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Self-esteem, emotional distress and sexual behavior among adolescent
females: Inter-relationships and temporal effects.
Journal of Adolescent Health 2006; 38:268-274.
Ethier KA, Kershaw TS, Lewis JB, Milan A, Niccolai LM, Ickovics JR.
Abstract
PURPOSE: The current analyses attempt to clarify the relationship between psychological
factors and sexual behavior. We test a model examining relationships between
sexual history (e.g., age at initiation, partner history) and self-esteem
and emotional distress (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, hostility) and
their impact on future sexual risk behavior (e.g., unprotected sex, multiple
sexual partners). METHODS: The current analyses included 155 sexually active
adolescent females, aged 14-19 years, who participated in the first two waves
of a longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/sexually transmitted
disease (STD) and pregnancy risk. The Rosenberg Self-esteem scale, the Perceived
Stress Scale, and three subscales of the Brief Symptom Inventory (depression,
anxiety, hostility) and a variety of self-report measures of sexual history
and sexual behavior were administered. Structural equation modeling using
LISREL 8.51 was used to assess the proposed model. RESULTS: Our model exhibited
adequate fit and demonstrated that sexual history reported retrospectively
at baseline was related to self-esteem and emotional distress also measured
at baseline. These variables predicted sexual risk behavior measured 6 months
later. Adolescents who had lower self-esteem at baseline reported initiating
sex earlier and having had risky partners. Alternatively, adolescents with
more emotional distress at baseline were less likely to have had a previous
STD, had more partners per year of sexual activity and a history of risky
partners. Self-esteem influenced subsequent unprotected sex and emotional
distress influenced subsequent multiple partners. CONCLUSIONS: This model
suggests that self-esteem and emotional distress have contrasting relationships
with sexual behavior and demonstrates the importance of the temporal nature
of these variables. Implications for intervention are discussed.