100 | |
Small boats, rigid hull inflatables, were used to support the restoration effort. Divers left the Cunan Law, where they were housed and fed, and were transported to the reef by the tenders. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
101 | |
A small tender with divers at the restoration site. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
102 | |
A brain coral split apart by the Fortuna Reefer grounding. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
103 | |
A brain coral scarred by the ship grounding |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
104 | |
The reef surrounding Mona Island contains old growth stands of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta. This photograph shows an Elkhorn coral damaged by the ship grounding and, later, by the removal of the ship from the reef. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
105 | |
A healthy stand of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta, typically found at the reef prior to the Fortuna Reefer grounding. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
106 | |
A severed branch of Elkhorn coral at the grounding site. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
107 | |
Severed branches from an Elkhorn coral stand at Mona Island. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
108 | |
Coral branches that fell in sand corridors bordering the reef are stressed when they become abraded by rolling in the sand. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
109 | |
A diver uses a pneumatic drill to create a hole in the reef framework to secure loose coral fragments. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
110 | |
A diver moves a loose fragment of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta, in preparation to reattach the fragment. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
111 | |
A diver replaces gear before continuing to work. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
112 | |
A diver prepares to reattach an Elkhorn coral fragment. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
113 | |
A diagram shows the impacted area and the number of corals reattached, within each section, during the restoration. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
114 | |
One diver prepares to attach coral, another diver works using surface supplied air. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
115 | |
Two divers work to reattach a large fragment of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta. The coral in the background has been attached to the reef framework using stainless steel wires. The wire binds the coral fragment to the living coral where it is expected to reattach to the live coral. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
116 | |
Close up of a diver after a coral is wired into place. A curious wrasse, in the foreground, watches the diver. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
117 | |
A wired fragment of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta. Restoration experts predict that wire used in the restoration effort will be overgrown by new coral growth within a few years time. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
118 | |
A coral fragment reattached using experimental plastic ties. The use of plastic ties proved to be unsuccessful because the straps could not be tightened enough to secure the corals. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
119 | |
A healthy stand of coral reef |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
120 | |
A close-up image of the stainless steel wire used to reattach a coral fragment to the reef. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
121 | |
This image shows the reef framework crushed at ground zero impact. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
122 | |
Numerous fragments of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta, lie on the reef damaged by the grounding. In the foreground, some have already been reattached. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
123 | |
A close up of healthy Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta, missed by the grounding. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
124 | |
A coral fragment is cross-wired to keep it secure in the high energy environment at the fringing reef at Mona Island. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
125 | |
A sand corridor between the spur and groove formation of the reef. The restoration effort focused on keeping coral fragments off the reef floor and out of the sand corridors where they would become abraded and scoured. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
126 | |
Severed coral fragments on the edge of the reef buttress |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
127 | |
A hand shaped fragment of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta, is wired tightly to the reef. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
128 | |
A coral fragment is wired in two places to keep it secure. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
129 | |
In the foreground, an Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta, fragment is reattached to the reef. Stainless steel nails are holding the wire in place. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
130 | |
A coral fragment reattached using the experimental plastic ties that were later discarded in favor of stainless steel wire that could be tightened more securely. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
131 | |
Close up of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmatta, where a coral branch has been previously severed. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
132 | |
A mooring buoy put in place by the restoration team prevented the need to to place large potentially damaging anchors on the reef. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
133 | |
Wired coral fragments in a monitoring station are indicated by the fiberglass rebar in the foreground of the photograph. Monitoring stations were established to determine the success of the restoration effort. The disc to the left of the photograph also distinguishes this location as a monitoring station. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
134 | |
This image shows a control site at the Mona Island reef. Control sites were selected at random to measure conditions of the reef outside the impacted area. Control sites help scientists determine the success of the restoration effort by later comparing conditions at the control site with those within the restoration areas. |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
135 | |
A monitoring site within the restoration area |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
136 | |
A cross-wired coral fragment within the monitoring area |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
137 | |
Corals within a monitoring site at the Mona Island restoration area |
Mona Island, Puerto Rico Summer, 1997 |
138 | |
A view from Atchafalaya Bay showing the project area in the background and the created marsh platform. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
139 | |
The dredge pipeline corridor as seen from the shoreline. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
140 | |
An aerial view of the created wetlands in the containment area. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
141 | |
An aerial close-up view of the created wetlands with a prominent lobe in the foreground. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
142 | |
Lake Chapeau in the foreground. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
143 | |
A clear aerial view of Lake Chapeau in the right of the image. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
144 | |
Lake Chapeau, the created wetlands can be seen in the foreground of the photograph. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
145 | |
A close-up view of the created wetlands at Lake Chapeau. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Summer 1999 |
146 | |
Plug site 7 looking northwest along the existing oil access canal. A shell and rip rap plug was constructed across a section of the existing canal which measured approximately 157 feet wide by 10 feet deep. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana January 15 1997 |
147 | |
Plug site 7 looking at the south bank of the existing oil access canal. The white PVC pipe marks one end of the proposed plug. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana January 15 1997 |
148 | |
Locust Bayou between plug site 7 and the existing southeast trending oil access canal. This 6500 linear foot section of Locust Bayou silted up and was dredged out to its natural depth prior to construction of the project's plugs. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana January 15 1997 |
149 | |
Lake Chapeau shoreline. The broken marshes west of Lake Chapeau were restored by the dredging component of this project. |
Lake Chapeau, Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana January 15 1997 |