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Benzo[k]fluoranthene (CASRN 207-08-9)
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0452
Benzo[k]fluoranthene; CASRN 207-08-9
Health assessment information on a chemical substance is included in IRIS only after a comprehensive review of chronic toxicity data by U.S. EPA health scientists from several Program Offices and the Office of Research and Development. The summaries presented in Sections I and II represent a consensus reached in the review process. Background information and explanations of the methods used to derive the values given in IRIS are provided in the Background Documents.
STATUS OF DATA FOR Benzo[k]fluoranthene
File First On-Line 11/01/1990
Category (section) |
Status |
Last Revised |
|---|---|---|
| Oral RfD Assessment (I.A.) | no data | |
| Inhalation RfC Assessment (I.B.) | no data | |
| Carcinogenicity Assessment (II.) | on-line | 03/01/1994 |
_I. Chronic Health Hazard Assessments for Noncarcinogenic Effects
_I.A. Reference Dose for Chronic Oral Exposure (RfD)
Substance Name — Benzo[k]fluoranthene
CASRN — 207-08-9
Not available at this time.
_I.B. Reference Concentration for Chronic Inhalation Exposure (RfC)
Substance Name — Benzo[k]fluoranthene
CASRN — 207-08-9
Not available at this time.
_II. Carcinogenicity Assessment for Lifetime Exposure
Substance Name — Benzo[k]fluoranthene
CASRN — 207-08-9
Last Revised — 03/01/1994
Section II provides information on three aspects of the carcinogenic assessment for the substance in question; the weight-of-evidence judgment of the likelihood that the substance is a human carcinogen, and quantitative estimates of risk from oral exposure and from inhalation exposure. The quantitative risk estimates are presented in three ways. The slope factor is the result of application of a low-dose extrapolation procedure and is presented as the risk per (mg/kg)/day. The unit risk is the quantitative estimate in terms of either risk per ug/L drinking water or risk per ug/cu.m air breathed. The third form in which risk is presented is a drinking water or air concentration providing cancer risks of 1 in 10,000, 1 in 100,000 or 1 in 1,000,000. The rationale and methods used to develop the carcinogenicity information in IRIS are described in The Risk Assessment Guidelines of 1986 (EPA/600/8-87/045) and in the IRIS Background Document. IRIS summaries developed since the publication of EPA's more recent Proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment also utilize those Guidelines where indicated (Federal Register 61(79):17960-18011, April 23, 1996). Users are referred to Section I of this IRIS file for information on long-term toxic effects other than carcinogenicity.
_II.A. Evidence for Human Carcinogenicity
__II.A.1. Weight-of-Evidence Characterization
Classification — B2; probable human carcinogen
Basis — Based on no human data and sufficient data from animal bioassays. Benzo[k]fluoranthene produced tumors after lung implantation in mice and when administered with a promoting agent in skin-painting studies. Equivocal results have been found in a lung adenoma assay in mice. Benzo[k]fluoranthene is mutagenic in bacteria.
__II.A.2. Human Carcinogenicity Data
None. Although there are no human data that specifically link exposure to benzo[k]fluoranthene to human cancers, benzo[k]fluoranthene is a component of mixtures that have been associated with human cancer. These include coal tar, soots, coke oven emissions and cigarette smoke (U.S. EPA, 1984, 1990; IARC, 1984).
__II.A.3. Animal Carcinogenicity Data
Sufficient. In a lifetime implant study, female Osborne-Mendel rats (27-35/group) received lung implants of 0.16 mg (0.65 mg/kg), 0.83 mg (3.4 mg/kg) or 4.15 mg (17 mg/kg) benzo[k]fluoranthene in 0.05 mL of a 1:1 (v:v) mixture of beeswax and trioctanoin (Deutsch-Wenzel et al., 1983). Controls consisted of an untreated group and a group receiving an implant of the vehicle. Median survival times (weeks) were: 118 (untreated controls), 104 (vehicle controls); 114 (0.16 mg dose); 95 (0.83 mg dose); 98 (4.15 mg dose). The incidences of epidermoid carcinomas in the lung and thorax (combined) showed a statistically significant dose-related increase. The observed incidences were: untreated controls, 0/35; vehicle controls, 0/35; low-dose, 0/35; mid-dose, 3/31; high-dose, 12/27.
Groups of 16-17 male and 18 female newborn CD-1 mice received intraperitoneal injections of benzo[k]fluoranthene in DMSO on days 1, 8 and 15 after birth (total dose approximately 126 ug/mouse) and were sacrificed at 52 weeks of age (LaVoie et al., 1987). The incidence of hepatic adenomas and hepatomas was increased in treated male mice (3/16) relative to vehicle controls (1/17), although this increase was not statistically significant. No liver tumors were found in females. Lung adenomas were found in treated male (1/16) and female (3/18) mice, whereas none were reported for the controls. This assay is considered to be a short-term, in vivo, lung tumor assay.
Benzo[k]fluoranthene has yielded positive results for initiating activity in several mouse skin-painting assays. A single dermal application of 11 mg benzo[k]fluoranthene to 20 Swiss mice in a 63-week study did not induce tumors (Van Duuren et al., 1966). However, when the same dose was followed by promoting treatments with croton resin, 18/20 animals developed papillomas and 5/20 developed carcinomas. LaVoie et al. (1982) applied doses of 0, 30, 100 or 1000 ug benzo[k]fluoranthene (10 doses each, every other day, in 0.1 mL acetone) to the skin of groups of 20 Crl:CD-1 mice. This regimen was followed by treatment with 2.5 ug 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) (a tumor promoter), 3 times/week for 20 weeks. Increases in the percentage of tumor- bearing animals (0, 5, 25, 75), as well as the number of tumors per animal (0, 0.1, 0.4, 2.8), appeared to be dose-related. These results were corroborated by reports of Amin et al. (1985a,b).
__II.A.4. Supporting Data for Carcinogenicity
Tests for mutagenicity in prokaryotic cells have produced positive results. Tests for reverse mutation in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100 and TA98 yielded positive results for benzo[k]fluoranthene in the presence of a metabolic activation system (rat liver S9) (LaVoie et al., 1980; Hermann et al., 1980).
_II.B. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Oral Exposure
Not available.
_II.C. Quantitative Estimate of Carcinogenic Risk from Inhalation Exposure
Not available.
_II.D. EPA Documentation, Review, and Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
__II.D.1. EPA Documentation
Source Document — U.S. EPA, 1984, 1990
The 1990 Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons has received Agency and external review.
__II.D.2. EPA Review (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Agency Work Group Review — 02/07/1990, 08/05/1993, 09/21/1993, 02/02/1994
Verification Date — 02/07/1990
__II.D.3. EPA Contacts (Carcinogenicity Assessment)
Please contact the IRIS Hotline for all questions concerning this assessment or IRIS, in general, at (202)566-1676 (phone), (202)566-1749 (FAX) or hotline.iris@epa.gov (internet address).
_III.
[reserved]
_IV. [reserved]
_V. [reserved]
_VI. Bibliography
Substance Name — Benzo[k]fluoranthene
CASRN — 207-08-9
Last Revised — 11/01/1990
_VI.A. Oral RfD References
None
_VI.B. Inhalation RfC References
None
_VI.C. Carcinogenicity Assessment References
Amin, S., K. Huie and S.S. Hecht. 1985a. Mutagenicity and tumor initiating activity of methylated benzo[b]fluoranthenes. Carcinogenesis. 6(7): 1023-1025.
Amin, S., N. Hussain, G. Balanikas, K. Huie and S.S. Hecht. 1985b. Mutagenicity and tumor initiating activity of methylated benzo[k]fluoranthenes. Cancer Lett. 26: 343-347.
Deutsch-Wenzel, R., H. Brune, G. Grimmer, G. Dettbarn and J. Misfeld. 1983. Experimental studies in rat lungs on the carcinogenicity and dose-response relationships of eight frequently occurring environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 71(3): 539-543.
Hermann, M., J.P. Durand, J.M. Charpentier, et al. 1980. Correlations of mutagenic activity with polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon content of various mineral oils. In: Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemistry and Biological Effects, 4th Int. Symp., A. Bjorseth and A.J. Dennis, Ed. Battelle Press, Columbus, OH. p. 899-916.
IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer). 1984. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Polynuclear Aromaitc Hydrocarbons. Part 3. Industrial Exposures in Aluminum Production, Coal Gasification, Coke Production, and Iron and Steel Founding. Vol. 34. World Health Organization.
LaVoie, E.J., S.S. Hecht, S. Amin, V. Bedenko and D. Hoffmann. 1980. Identification of mutagenic dihydrodiols as metabolites of benzo(j)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene. Cancer Res. 40: 4528-4532.
LaVoie, E.J., S. Amin., S.S. Hecht, K. Furuya and D. Hoffmann. 1982. Tumor initiating activity of dihydrodiols of benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene. Carcinogenesis. 3(1): 49-52.
LaVoie, E.J., J. Braley, J.E. Rice and A. Rivenson. 1987. Tumorigenic activity for non-alternant polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in newborn mice. Cancer Lett. 34: 15-20.
U.S. EPA. 1984. Carcinogen Assessment of Coke Oven Emissions. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Washington, DC. EPA 600/6-82-003F. NTIS PB84-170181.
U.S. EPA. 1990. Drinking Water Criteria Document for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Prepared by the Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, Cincinnati, OH for the Office of Drinking Water, Washington, DC. Final Draft. ECAO-CIN-D010, September, 1990.
Van Duuren, B.L., A. Sivak, A. Segal, L. Orris and L. Langseth. 1966. The tumor-promoting agents of tobacco leaf and tobacco smoke condensate. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 37(4): 519-526.
_VII. Revision History
Substance Name — Benzo[k]fluoranthene
CASRN — 207-08-9
|
Date |
Section |
Description |
|---|---|---|
| 11/01/1990 | II. | Carcinogen assessment on-line |
| 11/01/1990 | VI. | Bibliography on-line |
| 01/01/1992 | IV. | Regulatory action section on-line |
| 09/01/1993 | II. | Carcinogenicity assessment noted as pending change |
| 09/01/1993 | II.D.2. | Work group review date added |
| 11/01/1993 | II.D.2. | Work group review date added |
| 02/01/1994 | II.D.3. | Secondary contact's phone number changed |
| 03/01/1994 | II. | Pending change note removed; no change |
| 03/01/1994 | II.D.2. | Work group review date added |
| 08/01/1995 | II.D.2. | EPA's RfD/RfC and CRAVE workgroups were discontinued in May, 1995. Chemical substance reviews that were not completed by September 1995 were taken out of IRIS review. The IRIS Pilot Program replaced the workgroup functions beginning in September, 1995. |
| 04/01/1997 | III., IV., V. | Drinking Water Health Advisories, EPA Regulatory Actions, and Supplementary Data were removed from IRIS on or before April 1997. IRIS users were directed to the appropriate EPA Program Offices for this information. |
_VIII. Synonyms
Substance Name — Benzo[k]fluoranthene
CASRN — 207-08-9
Last Revised — 11/01/1990
- 207-08-9
- Benzo(k)fluoranthene
- Dibenzo(b,jk)fluorene
- HSDB 6012
- 11,12-BENZO(k)FLUORANTHENE
- 11,12-Benzofluoranthene
- 2,3,1',8'-Binaphthylene
- 8,9-BENZOFLUORANTHENE