"Table 1 Elasticity of Traffic Level with Respect to Tolls
",,,,,,,,,
Authors,Results,Context,,,,,,,
Wuestefeld and Regan (1981),Roads between –0.03 and –0.31 Bridges between –0.15 and –0.31 Average value = –0.21,"16 tolled infrastructures in the U.S. (roads, bridges, and tunnels)",,,,,,,
"White (1984), quoted in Oum et al. (1992)",Peak-hours between –0.21 and –0.36 Off-peak hours between –0.14 and –0.29,"Bridge in Southampton, UK",,,,,,,
"Goodwin (1988), quoted in May (1992)",Average value = –0.45,Literature review of a number of previous studies,,,,,,,
"Ribas, Raymond, and Matas (1988)",Between –0.15 and –0.48,Three intercity motorways in Spain,,,,,,,
Jones and Hervik (1992),Oslo –0.22 Alesund –0.45 ,Toll ring schemes in Norway,,,,,,,
Harvey (1994),Bridges between –0.05 and –0.15 Roads –0.10,"Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco Bay Bridge, and Everett Turnpike in New Hampshire (U.S.).",,,,,,,
"Hirschman, McNight, Paaswell, Pucher, and Berechman (1995)",Between –0.09 and –0.50 Average value –0.25 (only significant values quoted),"Six bridges and two tunnels in the New York City area, U.S.",,,,,,,
Mauchan and Bonsall (1995),Whole motorway network –0.40 Intercity motorways –0.25,"Simulation model of motorway charging in West Yorkshire, UK",,,,,,,
Gifford and Talkington (1996),Own-elasticity of Friday–Saturday traffic –0.18 Cross-elasticity of Monday–Thursday traffic with respect to Friday toll –0.09,"Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco, U.S.",,,,,,,
"INRETS (1997), quoted in TRACE (1998)",Between –0.22 and –0.35,French motorways for trips longer than 100 kilometers,,,,,,,
Lawley Publications (2000),–0.20,"New Jersey Turnpike, U.S.",,,,,,,
"Burris, Cain, and Pendyala  (2001)",Off-peak period elasticity with respect to off-peak toll discount between –0.03 and –0.36,"Lee County, Florida, U.S.",,,,,,,
,,,,,,,,,