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Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (CASRN 193-39-5)
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0457
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene; CASRN 193-39-5
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
File First On-Line 12/01/1990
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
|---|---|---|
| Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | no data | |
| Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
| Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | on-line | 03/01/1994 |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
CASRN — 193-39-5
Not available at this time.
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
CASRN — 193-39-5
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
CASRN — 193-39-5
Last Revised — 03/01/1994
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated (Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other than carcinogenicity.
_II.A. Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity
__II.A.1. Weight-of-Evidence Characterization
Classification — B2, probable human carcinogen
Basis — Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene produced tumors in mice following lung implants, subcutaneous injection and dermal exposure. Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene tested positive in bacterial gene mutation assays.
__II.A.2. Human Carcinogenicity Data
None. Although there are no human data that specifically link exposure to indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene to human cancers, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene is a component of mixtures that have been associated with human cancer. These include coal tar, soots, coke oven emissions and cigarette smoke (U.S. EPA, 1984, 1990; IARC, 1984).
__II.A.3. Animal Carcinogenicity Data
Sufficient. In carcinogen bioassays indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene exposure resulted in increased incidences of epidermoid carcinomas in a lung implantation study (Deutsch-Wenzel et al., 1983), injection site sarcomas in a subcutaneous injection assay (Lacassagne et al., 1963) and skin tumors in dermal application studies (Hoffman and Wynder, 1966; Rice et al., 1985a, 1986).
In a lifetime implant study, 3-month-old female Osborne-Mendel rats (35/group) received lung implants of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in 0.05 mL of a 1:1 (v:v) mixture of beeswax and trioctanoin (Deutsch-Wenzel et al., 1983). Rats received either 0.16 mg (0.65 mg/kg), 0.83 mg (3.4 mg/kg) or 4.15 mg (17 mg/kg) indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. Controls consisted of an untreated group and a group receiving an implant of the vehicle. Median survival times in weeks were as follows: untreated controls, 118; vehicle controls, 104; low-dose, 116; mid-dose, 109; and high-dose, 92. Incidence of epidermoid carcinomas in the lung and thorax (combined) showed a statistically significant dose-related increase. The incidences were: untreated controls, 0/35; vehicle controls, 0/35; low-dose, 4/35 (11%); mid-dose, 8/35 (23%); and high-dose, 21/35 (60%).
Groups of male and female CD-1 mice (n=32) received intraperitoneal injections of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on days 1, 8 and 15 after birth (total dose = 580 ug/mouse) and were evaluated for tumors upon sacrifice at 52 weeks of age (LaVoie et al., 1987). One male mouse (1/11) developed a lung adenoma, no tumors occurred in female mice. Tumor incidence was not significantly different from vehicle controls. This test is considered to be a short-term lung tumor assay.
In mouse skin painting assays, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene tested positive for cancer-initiating activity in several mouse strains (Hoffmann and Wynder, 1966; Rice et al., 1985a, 1986). In the Hoffmann and Wynder (1966) study female Swiss albino Ha/ICR/Mil mice (20/group) were given topical applications of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene prepared as dioxane (at 0.05 and 0.1%) or in acetone solutions (at 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1%). Dioxane preparations did not induce skin tumors. By contrast, acetone solutions of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene produced skin tumors in a dose-related fashion. No tumors were observed in animals painted with 0.01 or 0.05% indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene in acetone; 0.1% induced six papillomas and three carcinomas beginning at 9 months; and 0.5% resulted in seven papillomas and five carcinomas with the first tumor appearing at 3 months. The authors also reported that a total dose of 250 mg indeno[1,2,3- cd]pyrene delivered in 10 applications in 2 days was a sufficient initiating dose when followed by promotion with croton oil.
To examine the initiating capability of the compound's major metabolites in mouse skin, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene was applied to the shaved backs of 20 Crl:CD-1(ICR)BR female mice (Rice et al., 1986). Acetone solutions were applied every other day for 10 days for a total initiating dose of 1 mg indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. This was followed 10 days later by applications of the promotor tetradecanoylphorbol (TPA) (0.0025% in 100 mL acetone) 3 times/week for 20 weeks. Tumor incidence was essentially 100%. Indeno[1,2,3- cd]pyrene-1,2-diol and -1,2-oxide treatment both resulted in 80% tumor incidence in contrast to 8-hydroxy- and acetone-treated controls (approximately 25 and 5%, respectively).
An earlier initiation-promotion bioassay performed by Rice et al. (1985a) showed a pronounced dose-response relationship for tumors. Following the same protocol described above, an 80% tumor incidence was observed in mice receiving a total initiating dose of 1 mg indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene with an average of about four tumors/mouse after 22 weeks of promotion. However, when the total initiating dose was decreased to 100 or 300 mg/mouse, the number of tumor-bearing mice was not significantly increased.
Injection site sarcomas were reported in 10/14 male and 1/14 female XVIIc/Z mice administered 3 injections at 1-month intervals of 0.6 mg indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. No concurrent controls appear to have been run in this experiment; the authors report, however, that in this mouse strain no spontaneous subcutaneous tumors have been reported (Lacassagne et al., 1963).
__II.A.4. Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity
Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene produced positive results in reverse mutation assays in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98 (2-3 ug/plate) (LaVoie et al., 1979; Hermann et al., 1980; Rice et al., 1985b).
_II.B. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure
Not available.
_II.C. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure
Not available.
_II.D. EPA Documentation, Review, and Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
__II.D.1. EPA Documentation
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1984, 1990
The 1990 Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons has received Agency and external review.
__II.D.2. EPA Review (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Agency Work Group Review — 02/07/1990, 08/05/1993, 09/21/1993, 02/02/1994
Verification Date — 02/07/1990
__II.D.3. EPA Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
CASRN — 193-39-5
Last Revised — 12/01/1990
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
None
_VI.B. Inhalation RfC References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
Deutsch-Wenzel, R., H. Brune, G. Grimmer, G. Dettbarn and J. Misfeld. 1983. Experimental studies in rat lungs on the carcinogenicity and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71(3): 539-544.
Hermann, M., J.P. Durand, J.M. Charpentier, et al. 1980. Correlations of mutagenic activity with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of various mineral oils. In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemisty and Biological Effects, 4th Int. Symp., A. Bjorseth and A.J. Dennis, Ed. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. p. 899-916.
Hoffmann, D. and E.L. Wynder, 1966. Beitrag zur carcinogen Wirkung von Dibenzopyrene. Z. Krebsforsch. 68(2): 137-149. (Ger.) Contribution on the carcinogenic effect of dibenzopyrenes.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1984. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of the Chemical to Man. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Part 3. Industrial Exposures in Aluminum Production, Coal Gasification, Coke Production, and Iron and Steel Founding. Vol. 34. World Health Organization.
Lacassagne, A., N.P. Buu-Hoi, F. Zajdela, D. Lavit-Lamy and O. Chalvet. 1963. Activite cancerogene d'hyrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques a noyau flouranthene. Un. Int. Cancer Acta. 19(3-4): 490-496. (Fre.)
LaVoie, E.J., E.V. Bedenko, N. Hirota, S.S. Hecht and D. Hoffmann. 1979. A comparison of the mutagenicity, tumor-initiating activity and complete carcinogenicity of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, P.W. Jones and P. Leber, Ed. Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI. p. 705-721.
LaVoie, E.J., J. Braley, J.E. Rice and A. Rivenson. 1987. Tumorigenic activity for non-alternant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in newborn mice. Cancer Lett. 34: 15-20.
Rice, J.E., D.T. Coleman, T.J. Hosted, E.J. LaVoie, D.J. McCaustland and J.C. Wiley. 1985a. On the metabolism, mutagenicity, and tumor-initiating activity of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene. In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Mechanism, Methods and Metabolism, M. Cooke and A.J. Dennis, Ed. Batelle Press, Columbus, OH. p. 1097-1109.
Rice, J.E., D.T. Coleman, T.J. Hosted, Jr., E.J. LaVoie, D.J. McClausland and J.C. Wiley, Jr. 1985b. Identification of mutagenic metabolites in indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene formed in vitro with rat liver enzymes. Cancer Res. 45: 5421-5425.
Rice, J.E., T.J. Hosted, Jr., M.C. DeFloria, E.J. LaVoie, D.L. Fischer and J.C. Wiley, Jr. 1986. Tumor-initiating activity of major in vivo metabolites of indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene on mouse skin. Carcinogenesis. 7(10): 1761-1764.
U.S. EPA. 1984. Carcinogen Assessment of Coke Oven Emissions. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. EPA 600/6-82-003F. NTIS PB 84-170181.
U.S. EPA. 1990. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC. Final Draft. ECAO-CIN-D010, September, 1990.
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
CASRN — 193-39-5
|
Date |
Section |
Description |
|---|---|---|
| 12/01/1990 | II. | Carcinogen assessment on-line |
| 12/01/1990 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
| 01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory Action section on-line |
| 09/01/1993 | II. | Carcinogenicity assessment noted as pending change |
| 09/01/1993 | II.D.2. | Work group review date added |
| 11/01/1993 | II.D.2. | Work group review date added |
| 03/01/1994 | II. | Pending change note removed; no change |
| 03/01/1994 | II.D.2. | Work group review date added |
| 08/01/1995 | II., II.D.2. | EPA's RfD/RfC and CRAVE workgroups were discontinued in May, 1995. Chemical substance reviews that were not completed by September 1995 were taken out of IRIS review. The IRIS Pilot Program replaced the workgroup functions beginning in September, 1995. |
| 04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene
CASRN — 193-39-5
Last Revised — 12/01/1990
- 193-39-5
- Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
- HSDB 5101
- indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene
- o-PHENYLENEPYRENE
- RCRA WASTE NUMBER U137
- 1,10-(O-PHENYLENE)PYRENE
- 1,10-(1,2-Phenylene)pyrene
- 2,3-o-PHENYLENEPYRENE
- 2,3-PHENYLENEPYRENE