1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ADDRESS BY ATTORNEY-GENERAL JANET RENO
12 13 14 15 16 17 United South and Eastern Tribes, Inc., Meeting 18 Arlington, Virginia 19 Wednesday, February 3, 1998 20 21 22

1 P R O C E E D I N G S 2 ATTORNEY-GENERAL RENO: Thank you 3 very much, and thank you for inviting me to be 4 here today in the spirit of mutual respect and 5 friendship. 6 Meeting with you within our framework 7 of government-to-government relations, I am 8 reminded that the Indian nations of the South 9 and East have interacted with the United States 10 government for over two centuries. 11 In the East, the framers of our 12 Constitution visited the leaders of the Six 13 Nations Iroquois Confederacy to study the 14 Great Law of Peace. 15 In this way, the wisdom of your 16 elders was made part of our constitutional 17 system of checks and balances. It has been 18 gratifying for me to stand at Harvard Law 19 School, my alma mater, and be taught about the 20 Great Law of Peace in other ways, about what we 21 can do to bring peace amongst our young people. 22 In the south, the Cherokee Nation

1 turned to the Supreme Court in the 1830s to 2 protect tribal treaty rights, and Chief Justice 3 Marshall announced the first principle of 4 federal Indian law: Indian nations are 5 distinct, self-governing peoples under the 6 protection of the United States. 7 The Court also explained that, by 8 ratifying the earliest Indian treaties, the 9 Constitution of the United States acknowledges 10 the sovereign status of Indian nations, and 11 that our treaties with your nations guarantee 12 tribal self government. 13 In a large part of our history, the 14 United States strayed from these high ideals, 15 sometimes strayed grievously, but we have now 16 come full circle, returning to a recognition of 17 tribal sovereignty as the guiding principle for 18 the government-to-government relations between 19 our nations. 20 I have seen it firsthand on my front 21 porch as representatives of the Miccosukee Tribe 22 have talked to my mother, who was then a

1 reporter, an advocate for just what we seek 2 today, sovereign-to-sovereign relations based 3 on mutual respect and regard. And I have seen 4 so much happen just in these five years. 5 Today, I reaffirm the Justice 6 Department's support for tribal self-government 7 and for treaty rights, our recognition of the 8 federal trust responsibility, and our commitment 9 to assist Indian nations in developing strong 10 law enforcement systems, tribal courts and 11 traditional justice systems. 12 Against this background, I would like 13 to briefly touch on tribal law enforcement, 14 children's justice, tribal courts and economic 15 development in Indian country. 16 Before Europeans came to this great 17 land, Indian nations had their own enduring 18 traditions of justice. The health of the 19 community was placed ahead of the individual's 20 aspirations, and the life of the community was 21 often viewed as part of an eternal circle. 22 As Black Elk, the Lakota holy man,

1 once said: "The power of nature moves in a 2 circle. The sun comes forth and goes down, 3 again, in a circle. The seasons form a great 4 circle in their changing and coming back again 5 to where they began." 6 The circle is a symbol of harmony, 7 the perfect symbol for Indian communities. 8 Unfortunately, decades of poverty and 9 dispossession have disrupted the harmony of 10 Indian communities. Today, violent crime in 11 Indian country too often takes a terrible toll 12 on its people. 13 While violent crime rates have fallen 14 nationwide, violent crime rates in Indian 15 country are rising. Tribal leaders have 16 emphasized to us the importance of improving 17 Indian country law enforcement, and in prior 18 years, the Justice Department took important 19 first steps to improve Indian country law 20 enforcement. 21 For example, the United States 22 attorneys with Indian country within their

1 districts have designated Assistant United 2 States Attorneys to serve as tribal liaisons 3 and have made efforts to reduce violent crime a 4 priority for their district. 5 The FBI established a new office of 6 Indian Country Investigations and assigned more 7 field agents to fight violent crime in Indian 8 country. 9 Since 1995, the Community-Oriented 10 Policing Service has made more than $50 million 11 in grants to tribal law enforcement agencies to 12 hire more than 700 full and part-time officers 13 in Indian communities. 14 In fiscal year 1997, the Stop 15 Violence Against Indian Women Program made 16 $5.8 million in grants to Indian tribes to 17 prevent domestic violence. 18 Yet, even with these steps, law 19 enforcement in Indian country is still 20 undermanned and underfunded. There are only 21 1.3 police officers per thousand citizens in 22 Indian communities on average, compared with

1 2.9 officers per thousand citizens in similar 2 non-Indian communities. 3 In August of 1997, President Clinton 4 asked that Secretary Babbitt and I work with 5 tribal leaders to develop proposals for 6 improving Indian country law enforcement. In 7 response to the President's directive, 8 US Attorneys, Justice Department staff, and 9 Department of Interior personnel held meetings 10 with tribal leaders around the country. 11 An Interdepartmental Executive 12 Committee for Indian Country Law Enforcement 13 Improvements was formed, and a number of tribal 14 leaders served as Committee members. 15 During our joint consultation on law 16 enforcement improvement, some tribal leaders 17 advocated a transfer of BIA law enforcement to 18 the Justice Department. Others advocated 19 retaining it in the BIA. While others, 20 including the United South and Eastern Indian 21 Tribes, recommended more study of the issue. 22 There was, however, clear consensus

1 among the tribal leaders concerning the 2 immediate need to increase Indian country law 3 enforcement resources, police training and 4 technical assistance. 5 I am pleased to announce that the 6 Justice Department, hearing that message, is 7 seeking $157 million in new and redirected 8 funds in the Fiscal Year 1999 Budget, which the 9 President has just announced. 10 This is a part of a joint 11 $182 million initiative within the Department 12 of Interior. This initiative will fight 13 violent crime, gang-related violence and 14 juvenile crime in Indian country and enhance 15 tribal justice systems. 16 I appreciate the applause, but let me 17 tell you what I told Mark. I said, "First of 18 all, we've got to get it passed. We can't say 19 that it's going to happen until we get the 20 budget passed." And we're going to try our 21 level best. 22 If Congress grants the overall

1 Justice Department request, $52 million would 2 be used to fund grants to construct, modernize 3 and repair correctional facilities and jails on 4 Indian lands. 5 Of course, even with these new funds, 6 we would not have enough resources to build 7 separate facilities on every reservation. So, 8 I will look to you, as tribal leaders, for 9 ideas about developing regional facilities for 10 Indian country, and our first effort must be to 11 get this appropriation put into law. 12 But then let us look at if we can do 13 that, how we use this money wisely. How we 14 make sure that there are detention facilities 15 appropriate for the age, for adults and for 16 juveniles, that in the juvenile detention 17 facilities there are appropriate programs and 18 services available to the child, and that they 19 still have an opportunity for education or for 20 a GED. 21 Let us work together to make sure 22 that tribal traditions are reflected in these

1 facilities after we succeed in this 2 appropriation. 3 Again, contingent upon congressional 4 approval of our request, $54 million would fund 5 more tribal law enforcement officers and law 6 enforcement training to enhance efforts to 7 fight violent crime, gang related offenses and 8 juvenile crime. 9 Again, if we can get this 10 appropriation passed, if we can get these 11 hired, let us work together to make sure that 12 these police officers are truly community 13 police officers, in that, they are people who 14 are sensitive to tribal traditions, that they 15 serve tribes who have the same traditions and 16 the same type of approach to law enforcement, 17 because I am absolutely convinced, watching the 18 operation of such police officers both in 19 Indian country and in neighborhoods around this 20 nation, that when you involve the people you 21 serve in identifying problems and priorities 22 and directing solution, we together, police and

1 law enforcement, working with the community, 2 working with the tribe, can truly make a 3 difference. 4 If Congress grants the overall 5 Justice Department request, $10 million of the 6 funds would be used to fund Indian tribal 7 courts to meet the demands of burgeoning case 8 loads. It's not going to help if we get an 9 appropriation for police officers, if we train 10 those police officers right, and then we don't 11 have the courts that can hear the cases. 12 Another $10 million in requested 13 funding would be used for drug testing, 14 treatment and sanctions in Indian country to 15 fight substance abuse, and we have got to make 16 sure that we work together to develop 17 tribally-sensitive programs that can truly, 18 truly address the issue. 19 It makes no sense to provide 20 residential drug treatment for a young offender 21 who has a drug problem and then send him back 22 home with no aftercare, no follow-up, no

1 support mechanism in the community. 2 How can we provide that? Often times 3 it may be the elder to whom that young person 4 looks up to who can be the mentor, who can be 5 the guide, who can help them off to a fresh, 6 new start. 7 Another $20 million in requested 8 funds would be dedicated to tribal juvenile 9 justice initiatives. As part of our 1999 10 Budget request, we are also seeking 30 more FBI 11 agents, 26 assistant US attorneys, and 31 12 victim-witness coordinators to fight violent 13 crime in Indian country. 14 But let us not wait until we just 15 consider the appropriation. We're going to 16 fight very, very hard for that, but we need to 17 work with you to understand how we address the 18 problem together of gangs in Indian country. 19 How do they get started? What can we do to 20 prevent it? What technical expertise or 21 assistance can we provide to you. 22 Again, if we look at these problems

1 from a point of view of what works and what 2 doesn't work and how we can work together, we 3 can truly make a difference. 4 At the same time, the Department of 5 Interior will also take steps to improve Bureau 6 of Indian Affairs law enforcement. BIA law 7 enforcement will be strengthened by placing BIA 8 police officers and criminal investigators 9 under direct supervision of professional BIA 10 law enforcement personnel and reinforced by 11 segregating BIA law enforcement functions from 12 other BIA budget items. 13 The Department of Interior has also 14 requested $25 million in increased funding for 15 law enforcement in the fiscal year 1999. 16 Reducing violent crime is critical to the peace 17 and the safety of Indian country, and safe, 18 stable community life is essential to true 19 self-determination for Indian nations. 20 To make these changes effective, we 21 must all work together in the coming months and 22 years. A great Indian leader once said: "Let

1 us put our minds together and see what lives we 2 can make for our children." 3 Today let us put our minds together 4 to see what lives we can make for our children 5 and their families, and how we can build safe 6 and healthy communities that respect the tribal 7 tradition of the many wonderful tribes across 8 this land. I think we can do it. 9 Let me turn to children's justice, 10 with that issue in mind. From my visits to 11 Indian communities, I know that Indian peoples 12 revere their elders, and they treasure their 13 children. A traditional Indian saying reminds 14 us that good acts done for the love of children 15 become stories good for the ears of the people. 16 Today, the young people of Indian 17 country and of America, I think, are great and 18 wonderful. I have talked to so many young 19 people across this nation who want so to be 20 somebody, to contribute, to make a difference, 21 and we can help them do that. 22 I have seen young men and women run a

1 relay from a pueblo in New Mexico all the way 2 to Washington to let us know what they needed 3 to support their elders and to make life better 4 for their whole community, not just for 5 themselves. 6 It will be a moment of my time as 7 Attorney General which I will never forget as I 8 met those young people, and heard about their 9 run and heard why they had come to see the 10 Attorney General. 11 We need only to give our youth the 12 guidance and the opportunity to make a safe, 13 strong and positive future, and they will do 14 it. That is why it is so important to focus on 15 prevention programs in juvenile justice. 16 Now, how do we make it work? Last 17 week, 16 tribes came to me with a joint 18 proposal to use tribal traditions to help their 19 youth develop a strong, positive self-identity, 20 so that the youth can put their energy to work 21 to better the community and to stay away from 22 gang activities.

1 This is an excellent document. These 2 strong traditions reflected in this document 3 provide the foundation for ensuring that Indian 4 youth will be given the encouragement and the 5 tools necessary to succeed as youths and as 6 tomorrow's leaders. 7 As we think about juvenile justice, I 8 would like to hear your ideas about how to 9 recruit your tribal elders to serve as mentors 10 for tribal youth, and how you, as tribal 11 leaders, can use traditional values to keep our 12 youth on track and away from trouble. 13 Let me turn now to tribal courts. 14 Tribal courts, as I've indicated, are central 15 institutions of tribal self government, because 16 they are the front-line institutions for 17 maintaining order and resolving controversies 18 in Indian communities. As such, tribal courts 19 give life to the tribal values and the 20 traditions embodied in tribal law. 21 Fulfilling the federal trust 22 responsibility to Indian nations means not only

1 improving law enforcement, but also enhancing 2 tribal courts. The Justice Department 3 recognizes the importance of tribal courts to 4 tribal self government, and we have worked to 5 promote cooperation between federal, tribal and 6 state courts by encouraging dialogue between 7 the court systems. 8 The Federal Courts of Appeal for the 9 Eighth, the Ninth and the Tenth Circuits have 10 developed committees to address tribal court 11 issues. We have also sought to provide 12 innovating training programs for tribal court 13 personnel. 14 Last week, the Department sponsored a 15 joint training for federal and tribal 16 prosecutors on how to try criminal cases in 17 Indian country. 18 Last year, the Justice Department and 19 the Federal Judicial Center co-sponsored a 20 joint training session for federal and tribal 21 court judges on child sexual abuse. 22 We are also working to make Justice

1 Department funding programs available to tribal 2 courts. For example, in fiscal year 1998, the 3 drug courts program will award over $1 million to 4 tribal governments to plan and implement tribal 5 drug court programs. The Bureau of Justice 6 Assistance also awarded planning grants for 7 intertribal appellate courts. 8 If we can use these monies for tribal 9 courts, if we can make them sensitive to tribal 10 traditions, if we can show what works, and then 11 help duplicate it in other tribal courts, I 12 think we can truly make a difference. 13 As we work to build tribal justice 14 institutions in Indian country, perhaps you 15 might consider whether opportunities exist for 16 your tribes to work together on a statewide or 17 a regional basis to enhance the effectiveness 18 of our limited resources. Intertribal 19 appellate courts may be one such opportunity, 20 and you may already be working on others. 21 As Attorney General, I can tell you 22 that it is a difficult task to deal with 50

1 states and over 500 tribes to make sure that we 2 have a true sovereign-to-sovereign relationship. 3 You can be of tremendous assistance 4 by identifying common interests amongst tribes 5 and developing a coordinated program that will 6 avoid duplication and will ensure that the 7 limited dollars we have are spent as wisely as 8 possible, and yet, that the dollars are spent 9 in ways reflective of tribal tradition. 10 We know that more needs to be done to 11 support tribal courts in institutions of 12 justice. So as I stated earlier, the 13 Department is seeking $10 million in Fiscal 14 Year 1999 to aid tribal courts, and this is 15 going to be one of my priorities. 16 Let's work together so that we can 17 handle the rapidly expanding dockets, continue 18 to ensure public health and safety, and protect 19 the political integrity of tribal governments. 20 As tribal leaders, you have the 21 ultimate responsibility for determining the 22 best avenue for building tribal courts as

1 strong, independent institutions of justice, 2 and you must be the first to cherish and 3 support tribal courts so that tribal justice 4 systems may realize their promise as 5 guardians of community justice and 6 tribal values. 7 Let me say a few words about tribal 8 economic development. This past Sunday 9 morning, I went out to the Florida everglades, 10 passed some sleeping villages. At dawn, I 11 watched the sun come up over the glades. It 12 was restoring. 13 I came back to Washington thinking, 14 oh, I can come right back at this again. And I 15 thought of people whose home it was, and I 16 thought of the vast lands of the west, of areas 17 that I have only gotten to know in my adult 18 life in main, of so many different places 19 across this country that mean so much to 20 particular tribes. 21 How do we enable a tribe to have 22 economic self-sufficiency, while still

1 retaining the lands that they love although they 2 may sometimes be in more isolation than others? 3 How do we develop economic opportunity in 4 that context? 5 With modern computers, with 6 technology that we never dreamed of, I think we 7 have some real possibilities. Tribal 8 economies, historically, were in balance with 9 nature. They provided for community members 10 opportunity without injuring the environment. 11 We have a chance, perhaps, to do that again. 12 Before the first Thanksgiving, tribal 13 elders had taught the colonists how to plant 14 corn and how to survive in our great land, yet 15 throughout the nineteenth century, as waves of 16 immigrants moved westward, tribal lands and 17 economies were displaced, as I saw in the 18 history of the everglades as it moved further 19 and further west, as people cut canals through 20 the glades to drain and to change the character 21 of the land, to change the food supply of the 22 land, to change the very land itself.

1 As reservations were diminished, 2 Chief Crazy Horse said, "We preferred our own 3 way of living. We were no expense to the 4 government. All we wanted was peace and to be 5 left alone." 6 In treaties, the United States pledged 7 to secure reservations as "permanent homes" for 8 Indian peoples. Yet, in less than 50 years from 9 the passage of the General Allotment Act in 1887 10 to the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act 11 in 1934, Indian tribes lost almost 100 million 12 acres of their remaining homelands. Congress has 13 recognized the failure of past policies. 14 In the Indian Finance Act of 1974, 15 Congress declared the policy of the United 16 States to provide capital to help develop and 17 utilize Indian labor and resources to a point 18 where Indian communities enjoy a standard of 19 living from their own productive efforts comparable 20 to that of neighboring non-Indian communities. 21 Under this Act, a few Indian tribes 22 have made important progress in developing

1 light manufacturing and other enterprises. More 2 recently, Indian tribes embarked on gaming as a 3 means of economic development, and Congress 4 enacted the Indian Regulatory Act to promote 5 economic development, self-sufficiency and 6 strong tribal governments. 7 Indian tribes use the governmental 8 revenue derived from gaming for purposes such 9 as roads and water systems, hospitals, schools 10 and law enforcement. 11 With Indian gaming, also, only a 12 small number of the more than 500 tribes in our 13 nation have achieved financial security. Some 14 of those tribes wisely seek to diversify their 15 tribal economies with revenues derived from 16 gaming, and a few gaming tribes are reaching 17 out to non-gaming tribes to help build a 18 strong economy and job opportunity throughout 19 Indian country. 20 Yet many American Indians and Alaska 21 natives continue still to be among the poorest 22 people in the nation. This is inexcusable.

1 On some of the larger reservations, 2 BIA labor statistics indicate that unemployment 3 rates exceed 50 percent of the Indian labor 4 force. In 1996, it's reported that 43 percent 5 of American Indian and American Alaska native 6 children under 5 years old live in poverty. 7 The statistics demonstrate that we must all 8 work together to create economic opportunity 9 throughout Indian country that does not destroy 10 the land, the air, the water and the spirit of 11 Indian country. 12 Last summer, the Office of the 13 Controller of the Currency, and the Office of 14 Tribal Justice of the Department of Justice 15 sponsored a conference on banking in Indian 16 country. The Justice Department is presently 17 considering a two-day summit on doing business 18 in Indian country together with our sister 19 agencies. 20 We think it is important for tribal 21 leaders, industry leaders and agency officials 22 to discuss the unique features of doing

1 business in Indian country, how to build a 2 positive environment for business development 3 and how to use advancing technologies to 4 overcome problems of distance to the 5 marketplace. 6 One of the points that is vital to 7 remember as we promote tribal economic 8 development is that the employment demographics 9 of this nation are changing rapidly. 10 Prior to World War II, 70 percent of 11 the jobs in this country were unskilled. Now, 12 I think, probably less than 17 percent are 13 unskilled. Today, workers need high-tech 14 modern skills, and we have to prepare our 15 children for the marvels of technology in the 16 21st Century. 17 Telecommuting may be one of the main 18 avenues for economic development as we approach 19 the next century. In addition, there are 20 important federal employment tax credits for 21 Indian country on the book that may be 22 under-utilized. We must get the word out to

1 industry. 2 The Small Business Administration 3 wants to announce the new HUB zone program that 4 will take effect in June of 1998. At the same 5 time, it will be important to educate others 6 about successful examples of tribal economic 7 development. 8 I'm interested in hearing your ideas 9 for promoting a continuing dialogue between 10 tribal leaders and industry leaders and 11 continuing inter-agency cooperation. 12 Perhaps it is time to form a broadly- 13 inclusive American Indian Chamber of Commerce, 14 so that tribal leaders and industry leaders may 15 come together regularly to promote business, 16 business that is consistent with tribal 17 tradition in Indian country. And so that tribal 18 leaders from successful tribes can assist in 19 providing the "spark" that is needed for less 20 advantaged neighboring tribes to enjoy the 21 benefits of economic development. 22 Finally, let me say this. I

1 know you, as tribal leaders, face many 2 challenges. Last year, Secretary Babbitt and I 3 opposed federal income taxation of tribal 4 government revenues because you need those 5 revenues to build schools, to build hospitals 6 and roads, and because such taxation would run 7 counter to our treaty pledges to protect tribal 8 self-government. 9 We also opposed legislative proposals 10 to waive tribal sovereign immunity that would 11 have undercut your tribal government functions 12 and threatened tribal treasuries. 13 You may face similar challenges this 14 year. Please stay in touch with my staff at 15 the Office of Tribal Justice as issues of 16 concern develop. We want to work with you on 17 these issues. 18 In closing, I would remind all 19 Americans that our nation is a great land where 20 we cherish liberty, justice and freedom for all 21 of our people. 22 For American Indians, liberty means

1 tribal sovereignty and self-government. 2 Justice means respect for tribal treaty rights. 3 Freedom means that Indian peoples may live 4 according to their own ways on their own land. 5

Thank you very much. 6

(Whereupon, at approximately 7

3:30 p.m., the PROCEEDINGS were 8

adjourned.) 9 * * * * * 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22