DISTRICT ANALYSIS BOOK |
November 2003 |
A Module of the Technical Guidelines for Integrated
Disease Surveillance
and Response in the African Region
This document was prepared by WHO Regional
Office for Africa (AFRO), Harare, Zimbabwe, in collaboration
with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),
Atlanta, USA, and supported by USAID.
Developed by:
Wondi Alemu, MD, MPH, Chief IDSR Unit CSR, WHO African
Regional Office (AFRO)
Mac W. Otten Jr, MD, MPH, Medical Epidemiologist,
Global Immunization Division (CDC)
Helen Perry, MA, Educational Design Specialist, Division
of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases (CDC)
We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of the
following organizations within WHO and CDC:
World Health Organization (WHO)
Division of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR) |
World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa ( WHO/AFRO)
Division of Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases |
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Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR)
Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPD)
Tuberculosis Control Programme (TUB)
Other Tropical Disease Control Programme (OTD)
Leprosy Control Programme (LEP)
Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses Programme (IMCI)
Regional Programme on AIDS (RPA)
Roll Back Malaria/Malaria Control Programme (RBM/MAL) |
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
Epidemiology Program Office |
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Division of International Health |
National Center for Infectious Diseases |
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Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases |
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Meningitis and Special Pathogens Branch
Foodborne and Diarrhoeal Diseases Branch |
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Division of Parasitic Diseases
Division of Vector-borne Infectious Diseases |
National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention |
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Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Surveillance and Epidemiology
Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention
Global AIDS Program |
National Immunization Program |
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Global Immunization Division |
Office of Global Health |
Cover design by: Diane Speight
Production management: Jeanette St. Pierre
DISTRICT ANALYSIS BOOK
A Module of the Technical Guidelines for Integrated Disease Surveillance and Response in the African Region |
MALARIA |
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Reported <5 years old in-patient
malaria cases and deaths |
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Reported <5 years old in-patient
malaria with severe anaemia |
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Reported 5+ years old in-patient
malaria cases and deaths |
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Out-patient uncomplicated malaria
cases |
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Reported lab-confirmed out-patient
uncomplicated malaria cases |
PNEUMONIA |
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Reported <5 years old in-patient
pneumonia cases and deaths |
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Reported <5 years old out-patient
pneumonia cases |
DIARRHEA |
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Reported <5 years old in-patient
diarrhea cases and deaths |
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Reported <5 years old out-patient
diarrhea cases |
CHOLERA |
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Reported total in-patient and out-patient
cholera cases and deaths |
DIARRHEA WITH BLOOD |
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Reported in-patient diarrhea with
blood cases and deaths |
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Reported outpatient diarrhea with
blood cases |
MEASLES |
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Reported total in-patient and out-patient
measles cases |
MENINGITIS |
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Immediately-reported meningitis
cases by week to detect N. meningiditis outbreaks in high risk districts |
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS |
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Male and female non-vesicular genital
ulcer cases |
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Male urethral discharge cases |
HIV AND AIDS |
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Reported new in-patient AIDS cases
and deaths |
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Reported new out-patient AIDS cases |
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Number of first visit antenatal
attendees and number accepting HIV testing for prevention of maternal-to-child transmission |
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HIV seroprevalence from HIV testing
for prevention of maternal-to-child transmission |
TUBERCULOSIS |
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Reported pulmonary smear + cases
and treatment failures |
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Reported new pulmonary smear+ cases
by age group |
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TB person analysis |
LEPROSY |
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Reported new leprosy cases |
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Leprosy analysis and quality of
surveillance program
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ANALYZE THE DATA |
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Each month or quarter:
Analyze the inpatient and outpatient data for
each disease separately. In-patients are more
likely to have severe disease, and the diagnosis is often more accurate. Many disease
control programs have objectives to reduce severe
cases and deaths. Thus, information from analysis of inpatient data is more accurate
for evaluating whether the disease control program
is working.
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1.1 |
Review the updated graphs and tables and make
sure they are complete and up-to-date. |
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1.2 |
Compare the current information for each priority
disease with previous months, seasons, or years. |
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1.3 |
Decide if:
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The number of cases and deaths
for each disease is the same, higher or
lower than in previous months, seasons,
or years. |
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The case fatality rate is the same, higher
or lower than in previous months, seasons
or years. |
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An action threshold has been reached that
requires immediate action. Refer to the
national technical guidelines for integrated disease surveillance for disease-specific
action thresholds. |
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1.4 |
Consider non-disease reasons for any increase
or decrease in the data. For example, is the increase
or decrease due to: |
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A new health facility or hospital
has opened in the catchment area resulting
in a change in referral patterns. |
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New clinicians in the area are using different
diagnostic criteria or case definitions. |
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Data recording errors |
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A change in the number of health facilities
reporting information. |
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A seasonal variation. |
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A change in screening or treatment programs
that accounts for an increase in the number
of people seeking care. |
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A recent immigration or emigration or
increase in refugee population. |
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A change in the quality of services being
offered at the health facility. For example,
drugs are reliably available, lines are
shorter, health workers are more helpful. |
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1.5 |
Refer to disease-specific considerations to
interpret any increase or decrease in the data.
Also refer to the national technical guidelines
for integrated disease surveillance and response. |
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