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Turbidity threshold sampling is an automated procedure for measuring
turbidity and sampling suspended sediment. The basic equipment consists
of a programmable data logger, a turbidimeter mounted in the stream,
a pumping sampler, and a stage-measuring device. The data logger
program employs turbidity to govern sample collection during each
transport event. The Turbidity Threshold Sampling method is currently
operating at over 40 gaging sites in northern California, at six
sites in Oregon, two sites in Arizona, and two sites in Japan.
General Description
- This is a general description written by Rand
Eads
Plot Current
TTS DATA
Gaging Sites
TTS Literature
Other Turbidity-Related
References
Sediment Technology Discussion Forum
Implementation
Process
Implementation Guide (PSW General Technical
Report, pre-publication)
08/28/08
Manufacturer
Links
Gaging Sites:
Caspar Creek:
Since 1962, researchers have been studying the nature of hydrologic,
erosion, and sedimentation impacts of logging operations on northern
California watersheds. TTS was first implemented in water year 1996
at 8 gaging stations in the Caspar Creek watershed. One additional
gaging station (XYZ) was added in 2000 and 10 more gaging stations
were added in water year 2001. The data include: streamflow, turbidity,
estimated sediment loads, with the additional collection of water
and air temperature and rainfall at selected sites. Data are collected
and maintained by Redwood Sciences Laboratory, in cooperation with
the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Freshwater
Creek: Hydrologic data collected at Freshwater Creek provide
researchers, regulatory agencies, and the community with information
about the physical condition of the watershed. TTS was first implemented
using the Campbell data logger in winter of 1998. The data include:
streamflow, turbidity, estimated sediment loads, water temperature,
and rainfall. Data are collected and maintained by Salmon Forever.
Grass Valley Creek:
Watershed analysis in the Grass Valley Creek area assists federal,
state, and local agencies and public groups in making watershed
management decisions. This pilot site was installed by Redwood Sciences
Laboratory to test the TTS sampling method in a high gradient channel
that transports coarse sediment loads. Data include: streamflow,
turbidity, and estimated sediment loads. Data are no longer collected
at this site.
Godwood Creek: Godwood
creek is entirely contained within Prairie
Creek State Park and Redwood
National and State Parks, and is a tributary to Prairie and
Redwood Creeks. The data include: streamflow, turbidity, and water
temperature. The data are collected and maintained by Redwood Sciences
Laboratory, in cooperation with the Redwood National and State Parks.
Little Jones Creek:
Data collected at Little Jones Creek, a tributary to the Smith River,
provide physical information for modeling fisheries habitat. The
data include: streamflow, turbidity, estimated sediment loads, and
water temperature. Data are collected and maintained by Redwood
Sciences Laboratory, in cooperation with Six Rivers National Forest.
Prairie Creek:
This existing gaging site in Prairie Creek State Park was used by
Redwood Sciences Laboratory to evaluate a bridge-mounted boom. The
data include: streamflow, turbidity, estimated sediment loads, and
water temperature. Data are collected and maintained by Redwood
National and State Parks.
Upper Jacoby Creek:
The Upper Jacoby Creek gaging site is located in City of Arcata's
Community Forest. The site is a former USGS
gaging site (use Station ID=11480000) that was abandoned in
1964. The hydrologic data are used for modeling fisheries habitat.
The data include: streamflow, turbidity, estimated sediment loads,
and water temperature. Data are collected and maintained by Redwood
Sciences Laboratory, in cooperation with the City of Arcata.
TTS Literature:
Lewis, Jack, and Rand Eads. 2008. Implementation
guide for turbidity threshold sampling: principles, procedures,
and analysis. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-212. Arcata, CA: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research
Station. Unofficial pre-publication layout.
Lewis, Jack. 2003. Turbidity-controlled
sampling for suspended sediment load estimation. In: Bogen,
J. Tharan Fergus and Des Walling (eds.), Erosion and Sediment Transport
Measurement in Rivers: Technological and Methodological Advances
(Proc. Oslo Workshop, 19-20 June 2002). IAHS Publ. 283: 13-20. M
[294 KB]
Eads, Rand and Jack Lewis. 2003. Turbidity
Threshold sampling in watershed research. In: Renard, Kenneth
G.; McElroy, Stephen A.; Gburek, William J.; Canfield, H. Evan;
Scott, Russell L., eds. First Interagency Conference on Research
in the Watersheds, October 27-30, 2003. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Agricultural Research Service; 567-571.
Eads, Rand, and Jack Lewis. 2002. Continuous
turbidity monitoring in streams of northwestern California.
In: Turbidity
and other sediment surrogates workshop (ed. by G.D. Glysson
& J.R. Gray). 30 April - 02 May 2002, Reno, Nevada. 3 p.
Lewis, Jack. 2002. Estimation
of suspended sediment flux in streams using continuous turbidity
and flow data coupled with laboratory concentrations. In:
Turbidity
and other sediment surrogates workshop (ed. by G.D. Glysson
& J.R. Gray). 30 April - 02 May 2002, Reno, Nevada. 3 p.
Lewis, Jack, and Rand Eads. 2001. Turbidity
threshold sampling for suspended sediment load estimation. In:
Proceedings, 7th Federal Interagency Sedimentation Conference, 25-29
Mar 2001, Reno, Nevada. [1824 KB]
Lewis, Jack, and Rand Eads. 1998. Automatic
real-time control of suspended sediment based upon high frequency
in situ measurements of nephelometric turbidity. In: Gray, John,
and Larry Schmidt (Organizers). Proceedings of the Federal Interagency
Workshop on Sediment Technology for the 21st Century, February 17-20,
1998, St. Petersburg, FL.
Lewis, Jack. 1996. Turbidity-controlled
suspended sediment sampling for runoff-event load estimation.
Water Resources Research 32(7): 2299-2310.
Lewis, Jack, and Rand Eads. 1996. Turbidity-controlled
suspended sediment sampling. Watershed Management Council Newsletter
6(4): 1&4-5.
Other Turbidity Related Literature:
Adams, R. J. (1991). Ambient suspended sediment concentration
and turbidity levels. Proceedings of the 1991 National Conference,
New York, pp. 865-869. Anderson, C.W., (2004). Turbidity (2d
ed.): U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations,
book 9, chap. A6., section
6.7.
Barrett, J. C. (1992). Turbidity-induced changes in reactive distance
of rainbow trout. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society
121: 437-443.
Baygi, M. H. M., P. A. Payne, et al. (1994). Measurement of turbidity
with polarized light. Measurement Science Technology 5: 685-693.
Davies-Colley, R. J. and D. G. Smith (2001). Turbidity, suspended
sediment, and water clarity: a review. Journal of the American Water
Resources Association 37(5): 1085-1100.
Downing, John (2005). Turbidity monitoring. Chapter 24
in Down, R.D. and J.H. Lehr. Environmental Instrumentation
and Analysis Handbook. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. pp. 511- 546.
Downing, John (2006). Twenty-five years with OBS sensors: The good,
the bad, and the ugly. Continental Shelf Research. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2006.07.018.
20 pp.
Foster, I. D. L., R. Millington, et al. (1992). The impact of particle
size controls on stream turbidity measurement; some implications
for suspended sediment yield estimation. Erosion and Sediment Transport
Monitoring Programmes in River Basins 210: 51-62.
Gilvear, D. J. and G. E. Petts (1985). Turbidity and suspended
solids variations downstream of a regulating reservoir. Earth Surface
Processes and Landforms 10: 363-373.
Gippel, C. J. (1989). The use of turbidimeters in suspended sediment
research. Hydrobiologia 176/177: 465-480.
Gippel, C. J. (1995). Potential of turbidity monitoring for measuring
the transport of suspended solids in streams. Hydrological Processes
9: 83-97.
Guibai, L. and J. Gregory (1991). Flocculation and sedimentation
of high-turbidity waters. Water Resources 25(9): 1137-1143.
Jethra, R. (1993). Turbidity measurement. ISA Transactions 32:
397-405.
Lewis, Jack (2007). Comparisons
of turbidity data collected with different instruments. Report
on a cooperative agreement between the California Department of
Forestry and Fire Protection and USDA Forest Service--Pacific Southwest
Research Station (PSW Agreement # 06-CO-11272133-041)..
Lex, D. (1993). In-line ratiometric turbidimeters are highly accurate,
easy to use. I &CS 66(2): 41-44.
Mitchell, A. W. and M. J. Furnas (2001). River loggers - a new
tool to monitor riverine suspended particle fluxes. Water Science
and Technology 43(9):115-120.
Murren, C. (1993). Clear thinking on turbidity. Measurement and
Contro 26: 83-85.
Orwin, John F. and C. Chris Smart (2005). An inexpensive turbidimeter
for monitoring suspended sediment. Geomorphology 68:
3-15.
Puleo, Jack A. et al. The effect of air bubbles on optical backscatter
sensors. Marine Geology 230: 87-97.
Singler, J. W. (1984). Effects of chronic turbidity on andromous
salmonids: recent studies and assessment techniques in perspective.
Logan, Utah State University.
Sun, H., P. S. Cornish and T. M. Daniell (2001). Turbidity-based
erosion estimation in a catchment in South Australia. Journal of
Hydrology 253: 227-238.
Implementation Process:
Many of the files listed below were created with Microsoft Word
2000. If older versions of Word do not open these files you may want
to download a document
Viewer (3.86 MB, for PCs with Pentium processors). The viewer
will not, however, allow file editing. |
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