The PDQ cancer information summaries are reviewed regularly and updated as new information becomes available. This section describes the latest changes made to this summary as of the date above.

Purpose of This PDQ Summary

Added this new section.

General Information

Added text to state that spontaneous remissions have been reported for some JMML patients with specific RAS mutations (cited Matsuda et al. as reference 2).

Classification of Pediatric Myeloid Malignancies

Added text to state that M0 AML appears to be associated with an inferior prognosis in non-Down syndrome patients (cited Barbaric et al. as reference 8).

Added text to state that immunohistochemical methods can be used to accurately identify patients with NPM1 mutations by the demonstration of cytoplasmic localization of NPM (cited Falini et al. as reference 71).

Added text to state that NPM1 mutations have been reported to occur in approximately 8% of pediatric patients with AML and are associated with a favorable prognosis in patients with AML characterized by a normal karyotype (cited Brown et al. as reference 79).

Treatment Overview for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Added text to state that M0, or minimally differentiated subtype, has been associated with a poor outcome (cited Barbaric et al. as reference 23).

Postremission Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Added text about the COG's randomized study (AAML0531) of the MRC backbone with or without the addition of GMTZ. Patients are assigned to low-, intermediate-, or high-risk groups based on cytogenetics and response to induction chemotherapy and the study includes patients with Down syndrome aged 4 years and older and excludes patients with APL.

Children With Down Syndrome

Added text about the COG's non-randomized study (AAML0431) of the treatment of newly diagnosed AML or MDS in children younger than 4 years with Down syndrome

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