessation treatments is the
single most cost-effective health insurance benefit for adults that can be
provided to employees.
Got a Minute? Give It to
Your Kid Parenting Kit (12/17/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/parenting/
The Got a Minute? campaign is aimed at less-involved parents—that is,
parents who do not currently spend a lot of time with their children. The
ads, presentation, and brochure are designed to give those parents what
CDC's research shows they need most—specific ways to spend time and connect
with their children. These parents know connecting is important, but
sometimes they have trouble making it happen.
Tobacco Use
Among Middle and High School Students- United States, 2002 (11/18/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5245a2.htm
PDF (p. 1096)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5245.pdf
This report summarizes tobacco use prevalence estimates from the 2002
National Youth Tobacco Survey and describes changes in prevalence since
2000. Both tobacco use and cigarette smoking among students in high school
decreased by approximately 18% during 2000-2002; however, a decrease among
students in middle school was not statistically significant. Cigarettes
(22.9%) were the most commonly used product, with no difference by sex.
Cigars (11.6%) were the second most common tobacco product, followed by
smokeless tobacco (6.1%), pipes (3.2%), kreteks (2.7%), and bidis (2.6%).
Males were more likely than females to use all tobacco products except for
cigarettes. Preventing tobacco use among youth is essential to reduce future
smoking-related illness and associated costs. In 2003, states cut spending
for tobacco use prevention and control programs by $86.2 million.
Tobacco,
Alcohol, and Other Drug Use Among High School Students in Bureau of Indian
Affairs-Funded Schools- United States, 2001 (11/10/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5244a3.htm
PDF (p. 1070)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5244.pdf
The findings indicate that a substantial number of these students engage in
behaviors that put them at risk for premature death and disability. Among
current smokers, more than two thirds reported attempting to quit smoking
during the 12 months preceding the survey, with more females than males
reporting a quit attempt. More males than females reported current smokeless
tobacco and cigar use. Current alcohol use and episodic heavy drinking were
more common among males than females.
Cigarette
Smoking Among Adults - United States, 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5240a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5240.pdf
Erratum
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5242a8.htm
CDC analyzed self-reported data from the 2001 National Health Interview
Survey. The findings of this analysis indicate that, in 2001, approximately
22.8% of U.S. adults were current smokers compared with 25.0% in 1993. The
prevalence of cigarette smoking was higher among men than women.
Global Youth
Tobacco Survey Show No Gender Difference in Cigarette Smoking (Press
Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r030807.htm
CDC Tobacco Web Site
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/gis/osh/
A new report released today at the World Conference on Tobacco or Health
shows that little difference exists between the genders in cigarette smoking
among youth. Results also show that girls and boys are using non-cigarette
tobacco products such as spit tobacco, bidis, and water pipes at similar
rates, and that these rates are often as high or higher than youth cigarette
smoking rates. These findings suggest that projections of future
tobacco-related deaths worldwide might be underestimated because they are
based on current patterns of tobacco use among adults, where females are
only about one-fourth as likely as men to smoke cigarettes. In the new study
of young people ages 13 to 15, no gender difference was found in over half
of the sites surveyed for cigarette smoking (61 of 120) and in over 70
percent of the sites surveyed for other tobacco product use (82 of 117).
Smokeless NOT Harmless Video
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/educational_materials/Smokeless_NOT_
harmless.htm
This is a 5-minute video produced for the 3rd International Conference on
Smokeless Tobacco, cosponsored by the National Cancer Institute, CDC, and
Centre for Tobacco Prevention in Sweden. The video looks back at the many
tactics used to sell smokeless tobacco over the past century. Fortunately,
counter-marketing efforts are giving young people the truth about these
deadly, addictive products.
Entertainment: A Powerful Tool in Communicating Health Messages
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/celebrities/entertainment.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/celebrities/Entertainment.pdf
The entertainment industry has the ability to create, reinforce and
normalize messages. The CDC Office on Smoking & Health is but one of many
organizations sharing the responsibility to encourage the denormalization of
tobacco use in entertainment.
Prevalence
of Current Cigarette Smoking Among Adults and Changes in Prevalence of
Current and Some Day Smoking - United States, 1996-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5214a2.htm
PDF (p. 303)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5214.pdf
To examine the prevalence of smoking for the 50 states, the District of
Columbia (DC), Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, CDC analyzed data
from the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. This report
summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate that, during 2001,
the median adult current smoking prevalence was 23.4% (range: 13.3%-30.9%)
for the states and DC, and 12.5% (range: 9.8%-31.4%) for Guam, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands. Smoking prevalence by sex varied significantly in 15
states and Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands, with rates being
higher for men than for women. In the 50 states and DC, the median
prevalence of cigarette smoking among men was 25.5% (range: 14.6%-31.7%) and
among women was 21.5% (range: 12.1%-30.1%). Among both men and women, the
prevalence was highest in Kentucky and lowest in Utah. In Guam, Puerto Rico,
and the Virgin Islands, among both men and women, the prevalence was highest
in Guam and lowest in the Virgin Islands.
Cigarette Smoking
Behavior of Adults: United States, 1997-98
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad331.pdf
This report presents national estimates for lifetime and current cigarette
smoking status, average number of cigarettes smoked, age of smoking
initiation, and smokers' attempts to quit in the past year. Overall, 24.2%
of U.S. adults were current smokers in 1997-98. Selected findings: Female
smokers (22.7%) were more likely than male smokers (15.3%) to have started
smoking at age 21 years and over. Male smokers (41.0%) and female smokers
(42.3%) were equally likely to have attempted to quit smoking in the past
year. Men (28.6%) were more likely than women (18.9%) to be former smokers.
Scene
Smoking: Cigarettes, Cinema & the Myth of Cool
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/celebrities/scenesmoking.htm
In Scene Smoking, professionals from the entertainment and health fields
discuss real-life choices they’ve made and what they think about the
depiction of tobacco on-screen. This balanced documentary brings together
some of Hollywood’s most powerful voices-including Ted Danson, Christy
Turlington, Sean Penn, and Rob Reiner-in a frank discussion of artists’
rights, social responsibility, and the First Amendment. This hour-long video
can be used with high school and college students in a number of different
subject areas, including film studies, directing, screen writing, acting,
communications, journalism, public relations, political science, law, public
health, and health education. The accompanying guides for facilitators
suggest activities to promote critical thinking and discussion.
Taking Action Against
Secondhand Smoke: An Online Toolkit
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ETS_Toolkit/
The information provided will guide your efforts to eliminate smoking in all
enclosed public facilities. This will help you get started on establishing a
clean air policy for public places in your community. Also available are
tools, best practices, and a long list of additional resources.
2002 Publications and Materials
State Prenatal
Smoking Databook, 1999
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/drh/PrenatalSmkbk/
PDF
http://www.smokefreefamilies.org/documents/CDCPrenatalSmoking.pdf
(Non-CDC site)
This report provides a national overview of smoking prevalence during
pregnancy, as well as state-by-state statistics on prenatal smoking,
smoking-attributable infant deaths, and related health care costs. The
publication also summarizes information on state-level maternal and child
health smoking cessation programs, cigarette taxes and regulatory policies,
and federal and state programs to reduce smoking among pregnant women.
Smoking Cessation for Pregnant Women
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/economics/
health_econ_impact.htm#Introduction
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services and CDC are exploring the
possibility of providing coverage for smoking cessation services for
pregnant and post-partum women through Medicaid. Both agencies are dedicated
to working with state Medicaid agencies and state health departments to
develop and implement innovative, cost-effective ways to reduce the public
health burden of tobacco use.
Women and
Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General Executive Summary
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5112a4.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5112.pdf
This report reviews in detail what we know about smoking-related diseases
among women, and documents that the toll of smoking on women's health is
wide-ranging and staggering. Like their male counterparts who smoke, women
smokers are at increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and
pulmonary disease, but women also experience unique risks related to
menstrual and reproductive function.
Work,
Smoking, and Health
http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-148/2002-148pd.html
This document summarizes proceedings from the scientific workshop held in
2000, titled "Work, Smoking and Health," which brought together leaders from
labor, industry, academia, government, and non-governmental agencies. During
the workshop, the various interrelationships among work, work exposures,
tobacco use, and health were explored. Cigarette smoking is the single
greatest preventable cause of lung disease in the U.S. adult population.
Cigarette
Smoking Among Adults -- United States, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5129a3.htm
PDF (p. 642)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5129.pdf
The report reveals that in 2000, 70 percent of adult smokers in the United
States wanted to quit, and as many as 41 percent had stopped smoking for at
least one day during the preceding year in an effort to quit. The prevalence
of smoking was higher among men than women. In 2000, an estimated 44.3
million adults were former smokers, representing 24.7 million men and 19.7
million women.
Trends in
Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students - United States, 1991-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5119a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5119.pdf
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t020516.htm
To examine changes in cigarette smoking among U.S. high school students
during 1991-2001, CDC analyzed data from the national Youth Risk Behavior
Survey (YRBS). This report summarizes the results of the analysis, which
found that although cigarette smoking rates increased during most of the
1990s, they have declined significantly since 1997. Significant linear and
quadratic trends were detected for lifetime, current, and current frequent
smoking. Among female students, a significant quadratic trend was detected,
indicating that the prevalence of current smoking peaked during 1997-1999
and then declined significantly by 2001. Similarly, among white female,
black male, Hispanic, Hispanic female, Hispanic male, and 9th- and
11th-grade students, current smoking prevalence peaked by 1999 and then
declined significantly by 2001. A positive linear trend was detected among
black female students, indicating that the prevalence of current smoking
among this subgroup increased significantly throughout the decade. Current
smoking was significantly more likely to be reported by white and Hispanic
female students than by black female students, by white and Hispanic male
students than by black male students, and by 12th-grade students than by
9th- and 10th-grade students. Despite the declines in cigarette smoking
rates among high school students, 28.5% of high school students are current
smokers, and 13.8% are current frequent smokers. Many high school students
already are nicotine dependent.
Annual
Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic
Costs - United States, 1995-1999
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5114a2.htm
PDF (p. 300)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5114.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r020412.htm
Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Morbidity, and Economic Costs
(SAMMEC) Web Site
http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/sammec/
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United
States and produces substantial health-related economic costs to society.
This report presents the annual estimates of the disease impact of smoking
in the United States during 1995-1999. During 1995-1999, smoking caused an
annual average of 264,087 deaths among men and 178,311 deaths among women in
the United States. Among adults, most smoking-related deaths were attributed
to lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, and chronic airways obstruction.
Smoking during pregnancy resulted in the death of 599 male and 408 female
infants annually. Total annual smoking-attributable mortality estimates
include the deaths of 589 males and 377 females by residential fire during
1994-1998, and the deaths of 15,517 males and 22,536 females from lung
cancer and heart disease attributable to exposure to secondhand smoke.
Implementation of comprehensive tobacco-control programs could effectively
reduce the prevalence, disease impact, and economic costs of smoking.
A
Community Toolkit for Reducing Tobacco Use Among Women
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_forwomen/sgrtool.htm
The purpose of this toolkit is to apply what we have learned about why girls
start smoking, what keeps women smoking, and what it takes to quit. This
toolkit includes suggestions and ideas in the form of presentations,
programs, media outreach, and other activities. It is organized into
tabulated sections so that you can go quickly to the parts that fit your
needs, your style, or your audience, and so that you can add, delete,
highlight, and edit as you learn through practice.
2001 Publications and Materials
State-Specific Prevalence of Current Cigarette Smoking among Adults, and
Policies and Attitudes about Secondhand Smoke-United States, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5049.pdf
CDC analyzed data from the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS).
This report summarizes the results of that analysis and indicates that in
2000, state- specific adult smoking prevalence ranged from 12.9%-30.5%, and
high levels of public support exist, even among smokers, for smoke-free
policies in many settings. The cigarette smoking prevalence in 2000 differed
approximately twofold. The median smoking prevalence among men was 24.4%
(range: 14.5%-33.4%) and among women was 21.2% (range: 9.9%-29.5%). Tobacco
use, particularly cigarette smoking, is the leading preventable cause of
death in the United States, but the health consequences extend beyond
smokers to nonsmokers involuntarily exposed to environmental tobacco smoke
or secondhand smoke (SHS). States should implement comprehensive programs to
reduce tobacco use and adopt clean indoor air policies to reduce involuntary
exposure to SHS.
Cigarette
Smoking in 99 Metropolitan Areas - United States, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5049a3.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5049.pdf
This report summarizes estimates of smoking behavior for the 99 metropolitan
statistical areas (MSAs) with greater than 300 respondents (maximum: 7,264)
in the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), an annual,
state-based survey that includes questions about tobacco use. The median
adult prevalence of current smoking for the 99 MSAs was 22.7% (range:
13.0%--31.2%). Prevalence was higher for men than women in 73 of 99 MSAs;
the difference by sex was significant in six (Los Angeles, California;
Honolulu, Hawaii; Wichita, Kansas; New Orleans, Louisiana; Charlotte, North
Carolina; and Dallas, Texas). The five MSAs with the highest prevalence of
current smoking (Toledo, Ohio; Knoxville, Tennessee; Indianapolis, Indiana;
Cleveland-Lorain-Elyria, Ohio; and Huntington-Ashland, West Virginia)
differed significantly from the five MSAs with the lowest prevalence (Orange
County, California; Salt Lake City-Ogden, Utah; San Diego, California;
Miami, Florida; Bergen-Passaic, New Jersey; and Las Cruces, New Mexico). By
region, median prevalence was highest in the Midwest (23.7%), followed by
the South (23.2%), Northeast (20.8%), and West (20.6%).
The Tobacco-Free Sports Playbook
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sport_initiatives/CDC_Sports_Playbook.pdf
The Tobacco-Free Sports Playbook is designed to help coaches, school
administrators, and state and local health departments reach out to young
people with messages about the importance of choosing a healthy, active, and
tobacco-free lifestyle. The Playbook describes a step-by-step game plan for
incorporating sports into tobacco-free activities.
State
Medicaid Coverage for Tobacco-Dependence Treatments-United States, 1998 and
2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5044a3.htm
PDF (p. 979)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5044.pdf
In 2000, a total of 33 states and DC offered some coverage for
tobacco-dependence treatments; one state offered coverage for all treatments
recommended by the Public Health Service. In 2000, a total of 13 states
offered special tobacco-dependence treatment programs for pregnant women; in
two states, counseling services were covered for pregnant women only.
Tobacco-use treatment is one of the most cost-effective prevention services.
Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States.
Medicaid recipients have approximately 50% greater smoking prevalence than
the overall U.S. population. Because smoking prevalence is high among
Medicaid recipients, they are affected disproportionately by tobacco and
tobacco-related disease and disability.
Cigarette
Smoking Among Adults-United States, 1999
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5040a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5040.pdf
In 1999, an
estimated 46.5 million adults (23.5%) were current smokers. The prevalence
of smoking was higher among men (25.7%) than women (21.5%). Among
racial/ethnic groups, Hispanics (18.1%) and Asians/Pacific Islanders (15.1%)
had the lowest prevalence of cigarette use; American Indians/Alaska Natives
had the highest prevalence (40.8%). Increasing the unit price of tobacco
products, smoking bans and restrictions, and mass media education campaigns
for tobacco-use cessation are among the recommended measures to increase
quitting among a wide range of smokers.
Smoking During
Pregnancy in the 1990s (Press Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r010828.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr49/nvsr49_07.pdf
The rate of smoking during pregnancy dropped 33 percent between 1990 and
1999, so that in 1999 just over 12 percent of all women reported smoking
during their pregnancies, according to a new report from the CDC. The
greatest success in reducing smoking was for women in their late twenties
and early thirties, where there was over a 40 percent drop since 1990. The
report includes data for most States, the District of Columbia and New York
City, all of which reported a drop in smoking rates from 1990 to 1999. The
District of Columbia reported the largest single decline, a 77 percent drop,
followed by Massachusetts and Arizona which cut their rates by more than 50
percent. New York City, the District of Columbia, Texas, Arizona, and Hawaii
have the lowest smoking during pregnancy rates--below 8 percent in 1999.
TV Counter-Advertisements
on Smoking
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/jlondon.htm
CDC is pleased to announce the availability of two new TV spots for use in
health promotion and counter-advertising campaigns, featuring Jeremy London
& his family. These TV spots, entitled, "Suffering" & "Anniversary" will be
distributed through the Media Campaign Resource Center.
Women and Smoking: A
Report of the Surgeon General
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr_forwomen.htm
This report summarizes patterns of tobacco use among women, factors
associated with starting and continuing to smoke, the health consequences of
smoking, tobacco marketing targeted at women, and cessation and prevention
interventions. The Web site includes links to the full report, an executive
summary, fact sheets, press release, video link, and the HHS Office on
Women's Health. This year alone, lung cancer will kill nearly 68,000 U.S.
women. That’s one in every four cancer deaths among women, and about 27,000
more deaths than from breast cancer (41,000). This is the second report of
the U.S. Surgeon General devoted to women and smoking.
Investment in
Tobacco Control - State Highlights 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/StateHighlights.htm
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r010215a.htm
Investment in Tobacco Control - State Highlights 2001 analyzes current
investments in tobacco control, places these investments in the context of
health and economic consequences of tobacco use specific to the state, and
compares current investments with the specific funding ranges contained in
CDC's Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Programs. Tobacco use
data available by gender. Tobacco use is the single most preventable cause
of death and disease in the United States. Most people begin using tobacco
in early adolescence. Annually, tobacco use causes more than 430,000 deaths
in the nation and costs approximately $50-$70 billion in medical expenses
alone.
1995 Publications and Materials
Youth Smoking, Health, and Performance
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/research_data/youth/ythsprt.htm
Among young people, the short-term health effects of smoking include damage
to the respiratory system, addiction to nicotine, and the associated risk of
other drug use. Long-term health consequences of youth smoking are
reinforced by the fact that most young people who smoke regularly continue
to smoke throughout adulthood. Learn more.
Smoking and Tobacco: Women’s Health Topics
A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/smoking.htm
View women’s health resources related to smoking and tobacco.
Fast Stats A-Z:
Smoking Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/smoking.htm
View data and statistics on smoking.
How to Quit: Useful
Resources to Help Quit Smoking and Avoid Tobacco Use
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/how2quit.htm
View resources to help you quit smoking and avoid tobacco use.
Seven Deadly Myths
about Smoking
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/christy/myths.htm
Hosted by cover model, entrepreneur, and smoking cessation advocate Christy
Turlington, this 17 minute video explores some of the common myths about
smoking and empowers women to become or stay smoke-free.
Smoking and
Tobacco: Surgeon General’s Report for Kids
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr4kids/sgrmenu.htm
SGR4KIDS, this online smoke-free magazine, asked kids across the country,
"What do you and your friends think about smoking, and what do you want to
see in this magazine?" You will find their words and ideas at this website.
Find out more!
Targeting Tobacco Use:
The Nation’s Leading Cause of Death
http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/aag/aag_osh.htm
Learn more about the burden of smoking and tobacco use in the United States.
Tobacco Control
Media Event Calendar
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/calendar/calendar.htm
View materials the media can use for tobacco control awareness, including
news releases for various health observances.
Tobacco-Free Sports Initiatives
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sports_initiatives_splash.htm
The popularity of youth sports in the United States continues to explode.
That is why sports activities are great ways to reach our nation’s young
people with information about how to make important health decisions related
to tobacco use, physical activity, and good nutrition. Learn more.
Tobacco Information and Prevention
Source (TIPS)
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/
Learn more about smoking and tobacco use and what you can do to prevent it.
Tobacco Information and
Prevention Source (TIPS) for Youth
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/tips4youth.htm
Find facts, quizzes, tips, and other resources related to smoking, tobacco,
and youth.
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last reviewed August 31, 2007
URL: http://www.cdc.gov/women/pubs/smoking.htm
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