CDC. A comprehensive immunization strategy to eliminate transmission
of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States: Recommendations
of the Advisory Committee
on Immunization Practices (ACIP). Part 2: immunization of adults. MMWR.
In press 2006.
Hatcher RA, Trussel TJ, Stewart FH, et al. 18th ed. Contraceptive Technology.
New York, NY: Ardent Media; 2004.
Kamb ML, Fishbein M, Douglas JM Jr, et al. Efficacy of risk-reduction
counseling to prevent human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted
diseases:
a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998;280:1161–67.
Gottlieb SL, Douglas JM Jr, Foster M, et al. Incidence of herpes
simplex virus type 2 infection in 5 sexually transmitted disease
(STD) clinics
and the effect
of HIV/STD risk-reduction counseling. J Infect Dis 2004;190:1059–67.
CDC, Health Resources and Services Administration, National Institutes
of Health, HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society
of America,
HIV
Prevention in Clinical Care Working Group. Recommendations for incorporating
human immunodefi-ciency
virus (HIV) prevention into the medical care of persons living with
HIV. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:104–21.
Fisher JD, Cornman DH, Osborn CY, Amico KR, Fisher WA, Friedland
GA. Clinician-initiated HIV risk reduction intervention for HIV-positive
persons: formative research,
acceptability, and fidelity of the Options Project. J Acquir Immune
Defic Syndr 2004;37(Suppl 2):S78–S87.
Richardson JL, Milam J, Stoyanoff S, et al. Using patient risk indicators
to plan prevention strategies in the clinical care setting. J Acquir
Immune Defic
Syndr 2004;37(Suppl 2):S88–S94.
Wingood GM, DiClemente RJ, Mikhail I, et al. A randomized controlled
trial to reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors and sexually transmitted
diseases
among
women living with HIV: the WiLLOW Program. J Acquir Immune Defic
Syndr 2004;37(Suppl 2):S58–S67.
Holmes KK, Levine R, Marcia Weaver. Effectiveness of condoms
in preventing sexually transmitted infections. Bull World Health
Organ.
2004;82:454-461.
Ness RB, Randall H, Richter HE, et al. Condom use and the risk
of recurrent pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic pelvic pain,
or infertility
following
an episode
of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Public Health 2004;94:1327-9.
Wald A, Langerberg AGM, Krantz E, et al. The relationship between
condom use and herpes simplex virus acquisition. Ann Intern Med
2005;143:707–13.
Wald A, langenberg AG, Link K, et al.. Effect of condoms on reducing
the transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 from men to women.
JAMA 2001;27;285:3100-6.
Manhart LE, Koutsky LA. Do condoms prevent genital HPV infection,
external genital warts, or cervical neoplasia?: A meta-analysis.
Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
2002;29:725–35.
Hogenwoning CJA, Bleeker MCG, van den Brule AJC, et al. Condom
use promotes regression of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and
clearance
of human
papillomavirus: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Cancer 2003;107:811–6.
Bleeker MCG, Hogewoning CJA, Voorhorst FJ, et al. Condom use promotes
regression of human papillomavirus-associated penile lesions in
male sexual partners
of women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Int J Cancer
2003;107:804–10.
Winer R, Hughes JP, Feng Q, et al. Consistent condom use from time
of first vaginal intercourse and the risk of genital human papillomavirus
infection
in young women.
N Engl J Med 2006;354:2645–54.
Drew WL, Blair M, Miner RC. Evaluation of the virus permeability
of a new condom for women. Sex Transmit Dis 1990;17:110–12.
French PP, Latka M, Gollub EL, Rogers C, Hoover DR, Stein ZA. Use-effectiveness
of the female versus male condom in preventing sexually transmitted
disease in women. Sex Transmit Dis 2003;30:433–9.
Gross M, Buchbinder SP, Holte S, Celum CL, Koblin BA, Douglas JM
Jr Use of reality “female
condoms” for anal sex by US men who have sex with men. HIVNET Vaccine Preparedness
Study Protocol Team. Am J Public Health 1999;89:1739–41.
Wilkinson D, Tholandi M, Ramjee G, Rutherford GW. Nonoxynol-9 spermicide
for prevention of vaginally acquired HIV and other sexually transmitted
infections: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled
trials including
more than 5000 women. Lancet 2002;2:613–7.
Golden MR, Whittington WLH,
Handsfield HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent
or persistent gonorrhea
or chlamydial infection.
N Engl J Med 2005;352:676–85.
Kissinger P, Mohammed H, Richardson-Alston G, et al. Patient-delivered
partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled
trial. Clin Infect
Dis 2005;41:623–9.
Schillinger JA, Kissinger P, Calvet H, et al. Patient-delivered
partner treatment with azithromycin to prevent repeated Chlamydia
trachomatis infection among
women: a randomized, controlled trial. Sex Transmit Dis 2003;30:49–56.
Kissinger P, Schmidt N, Mohammed H, et al. Patient-delivered partner
treatment for trichomonas vaginalis: a randomized controlled trial.
Sex Transmit
Dis 2006;33:1–6
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Guide to clinical preventive
services, 2005. Recommendations of the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force. Rockville,
MD: Agency
for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2005.
American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.
Guidelines for Perinatal Care. 4th ed. Washing-ton, DC: American Academy
of Pediatrics and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 1997.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Prophylactic antibiotics
in labor and delivery. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 47. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:875–82.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Primary and preventive
care: periodic assessment. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 292. Obstet Gynecol.
2003;102:1117–24.
Zanetti AR, Tanzi E, Newell ML. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitic
C virus. J Hepatol 1999;31(Suppl 31):96–100.
Burns DN, Minkoff H. Hepatitis C: screening in pregnancy. Obstet
Gynecol 1999;94:1044–48.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Viral hepatitis
in pregnancy. ACOG Educational Bulletin No. 248. Washington, DC:
American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists; 1998.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Prenatal and
perinatal human immunodeficiency virus testing: expanded recommendations.
ACOG
Committee Opinion No. 304. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:1119–24.
Chou R, Smits AK, Huffman LH, Fu R, Korthuis PT. Prenatal screening
for HIV: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force.
Ann
Intern Med 2005;143:38–54.
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Sexually transmitted
diseases in adolescents. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 301. Obstet Gynecol
2004;104:891–8.
Mayer KH, Klausner JD, Handsfield HH. Intersecting epidemics and
educable moments: sexually transmitted disease risk assessment and
screening
in men who have
sex with men. Sex Transmit Dis 2001;28:464–7.
Kent C, Chaw JK, Wong W, et al. Prevalence of rectal, urethral, and
pharyngeal chlamydia and gonorrhea detected in 2 clinical settings
among men who
have sex with men: San Francisco, California, 2003. Clin Infect Dis
2005;41:67–74.
Fethers K, Marks C, Mindel A, Estcourt CS. Sexually transmitted infections
and risk behaviours in women who have sex with women. Sex Transmit
Infect 2000;76:345–9.
Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Eschenbach DA, Agnew K, Stine K, Hillier
SL. Characterization of vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis in
women
who have sex with women.
J Infect Dis 2002;185:1307–13.
Marrazzo JM, Koutsky LA, Kiviat
NB, Kuypers JM, Stine K. Papanicolaou test screening and prevalence of genital
human papillomavirus among
women who
have sex with women. Am J Public Health 2001;91:947–52.
Diamant AL, Schuster MA, McGuigan K, Lever J. Lesbians’ sexual history
with men: implications for taking a sexual history. Arch Intern Med 1999;159:2730–6.
Pilcher CD, Eron JJ Jr, Vemazza PL, et al. Sexual transmission during
the incubation period of primary HIV infection. JAMA 2001;286:1713–4.
Wawer MJ, Gray RH, Sewankambo NK, et al. Rates of HIV-1 transmission
per coital act, by stage of HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda. J
Infect Dis
2005;191:1403–9.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Treatment of opportunistic
infections. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services,
National Institutes
of Health, CDC; 2006. Available at http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov.
Aberg JA, Gallant JE, Anderson J, et al. Primary care guidelines
for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency
virus:
recommendations
of the
HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.
Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:609–29.
US Department of Health and Human Services. Guidelines for the use
of antiretroviral agents in HIV-infected adults and adolescents.
Washington, DC: US Department
of Health and Human Services; 2006. Available at http://AIDSinfo.nih.gov.
Yeni PG, Hammer SM, Hirsch MS, et al. Treatment for adult HIV infection,
2004 recommendations of the International AIDS Society-USA Panel.
JAMA 2004;292:251–65.
Janssen RS, Holtgrave DR, Valdiserri RO, Sheperd M, Gayle HD, De
Cock KM. The serostatus approach to fighting the HIV epidemic: prevention
strategies
for
infected individuals. Am J Public Health 2001;91:1019–24.
Institute of Medicine. Committee on HIV prevention strategies in
the United States. No time to lose: getting more from HIV prevention.
Washington,
DC: National Academy Press; 2001.
Public Health Service Task Force. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral
drugs in pregnant HIV-1 infected women for maternal health and interventions
to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United States. Rockville,
MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service,
U.S.
Preventive Services Task Force, Perinatal HIV Guidelines Working
Group; 2005. Available
at: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov.
Bulterys M, Weidle PJ, Abrams EJ, Fowler MG. Combination antiretroviral
therapy in African nursing mothers and drug exposure in their infants:
new pharmacokinetic
and virologic findings. J Infect Dis 2005;192:709–12.
Public Health Service Task Force. Recommendations for use of antiretroviral
drugs in pregnant HIV-1 infected women for maternal health and
interventions to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission in the United
States. Rockville,
MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes
of Health,
Health Resources and Services Administration; 2005. Available at:
http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov.
Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected
Children. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in pediatric HIV
infection 2005. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
National Institutes of Health, Health Resources and Services Administration;
2005.
Roberts CM, Pfister JR, Spear SJ. Increasing proportion of herpes simplex
virus type 1 as a cause of genital herpes infection in college students.
Sex Transmit
Dis 2003;30:801–2.
Benedetti JK, Corey L, Ashley R. Recurrence rates in genital herpes
after symptomatic first-episode infection. Ann Intern Med 1994;121:847–54.
Engelberg R, Carrell D, Krantz E, Corey L, Wald A. Natural history
of genital herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Sex Transmit Dis
2003;30:174–7.
Scoular A. Using the evidence base on genital herpes: optimising the
use of diagnostic tests and information provision. Sex Transmit Infect
2002;78:160–5.
Scoular A, Gillespie G, Carman WF. Polymerase chain reaction for
diagnosis of genital herpes in a genitourinary medicine clinic. Sex
Transmit
Infect 2002;78:21–5.
Wald A, Huang M-L, Carrell D, Selke S, Corey L. Polymerase chain
reaction for detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA on mucosal
services:
comparison with HSV isolation in cell culture. J Infect Dis 2003;188:1345–51.
Song B, Dwyer DE, Mindel A. HSV type specific serology in sexual
health clinics: use, benefits, and who gets tested. Sex Transmit
Infect 2004;80:113–7.
Whittington WL, Celum CL, Cent A, Ashley RL. Use of a glycopro-tein
G-based type-specific assay to detect antibodies to herpes simplex
virus type
2 among persons attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex
Transmit Dis
2001;28:99–104.
Zimet GD, Rosenthal SL, Fortenberry JD, et al. Factors predicting
the acceptance of herpes simplex virus type 2 antibody testing among
adolescents
and young
adults. Sex Transmit Dis 2004;31:665–9.
Leone PA, Trottier S, Miller JM. Valacyclovir for episodic treatment
of genital herpes: a shorter 3-day treatment course compared with
5-day treatment.
Clin
Infect Dis 2002;34:958–62.
Wald A, Carrell D, Remington M, Kexel E, Zeh J, Corey L. Two-day
regimen of acyclovir for treatment of recurrent genital herpes simplex
virus
type 2 infection.
Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:944–8.
Chosidow O, Drouault Y, Leconte-Veyriac F, et al. Famciclovir vs.
aciclovir in immunocompetent patients with recurrent genital herpes
infections:
a parallel-groups, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. British
J Dermatol
2001;144:818–24.
Aoki FY, Tyring S, Diaz-Mitoma F, Gross G, Gao J, Hamed K. Single-day
patient initiated famciclovir therapy for recurrent genital herpes:
a randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:8–13.
Bodsworth NJ, Crooks RJ, Borelli S, et al. Valaciclovir versus aciclovir
in patient initiated treatment of recurrent genital herpes: a randomised,
double
blind clinical trial. Genitourinary Med 1997;73:110–6.
Patel R, Bodsworth NJ, Woolley P, et al. Valaciclovir for the suppression
of recurrent genital HSV infection: a placebo controlled study of
once daily therapy.
Genitourinary Med 1997;73:105–9.
Fife KH, Barbarash RA, Rudolph T, Degregoria B, Roth R. Valaciclovir
versus acyclovir in the treatment of first-episode genital herpes
infection. Results
of an international, multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical
trial: the Valaciclovir International Herpes Simplex Virus Study
Group. Sex
Transmit Dis 1997;24:481–6.
Diaz-Mitoma F, Sibbald RG, Shafran SD, Saltzman RL. Oral famciclovir
for the suppression of recurrent genital herpes: a randomized controlled
trial.
JAMA
1998;280:887–92.
Mertz GJ, Loveless MO, Levin MJ, et al. Oral famciclovir for suppression
of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection in women. A multicenter,
double-blind,
placebo-controlled trial: Collaborative Famiciclovir Genital Herpes
Research Group. Arch Intern Med 1997;157:343–9.
Romanowski B, Valtrex HS230017 Study Group, Marina RB, Rob-erts JN.
Patients’ preference
of valacyclovir once-daily suppressive therapy versus twice-daily episodic
therapy for recurrent genital herpes: a randomized study. Sex Transmit Dis
2003;30:226–31.
Corey L, Wald A, Patel R, et al. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce
the risk of transmission of genital herpes. N Engl J Med 2004;350:11–20.
Reitano M, Tyring S, Lang W, et al. Valaciclovir for the suppression
of recurrent genital herpes simplex virus infection: a large-scale
dose range-finding
study. J Infect Dis 1998;178:603–10.
Miyai T, Turner KR, Kent CK, et al. The psychosocial impact of testing
individuals with no history of genital herpes for herpes simplex
virus type 2. Sex Transmit
Dis 2004;31:517–21.
Henry RE, Wegmann JA, Hartle JE, Christopher JW. Successful oral
acyclovir desensitization. Ann Allergy 1993;70:386–8.
Posavad CM, Wald A, Kuntz S, et al. Frequent reactivation of herpes
simplex virus among HIV-1–infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral
therapy. J Infect Dis 2004;190:693–6.
Conant MA, Schacker TW, Murphy RL, et al. Valaciclovir versus aciclovir
for herpes simplex virus infe7ction in HIV-infected individuals:
two randomized trials. Int J STD AIDS 2002;13:12–21.
Romanowski B, Aoki FY, Martel AY, et al. Efficacy and safety of famciclovir
for treating mucocutaneous herpes simplex infection in HIV-infected
individuals. AIDS 2000;14:1211–7.
DeJesus E, Wald A, Warren T, et al. Valacyclovir for the suppression
of recurrent genital herpes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected
subjects.
J Infect
Dis 2003;188:1009–16.
Reyes M, Shaik NS, Graber JM, et al. Acyclovir-resistant genital
herpes among persons attending sexually transmitted disease and human
immunodeficiency
virus clinics. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:76–80.
Stone KM, Reiff-Eldridge R, White AD, et al. Pregnancy outcomes following
systemic prenatal acyclovir exposure: conclusions from the International
Acyclovir Pregnancy
Registry, 1984–1999. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2004;70:201–7.
Sheffield JS, Hollier LM, Hill JB, Stuart GS, Wendel GD Jr Acyclovir
prophylaxis to prevent herpes simplex virus recurrence at delivery:
a systematic review.
Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:1396–403.
Watts DH, Brown ZA, Money D, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled
trial of acyclovir in late pregnancy for the reduction of herpes
simplex virus shedding and cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol
2003;188:836–43.
Scott LL, Hollier LM, McIntire D, Sanchez PJ, Jackson GL, Wendel
GD Jr Acyclovir suppression to prevent recurrent genital herpes at
delivery.
Infect Dis Obstet
Gynecol 2002;10:71–7.
O’Farrell N. Donovanosis. Sex Transmit Infect 2002;78:452–7.
Mabey D, Peeling RW. Lymphogranuloma venereum. Sex Transmit Infect 2002;78:90–2.
Romanowski B, Sutherland R, Fick GH, Mooney D, Love EJ. Serologic response
to treatment of infectious syphilis. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:1005–9.
Pope V. Use of treponemal tests to screen for syphilis. Infect Med
2004;21:399–402.
Rolfs RT, Joesoef MR, Hendershot EF, et al. A randomized trial of
enhanced therapy for early syphilis in patients with and without human
immunodeficiency virus infection: the Syphilis and HIV Study Group. N
Engl J Med 1997;337:307–14.
Hook EW III, Martin DH, Stephens J, Smith
BS, Smith K. A randomized, comparative pilot study of azithromycin
versus benzathine penicillin
G for treatment of early syphilis. Sex Transmit Dis 2002;29:486–90.
Riedner G, Rusizoka M, Todd J, et al. Single-dose azithromycin versus
penicillin G benzathine for the treatment of early syphilis. N Engl J
Med 2005;353:1236–44.
Lukehart SA, Godornes C, Molini BJ, et al. Macrolide resistance in
Treponema pallidum in the United States and Ireland. N Engl J Med 2004;351:154–8.
Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Smith SL, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities
in patients with syphilis: association with clinical and laboratory features.
J Infect Dis 2004;189:369–76.
Marra CM, Boutin P, McArthur JC, et al. A pilot study evaluating
ceftriaxone and penicillin G as treatment agents for neurosyphilis in
human immunodeficiency
virus-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:540–4.
Marra CM, Maxwell CL, Tantalo L, et al. Normalization of cere-brospinal
fluid abnormalities after neurosyphilis therapy: does HIV status matter?
Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1001–6.
Walker GJ. Antibiotics for syphilis diagnosed during pregnancy. Cochrane
Database Syst Rev 2001;3:CD001143.
Hollier LM, Harstad TW, Sanchez PJ, Twickler DM, Wendel GD Jr Fetal
syphilis: Clinical and laboratory characteristics. Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:947–53.
Dupin N, Bijaoui G, Schwarzinger M, et al. Detection and quantification
of Mycoplasma genitalium in male patients with urethritis. Clin Infect
Dis 2003;37:602–5.
Horner P, Thomas B, Gilroy CB, et al. Role of Mycoplasma
genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in acute and chronic nongonococcal urethritis.
Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:995–1003.
Taylor-Robinson D, Gilroy CB, Thomas BJ, et al. Mycoplasma
genitalium in chronic non-gonococcal urethritis. Int J STD AIDS 2004;15:21–5.
Schwebke JR, Hook EW III. High rates of Trichomonas
vaginalis among
men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: Implications for
screening and urethritis management. J Infect Dis 2003;188:465–8.
Madeb R, Nativ O, Benilevi D, Feldman PA, Halachmi S, Srugo I. Need for
diagnostic screening of herpes simplex virus in patients with nongonococcal
urethritis. Clin Infect Dis 2000;30:982–3.
Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TRH, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal
urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure.
J Infect Dis 2006;193:336–45.
Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Tetracycline treatment does not eradicate
Mycoplasma genitalium. Sex Transmit Infect 2003;79:318–9.
Marrazzo
JM, Handsfield HH, Whittington WLH. Predicting chlamydial and gonococcal
cervical infection: implications for management of cervicitis. Obstet
Gynecol 2002;100:579–84.
Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, et al. Mucopurulent cervicitis
and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis 2004;187:650–7. Erratum in
J Infect Dis 2004;190:866.
Schwebke JR, Weiss HL. Interrelationships of bacterial vaginosis
and cervical inflammation. Sex Transmit Dis 2002;29:59–64.
Marrazzo JM, Wiesenfeld HC, Murray PJ, et al. Risk factors for cervicitis
among women with bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis 2006;193:617–64.
Steinhandler L, Peipert JF, Heber W, Montagno A, Cruickshank C. Combination
of bacterial vaginosis and leukorrhea as a predictor of cervical chlamydial
or gonococcal infection. Obstet Gynecol 2002;99:603–7.
Geisler WM, Yu S, Venglarik M, Schwebke JR. Vaginal leucocyte counts
in women with bacterial vaginosis: relation to vaginal and cervical infections.
Sex Transmit Infect 2004;80:401–5.
McClelland RS, Wang CC, Mandaliya K, et al. Treatment of cervicitis
is associated with decreased cervical shedding of HIV-1. AIDS 2001;15:105–10.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydial infection:
recommendations and rationale. Am J Prev Med 2001;20 (Suppl 3):90–4.
Scholes D, Stergachis A, Heidrich FE, Andrilla H, Holmes KK, Stamm
WE. Prevention of pelvic inflammatory disease by screening for cervical
chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1362–6.
Kamwendo
F, Forslin L, Bodin L, Danielson D. Decreasing incidences of gonorrhea-
and chlamydia-associated acute pelvic inflammatory disease: a 25-year
study from an urban area of central Sweden. Sex Transmit Dis 1996;23:384–91.
Lau C-Y,
Qureshi AK. Azithromycin versus doxycycline for genital chlamydial
infections: a
meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Sex Transmit Dis 2002;29:497–502.
Kjaer HO, Dimcevski G, Hoff G, Olesen F, Ostergaard L. Recurrence
of urogenital Chlamydia trachomatis infection evaluated by mailed samples
obtained at home: 24 weeks’ prospective follow up study. Sex Transmit
Infect. 2000;76:169–72.
Whittington WLH, Kent C, Kissinger P, et al. Determinants of persistent
and recurrent Chlamydia trachomatis infection in young women: results
of a multicenter cohort study. Sex Transmit Dis 2001;28: 117–23.
Jacobson GF, Autry AM, Kirby RS, Liverman EM, Motley RU. A randomized
controlled trial comparing amoxicillin and azithromycin for the treatment
of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1352–56.
Kacmar J, Cheh E, Montagno A, Peipert JF. A randomized trial of azithromycin
versus amoxicillin for the treatment of Chlamydia trachomatis in pregnancy.
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2001;9:197–202.
Rahangdale L, Guerry S, Bauer HM, et al. An observational cohort study
of Chlamydia trachomatis treatment in pregnancy. Sex Transmit Dis 2006;33:106–10.
US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for gonorrhea: recommendation
Statement. Ann Fam Med 2005;3:263–7.
Lyss SB, Kamb ML, Peterman TA, et al. Chlamydia
trachomatis among
patients infected with and treated for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in sexually
transmitted disease clinics in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2003;139:178–85.
Tapsall JW. What management is there for gonorrhea in the postquinolone
era? Sex Transm Dis 2006;33:8–10.
Moran JS, Levine WC. Drugs of choice for the treatment of uncomplicated
gonococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(Suppl 1):S47–S65.
Oh MK, Cloud GA, Fleenor M, et al. Risk for gonococcal and chlamy-dial
cervicitis in adolescent females: incidence and recurrence in a prospective
cohort study. J Adolesc Health 1996;18:270–5.
Thomas JC, Weiner
DH, Schoenbach VJ, Earp J. Frequent re-infection in a community with
hyperendemic gonorrhoea and chlamydia: appropriate clinical actions.
Int J STD AIDS 2000;11:461–7.
Burstein GR, Berman SM, Blumer JL,
Moran JS. Ciprofloxacin for the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhea
infection in adolescents: does the
benefit outweigh the risk? Clin Infect Dis 2002(Suppl 2);35:S191–S199.
Haimovici R, Roussel TJ. Treatment of gonococcal conjunctivitis with
single-dose intramuscular ceftriaxone. Am J Ophthal 1989;107:511–4.
Hauth JC, Goldenberg RL, Andrews WW,
DuBard MB, Copper RL. Reduced incidence of preterm delivery with metronidazole
and erythromycin in women with bacterial
vaginosis. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1732–6.
Morales WJ, Schorr S, Albritton J. Effect of metronidazole in patients
with preterm birth in preceding pregnancy and bacterial vaginosis: a
placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:345–7.
Hay P, Ugwumadu AHN, Manyonda IT. Oral clindamycin prevents spontaneous
preterm birth and mid trimester miscarriage in pregnant women with bacterial
vaginosis. Int J STD AIDS 2001;12(Suppl 2):70–1.
Jackson P, Ridley WJ, Pattison NS. Single
dose metronidazole prophylaxis in gynaecological surgery. NZ Med J 1979;89:243–5.
Luton and
Dunstable Hospital Study Group. Metronidazole in the prevention and
treatment of bacteroides infections in gynaecological patients. Lancet
1974;304:1543.
Larsson PG, Platz-Christensen JJ, Forsum U, Pahlson
C. Clue cells in
predicting infections after abdominal hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol
1991;77:450–2.
Newton ER, Prihoda TJ, Gibbs RS. A clinical and microbiologic analysis
of risk factors for puerperal endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:402–6.
Soper DE, Bump RC, Hurt WG. Bacterial vaginosis and trichomoniasis
vaginitis are risk factors for cuff cellulitis after abdominal hysterectomy.
Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1016–21.
Watts DH, Krohn MA, Hillier SL, Eschenbach DA. Bacterial vaginosis
as a risk factor for post-cesarean endometritis. Obstet Gynecol 1990;75:52–8.
Silver HM, Sperling RS, St. Clair PJ, Gibbs RS. Evidence relating
bacterial vaginosis to intraamniotic infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989;161:808–12.
Hamark B, Forssam L. Postabortal endometritis in chlamydia-negative
women— association with preoperative clinical signs of infection.
Gynecol Obstet Invest 1991;31:102–5.
Hillier SL, Martius J, Krohn M, Kiviat N, Holmes KK, Eschenback DA.
A case-control study of chorioamnionic infection and histologic chorioamnionitis
in prematurity. N Engl J Med 1988;319:972–8.
Livengood CH III,
Soper DE, Sheehan KL, et al. Comparison of once-daily and twice-daily
dosing of 0.75% metronidazole gel in the treatment of bacterial vaginosis.
Sex
Transmit Dis 1999;26:137–42.
Sobel J, Peipert JF, McGregor JA,
et al. Efficacy of clindamycin vaginal ovule (3-day treatment) vs.
clindamycin vaginal cream (7-day treatment) in bacterial vaginosis.
Infect Dis Obstet
Gynecol 2001;9:9–15.
Sobel JD, Ferris D, Schwebke J, et al.
Suppressive antibacterial therapy with 0.75% metronidazole vaginal
gel to prevent
recurrent bacterial vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:1283–9.
McDonald HM, O’Loughlin JA, Vigneswaran R, Jolley PT, Harvey
JA, Bof A. Impact of metronidazole therapy on preterm birth in women with
bacterial vaginosis flora (Gardnerella vaginalis): a randomised, placebo
controlled trial. Br J of Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:1391–7.
Carey JC, Klebanoff MA, Hauth JC, et al. Metronidazole to prevent
preterm delivery in pregnant women with asymptomatic bacterial vaginosis.
N Engl J Med 2000;342:534–40.
Yudin MH, Landers DV, Meyn L, Hillier SL. Clinical and cervical cytokine
response to treatment with oral or vaginal metronidazole for bacterial
vaginosis during pregnancy: a randomized trial. Obstet Gynecol 2003;102:527–34.
Caro-Paton T, Carvajal A, Martin de Diego I, Martin-Arias LH, Reguero
A, Rodríguez PE. Is metronidazole teratogenic? A meta-analysis. Br
J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:179–82.
Burtin P, Taddio A, Ariburnu O, Einarson TR, Koren G. Safety of metronidazole
in pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1995;172:525–9.
Piper JM, Mitchel EF, Ray WA. Prenatal use of metronidazole and birth
defects: no association. Obstet Gynecol 1993;82:348–52.
Lamont
RF, Duncan SLB, Mandal D, Bassett P. Intravaginal clindamycin to reduce
preterm birth in women with abnormal genital tract flora. Obstet Gynecol
2003;101:516–22.
McGregor JA, French JI, Jones W, et al. Bacterial vaginosis is associated
with prematurity and vaginal fluid mucinase and sialidase: results of
a controlled trial of topical clindamycin cream. Am J Obstet Gynecol
1994;170:1048–59.
Joesoef MR, Hillier SL, Wiknjosastro G, et al. Intravaginal clindamycin
treatment for bacterial vaginosis: effects on preterm delivery and low
birth weight. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1995;173:1527–31.
Vermeulen GM, Bruinse HW. Prophylactic administration of clindamycin
2% vaginal cream to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth
in women with an increased recurrence risk: a randomised placebo-controlled
double-blind trial. Br J of Obstet Gynaecol. 1999;106:652–7.
Forna F, Gulmezoglu AM. Interventions for treating trichomoniasis
in women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD000218.
Pearlman MD,
Yashar C, Ernst S, Solomon W. An incremental dosing protocol for women
with severe vaginal trichomoniasis and adverse reactions to metronidazole.
Am
J Obstet Gynecol 1996;174:934–6.
Klebanoff MA, Carey JC, Hauth JC, et al. Failure of metronidazole
to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic Trichomonas
vaginalis infection. N Engl J Med 2001;345:487–93.
Kigozi GG,
Brahmbhatt H, Wabwire-Mangen F, et al. Treatment of Trichomonas in
pregnancy and adverse outcomes of pregnancy: a subanalysis of a randomized
trial
in Rakai, Uganda. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1398–400.
Sobel JD, Chaim W, Nagappan V, Leaman D. Treatment of vaginitis caused
by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:1297–300.
Vazquez JA, Peng G, Sobel JD, et al.
Evolution of antifungal susceptibility among Candida species isolates
recovered from human immunodeficiency virus-infected women receiving fluconazole
prophylaxis. Clin Infect Dis
2001;33:1069–75.
Peipert JF, Ness RB, Blume J, et al. Clinical predictors of endometritis
in women with symptoms and signs of pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J
Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:856–64.
Gaitán H, Angel E, Diaz R, Parada A, Sanchez L, Vargas C. Accuracy
of five different diagnostic techniques in mild-to-moderate pelvic inflammatory
disease. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2002;10:171–80.
Haggerty CL,
Ness RB, Amortegui A, et al. Endometritis does not predict reproductive
morbidity after pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:141–8.
Ness RB, Soper DE, Holley RL, et al. Effectiveness of inpatient and
outpatient treatment strategies for women with pelvic inflammatory disease:
results from the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Evaluation and Clinical
Health (PEACH) Randomized Trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186:929–37.
Ness RB, Hillier SL, Kip KE, et al. Bacterial vaginosis and risk
of pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet Gynecol 2004;104:761–9.
Walker CK, Workowski KA, Washington AE, Soper D, Sweet RL. Anaerobes
in pelvic inflammatory disease: implications for the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention’s guidelines for treatment of sexually
transmitted diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28(Supp 1):S29–S36.
Bevan CD, Ridgway GL, Rothermel CD. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin
as monotherapy or combined with metronidazole compared with two standard
multidrug regimens for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease.
J Int Med Res 2003;31:45–54.
Martens MG, Gordon S, Yarborough DR, Faro S, Binder D, Berke-ley
A. Multicenter randomized trial of ofloxacin versus cefoxitin and doxycycline
in outpatient treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease: Ambulatory PID
Research
Group. South Med J 1993;86:604–10.
Peipert JF, Sweet RL, Walker
CL, Kahn J, Rielly-Gauvin K. Evaluation of ofloxacin in the treatment
of laparoscopically documented acute pelvic inflammatory disease (salpingitis).
Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999;7:138–44.
Witte EH, Peters AA, Smit IB, et al. A comparison of pefloxacin/ metronidazole
and doxycycline/metronidazole in the treatment of laparoscopically confirmed
acute pelvic inflammatory disease. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1993;50:153–8.
Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Stevens CE, et
al. Effects of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection on microbial origins
of pelvic inflammatory disease
and on efficacy of ambulatory oral therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1374–81.
Irwin KL, Moorman AC, O’Sullivan M, et al. Influence of human
immunodeficiency virus infection on pelvic inflammatory disease. Obstet
Gynecol 2000;95:525–34.
Cohen CR, Sinei S, Reilly M, et al.
Effect of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection upon acute salpingitis:
a laparoscopic study.
J Infect Dis 1998;178:1352–8.
Grimes DA. Intrauterine device and upper-genital-tract infection. Lancet
2000;356:1013–9.
Nickel JC, Siemens DR, Nickel KR, Downey J. The patient with chronic
epididymitis: characterization of an enigmatic syndrome. J Urol 2002;167:1701–4.
Silverberg MJ, Thorsen P, Lindeberg
H, Grant LA, Shah KV. Condyloma in pregnancy is strongly predictive of juvenile-onset
recurrent respiratory
papillomatosis. Obstet Gynecol 2003;101:645–52.
De Panfilis G,
Melzani G, Mori G, Ghidini A, Graifenberghi S. Relapses after treatment
of external genital warts are more frequent in HIV-positive patients
than in HIV-negative controls. Sex Transmit Dis 2002;29:121–5.
Silverberg MJ, Ahdieh L, Munoz A, et al. The impact of HIV infection
and immunodeficiency on human papillomavirus type 6 or 11 infection and
on genital warts. Sex Transmit Dis 2002;29:427–35.
Kamb ML. Cervical
cancer screening of women attending sexually transmitted disease clinics.
Clin Infect Dis 1995;20(Suppl 1):S98–S103.
Saslow D, Runowicz
CD, Solomon D, et al. American Cancer Society guideline for the early
detection of cervical neoplasia and cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2002;52:342–62.
Wright TC Jr, Cox JT, Massad LS, Twiggs LB, Wilkinson EJ. 2001 Consensus
guidelines for the management of women with cervical cytological abnormalities.
JAMA 2002;287:2120–9.
Solomon D, Davey D, Kurman R, et al. The 2001 Bethesda System: terminology
for reporting results of cervical cytology. JAMA 2002;287:2114–9.
Conley LJ, Ellenbrock TV, Bush TJ, Chiasson
MA, Sawo D, Wright TC. HIV-1 infection and risk of vulvovaginal and perianal
condylomata acuminata
and intraepithelial neoplasia: a prospective cohort study. Lancet 2002;359:108–13.
Delmas M-C, Larsen C, van Benthem B, et al. Cervical squamous intraepithelial
lesions in HIV-infected women: prevalence, incidence and regression.
AIDS 2000;14:1775–84.
Diamond C, Thiede H, Perdue T, et al. Viral hepatitis among young
men who have sex with men: prevalence of infection, risk behaviors and
vaccination. Sex Transmit Dis 2003;30:425–32.
MacKellar
DA, Valleroy LA, Secura GM, et al. Two decades after vaccine license:
hepatitis B immunization and infection among young men who have sex with
men. Am J
Public Health 2001;91:965–71.
Ghosn J, Pierre-François S, Thibault V, et al. Acute hepatitis
C in HIV-infected men who have sex with men. HIV Medicine 2004;5:303–6.
Browne R, Asboe D, Gilleece Y, et al. Increased numbers of acute
hepatitis C infections in HIV positive homosexual men; is sexual transmission
feeding
the increase? Sex Transmit Infect 2004;80:326–7.
Hammer GP, Kellogg
TA, McFarland WC, et al. Low incidence and prevalence of hepatitis
C virus infection among sexually active nonintravenous drug-using adults,
San Francisco,
1997–2000. Sex Transmit Dis 2003;30:919–24.
Alary M, Joly JR, Vincelette J, Lavoie R, Turmel B, Remis RS. Lack
of evidence of sexual transmission of Hepatitis C virus in a prospective
cohort study of men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 2005;95:502–505.
Roy KM, Goldberg DJ, Hutchinson S, Cameron SO, Wilson K, MacDonald
L. Hepatitis C virus among self declared non-injecting sexual partners
of injecting drug users. J Med Virol 2004;74:62–6.
Klausner JD, Kohn R, Kent C. Etiology of clinical proctitis among
men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:300–2.
Rompalo
AM. Diagnosis and treatment of sexually acquired proctocolitis and
proctocolitis: an update. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28 (Suppl 1):S84–S90.
Chosidow O. Scabies and pediculosis. Lancet 2000;355:819–26.
Barkwell R, Shields S. Deaths associated with ivermectin treatment
of scabies. Lancet 1997;349:1144–5.
Varghese B, Maher JE, Peterman TA, Branson BM, Steketee RW. Reducing
the risk of sexual HIV transmission: quantifying the per-act risk for HIV
on the basis of choice of partner, sex act, and condom use. Sex
Transmit Dis 2002;29:38–43.
Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A case-control study of
HIV seroconversion in health care workers after percutaneous exposure.
N Engl J Med 1997;337:1485–90.
Kellogg N, Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect. The evaluation of
sexual abuse in children. Pediatrics 2005;116:506–12.
Havens PL, Committee on Pediatric AIDS.
Postexposure prophylaxis in children and adolescents for nonoccupational
exposure to human immunodeficiency
virus. Pediatrics 2003;111:1475–89.