[Federal Register: May 2, 2003 (Volume 68, Number 85)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 23527-23568]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr02my03-24]
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Part II
Department of Labor
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Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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29 CFR Part 1910
Walking and Working Surfaces; Personal Protective Equipment (Fall
Protection Systems); Proposed Rule
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DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Occupational Safety and Health Administration
29 CFR Part 1910
[Docket S-029]
RIN 1218-AB80
Walking and Working Surfaces; Personal Protective Equipment (Fall
Protection Systems)
AGENCY: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Labor.
ACTION: Notice of reopening of the rulemaking record; public comment
period.
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SUMMARY: OSHA is reopening the rulemaking record on the proposed
revisions to Walking and Working Surfaces and Personal Protective
Equipment (Fall Protection Systems) to gather data and information
concerning advances in technology and industry practice and updated
consensus standards issued since the proposals were published. OSHA
also is seeking comments from interested persons on specific issues
concerning each proposal. The Agency will be publishing, in the future,
a revised economic analysis (containing a revised regulatory
flexibility analysis if necessary) for public comment. After OSHA
analyzes the record from the two reopenings, the Agency will determine
what other steps, if any, are necessary to finalize the rulemakings on
subparts D and I.
OSHA has included the regulatory text and appendices from the 1990
proposed rule as an appendix to this limited reopening notice. This
appendix may serve as an aid for stakeholders who respond to questions
in this limited reopening regarding issues referencing the 1990
proposed rule.
DATES: Written comments must be submitted by the following dates:
Hard copy: Your comments must be submitted (postmarked or sent) by
July 31, 2003.
Facsimile and electronic transmissions: Your comments must be sent
by July 31, 2003.
ADDRESSES: Regular mail, express delivery, hand-delivery and messenger
service: You must submit three copies of your comments and attachments
to the OSHA Docket Office, Docket No. S-029, Room N-2625, U.S.
Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC
20210; telephone (202) 693-2350 (OSHA's TTY number is (877) 889-5627).
OSHA Docket Office and Department of Labor hours of operation are 8:15
a.m. to 4:45 p.m., EST.
Facsimile: If your comments, including any attachments, are 10
pages or fewer, you may fax them to the OSHA Docket Office at (202)
693-1648. You must include the docket number of this notice, Docket No.
S-029, in your comments.
Electronic: You may submit comments but not attachments through the
Internet at http://ecomments.osha.gov. (See the SUPPLEMENTARY
INFORMATION section below for additional information on submitting
comments.)
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: General and technical information--Mr.
Terence Smith, OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Room N-
3609, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW.,
Washington DC 20210; telephone (202) 693-2222.
For additional copies of this Federal Register notice, contact
OSHA, Office of Publications, Room N-3101, U.S. Department of Labor,
200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210; telephone (202)
693-1888. Electronic copies of this Federal Register notice, as well as
news releases and other relevant documents, are available at OSHA's Web
page on the Internet at http://www.osha.gov.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
Table of Contents
I. Submission of Comments on This Notice and Internet Access to
Comments and Submissions
II. Background
III. Need for Revisions to Subparts D and I
IV. Request for Comments, Data and Information
A. Subpart D
1. Rolling Stock and self-propelled, motorized mobile equipment
2. Qualified Climbers
3. Rung Width for Fixed Ladders
4. Hierarchy of Fall Protection Controls
5. Scaffolds and Controlled Descent Devices
6. Anchors for Suspended Work
B. Subpart I--Personal Protective Equipment for Fall Protection
1. General Fall Protection Requirement
2. Body Belts for Fall Arrest
3. Additional Proposed Amendments of General Industry Standards
C. Other Issues
1. New and Updated National Consensus Standards
2. Incorporation of Other Rulemaking Dockets
D. Updating Economic Analysis and Impact on Small Businesses
V. Authority and Signature
I. Submission of Comments on This Notice and Internet Access to
Comments and Submissions
You may submit comments in response to this document by (1) hard
copy, or (2) FAX transmission (facsimile), or (3) electronically
through the OSHA Webpage. Please note that you cannot attach materials,
such as studies or journal articles, to electronic comments. If you
wish to submit additional materials, you must submit three hard copies
of them to the OSHA Docket Office at the address above. The additional
materials must clearly identify your electronic comments by name, date,
subject and docket number so we can attach them to your comments.
Because of security-related problems there may be a significant
delay in the receipt of comments by regular mail. Please contact the
OSHA Docket Office at (202) 693-2350 (TTY (877) 889-5627) for
information about security procedures concerning the delivery of
materials by express delivery, hand delivery and messenger service.
All comments and submissions will be available for inspection and
copying at the OSHA Docket Office at the address above. Comments and
submissions posted on OSHA's Webpage are available at http://www.osha.gov.
OSHA cautions you about submitting personal information
such as social security numbers and birth dates. Contact the OSHA
Docket Office at (202) 693-2350 ( TTY (877) 889-5627) for information
about materials not available through the OSHA Webpage and for
assistance in using the Webpage to locate docket submissions.
II. Background
Subpart D of 29 CFR part 1910, Walking and Working Surfaces, sets
forth general industry requirements for employers to protect employees
from slips, trips and falls that may cause serious or fatal injuries.
Subpart I of 29 CFR part 1910, Personal Protective Equipment, contains
general requirements covering the use and maintenance of personal
protective equipment (PPE), as well as specific provisions on the use,
design and performance requirements for various types of PPE such as
eye, face, head and respiratory protection.
The standards currently in subparts D and I were part of the
initial package of standards OSHA promulgated in 1971 under section
6(a) of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (the Act) (29
U.S.C. 655). Section 6(a) directed the Secretary, within two years of
the
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effective date of the Act, to adopt as OSHA safety and health standards
any national consensus standards, and established Federal standards
that were issued under other statutes.
Soon after OSHA adopted subpart D, the Agency initiated efforts to
revise the standard. In September 1973, OSHA published a proposed
revision of subpart D in the Federal Register (38 FR 24300, September
6, 1973). In April 1976, however, OSHA withdrew the 1973 proposal (41
FR 17227, April 23, 1976) because, in the Agency's view, it had become
outdated and did not reflect current industry practices. Concurrently,
OSHA published a notice requesting further information from interested
parties about revising Subpart D (41 FR 17102, April 23, 1976). OSHA
also conducted several informal public meetings to allow interested
parties to present their views on issues related to subpart D. Based on
the comments submitted in response to the notice and the public
meetings, OSHA determined that a more thorough scientific and technical
research effort was necessary to obtain objective information needed to
develop a revised subpart D. Thereafter, OSHA accumulated a wide
variety of technical information and studies from sources such as the
National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of Standards
and Technology) and the American National Standards Institute, which
the Agency used to develop the proposed revisions to subparts D and I.
On April 10, 1990, OSHA published proposals for revising the
standards for subparts D (55 FR 13360) and I (55 FR 13423). The two
proposals were published together because of the interdependent nature
of the hazards and working conditions they address. Proposed subpart D
included, among other things, revised provisions for the use of
personal fall protection systems while proposed subpart I added
specific design and performance criteria that various personal fall
protection systems, such as body belts and harnesses, would have to
meet. OSHA received 788 comments on proposed subpart D and 56 on
proposed subpart I during the comment period, including several
requests for an informal public hearing.
On July 18, 1990, OSHA extended the comment period for written
comments on the proposed standards until August 22, 1990, and scheduled
an informal public hearing (55 FR 29224).
The informal public hearing was held on September 11-14, and 17-18,
1990, in Washington, DC. Fifty-one parties presented testimony, and
fifty-nine post-hearing comments were received through December 1990.
The record was closed and certified on April 20, 1992.
A. Proposed Revisions of Subpart D
The proposed rule for subpart D updated many requirements in the
existing standards and proposed changes to consolidate and simplify
requirements and to eliminate ambiguities and redundancies. OSHA also
proposed to add a number of provisions that were not addressed in the
existing standards. For example, the proposal would have added
provisions allowing employers to use alternative means to protect
employees from fall hazards (e.g., designated areas, personal fall
protection equipment, safety nets) when guardrails and physical
barriers are not feasible. The proposal also added provisions
addressing walking and working surfaces such as step bolts, manhole
steps and industrial truck platforms. In addition, OSHA proposed that
the revised requirements would apply only prospectively, that is, the
proposal would allow workplaces and equipment meeting existing subpart
D requirements to be ``grandfathered in'' and limited application of
the revised requirements to new installations and renovations.
B. Proposed Revisions of Subpart I
As noted above, subpart I contains general requirements to provide
PPE as well as use, design and performance requirements for various
types of PPE. Subpart I, however, currently does not contain specific
design or performance requirements for personal fall protection
systems.
OSHA proposed to add provisions to subpart I specifying the
strength and performance requirements that all personal fall protection
systems would have to meet whenever their use was required by a part
1910 standard. The proposal included design and performance criteria
for several types of personal fall protection systems, including
lifelines, lanyards, body belts and harnesses, work positioning systems
(called ``positioning device systems'' in 1926 subpart M, Fall
Protection in the Construction Industry), travel restricting systems
and climbing device systems. In addition, OSHA proposed to add a non-
mandatory appendix (Appendix C) to provide a number of test methods and
procedures that employers and manufacturers could use to determine
whether their systems were in compliance with the proposed design and
performance requirements for fall protection systems. The primary
purpose of the design criteria and test methods was to ensure that
employers would use fall protection systems that are strong enough to
provide the necessary fall protection, but that do not stop falls with
a level of force that could exceed human injury tolerance and injure
employees.
Other OSHA standards covering specific types of workplaces and
equipment in general industry currently include provisions that require
employers to provide personal fall protection systems (e.g. Sec.
1910.66, Powered platforms for building maintenance; Sec. 1910.67,
Vehicle-mounted elevated and rotating work platforms; Sec. 1910.261,
Pulp, paper and paperboard mills; Sec. 1910.268, Telecommunications).
However, only Sec. 1910.66 of the above standards includes
requirements on the design and performance criteria for personal fall
protection systems. The criteria in Sec. 1910.66 only apply to
personal fall protection systems required within that standard.
Two standards do contain criteria for fall protection equipment.
The fall protection standards for the construction industry (subpart M
of 29 CFR part 1926), finalized in 1994 (59 FR 40672, August 9, 1994),
and the personal fall protection requirements for shipyard employment
(29 CFR 1915.159), issued in 1996 (61 FR 26322, May 24, 1996), have
design and performance criteria that are similar to those in proposed
subpart I. OSHA also notes that both of these standards prohibit the
use of body belts for fall arrest. OSHA will also review comments and
information received in those rulemakings in determining how to proceed
with the rulemakings on Walking and Working Surfaces and Personal
Protective Equipment (Fall Protection Systems).
III. Need for Revisions to Subparts D and I
A review of the information, data and comments in the rulemaking
record for subparts D and I as well as information OSHA has received
since then, indicate that OSHA does need to revise the requirements in
these subparts to address the significant hazards of slips, trips and
falls to employees in general industry. Data in the record, as well as
data received since the record closed in 1992, show that a significant
number of accidents and fatalities in general industry are caused by
slip, trip and fall hazards. For example, a 1982 study by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics (BLS) showed that during a four-month period 938
employees were injured when they fell on stairs (Docket S-041; Ex. 2-
37). The study was based on a review of workers' compensation data from
24 states. OSHA believes that the injury
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total would have been significantly higher had data from all the states
been included in the study. In 1984 and 1985, BLS reported that more
than 300 workers died in fall-related accidents, which represented nine
percent of all workplace deaths (Docket S-041; Ex. 2-19).
More recent publicly available data also confirm the need for
revising subparts D and I. BLS data for 1999 show that employee falls
resulted in 721 fatalities and 297,499 injuries involving lost
workdays, and a fatality rate of 0.08 per 10,000 employees. BLS data
for 2000 shows a slight increase in employee fall fatalities (734),
also with a fatality rate of 0.08 per 10,000 employees. This represents
a slight increase from the 1992 fatality rate of 0.06 derived from BLS
data. A 2002 study by the Liberty Mutual Insurance Company found that
falls to a lower level were the fourth leading cause of all workplace
injuries, accounting for 9.2% of all workplace injuries and $3.7
billion in direct costs annually (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-17).
OSHA believes that revising the standards for subpart D and adding
design and performance requirements for personal fall protection
equipment in subpart I will substantially reduce the number of
fatalities and injuries resulting from slip, trip and fall hazards.
IV. Request for Comments, Data and Information
Since publication of the proposed revisions to subparts D and I,
many of the resource documents OSHA used to develop the proposed rules
have been updated and industry practices and equipment design and
performance have improved. OSHA believes that incorporating information
and data about these changes and improvements into the revisions of
subparts D and I will make the revised subparts more effective in
protecting employees from the hazards of slips, trip and falls.
Therefore, OSHA is reopening the rulemaking record to add this
information and provide the public with an opportunity to review and
comment on it.
At the same time, OSHA invites comment on a range of specific
issues that are related to the proposed revisions. OSHA is particularly
interested in receiving comments on the questions listed below. OSHA
will carefully review and evaluate data, information and comments
received in response to this notice in revising proposed subparts D and
I.
As previously discussed, OSHA is using this limited reopening to
supplement and update the existing rulemaking record for subparts D and
I. There is a substantial public record on the proposed standards,
including comments, public hearing proceedings, and post-hearing
comments. This limited reopening will allow the public to update the
record on a few key issues in the proposed rules, as well as to provide
input for a revised economic analysis. When this revised analysis is
completed, OSHA will reopen the record again to allow the public to
comment on the revised analysis and the issues raised by proposed
subparts D and I in light of the revised analysis. After that public
comment period, OSHA will determine if any other steps are necessary,
including issuance of a revised NPRM, before the Agency moves ahead
with a final rule for these proposals.
To facilitate stakeholders responding to questions in this limited
reopening regarding issues referencing the 1990 proposed rule, the
regulatory text and appendices as proposed in 1990 have been included
as an appendix to this reopening document.
A. Subpart D
1. Rolling Stock and Self Propelled, Motorized Mobile Equipment
OSHA is requesting additional comment on whether rolling stock and
self-propelled, motorized mobile equipment should be covered or
excluded from subpart D. Self-propelled, motorized mobile equipment
includes tractor trailer trucks, tank trucks, hopper trucks and buses
while rolling stock includes covered and uncovered rail cars, hopper
cars, tank cars, and trailers.
Existing subpart D does not exclude such equipment from coverage
and OSHA has issued citations for self-propelled, motorized mobile
equipment under this subpart. In the proposed revision of subpart D,
however, OSHA proposed to exclude surfaces that were an integral part
of ``self-propelled, motorized mobile equipment'' other than platforms
lifted by powered industrial trucks (Sec. 1910.21(a)(1), 55 FR 13396).
In the preamble, OSHA said that employee exposure to these types of
surfaces was usually brief and sporadic, such as performing periodic
maintenance. In addition, there was concern that the surfaces did not
contain anchorage points for attaching fall protection equipment.
The preamble also included examples of equipment that OSHA intended
to exclude from coverage, but did not specify whether rolling stock
were included in those examples (55 FR 13365). OSHA received comments
saying that all rolling stock should be excluded from coverage (Docket
S-041; Ex. 3-46).
An OSHA memorandum issued to its Regional Administrators on October
18, 1996, interpreted the proposal as excluding rolling stock from
subpart D (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-16-2). In anticipation of a final
revised rule, the memorandum directed OSHA inspectors not to cite
rolling stock under subpart D. The memorandum also said it would not be
appropriate to use the PPE standard (29 CFR 1910.132 (d)) to cite
employee exposure to fall hazards on the tops of rolling stock, unless
the rolling stock was positioned inside of or contiguous to a building
or other structure where the installation of fall protection is
feasible. The Agency is asking for additional comment on the following
issues that relate to the appropriate scope of subpart D:
1. In your establishment and/or industry, how many or what
percentage of employees working on top of rolling stock and/or self-
propelled, motorized mobile equipment are exposed to fall hazards? How
are these employees protected from fall hazards while working on such
equipment? If fall protection equipment is used, please provide
detailed information on the types and costs of the fall protection used
on mobile equipment and please explain how it is used. If fall
protection equipment is not used, please explain what technological
and/or economic obstacles may be involved. Are there alternative means
to protect employees from fall hazards while working on mobile
equipment, including rolling stock? Please explain.
2. What is your safety experience with fall hazards on rolling
stock and self-propelled, motorized mobile equipment?
3. Should OSHA exclude rolling stock and self-propelled motorized
mobile equipment from coverage under subpart D? Please explain and
provide data and information to support your comments.
2. Qualified Climbers
OSHA proposed to add a provision to subpart D that would allow
employers to use ``qualified climbers,'' in certain limited situations,
to climb fixed ladders that are not equipped with fall protection
devices (i.e., cages, wells or ladder safety devices) (Sec.
1910.23(a)(2), 55 FR 13398). The proposed provision would be an
alternative to the existing subpart D requirement that fixed ladders
more than 20 feet (6.1 m) high be equipped with such fall protection
devices (Sec. 1910.27(d)). The proposed provision would allow
qualified climbers to climb a ladder without fall
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protection, provided that (1) the employer shows that the process of
installing ladder safety devices, cages or wells on the fixed ladder
would pose a greater hazard, and (2) the fixed ladder is climbed no
more than twice per year (Sec. 1910.23(a)(2), 55 FR 13398). Once
qualified climbers reach their work location, however, they must use
fall protection.
In the proposal, OSHA defined as a qualified climber as ``[a]n
employee who, by virtue of physical capabilities, training, work
experience and job assignment, is authorized by the employer to
routinely climb fixed ladders, step bolts or similar climbing devices
attached to structures'' (Sec. 1910.21(b), 55 FR 13397).
OSHA recognizes that accidents involving ladders account for a
significant number of workplace injuries and deaths. Indeed, OSHA
estimated in its preliminary economic analysis that annually more than
10 percent of work surface injuries (11,025 injuries) and 19 percent of
work surface deaths (25 deaths) involved ladders (55 FR 13390).
Nonetheless, OSHA proposed the qualified climber alternative, in part,
because the Agency believed that hundreds of thousands of fixed ladders
were not equipped with the devices subpart D requires and were being
climbed without fall protection of any kind. In the proposal, the
Agency estimated that the cost of retrofitting all of these ladders to
comply with subpart D could exceed $1.5 billion (55 FR 13360).
OSHA also proposed the qualified climber concept because the Agency
believed that the process of installing, inspecting and maintaining
cages, wells or ladder safety devices could, in some cases,
substantially increase the period of employee exposure to fall hazards,
as compared to the amount of time that qualified climbers would spend
actually climbing ladders that did not have such devices.
OSHA is seeking comment on several issues concerning qualified
climbers:
[sbull] The number of times a fixed ladder that is not equipped
with fall protection (i.e., personal fall protection systems, ladder
safety devices, cages, or wells) should be allowed to be climbed in a
year,
[sbull] Any environmental conditions in which qualified climbers
should not be allowed to climb without using fall protection,
[sbull] Whether employers should be required to provide climbers
with personal fall protection systems during training, and
[sbull] The use of other work practices and devices to protect
qualified climbers from falling while climbing.
Current industry practice. As mentioned, the proposal for subpart D
would allow qualified climbers to climb fixed ladders that are not
equipped with fall protection on an infrequent basis. OSHA stated in
the preamble that permitting employers to use qualified climbers who
are physically fit and specially trained, would be an effective way to
reduce the number of falls from these fixed ladders (55 FR 13388-89).
OSHA issued a compliance directive, which explained the de minimus
policy (OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103) (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-16). Under
this policy, it would be considered a de minimus violation when an
employer complied with a proposed standard rather than the standard in
effect at the time of the inspection and the employer's actions clearly
provided equal or greater employee protection. Employers who followed
the proposed requirements in subpart D for qualified climbers would not
be subject to citation under existing subpart D.
OSHA is interested in receiving comment on the extent to which
fixed ladders are equipped with fall protection and the extent to which
employers use qualified climbers.
4. In your establishment and/or industry, how many or what
percentage of fixed ladders exceeding 20 feet (6.1 m) are equipped with
ladder safety devices, cages, or wells? What technological and/or
economic obstacles may be involved in equipping fixed ladders with
cages, wells, or ladder safety devices?
5. In what percentage of climbs on fixed ladders are personal fall
protection systems used? Where personal fall protection systems are
used, how do climbers ``tie off'' to these ladders?
6. In your establishment and/or industry, to what extent (e.g.,
what percentage) are climbs performed by qualified climbers, as defined
above? How many or what percentage of their climbs are performed on
fixed ladders that are not equipped with ladder safety devices, cages
or wells? How many or what percentage of their climbs are performed
without personal fall protection systems? What has been the safety
experience in your establishment and/or industry using qualified
climbers?
7. In your establishment and/or industry, what are the factors and/
or rationale involved in the decision to use a qualified climber?
Please explain and provide comment on both the risk-related and
economic factors involved in this decision. Also, please comment on the
extent to which any of the following factors are involved in this
decision: height of ladder, frequency of climb, cost of installing and
maintaining fall protection equipment, and cost of training qualified
climbers.
8. If you use qualified climbers, has this practice resulted in
safety or productivity benefits? Please explain and provide data and
information about those benefits.
Number of climbs. The proposal for subpart D would allow employers
to use qualified climbers, in lieu of equipping fixed ladders with fall
protection, provided the ladder is climbed very infrequently
(1910.23(a)(2); 55 FR 13398). OSHA proposed that employers be allowed
to do so where the ladder is climbed no more than twice a year. In the
preamble OSHA notes that some industries (e.g., outdoor advertising)
allowed those ladders to be climbed more frequently and OSHA said it
was considering permitting those ladders to be climbed by qualified
climbers up to 12 times year before employers would be required to
equip the ladders with fall protection devices (55 FR 13364)). OSHA
requested comment on whether the Agency should increase the number of
climbs ladders that were not equipped with fall protection could be
climbed by a qualified climber. Several commenters requested that OSHA
allow ladders to be climbed up to six times per year before employers
would be required to equip them with fall protection (Docket S-041,
Exs. 3-412, 3-432, 10-6). They said six climbs would be in line with
telecommunication industry practice. OSHA notes that the Electric Power
Generation, Transmission and Distribution standard (Electric Power
Generation standard), which was finalized after the proposal for
subpart D was published, does not place a limit on the number of times
that a structure can be climbed by a qualified climber without using
fall protection (Sec. 1910.269(g)). Instead, the standard limits
climbing without fall protection based on whether certain conditions
such as ice, high winds, structure design, or contaminants are present
that could cause employees to lose their grip or footing (59 FR 4320,
4373; Jan. 31, 1994).
In a related issue, some commenters urged OSHA to adopt a broader
definition of what constitutes one ``climb.'' One commenter, for
example, suggested defining one ``job'' as constituting one ``climb''
(Docket S-041, Tr. 9/17/90 pp. 1745-46). One job, however, could take
days or weeks to complete and involve a large number of climbs. OSHA is
considering whether to
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define a single ``climb'' as any work activities at one fixed ladder
location that take place within a 24-hour time period, regardless of
the number of times the employee goes up and down the ladder in that
time. Accordingly, a job started at 1 p.m., Monday and completed by 1
p.m., Tuesday, would count as one climb. Similarly, a job started at 1
p.m., Friday and completed by 1 p.m., Monday, would only count as one
climb if Saturday and Sunday were non-workdays. OSHA solicits comment
on the following issues:
9. In your establishment and/or industry, how many times or what
percentages of total climbs are on fixed ladders that are not equipped
with fall protection (i.e., personal fall protection systems, ladder
safety devices, cages or wells) during a year? What is the safety
experience for such climbs in your establishment and/or industry?
10. What should be the maximum number of times that fixed ladders
can be climbed without fall protection during a year? Please explain.
How many or what percentage of climbs in your establishment and/or
industry would be affected by changing the maximum number of times a
ladder can be climbed without fall protection? Would that change
significantly affect the costs of complying with proposed subpart D in
your establishment and/or industry? Please provide estimates of the
reductions in costs and an explanation of how those costs were derived.
11. Are there data and information on climbing injuries and
fatalities to support increasing the number of times these ladders may
be climbed during a year without equipping them with fall protection?
Please explain and provide data and information.
12. Is there support for a definition of a single ``climb'' as all
work activity and climbs on a single fixed ladder within a 24-hour
period, regardless of the number times a qualified climber ascends and
descends the ladder during that time period? Please explain and provide
supporting materials.
13. Are there data and information on climbing injuries and
fatalities that support the use of a 24-hour time period as
constituting a single climb? Please explain and supply data and
information.
Environmental conditions. An issue has been raised about the types
of environmental conditions in which qualified climbers should not be
allowed to climb without using fall protection. Neither existing nor
proposed subpart D address this issue.
The Electric Power Generation standard, which also permits
employers to use qualified employees to climb or change location on
poles, towers, or similar structures without using fall arrest
equipment, places restrictions on the type of environmental conditions
employees can climb in without using fall protection (29 CFR
1910.269(g)(2)(v)). The standard specifies that qualified employees are
not allowed to climb without fall arrest equipment where ``conditions,
such as, but not limited to, ice, high winds * * * or the presence of
contaminants on the structure, could cause the employee to lose his or
her grip or footing'' (Sec. 1910.269(g)(2)(v)).
14. In your establishment and/or industry, in what types of
environmental conditions do qualified climbers use personal fall
protection equipment? What kinds of personal fall protection equipment
do they typically use in those environmental conditions? What has been
the safety experience in your establishment and/or industry with those
practices?
15. Should OSHA include in subpart D a requirement similar to the
one in the Electric Power Generation standard (Sec. 1910.269)
prohibiting qualified climbers from climbing without fall protection
equipment when environmental conditions are such that they could cause
qualified climbers to lose their grip or footing? Please explain.
16. Should OSHA include a requirement prohibiting employees from
climbing ladders in certain environmental conditions? Please explain.
Under what environmental conditions should such requirements apply?
Safe work practices. Commenters suggested additional measures that
could be implemented to protect qualified climbers. Gulf Power Company
(Docket S-041; Ex. 3-83), for instance, urged OSHA to require qualified
climbers have both hands free of tools or other objects when ascending
or descending a ladder, which would ensure that climbers maintain three
points of contact at all times when climbing.
The Electric Power Generation standard requires climbers to use
fall protection if they are not able to hold onto the structure, for
example, because they are carrying tools or other equipment in their
hands. In the preamble to the final rule, OSHA said:
[C]limbing without the use of fall protection is only safe if the
employee is using his or her hands to hold onto the structure while he
or she is climbing * * * Climbing in this manner will enable the
employee to hold onto the structure in case his or her foot slips. If
the employee is not using his or her hands for additional support, he
or she would be much more likely to fall as a result or a slip (55 FR
4374).
OSHA requests comments on the following issues:
17. What work practices, if any, have you instituted in your
establishment and/or industry to protect qualified climbers during
climbing? What has been the safety experience in your establishment
and/or industry using those practices?
18. Should OSHA require that qualified climbers have both hands
free of tools or objects when climbing? Please explain.
Resting capability. In the subpart D proposal, OSHA proposed
requirements that would require employers to provide climbers with rest
platforms during extremely long continuous climbs (Sec.
1910.23(c)(17), 55 FR 13399). The purpose of requiring rest platforms
when continuous climbs are greater than 150 feet is to ensure that
climbers do not become so fatigued that their safety becomes
endangered.
Several commenters opposed the rest platform provision. One
commenter (Docket S-041; Ex. 3-413) said that having rest platforms
``may create a more hazardous condition,'' especially if built on the
outside of a telecommunication tower. The commenter also said that
placing the platform inside the tower might restrict the climbing area.
Two commenters suggested that OSHA permit the use of ladder safety
devices, body belts, lanyards or other fall protection equipment as a
reasonable alternative to installing rest platforms on ladders (Docket
S-041; Exs. 3-83, 3-413). One of these commenters said that fall
protection equipment provides greater protection than rest platforms
because ``the climber can rest at any time and is not in danger of
falling'' (Docket S-041, Ex. 3-83). The other commenter said that rest
platforms might create hazardous conditions where, because of space
restrictions, they have to be built on the outside face of a tower
(Docket No. S-041, Ex. 3-413). The Agency believes that it may be
appropriate to allow employers to comply with the requirement to
provide resting capability by equipping climbers with a short
positioning-type device or lanyard that meets the requirements of
proposed subpart I. OSHA believes that the alternative resting devices
also may provide additional advantages because they would enable
employees to rest anywhere along the length of the climb instead of
only at fixed rest platforms.
19. What is currently being done in your establishment and/or
industry to
[[Page 23533]]
ensure that climbers are able to rest during long climbs? What is the
safety experience in your establishment and/or industry using those
practices? Would the use of platforms introduce new hazards in your
establishment and/or industry?
20. Should OSHA allow climbers to use short lanyards to tie off and
rest during climbing activities? Please explain.
21. If OSHA requires climbers to be equipped with lanyards for
resting during climbs, is there additional need to have permanent rest
platforms installed every 150 feet on ladders? Please explain and
provide data and information to support your comments.
Fall protection during training. The proposal for subpart D would
require qualified climbers to successfully complete a training or
apprenticeship program that includes hands-on training (Sec.
1910.32(b)(5)(ii)). A proposed non-mandatory appendix also recommends
that climbers use personal fall protection equipment while training
Subpart D, Appendix A; 55 FR 13408, 13420). The Electric Power
Generation standard requires that trainees use fall protection ``any
time they are more than 4 feet (1.2 m) above the ground'' (Sec.
1910.269(g)(2)(v)). In a note to that provision, OSHA said that fall
protection during training was necessary because employees still
undergoing training were not yet considered ``qualified'' for purposes
of being covered by the exception to using fall protection during
climbing. The preamble to the Electric Power Generation final rule
said:
These employees would not be able to judge for themselves
whether or not a safety strap should be used (and, in some cases,
may not even be qualified in its use). Additionally, the record
indicates that training and experience is one of the reasons a line
worker can climb a pole or structure safely without fall protection
* * * and that employees in training are at increased risk of injury
due to falling (59 FR 4374).
OSHA believes that the reasoning in the Electric Power Generation
standard supporting the use of fall protection during training of
qualified persons also is applicable to the training of qualified
climbers, and OSHA is considering whether to incorporate the language
from Appendix A into the requirements of subpart D to further enhance
employee safety.
22. In your establishment and/or industry, how are employees
currently protected from falls while they are being trained to be
qualified climbers? What is the safety experience in your establishment
and/or industry using those practices?
23. Should OSHA require that employees always use fall protection
equipment while being trained to be qualified climbers? Please explain.
24. Would a requirement to provide fall protection during training
significantly affect costs, revenues or overall profitability in your
establishment and/or industry? Please provide estimates of impacts on
costs, revenues and/or profits and an explanation of how the estimates
were derived.
25. How many and what percentage of employees at your establishment
would be affected by adding such a requirement?
3. Rung Width on Fixed Ladders
Proposed subpart D carried over from the existing subpart a
requirement that ladder rungs on fixed ladders have a minimum clear
width of 16 inches (41 cm) (Sec. 1910.23(c)(9), 55 FR 13399). OSHA
also proposed to replace the ladder requirements contained in the
Telecommunications standard (Sec. 1910.268(h)) with a cross-reference
to the revised ladder requirements of proposed subpart D (55 FR 13423).
The existing Telecommunications standard requires a 12-inch (31 cm)
minimum clearance width for rungs on fixed ladders. Commenters from the
Telecommunications industry opposed the proposed revision, saying that
telecommunications towers were highly specialized structures that do
not have the space available for wider ladder rungs (Docket S-041, Ex.
3-116).
26. In the telecommunications industry, how many or what percentage
of fixed ladders have rungs that are less than 16 (41 cm) wide? What
has been the safety experience using these ladders?
27. At telecommunication centers and field installations, should
OSHA continue to allow rungs on fixed ladders to have a minimum
clearance width of 12 inches (31 cm)? Please explain and provide
supporting data and information.
4. Hierarchy of Fall Protection Controls
Existing subpart D requires guardrails to protect employees from
fall hazards (Sec. 1910.22(c)). However, because it may not be
feasible to provide guardrails in all situations, OSHA proposed to
establish a hierarchy of controls for protecting employees from fall
hazards under subpart D (Sec. 1910.28(a)(1), 55 FR 13401). Under the
proposal, guardrails would be required as the primary means of fall
protection. However, other fall protection methods such as personal
fall protection systems, hole covers and safety nets would be permitted
where installing guardrails was infeasible. OSHA had proposed a similar
provision in the 1973 proposed rule that was withdrawn. In 1978, OSHA
issued a compliance directive, which is still in effect, allowing the
use of alternate fall protection, which would include the use of
personal fall protection, where the use of guardrails is not feasible
(STD 1-1.7, October 30, 1978) (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-22).
The construction Fall Protection final rule did not have a
hierarchy fall protection. The standard included a list of options any
of which employers would be permitted to follow (51 FR 42718, November
25, 1986). For consistency between OSHA's construction standards and
general industry standards, the Agency believes it would be appropriate
to delete the hierarchy for fall protection controls in general
industry. OSHA also notes that the fall protection requirements in a
number of general industry standards do not establish a hierarchy of
controls for protecting employees against fall hazards. See e.g., Sec.
1910.252, Welding, Cutting and Brazing General Requirements; Sec.
1910.268, Telecommunications; Sec. 1910.269, Electric Power
Generation.
In light of this, OSHA is reconsidering whether to delete the
proposed hierarchy from subpart D. OSHA recognizes that there may be
many situations in which employers may find it preferable to provide
guardrails. For example, if multiple employees are exposed to fall
hazards on a regular basis, employers may find it is more efficient and
cost-effective to install guardrails than to use personal fall
protection systems.
28. Does your establishment and/or industry follow a hierarchy of
controls for providing fall protection? If so, what is that hierarchy?
If not, why? What is the safety experience in your establishment and/or
industry using those practices?
29. In your establishment and/or industry, what types of fall
protection are provided for employees?
30. Should OSHA include a provision on hierarchy of controls for
fall protection in subpart D or allow employers to choose any type of
fall protection in proposed Sec. 1910.28 that the employer can
demonstrate will be appropriate for the specific work location and
activities being performed? Please explain. Are there certain
situations in which employers should be required to follow the
hierarchy of controls in protecting employees from fall hazards? Please
explain and provide examples.
[[Page 23534]]
31. If OSHA were to eliminate the provision on hierarchy of fall
protection controls, would this significantly affect the costs of
complying with the proposed standard? Please provide estimates of
reduction in costs to your establishment and/or industry and an
explanation of how those costs were derived.
32. Please describe any changes to your fall protection program
that your establishment and/or industry have implemented in the past 10
years. How many of or what percentage of employees have been affected
by those changes? What was the impetus for those changes? Please
describe any safety, technological, economic and potential regulatory
factors that were involved in implementing those changes. For example,
did any of the fall protection provisions proposed by OSHA for subparts
D and I precipitate any changes to fall protection programs in your
establishment and/or industry?
5. Scaffolds and Controlled Descent Devices
Existing subpart D addresses 20 different types of scaffolds,
ranging from wood pole scaffolds to float scaffolds (Sec. 1910.28).
Because many of these scaffolds are not typically used in general
industry, the proposal for subpart D specifically addressed only the
four types of scaffolds most commonly used:
[sbull] Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages)
(Sec. 1910.30(d), 55 FR 13405);
[sbull] Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (Sec.
1910.30(e), 55 FR 13406);
[sbull] Mobile manually propelled scaffolds (Sec. 1910.30(f), 55
FR 13406); and
[sbull] Boatswains' chair (Sec. 1910.30(g), 55 FR 13406).
In the preamble, OSHA explained that the 16 other types of
scaffolds not specifically addressed in subpart D would be required to
meet the requirements of the scaffolding standards for the construction
industry (29 CFR Part 1926, subpart L) (55 FR 13378). This approach,
OSHA said, would ensure coverage of all scaffolds and at the same time
simplify subpart D. OSHA also requested comments about whether these
other types of scaffolds should be specifically addressed in subpart D.
Several commenters from the window cleaning industry said OSHA
should consider controlled descent devices (CDD) to be scaffolds, and
to include them in the scaffold section of subpart D (Docket S-041; Ex.
3-45; 3-412; 10-11). A CDD is a suspension-type device that usually
supports one employee in a chair (seat board) and allows the user to
descend in a controlled manner and to stop at desired points during the
descent. The CDD is a variation of the single-point adjustable
suspension scaffold, but generally only operates in a descending
direction. Commenters said that CDDs are used in at least 60 percent of
all high-rise window-cleaning operations and are not specifically
covered in the scaffold standards for the construction industry (Docket
S-041; Ex. 3-431).
In a March 12, 1991, memorandum to its Regional Administrators,
OSHA stated that employers who use CDDs to perform building cleaning,
inspection and maintenance must do so in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions, warnings, and design limitations. In
addition, OSHA said it expected employers using CDDs to implement eight
specific safety provisions covering the following areas: employee
training, inspection of equipment, proper rigging, separate fall arrest
systems, installation of lines, rescue, prevention of rope damage and
stabilization (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-16-3). These eight provisions also
are included in the current national consensus standard, ANSI I-14.1-
2001--Window Cleaning Safety (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-13). The ANSI
standard also limits the use of CDDs, which it refers to as rope
descent systems (RDS), to window cleaning operations performed 300 feet
(91 m) or less above grade, unless the windows cannot be safely and
practicably accessed by other means such as powered platforms.
OSHA is considering adding provisions specifically addressing CDDs
to subpart D. The OSHA memorandum has been in effect for more than a
decade and OSHA is not aware of any fatalities involving CDDs when all
eight of the safety provisions have been followed. In addition, the
inclusion of the eight provisions in the ANSI standard on window
cleaning indicates strong industry acceptance of these specific safety
precautions.
33. In your establishment and/or industry, to what extent and in
what operations are controlled descent devices being used? Please
provide a detailed description of the technical, economic and safety
factors that are considered in determining whether to deploy them. When
controlled descent devices are used in your establishment and/or
industry, are the eight safety provisions in the OSHA 1991 memorandum
and ANSI I-14.1-201 being followed? If any are not being met, please
explain why. What has been the safety experience in your establishment
and/or industry using these devices?
34. Are controlled descent devices being used in operations
performed more than 300 feet above grade? In what circumstances are
controlled descent devices used above that height? Are additional
safety measures used when operating at that height? Please explain.
What has been the safety experience in your establishment and/or
industry using the devices at that height?
35. Should OSHA include specific requirements for the use,
installation and maintenance of controlled descent devices in the
scaffold section of Subpart D? Please explain.
36. Should OSHA add to subpart D the eight safety provisions on the
use of controlled descent devices discussed in the 1991 OSHA memorandum
to Regional Administrators and included in ANSI I-14.1-2001? Please
explain.
37. Should OSHA limit the use of controlled descent devices to
operations performed no higher than 300 feet (91 m) above grade unless
access cannot be attained safely and practicably by other means? What
additional safety measures are needed for operations performed above
300 feet? Please explain.
38. Would limiting controlled descent devices to 300 feet impose
added costs in your establishment and/or industry? If so, please
provide estimates of the costs and an explanation of how those costs
were derived.
39. How many or what percentage of jobs in your establishment or
industry would be affected by such a requirement?
6. Anchors for Suspended Work
Proposed subpart D includes several provisions requiring that
scaffolding and personal fall protection systems be secured to
structures or buildings to prevent them from swaying or moving suddenly
(Sec. 1910.28(c)(24)(vi), Sec. 1910.28(c)(27)(ii), Sec.
1910.28(d)(3), 55 FR 13405). For example, proposed subpart D requires
personal fall protection systems used on single-level scaffolds and the
top surface of multi-level scaffolds to be attached to a structure
(anchorage point) other than the scaffold or scaffold suspension system
(Sec. 1910.28(c)(27)(ii), 55 FR 13405). However, neither existing nor
proposed subpart D address the installation and maintenance of the
anchorages themselves on buildings or other structures.
In the hearing notice for proposed subpart D, OSHA requested
comment on whether OSHA should add an installation and maintenance
provision to subpart D for ``all structures where it is reasonably
foreseeable that employees will need anchorage points'' to attach
scaffolds and other equipment (55 FR
[[Page 23535]]
29224, 29227-28, July 18, 1990). OSHA raised this issue after IWCA and
small window cleaning companies told OSHA that quite often there were
no anchorage points on rooftops for attaching their lines. Since they
did not own the building, they had no control over the presence or
location of anchorage points. They urged OSHA to require building
owners to install anchor points on rooftops or designate existing
structural members that would be strong enough to serve as anchor
points to attach scaffolds, control descent devices and safety lines
(Docket S-041; Exs. 3-407, Tr. 9/11/90 pp. 311, 313, 330-31; Tr. 9/12/
90 pp. 483-84, 503, 543-44, 565-66, 596-97, 629-30).
Building Owners and Managers Association International (BOMA),
however, objected to requiring building owners to provide anchor
points, stating that window cleaners were generally able to find
supports on which to tie off (Docket S-041, Tr. 9/14/90 p. 1443). BOMA
did agree that new buildings completed two to five years after the
effective date of the final rule should be equipped with anchor points
(Docket S-041, Ex. 75).
IWCA and BOMA participated on the ANSI committee that developed the
new national consensus standard addressing safety in window cleaning
operations discussed earlier (ANSI I-14.1-2001--Window Cleaning Safety)
(Docket S-029, Ex. 1-13). The ANSI standard directs building owners to
provide, identify, certify, inspect annually and maintain anchorages
for window washing activities. The standard also states that its
provisions should be implemented within five years of publication of
the standard, which was October 25, 2001 (ANSI I-14.1-2001, Appendix A,
section b).
OSHA believes that anchorage points are necessary to ensure that
scaffolding and other equipment can be safely tied back for any type of
suspended work, not just window cleaning. This will prevent an employee
from being injured or killed due to sudden movement of the scaffold.
The ideal solution is for anchorages to be installed and maintained as
part of the regular schedule for renovating and inspecting commercial
buildings (e.g., rooftops). However, OSHA recognizes that many
buildings may not currently have anchorages installed. Accordingly, the
Agency seeks information on the following questions:
40. How many or what percentage of buildings are already equipped
with anchorages to secure scaffolds, personal fall protection systems
and controlled descent devices? What types of anchorages are present?
Are there specific types of buildings that do not generally have
anchorages installed? Please explain.
41. Where anchorages are present, are they available for use with
all suspended work or only for window cleaning? Are building owners
inspecting and maintaining the anchorages? Please explain. What
coordination takes place between building owners and employers who need
anchorages for their employees? Can employers consult with building
owners and install their own anchorages on buildings to protect their
employees?
42. How should OSHA ensure that needed anchorage points are present
and adequately maintained on buildings where suspended work is
performed? Should OSHA require employers to obtain information from the
building owner about available anchorages that have been tested,
inspected, and maintained consistent with this subpart? Should OSHA
require employers to prohibit employees from doing any suspended work
until they receive assurance from the building owner that such
anchorages are present? Please explain.
43. How frequently are the exteriors of commercial buildings such
as rooftops renovated?
44. What would be a reasonable phase-in time or delayed effective
date for ensuring that employees involved with suspended work are
protected by anchorages that comply with subpart D? Should this
timeframe be different for newly constructed buildings than for
existing buildings? Please explain.
45. What are the estimated per building costs to install, inspect
and maintain anchors for suspended work? Please explain how the
estimated costs were derived.
B. Subpart I--Personal Protective Equipment for Fall Protection
1. General Fall Protection Requirement
The proposal for subpart I sets forth design and performance
criteria for personal fall protection equipment generally as well as
for specific types of equipment (Sec. Sec. 1910.128-131, 55 FR 13435-
38). Proposed Sec. 1910.128(a)(1) stated that these criteria would
apply where personal fall protection is required by or referenced in
another standard (e.g., Sec. 1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevating and
platform; Sec. 1910.179 Overhead and gantry cranes; Sec.
1910.128(a)(1), 55 FR 13425). Questions were raised about whether the
language in paragraph (a)(1) of proposed Sec. 1910.128 was intended to
supersede the general requirement in subpart I for employers to provide
personal protective equipment, including personal fall protection
systems, to their employees ``whenever it is necessary by reason of
hazards of processes or environment * * * encountered in a manner
capable of causing injury or impairment in function'' (Sec.
1910.132(a)(1)).
OSHA has cited Sec. 1910.132(a)(1) to enforce the use of personal
fall protection equipment. This enforcement action has been upheld by
the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. See, e.g.,
Secretary of Labor v. Peavey Co., 16 O.S.H. Cas. (BNA) 2022 (Rev.
Comm'n 1994); Secretary of Labor v. Hackney, 16 O.S.H. Cas. (BNA) 1806
(Rev. Comm'n. 1994). In addition, OSHA has applied the general duty
clause, section 5(a)(1) of the Act, to enforce the use of personal fall
protection where appropriate.
OSHA did not intend for Sec. 1910.128 to supersede Sec.
1910.132(a)(1) in any way. The Agency also did not intend for proposed
Sec. 1910.128 to supersede the fall protection provisions in other
standards, requiring employers to use a different type of fall
protection than those standards specify; for example, to require
employers to use personal fall arrest systems when the standard
requires guardrails. Instead, OSHA's intention was to tell employers
that if a standard specifies or refers to a particular type of personal
fall protection equipment, that equipment would now have to meet the
design and performance criteria of subpart I.
OSHA is considering ways to resolve any confusion the proposed
language may have inadvertently created. For example, OSHA is
considering adding language to subpart I to emphasize that Sec.
1910.128's general requirement for employers to provide personal
protective equipment to protect employees against hazards includes
protection against fall hazards. This is the approach used in the other
specific PPE standards in subpart I. The standards on eye, face, head,
respiratory and foot protection all contain language requiring their
use when applicable hazards are present (Sec. 1910.133(a)(1), Sec.
1910.134(a)(1), Sec. 1910.135(a)(1), Sec. 1910.136(a)(1)). A
provision addressing fall protection, for instance, could require its
use when applicable fall hazards are present, or, more specifically,
when employees are exposed to fall hazards of 4 feet (1.2m) or more.
As an alternative, OSHA is considering adding language to subpart D
(Sec. 1910.22, General requirements) that reinforces the employer's
duty to provide employees with fall protection. Such a provision could
cover all types
[[Page 23536]]
of fall protection, not just personal fall protection systems.
OSHA solicits comment on the following issues:
46. In your establishment and/or industry, when and in what
situations are employees provided with fall protection? Is fall
protection provided for working conditions and activities not covered
by a specific OSHA standard? Please explain.
47. In your establishment and/or industry, to what extent is the
fall protection provided already consistent with proposed subparts D
and I? To the extent that fall protection is not consistent with the
proposals, please explain whether and why you would have any difficulty
coming into compliance. Please address any technological and/or
economic obstacles that may be involved.
48. In your establishment and/or industry, how many or what
percentage of employees require fall protection on a regular basis? How
much of their work requires them to have fall protection? Please
explain.
49. Should OSHA add language to Subpart I reinforcing employers'
current obligation to provide fall protection whenever employees are
exposed to any fall hazard of 4 feet (1.2 m) or more? Please explain.
2. Body Belts for Fall Arrest
In the proposal for subpart I, OSHA proposed to allow the use of
body belts for fall arrest as long as the maximum arresting force on
the falling employee is limited to 900 pounds (4 kN) (Sec. 1910.129,
55 FR 13437). However, during the 1990 public hearings, OSHA was made
aware of technological improvements in personal fall arrest equipment
and of an industry trend away from the use of body belts for fall
arrest (Docket S-041, Tr. 9/11/90 pp. 203-9, 240-41; Tr. 9/17/90 p.
1716). A number of fall protection experts consider body belts to be
less protective than full body harnesses when arresting a fall and
during post-fall suspension (Docket S-057, Exs. 3-31B; Docket S-041,
Tr. 9/11/90 pp. 218-19, 230-31). Studies show that body belts can cause
significant injury when arresting a fall and may result in injury
during post-fall suspension (Docket S-057; Exs. 2-14, 2-24, 2-25).
OSHA and other Federal standards promulgated after the subpart I
proposal was published have prohibited or phased out the use of body
belts for fall arrest (Sec. 1926.502, Fall Protection in the
construction industry; 49 CFR 214.7 and 49 CFR 214.105, Federal
Railroad Administration, Railroad Workplace Safety). OSHA's Fall
Protection standard for the construction industry, finalized in 1994,
prohibited the use of body belts for fall arrest after December 31,
1998. In the preamble to that rule, OSHA said evidence in the record
(Docket S-206, Exs. 3-7, 3-9, 3-10) as well as the record for the
Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance rulemaking (Docket S-700A,
Exs. 11-3, 11-4, 11-5, 11-6; Tr. 2/21/86 p. 42) indicated that the
concentration of the maximum arresting forces on the body, and the
subsequent pressure from post-fall suspension, make body belts
unsuitable for fall arrest purposes (59 FR 40672). OSHA also stated
that ``* * * the evidence in the record clearly demonstrates that
employees who fall while wearing a body belt are not afforded the level
of protection they would be if the fall occurred while the employee was
wearing a full body harness'' (59 FR 40703).
Last year the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) issued an
interim final rule prohibiting the use of body belts for fall arrest
(49 CFR 214.7 and 49 CFR 214.105)(67 FR 1903, January 15, 2002). In the
preamble to the rule, the FRA stated that ``it is now obvious that a
formerly permitted use of body belts in fall arrest systems presents an
undue hazard to the user''.
A 1992 ANSI national consensus standard on safety requirements for
personal fall arrest systems declined to address the use of body belts
for fall arrest (ANSI Z359.1-1992 (R1999)--Safety requirements for
Personal Fall Arrest Systems, Subsystems and Components)(Docket S-029,
Ex. 1-12).
While subpart Q, Welding, Cutting and Brazing, currently allows the
use of body belts for fall arrest (Sec. 1910.252), OSHA believes it
may be appropriate to prohibit body belts for fall arrest during
welding, cutting and brazing operations.
In light of the recent information and regulatory action since
proposed subpart I was published, OSHA is considering prohibiting the
use of body belts as a personal fall arrest system and only permitting
their use as part of a tether (restraint) or positioning system. The
body of recent evidence indicates that using body belts for fall arrest
may injure employees where strong fall arrest forces are involved, and
that body harnesses are safer for employees. OSHA is requesting comment
on this issue. OSHA also is requesting comment about whether there are
certain unique situations in which body belts should continue to be
allowed to be used for fall arrest, and whether it is appropriate to
prohibit body belts for fall arrest during welding, cutting and brazing
operations.
50. To what extent are body belts used in a personal fall arrest
system in your establishment and/or industry? What has been the safety
experience in your establishment and/or industry using body belts?
51. To what extent are body harnesses and other restraints being
used in place of body belts in your establishment and/or industry? What
types of harnesses and restraints are being used? What has been the
safety experience in your establishment and/or industry using those
types of equipment? Please provide data and comment on the extent to
which body harnesses prevent death or injury or reduce the severity of
injury.
52. In welding, cutting and brazing operations at your
establishment and/or in your industry, what types of personal fall
protection are being used? Are body belts being used for fall arrest in
those operations? What has been the safety experience in your
establishment and/or industry using those types of fall protection?
53. Should OSHA prohibit the use of body belts as part of a
personal fall arrest system? Please explain. For how many or what
percentage of employees would you need to replace body belts with body
harnesses in your establishment or industry?
54. Are there unique situations or work activities where body belts
are necessary or preferable to body harnesses, and provide the degree
of safety needed against fall hazards? Please provide data and
information to support your comments.
55. What are the differences in purchase price, maintenance costs
and useful life, if any, between body belts and body harnesses? Please
provide cost estimates and an explanation of how those were derived. To
what extent, if any, does the use of body harnesses in lieu of body
belts affect productivity?
56. To what extent would you and employers in your industry incur
significant costs switching from body belts to body harnesses or other
types of personal fall arrest systems? Please provide detailed
information about the types of costs that would be incurred and an
explanation of how those costs were derived.
3. Additional Proposed Amendments to General Industry Standards
In the proposal for subpart D, OSHA proposed to update fall
protection provisions in several general industry standards so they
would meet the proposed design and performance criteria for personal
fall protection in subpart I (Sec. 1910.67, Vehicle-mounted elevating
and rotating work platforms;
[[Page 23537]]
Sec. 1910.261, Pulp, paper and paperboard mills; Sec. 1910.268,
Telecommunications). The purpose of the proposed amendments was to
ensure that all fall protection systems employers provided would meet
appropriate standards for performance and strength. OSHA had found that
many of the standards did not have design and performance criteria for
the fall protection, had outdated criteria or had criteria that allowed
the use of body belts for fall arrest.
After the proposal for subpart I was published, OSHA was made aware
of other general industry standards where fall hazards were not
specifically addressed, where fall protection criteria appear to
conflict with proposed subpart I, or where body belts appeared to be
permitted for fall arrest. The Powered Industrial Trucks standard, for
example, does not include fall protection requirements for employees
working on elevated platforms even though those employees are clearly
exposed to a fall hazard (Sec. 1910.178). OSHA seeks comment on the
following issues:
57. In your establishment and/or industry, to what extent is fall
protection provided for employees working on elevated platforms of
powered industrial trucks? What types of fall protection are provided?
What has been the safety experience in your establishment and/or
industry using those types of fall protection?
58. In welding, cutting and brazing operations at your
establishment and/or in your industry, what types of personal fall
protection are being used? Are body belts being used for fall arrest in
those operations? What has been the safety experience in your
establishment and/or industry using those types of fall protection?
59. Should OSHA change the personal fall protection requirements in
all of its general industry standards so they meet the personal fall
protection requirements in proposed subpart I? Please explain.
C. Other Issues
1. New and Updated National Consensus Standards
Many employers as well as OSHA use the latest versions of national
consensus standards for guidance and as references in creating safe
workplaces. Indeed, Sec. 6(b)(8) of the Act requires that OSHA
whenever the Agency issues a standard that differs substantially from
an existing consensus standard it must publish a statement of reasons
why the OSHA standard as adopted will better effectuate the purposes of
the Act than the consensus standard (29 U.S.C. 655(b)(8)).
In proposed Sec. 1910.23, OSHA said that ladders employers used
would be considered to be in compliance with the standard if they were
designed in accordance with specific 1982 ANSI standards for ladders
(ANSI A14.1-1982-American National Standard for Ladders-Wood-Safety
Requirements; ANSI A14.2-1982-American National Standard for Ladders-
Portable Metal-Safety Requirements; ANSI A14.5-1982-American National
Standard for Ladders-Portable Reinforced Plastics-Safety
Requirements)(Sec. 1910.23(c)(2), 55 FR 13398). Since the proposal for
subpart D was published, these ANSI standards have been amended or
reaffirmed (ANSI A14.1-2000, ANSI A14.2-2000, ANSI A14.5-2000). OSHA is
adding these updated standards to the rulemaking record and is
considering revising proposed Sec. 1910.23(c)(2) to incorporate by
reference the updated ANSI standards. OSHA requests comment on
incorporating the latest ANSI standards in Sec. 1910.23(c)(2).
In addition, a number of other national consensus standards
relating to fall protection and fall protection systems have been
updated and new ones have been developed (e.g., ANSI/IWCA I-14.1-2001-
Window Cleaning Safety) since proposed subpart D was published. These
consensus standards cover a wide range of issues involved in these
rulemakings and, in general, represent industry best practices in
protecting employees from fall hazards. In addition, many provide
detailed explanations on the rationale behind their requirements. OSHA
requests comment about how the Agency can make best use of these
consensus standards in developing final standards for subparts D and I.
OSHA is adding the following national consensus standards to the
rulemaking record on subparts D and I:
ANSI A10.8-2001--Safety Requirements for Scaffolding--American
National Standard for Construction and Demolition Operations. (Docket
S-029; Ex. 1-1),
ANSI A14.1-2000--American National Standard for Ladders--Wood--
Safety Requirements. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-2),
ANSI A14.2 2000--American National Standard for Ladders--Portable
Metal--Safety Requirements. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-3),
ANSI A14.3-1992--American National Standard for Ladders--Fixed--
Safety Requirements. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-4),
ANSI A14.4-2002--American National Standard--Safety Requirements
for Job-Made Wooden Ladders. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-5),
ANSI A14.5-2000--American National Standard for Ladders--Portable
Reinforced Plastic--Safety Requirements. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-6),
ANSI A14.7-2000--American National Standard for Mobile Ladder
Stands and Mobile Ladder Stand Platforms. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-7),
ANSI A14.10-2000--American National Standard for Ladders--Portable
Special Duty Ladders. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-8),
ANSI A92.3-1990--American National Standard for Manually Propelled
Elevating Aerial Platforms. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-9),
ANSI A1264.1-1995 (R2002)--American National Standard--Safety
Requirements for Workplace Floors and Wall Openings, Stairs and Railing
Systems. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-10),
ANSI A1264.2-2001--American National Standard--Standard for the
Provision of Slip Resistance on Walking/Working Surfaces. (Docket S-
029; Ex. 1-11),
ANSI/IWCA I-14.1-2001--Window Cleaning Safety. (Docket S-029; Ex.
1-13)
ANSI Z359.1-1992 (R1999)--Safety Requirements for Personal Fall
Arrest Systems, Subsystems and Components. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-12),
ASME B56.1-2000--Safety Standard for Low Lift and High Lift Trucks.
(Docket S-029; Ex. 1-14), and
ASME C478-97--Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced
Concrete Manhole Sections. (Docket S-029; Ex. 1-15).
OSHA is also requesting comment about other national consensus
standards that the Agency should consider adding to the record in these
rulemakings.
2. Incorporation of Other Rulemaking Dockets
As discussed above, OSHA believes that information in other OSHA
rulemaking records is relevant to the rulemakings on subparts D and I.
Many commenters also have drawn upon data and information in other OSHA
dockets. OSHA has identified the following rulemaking dockets that it
intends to incorporate into the rulemaking records for subparts D and
I:
[sbull] Docket S-041 Walking and Working Surfaces (proposed April
10, 1990, 55 FR 13360),
[sbull] Docket S-057 Personal Protective Equipment (Fall
Protection) (proposed April 10, 1990, 55 FR 13360),
[sbull] Docket S-045 Personal Protective Equipment for Shipyard
Employment (proposed November 29, 1988, 53 FR
[[Page 23538]]
48092, final rule published May 24, 1996, 61 FR 26322),
[sbull] Docket S-700A Powered Platforms for Building Maintenance
(proposed January 22, 1985, 50 FR 2890, final rule published July 28,
1989, 54 FR 31408),
[sbull] Docket S-206 Fall Protection in the Construction Industry
(proposed November 25, 1986, 51 FR 42718, final rule published August
9, 1994, 59 FR 40672),
[sbull] Docket S-015 Electric Power Generation, Transmission and
Distribution (proposed January 31, 1989, 54 FR 4974, final rule
published , January 31, 1994, 59 FR 4320), and
[sbull] Docket S-775 Safety Standards for Steel Erection (proposed
January 26, 1988, 53 FR 2048, final rule published January 18, 2001 66
FR 5196).
The Agency is requesting comment about other OSHA rulemaking
records that should be incorporated by reference into the record for
these rulemakings.
D. Updating Economic Analysis and Small Business Impacts
In order to develop final standards for subparts D and I, OSHA will
need to update and revise its economic analysis. The questions above
and those following are designed to aid OSHA in updating its analysis
of the provisions of the proposed rules and to assist OSHA in
evaluating possible revisions or amendments. The economic analysis for
the proposals on subparts D and I certified that the proposed rules
would not result in a significant impact on a substantial number of
small entities.
Under the Regulatory Flexibility Act (5 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), OSHA
is required to assess the impact of proposed and final rules on small
entities. OSHA requests that members of the small business community,
or other parties familiar with regulation of small business, provide
comment on whether the proposed revisions to subparts D and I would
have a significant impact on a significant number of small entities.
60. How many and what kinds of small businesses or other small
entities in your industry could be affected by revising the fall
protection provisions in subparts D and I? Describe any such effects.
Where possible, please provide detailed descriptions of the size and
scope of operation for affected small entities and the likely
technical, economic and safety impacts for those entities.
61. Are there special issues that make control of fall hazards more
difficult in small firms?
62. Are there any reasons that the benefits of reducing exposure to
fall hazards might be different in small firms than in larger firms?
With regard to potential impacts on small firms, please describe
specific concerns that should be addressed. Please describe
alternatives that might serve to minimize these impacts while meeting
the requirements of the OSH Act.
Since the proposals were published, the Small Business Regulatory
Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 (SBREFA) (5 U.S.C. 609(b)) went into
effect. SBREFA requires that OSHA proposed rules that may have
significant impacts on small entities be reviewed by Small Business
Advocacy Panels prior to being published. OSHA requests comments about
whether the proposed revisions for subparts D and I will have a
significant effect on a substantial number of small entities.
V. Authority and Signature
This document was prepared under the direction of John L. Henshaw,
Assistant Secretary of Labor for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S.
Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC
20210. It is issued under sections 4, 6 and 8 of the Occupational
Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657), Secretary of
Labor's Order No. 5-2002 (67 FR 65008) and 29 CFR part 1911.
Signed at Washington, DC, this 25th day of April, 2003.
John L. Henshaw,
Assistant Secretary of Labor.
Appendix--1990 Proposed Standard and Appendices
OSHA has included the regulatory text and appendices from the
April 10, 1990 proposed rule (55 FR 13396) as an appendix to this
limited reopening notice. This appendix may serve as an aid for
stakeholders who respond to questions in this limited reopening
regarding issues referencing the 1990 proposed rule.
PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
1. The authority citation for subpart D of part 1910 is proposed to
be revised as follows:
Authority: Secs. 4, 6 and 8 of the Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657), Secretary of Labor's
Order No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), and 9-83 (48 FR
35736) or 1-90 (55 FR 9033), as applicable. Subpart D is also issued
under 29 CFR part 1911.
2. In subpart D, Sec. Sec. 1910.21 through .32 would be revised,
and Appendices A, B, and C would be added to read as follows:
Subpart D--Walking-Working Surfaces
Sec.
1910.21 Scope, application and definitions.
1910.22 General requirements.
1910.23 Ladders.
1910.24 Step bolts and manhole steps.
1910.25 Stairs.
1910.26 Ramps and bridging devices.
1910.27 Work surfaces.
1910.28 Fall protection systems.
1910.29 Wall openings.
1910.30 Scaffolds.
1910.31 Mobile elevating work platforms, mobile ladder stands and
powered industrial truck platforms.
1910.32 Special surfaces.
Appendix A--Compliance Guidelines.
Appendix B--National Consensus Standards.
Appendix C--References for Further Information.
Subpart D--Walking and Working Surfaces
Sec. 1910.21 Scope, application and definitions.
(a) Scope and application. This subpart covers all walking and
working surfaces that are used by employees, except as follows:
(1) This subpart does not apply to surfaces that are an integral
part of self-propelled, motorized mobile equipment, other than
platforms hoisted or lifted by powered industrial lift trucks which
are covered by paragraph (e) of Sec. 1910.31.
(2) This subpart does not apply to powered exterior building
maintenance platforms covered in subpart F of Part 1910.
(3) This subpart does not cover fall hazards from the exposed
perimeters of entertainment stage, rail station platforms.
(b) Definitions.
``Allowable unit stress'' means the maximum stress allowed to be
applied as specified by recognized national codes and standards such
as the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM), and the
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
``Alternating tread stairs'' means a series of steps usually
attached to a center support rail in an alternating manner so that a
user of the stairs normally does not have both feet on the same
level.
``Authorized person'' means an employee who, due to the
requirements of work duties, is authorized by the employer to be
present in a particular work area.
``Boatswain's chair'' means a single-point adjustable suspension
scaffold consisting of a seat or sling designed to accommodate one
employee in a sitting position.
``Body belt'' (safety belt) means a strap with means for
securing it around the waist or body and for attaching it to a
lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.
``Body harness'' means a design of straps which is secured about
the employee in a manner so as to distribute the arresting forces
over at least the thighs, shoulders, and pelvis, with provisions for
attaching a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration device.
``Bridging device'' means a surface used to span the gap between
a loading dock and a vehicle or between vehicles. It may be fixed or
portable, adjustable, powered or unpowered. It may also be referred
to as a car plate or dockboard.
``Combination ladder'' means a portable ladder capable of being
used as a stepladder or as a single or extension ladder. It may also
[[Page 23539]]
be capable of being used as a trestle ladder or a stairwell ladder.
Its components may be used as single ladders.
``Design factor'' means the ratio of the ultimate failure
strength of a member or piece of material or equipment to the actual
working stress or intended safe load.
``Designated area'' means a space which has a perimeter barrier
erected to warn employees when they approach an unprotected side or
edge, and serves also to designate an area where work may be
performed without additional fall protection. ``Equivalent'' means
alternate designs, materials, or methods which the employer can
demonstrate will provide an equal or greater degree of safety for
employees than the method or item specified in the standard.
``Failure'' means a load refusal, breakage, or separation of
component parts. Load refusal is the point where the ultimate
strength is exceeded.
``Fall'' or ``fall hazard'' means the act or circumstances that
could result in the possibility of slipping or tripping on or
falling off a surface.
``Fixed ladder'' means a ladder, including individual rung
ladders, that is permanently attached to a structure, building, or
equipment. It does not include ship's stairs or manhole steps.
``Guardrail system'' means a vertical barrier, normally
consisting of, but not limited to, an assembly of toprails,
midrails, and posts, erected to prevent employees from falling to
lower levels.
``Handrail'' means a rail used to provide employees a handhold
for support.
``Hole'' means an opening more than two inches (5.1 cm) in its
least dimension in a floor, roof, or other surface.
``Individual rung ladder'' means a ladder consisting of rungs
individually attached to a structure, building, or piece of
equipment. It does not include manhole steps installed in manholes.
``Ladder'' means a device typically used to gain access to a
different elevation consisting of two or more structural members
crossed by rungs, steps, or cleats.
``Ladder cage'' means a barrier surrounding or nearly
surrounding the climbing area of a ladder. It fastens to the
ladder's side rails, to one side rail, or to other structures.
``Ladder safety device'' means a support system which will stop
or limit the speed of an employee's fall from a ladder.
``Lean-to scaffold'' means a supported scaffold which is kept
erect by tilting it toward and resting it against a building or
structure.
``Lower level'' means those areas to which an employee could
fall. Such areas include ground levels, floors, roofs, ramps,
runways, excavations, pits, tanks, materials, water, equipment, and
similar surfaces.
``Manhole'' means an access through which an employee gains
entry to a work area or to equipment below a surface or behind a
vertical partition such as a vessel wall.
``Manhole steps'' means a series of steps individually attached
or set into the walls of a manhole structure. They are not
considered to be an individual rung ladder.
``Manually propelled elevating work platform'' means a
vertically adjustable work platform which may be towed, skidded or
manually moved horizontally or the base structure may remain
stationary.
``Manway'' means an opening through which employees access
vessels and equipment.
``Maximum intended load'' means the total load of all employees,
equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads, wind loads and other
loads reasonably anticipated to be applied.
``Midrail'' means the rail located approximately midway between
the top rail and the toeboard or work surface of a guardrail system.
``Mobile elevating work platform'' means a portable platform
that can be elevated and moved about on wheels or casters.
``Mobile ladder stand'' means a mobile fixed-size self-
supporting ladder consisting of a wide flat tread ladder in the form
of stairs. The assembly may include handrails, guardrails and
toeboards. It may also be referred to as a ladder stand.
``Mobile scaffold'' means a portable caster or wheel-mounted
supported scaffold. It may also be referred to as a mobile work
platform.
``Platform'' means a work surface elevated above the surrounding
work area.
``Platform unit'' means the individual wood planks, fabricated
planks, fabricated decks, and fabricated platforms such as ladder-
type and light metal-type, which comprise the platforms and walkways
of a scaffold.
``Portable ladder'' means a ladder that can readily be moved or
carried, usually consisting of side rails joined at intervals by
steps, rungs, cleats, or rear braces.
``Qualified climber'' means an employee who, by virture of
physical capabilities, training, work experience and job assignment,
is authorized by the employer to routinely climb fixed ladders, step
bolts or similar climbing devices attached to structures.
``Qualified person'' means an person designated by the employer
who is knowledgeable about and familiar with all relevant
manufacturers' specifications and recommendations; is capable of
identifying existing or potential hazards in specific surroundings
or working conditions which may be hazardous or dangerous to
employees; and has been trained for the specific task assigned. When
work is to be supervised by a qualified person, the qualified person
shall have the necessary authority to carry out the assigned work
responsibilities.
``Ramp'' means an inclined surface between different elevations
for the passage of employees, vehicles, or both.
``Riser'' means the upright member of a step situated at the
back of a lower tread and near the leading edge of the next higher
tread.
``Safety net'' means a non-rigid barrier supported in such a
manner as to catch employees who have fallen off a work surface and
bring them to a stop before contacting surfaces or structures below
the net which might otherwise injure them.
``Scaffold'' means any temporary elevated or suspended platform,
and its supporting structure, used for supporting employees or
materials or both, except this term does not include crane or
derrick suspended personnel platforms.
``Ship's stairs'' means a stairway equipped with treads and
stair rails with a slope greater than 50 degrees from the
horizontal. It is sometimes referred to as a ``ship's ladder.''
``Shore scaffold'' means a supported scaffold which is kept
erect by placing it against a building or structure and holding it
in place with props.
``Single-point adjustable suspension scaffold'' means a
suspension scaffold consisting of a platform suspended by one rope
from an overhead support and equipped with means to permit the
movement of the platform to desired work levels.
``Slip-resistant surface'' means a surface that is capable of
resisting the sliding motion on the contact surface of an object or
an employee's shoe or foot.
``Spiral stairway'' means a stairway having a spiral structure
attached to a supporting column.
``Stair'' means a series of steps used to ascend or descend
between levels, and having four or more risers installed at an angle
equal to or less than 50 degrees from the horizontal.
``Stair rail'' or ``stair rail system'' means a vertical barrier
erected along the open-side of a stairway to prevent employees from
falling to lower levels. The top surface of a stair rail system may
also be a handrail.
``Step'' means any combination of risers and treads which may be
part of a stair.
``Step ladder'' means a self-supporting portable ladder, non-
adjustable in length, with flat steps and a hinged back.
``Step-bolt'' means a bolt or rung attached at intervals along a
structural member and used for foot placement during climbing or
standing. Step bolts may also be called ``pole steps.''
``Structurally supported'' means supported by structural
components such as pillars, piers, lintels, beams and joists. It
does not include slabs or floors placed on a grade.
``Tieback'' means an attachment from a structural member to a
supporting device.
``Toeboard'' means a low protective barrier placed to prevent
the fall of materials to a lower level, or when used without a
guardrail, to prevent an employee's feet from slipping over the edge
of a surface.
``Tread'' means the horizontal member of a step.
``Two-point suspension scaffold'' (swing stage) means a
suspension scaffold consisting of a platform supported by hangers
(stirrups) suspended by two ropes from overhead supports and
equipped with means to permit the raising and lowering of the
platform to desired work levels.
``Ultimate failure'' means the collapse of the structure or,
where applicable, a component thereof.
``Unprotected sides and edges'' means any side or edge of a
surface, except at entrances to points of access, where there is no
wall or guardrail system.
``Walking and working surface'' means any surface, within the
scope of this standard, on which employees perform or gain access to
their job duties or upon which employees are required or allowed to
walk or work while performing assigned tasks.
[[Page 23540]]
``Wall opening'' means an opening at least 30 inches (76 cm)
high and l8 inches (46 cm) wide in any wall or partition through
which employees can fall to a lower level.
Sec. 1910.22 General requirements.
(a) Surface conditions and clearances. (1) Surfaces shall be
designed, constructed and maintained free of recognized hazards that
can result in death or serious injury to employees.
(2) When surfaces cannot be maintained free of hazards, such as
snow, ice or oil, that can result in death or serious injury to
employees, employees shall be provided with a means to avoid or
minimize their exposure to them.
(3) A minimum free clearance of 18 inches (46 cm) shall be
provided for employee passage around or between obstructions.
(4) Manways or manholes built on or after (insert date one year
after effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register)
leading to sewers, non-pressurized tanks, atmospheric vessels and
enclosures, and other confined spaces shall be at least 24 inches
(61 cm) in diameter.
(b) Application of loads. (1) All surfaces shall be designed,
constructed and maintained to support their maximum intended load.
The maximum intended load shall not be exceeded.
(2) The employer shall ensure that employees involved in
warehousing or storage activities know the intended load limits for
structurally supported surfaces in the areas where they work.
(c) Access and egress. The employer shall ensure that employees
are provided with and use a safe means of access to, and egress
from, one surface to another.
(d) Inspection, maintenance, and repair. (1) The employer shall
ensure through regular and periodic inspection and maintenance that
walking and working surfaces are in safe condition for employee use.
(2) The employer shall ensure that all hazardous conditions
which are discovered are corrected, repaired, or temporarily guarded
to prevent employee use. Repairs shall be made in a manner that will
restore the walking and working surface to a safe condition for
employee use.
(3) Only qualified persons shall be permitted to inspect,
maintain or repair walking and working surfaces except for the
incidental cleanup of non-toxic materials.
Sec. 1910.23 Ladders.
(a) Scope and application. This section covers all ladders,
except that:
(1) This section does not apply to ladders which are used only
for firefighting or rescue operations, or to those ladders which
form an integral part of machinery; and
(2) Fixed ladders that are used only by qualified climbers, as
defined in Sec. 1910.32(b)(5), are not required to be equipped with
ladder safety devices, wells or cages, provided the following
requirements are met:
(i) The installation and maintenance of the ladder safety
devices, wells or cages present a greater hazard than having a
qualified climber use a fixed ladder without this protection.
(ii) The ladder is climbed two or fewer times per year.
(b) General requirements. (1) Employers shall ensure that all
employees who use ladders with a working height of six feet (1.82 m)
or more receive the necessary training, such as how to inspect
ladders, and use such ladders properly.
(2) Ladders shall be used only for the purposes for which they
were designed.
(3) Non-self-supporting ladders shall be used at an angle such
that the horizontal distance from the top support to the foot of the
ladder is approximately one-fourth of the working length of the
ladder (the distance along the ladder between the foot and top
support).
(4) When ladders are used for access to an upper landing
surface, the ladder siderails shall extend at least three feet (.9
m) above the upper landing surface to which the ladder is used to
gain access; or, when such an extension is not possible because of
the ladder's length, the ladder shall be secured at the top and a
grasping device, such as a grabrail, shall be provided to assist
employees in mounting and dismounting the ladder.
(5) Ladders shall be used only on stable and level surfaces
unless secured to prevent their accidental displacement. Non-self-
supporting ladders shall not be used on slippery surfaces unless
secured or provided with slip-resistant feet to prevent accidental
displacement.
(6) Single rail ladders shall not be used.
(7) Ladders shall not be moved, shifted or extended while
occupied by employees.
(8) Ladders placed in any location where they can be displaced
by other activities or traffic, such as in passageways, doorways, or
driveways, shall be secured to prevent accidental displacement, or a
barricade shall be used to keep the activities or traffic away from
the ladder.
(9) Ladders with structural or other defects shall be
immediately tagged with a danger tag reading ``Out of Service,''
``Do Not Use,'' or similar legend in accordance with Sec. 1910.145,
and shall be withdrawn from service until repaired.
(10) All ladder repairs shall be made by a qualified person
trained and familiar with the design and the proper procedures for
repairing defective components.
(11) Ladders shall be inspected for visible defects prior to the
first use each workshift, and after any occurrence which could
affect their safe use.
(12) The top of a non-self-supporting ladder shall be placed
with the two rails supported unless it is equipped with a single
support attachment.
(13) Emergency escape ladders shall comply with all applicable
requirements of this section except those requiring fall protection
systems.
(14) The top of a stepladder shall not be used as a step.
(c) Design, construction, maintenance and inspection.
(1) Portable ladders shall be capable of supporting, without
ultimate failure, the following loads:
(i) Each non-self-supporting ladder: At least four times the
maximum intended load applied or transmitted to the ladder in a
downward and vertical direction when the ladder is placed at a 75\1/
2\ degree angle from the horizontal.
(ii) Each self-supporting ladder: At least four times the
maximum intended load in a fully opened position on a level surface.
(2) Ladders designed in accordance with ANSI A14.1-1982, ANSI
A14.2-1982, and ANSI A14.5-1982 are deemed to be in compliance with
the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of this section for the type of
ladder to be used. The working loads corresponding to the duty
ratings of portable ladders that pass the applicable ANSI test
requirements shall be as follows:
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Working load
Duty rating Ladder type (pounds) (Kg)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extra heavy duty............................. IA 300 136.2
Heavy duty................................... I 250 113.5
Medium duty.................................. II 225 102.2
Light duty................................... III 200 90.8
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) The design of combination ladders shall be such that the
ladder will be capable of meeting the requirements in paragraphs
(c)(1) or (c)(2) of this section for stepladders when in the
stepladder position, and for extension ladders when in the extension
ladder position.
(4) The maximum intended load used for the design of portable
ladders shall be at least 200 pounds (90.6 Kg).
(5) The combined weight of the employee using the portable
ladder and any tools and supplies carried by the employee shall not
exceed the maximum intended load of the ladder.
(6) Fixed ladders shall be capable of supporting at least two
loads of at least 250 pounds (114 kg) each, concentrated between any
two consecutive attachments, plus anticipated loads caused by ice
buildup, winds, rigging, and impact loads resulting from the use of
ladder safety devices. The number and position of additional
concentrated loads of 250 pounds (114 kg)
[[Page 23541]]
each, determined from anticipated usage of the ladder, shall also be
included in determining the capabilities of fixed ladders. Each step
or rung shall be capable of supporting at least a single
concentrated load of 250 pounds (ll4 kg) applied in the middle of
the step or rung.
(7) Ladder rungs and steps shall be parallel, level, and
uniformly spaced when the ladder is in position for use.
(8) Ladder rungs and steps shall be spaced not less than six
inches (15 cm) apart, nor more than l2 inches (31 cm) apart as
measured along the ladder siderails. Exception to paragraph (c)(8)
of this section: End frames of scaffolds and ladders in elevator
shafts shall have rungs and steps spaced not less than six inches
(15 cm) apart, nor more than 16-\1/2\ inches (41 cm) apart, as
measured along the ladder siderails.
(9) Ladder rungs and steps shall have a minimum clear width of
16 inches (41 cm) for individual-rung and fixed ladders, 12 inches
(30 cm) for portable metal ladders and portable reinforced plastic
ladders, and 11-\1/2\ inches (29 cm) for portable wood ladders, as
measured between the ladder siderails.
Exception to paragraph (c)(9) of this section: Narrow rungs,
which are not designed to be stepped on, on the tapered ends of
window washer ladders, fruit pickers' ladders, and similar ladders
are exempt from the minimum rung width requirement.
(10) Wood ladders shall not be coated with any opaque covering,
except for identification or warning labels which may be placed on
one face only of a side rail.
(11) Metal ladders shall be protected against corrosion.
(12) The minimum toe clearance between the center line of ladder
rungs and steps and any obstructions behind the ladder shall be
seven inches (l8 cm).
Exception to paragraph (c)(12) of this section: Toe clearances
of no less than four and one-half inches (ll.4 cm) are acceptable
when a specific work operation renders a seven inch (l7.8 cm)
clearance infeasible.
(13) The minimum perpendicular clearance between the center line
of fixed ladder rungs and steps and any obstruction on the climbing
side of the ladder shall be 30 inches (76 cm).
Exception to paragraph (c)(13) of this section: When unavoidable
obstructions are encountered, the minimum perpendicular clearance
between the centerline of fixed ladder rungs and steps and the
obstruction on the climbing side of the ladder may be reduced to 24
inches, (61 cm) provided that a deflection device is installed to
guide employees around the obstruction.
(14) Fixed ladders shall be equipped with personal fall
protection systems in accordance with subpart I of this Part, or
with cages or wells, wherever the length of any climb on any fixed
ladder exceeds 24 feet (7.3 m), or wherever the top of the ladder is
at a distance greater than 24 feet (7.3 m) above lower levels.
(15) Cages and wells provided for fixed ladders shall be
designed to permit easy access to or egress from the ladder which
they enclose. The cages and wells shall be continuous throughout the
length of the fixed ladder except for access, egress and other
transfer points. Cages and wells shall be designed and constructed
to contain employees in the event of a fall, and to direct them to a
lower landing.
(16) The length of continuous climb for any fixed ladder
equipped only with a cage or well shall not exceed 50 feet (15.2 m).
When ladder safety devices are also used with cages or wells, the
length of continuous climb may exceed 50 feet (15.2 m).
(17) Fixed ladders with continuous lengths of climb greater than
l50 feet (45.7 m) shall be provided with rest platforms at least
every l50 feet (45.7 m). The rest platforms shall provide a
horizontal surface of at least l8 inches by 24 inches (46 cm by 6l
cm) and have at least the same strength as required for the fixed
ladder.
(18) Except where portable ladders are used to access fixed
ladders, ladders shall be offset with a landing platform between
each ladder when two or more separate ladders are used to reach a
work area. Landing platforms shall provide a horizontal surface of
at least 24 inches by 30 inches (61 cm by 76 cm) and have at least
the same strength as the ladders.
(19) Ladder surfaces shall be free of puncture or laceration
hazards.
(20) Fixed individual rung ladders shall be constructed to
prevent the employee's feet from sliding off the end.
(21) The distance from the centerline of fixed ladder grab bars
to the nearest permanent object in back of the grab bars shall be no
less than four inches (l0 cm).
(22) A ladder that might contact uninsulated energized
electrical equipment shall have nonconductive siderails.
(23) Ladders having a pitch in excess of 90 degrees from the
horizontal shall not be permitted, except for fixed ladders used in
conical sections of manholes.
(24) The step-across distance from the centerline of the steps
or rungs of a fixed ladder to the nearest edge of the structure,
building, or equipment accessed shall not exceed 12 inches (30 cm).
(25) Ladders and ladder sections, unless so designed, shall not
be tied or fastened together to provide longer length. Ladders and
ladder sections shall not have their length increased by other means
unless specifically designed for the means employed.
(26) A metal spreader or locking device shall be provided on
each stepladder or combination ladder when used in the stepladder
mode to hold the front and back sections securely in an open
position.
Sec. 1910.24 Step bolts and manhole steps.
(a) Scope and application. This section covers step bolts and
manhole steps used on structures such as, but not limited to,
towers, stacks, conical manhole sections, and vaults. This section
does not apply to individual rung ladders.
(b) General requirements. (1) Step bolts and manhole steps shall
be continuous and spaced uniformly, not less than six inches (15 cm)
nor more than 18 inches (46 cm) apart.
(2) The minimum clear step width of step bolts shall be four and
one-half inches (14.4 cm). The minimum clear step width of manhole
steps shall be 10 inches (25.4 cm).
(3) The minimum toe clearance for manhole steps shall be four
inches (11.1 cm) from the point of embedment on the wall to the
outside face of the step. The toe clearance in the center of the
manhole step shall be a minimum of four and one-half inches (11.4
cm) measured to the outside face of the step.
(4) The minimum toe clearance for step bolts shall be seven
inches (17.8 cm). Where obstructions cannot be avoided, toe
clearances may be reduced to four and one-half inches (11.4 cm).
(5) Step bolts and manhole steps shall be designed to prevent
the employee's foot from slipping or sliding off the end of the step
bolt or manhole step.
(6) All manhole steps and step bolts installed after (insert
date 60 days after the effective date of the final rule in the
Federal Register) and used in corrosive environments, shall be
constructed of, or coated with, a material that will retard
corrosion of the step or bolt.
(7) All manhole steps installed on or after (insert date 60 days
after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register)
shall be provided with slip-resistant surfaces such as, but not
limited to, corrugated, knurled, or dimpled surfaces.
(c) Design, construction, maintenance, and inspection. (1) Step
bolt design. Each step bolt shall be capable of withstanding,
without failure, at least four times the intended load to be applied
to the bolt.
(2) Manhole steps installed before (insert date 60 days after
the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register) shall
be capable of supporting their maximum intended load.
(3) Design of manhole steps installed after (insert date 60 days
after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register).
The employer shall ensure that manhole steps installed on or after
(insert date 60 days after the effective date of the final rule in
the Federal Register) shall meet the following requirements:
(i) The manhole steps shall be capable of withstanding and
remaining solidly secured after being subjected to a separate
application of a horizontal pull out load of 400 pounds (1780 N),
and a vertical load of 800 pounds (3650 N).
(ii) The manhole steps shall be capable of sustaining the
vertical test load without developing a permanent set greater than
one-half inch (12.7 mm).
(iii) The loads shall be applied over a width of three and one-
half inches (8.9 cm) centered on the step, and applied at a uniform
rate until the required load is reached.
(iv) No cracking or fracture of the step nor spalling of the
concrete shall be visible.
(4) Maintenance and inspection. Step bolts and manhole steps
shall be maintained in a safe condition and visually inspected prior
to each use.
(5) Component replacement. Step bolts which are bent greater
than 15 degrees below the horizontal shall be removed and replaced
with bolts that meet the requirements of this section. Manhole steps
that are bent to such an extent as to reduce the step's projection
from the wall to less than four inches (11.1 cm) shall be removed
and replaced with a
[[Page 23542]]
step meeting the requirements of this section, or with a climbing
device meeting the requirements of this subpart.
Sec. 1910.25 Stairs.
(a) Scope and application. This section covers fixed stairs,
spiral stairs, ship's stairs and alternating tread type stairs. It
does not apply to stairs on mobile equipment; to articulated stairs
that may be installed on floating roof tanks, waterfront dock
facilities or access facilities to mobile equipment at angles which
change with the rise and fall of the floating support or various
heights of mobile equipment; or to stairs forming an integral part
of machinery. It also does not apply to stairs used only for an
emergency means of egress, which are covered by subpart E of this
Part.
(b) General requirements. (1) Stairs with four or more risers
shall be provided with at least one handrail. A stair rail system
shall be provided on all unprotected sides or edges of stairways
with a fall hazard of four feet (1.2 m) or more.
(2) Handrails and stair rails shall meet the applicable
requirements in Sec. 1910.28(c). Stair rail systems may also serve
as handrails when properly installed.
(3) The sides and edges of stair landings with a fall hazard of
four feet (1.2 m) or more, unless otherwise enclosed, shall be
provided with guardrail systems meeting the requirements of Sec.
1910.28.
(4) Stairs shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at
least five times their maximum intended load.
(5) All stairs installed before (insert date 60 days after the
effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register) shall have
a minimum vertical clearance of six feet, eight inches (2.05 m). The
vertical clearance for all stairs (except spiral stairs) installed
on or after (insert date 60 days after the effective date of the
final rule in the Federal Register) shall be a minimum of seven feet
(2.1 m).
(6) Stairs shall be installed with uniform riser heights and
tread depths between landings.
(c) Fixed stairs. (1) Fixed stairs shall be installed at angles
up to 50 degrees from the horizontal.
(2) Riser heights on fixed stairs shall be from six and one-half
inches to nine and one-half inches (16.5 to 24.1 cm). (3) Fixed
stairs shall have a minimum width of 22 inches (55.9 cm) between
vertical barriers.
(4) Fixed stairs with closed risers shall have a minimum stair
tread depth of eight inches (20.3 cm).
(5) Fixed stairs with open risers shall have a minimum tread
depth of six inches (15.2 cm).
(6) Stairway landings and platforms measured in the direction of
travel shall be at least 22 inches (55.9 cm) wide, and not less than
30 inches (76 cm) in length.
(d) Spiral stairways. (1) The clear width of the stairs shall
not be less than 26 inches (66 cm).
(2) The height of the riser shall not exceed nine and one-half
inches (24.1 cm).
(3) The minimum headroom above spiral stairways shall be six
feet, six inches (198 cm).
(4) Treads shall have a minimum depth of seven and one-half
inches (19.1 cm) at a point 12 inches (30.5 cm) from the narrowest
edge.
(5) All treads shall be identical.
(6) Where doors or gates open directly onto spiral stairways,
landings shall be provided meeting the requirements of paragraph
(c)(6) of this section.
(e) Ship's stairs installed on or after (insert date 60 days
after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register).
(1) Ship's stairs shall be installed at a slope between 50
degrees and 70 degrees from the horizontal.
(2) Risers shall be open; treads shall be at least four inches
(10 cm) in depth, 18 inches (46 cm) in width, and have a vertical
rise between tread surfaces of six and one-half to 12 inches (16 to
30 cm).
(3) Handrails meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28 shall be
installed on both sides of ship's stairs.
(f) Alternating tread type stairs. (1) Alternating tread type
stairs shall have a series of steps between 50 and 70 degrees from
the horizontal.
(2) Handrails shall be provided on both sides of alternating
tread type stairs.
(3) The width between handrails shall be from 17 to 24 inches
(43 to 61 cm).
(4) Alternating tread type stairs shall be equipped with slip-
resistant surfaces on the treads.
(5) The tread shall have a minimum depth of eight and one-half
inches (22 cm).
(6) The tread shall be at least seven inches (18 cm) wide at the
nosing.
(7) Landings or platforms shall meet the requirements in
paragraph (c)(6) of this section.
Sec. 1910.26 Ramps and bridging devices.
(a) General requirements. (1) Ramps and bridging devices shall
be designed, constructed and maintained to support their maximum
intended loads.
(2) Ramps and bridging devices used for the passage of vehicles
shall be designed, constructed and maintained to prevent vehicles
from running off the edge.
(3) There shall be a clearly designated and separated walkway
for foot passage outside of the vehicle lane when ramps and bridging
devices are used for the simultaneous passage of pedestrians and
motorized vehicles except when pedestrians can precede or follow a
vehicle at a safe distance.
(4) Ramps and bridging devices shall be secured to prevent their
displacement while employees are on them. Vehicles, such as freight
cars, onto which a ramp or bridging device has been placed, shall be
prevented from moving, by such means as chocks or sand shoes, while
the ramp or bridging device is being used by employees.
(5) A safe means of handling portable ramps and bridging
devices, such as handholds or grab handles, shall be provided for
employee use.
(6) Ramps and bridging devices constructed of two or more planks
shall have the planks securely connected together to prevent
displacement.
(b) Specific requirements. (1) Fixed ramps. (i) Each ramp used
by employees that has a ramp angle greater than 20 degrees from the
horizontal shall be provided with handrails meeting the requirements
of Sec. 1910.28.
(ii) The employer shall assure that the angle of ramps used by
employees does not exceed 30 degrees from the horizontal.
(iii) Ramps which have a fall hazard of four feet (1.2 m) or
more shall be provided with a stair rail system or equivalent fall
protection system meeting Sec. 1910.28.
(2) Portable or elevating ramps and bridging devices. (i) When
one or both ends of a portable or elevating ramp or bridging device
are not secured to the vehicle or dock, there shall be an overlap of
at least four inches (10.2 cm) onto the unattached surface or
surfaces.
(ii) Fall protection systems are not required for ramps or
bridging devices when they are being used exclusively for material
handling operations with motorized equipment, when:
(a) Employees engaged in those operations are exposed to fall
hazards less than 10 feet (3 m); and,
(b) Those employees have been trained to recognize and avoid the
hazards involved with this work. This training shall consist of
instructions in the proper placement and securing of the ramps and
bridging devices, securing of vehicles, and the proper use of
material-handling equipment.
Sec. 1910.27 Work surfaces.
(a) Scope and application. (1) Scope. This section covers
floors, ramps, roofs and similar walking and working surfaces,
unless they are specifically covered elsewhere in this subpart.
(2) Application. This section does not apply to the following
surfaces:
(i) Scaffolds covered in Sec. 1910.30.
(ii) Landings on stairs which are covered in Sec. 1910.25.
(iii) Platforms which are covered in Sec. 1910.31.
(b) General requirements. (1) Employees exposed to unprotected
sides or edges of surfaces that present a falling hazard of four
feet (1.2 m) or more to a lower level or floor holes shall be
protected by a fall protection system meeting the requirements of
Sec. 1910.28.
(2) Employees on surfaces which are less than four feet (1.2 m)
above a lower level, but are above or adjacent to dangerous
equipment, materials or operations, shall be protected by a fall
protection system meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28 to
prevent their falling into or onto the hazardous areas.
(3) Employees who are exposed to falling through a covered
opening in a surface that presents a fall hazard of four feet (1.2
m) or more to a lower level, and employees who are exposed to
falling through skylights, shall be informed of the potential hazard
and be protected by one of the following:
(i) The surface shall be designed, covered or reinforced to
carry the intended load; or
(ii) Employees shall be protected by a fall protection system in
accordance with Sec. 1910.28.
(4) A floor hole less than one foot (30.5 cm) in its least
dimension (the shortest distance from the edge of the work surface
or toeboard to the object going through the work surface) provided
for passage of machinery, piping, or
[[Page 23543]]
other equipment that may expand, contract, vibrate and/or move in a
similar manner, need only be guarded by a toeboard or equivalent
means to prevent the feet of employees from entering the hole or
tools from falling through the opening and onto employees below.
Note: See Sec. 1910.28(e) for all other floor holes.
(5) Floor hole guards shall be kept in place at all times,
except when the nature of work operations require their removal, and
where alternative means of protection have been provided.
(6) Employers shall install an appropriate guard, such as a
toeboard which complies with Sec. 1910.28, on the perimeter of a
walking or working surface, when employees below that surface might
be exposed to falling material.
Sec. 1910.28 Fall protection systems.
(a) General Requirement. (1) Guardrail use. Employers shall
provide a guardrail system as the primary fall protection system for
all walking and working surfaces regulated under this subpart unless
the use of a guardrail is infeasible. When the use of a guardrail
system is infeasible, the employer shall provide an appropriate
alternative fall protection such as personal fall protection
systems, hole covers, safety nets, etc. which complies with the
requirements of this section.
(2) Exceptions: Employers that comply with paragraph (d) of this
section need not use guardrail systems.
(b) Guardrail systems and toeboards. Requirements for suspension
scaffold fall protection systems are contained in Sec. 1910.30. All
other guardrail systems and their components shall meet the
following criteria:
(1) Top rails. The top rail or member of a guardrail system
shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force of at
least 200 pounds (890 N) applied within two inches (5 cm) of the top
edge of the rail in any downward or outward direction at any point
along the top edge. For guardrail systems installed before (insert
date 60 days after the effective date of the final rule in the
Federal Register) when the 200 pound (890 N) test load is applied in
a downward direction, the top edge of the guardrail shall not be
less than 36 inches (91 cm) above the guarded surface level. For
guardrail systems, other than those which comply with paragraph
(b)(3)(iii) of this section installed on or after (insert date 60
days after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal
Register) when the 200 pound (890 N) test load is applied in a
downward direction, the top edge of the guardrail shall not be less
than 39 inches (1 m) above the guarded surface level. No permanent
deformation is permitted in the system when the force is removed.
(2) Midrails. (i) Midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical
members, solid panels, or equivalent structural members shall be
provided between the top rail of the guardrail system and the work
surface.
(ii) Midrails and equivalent structural members shall be capable
of withstanding, without failure, a force of at least 150 pounds
(667 N) applied in any downward or outward direction at any point
along the midrail. No permanent deformation is permitted in the
system when the force is removed.
(iii) Midrails and other intermediate members shall be
positioned so that the openings in the guardrail system are a
maximum of 19 inches (48 cm) in their least dimension.
(3) Height criteria. (i) The top member of guardrail systems
installed before (insert date 60 days after the effective date of
publication of the final rule in the Federal Register) shall be at
least 36 inches (91 cm) above the work surface under all conditions.
(ii) The height of the top rail or equivalent component of
guardrail systems installed on or after (insert date 60 days after
the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register) shall
be at least 42 inches (1.1 m) above the walking or working surface.
Employers may build up the walking and working surface provided the
requirements of paragraph (b)(1) of this section are met.
(iii) As an alternative to complying with paragraphs (b)(3)(i)
and (b)(3)(ii) of this section, employers may reduce the height of
the top surface of a guardrail system to no less than 30 inches (76
cm) at any point, provided the sum of the depth (horizontal
distance) of the top edge, and the height of the top edge (vertical
distance from the work surface to the top edge of the top member),
is at least 48 inches (1.2 m).
(4) Surfaces of guardrails. Guardrail systems shall be so
surfaced as to prevent injury to an employee from punctures or
lacerations, and to prevent snagging of clothing which could cause
an employee to fall.
(5) Size criteria. Top rails and midrails shall be at least one-
quarter inch (0.6 cm) in outside diameter or thickness.
(6) Access openings. Employers may use movable guardrail
sections using such materials as gates, non-rigid members and chains
to provide access when opened and guardrail protection when closed,
provided the criteria in paragraphs (b)(1) through (b)(5) of this
section. Toeboards are not required in access openings.
(7) Toeboard requirements. (i) Toeboards shall be capable of
withstanding, without failure, an outward force of at least 50
pounds (222 N) applied at any point in the direction of the exposed
perimeter.
(ii) Toeboards shall be at least three and one-half inches (8.9
cm) in vertical height from their top edge to the level of the work
surface.
(iii) Toeboards shall not be placed more than one-half inch (1.3
cm) above the work surface. They shall be solid or have openings not
over one inch (2.5 cm) in their greatest dimension.
(c) Handrail and stair rail systems. (1) Strength criteria.
Handrails and the top rails of stair rail systems shall be capable
of withstanding, without permanent deformation or a loss of support,
a force in any downward or outward direction at any point along the
top edge, of at least 200 pounds (890 N) applied within two inches
(5 cm) of the top edge of the rail.
(2) Height criteria. (i) The height of handrails installed
before (insert date 60 days after date of the final rule in the
Federal Register) shall not be less than 30 inches (76 cm) nor more
than 42 inches (1.1 m) from the top of the handrail to the surface
of the tread in line with the face of the riser at the forward edge
of the tread.
(ii) The height of handrails installed on or after (insert date
60 days after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal
Register) shall not be more than 37 inches (94 cm) nor less than 30
inches (76 cm) when measured in a manner consistent with the method
described in (c)(2)(i) above.
(iii) The height of stair rail systems installed before (insert
date 60 days after the effective date of the final rule in the
Federal Register) shall not be less than 30 inches (76 cm) from the
upper surface of the tread. This distance shall be measured in a
vertical direction at the intersection of the riser face and tread
surface, or in the case of open risers, at the forward edge of the
tread surface.
(iv) The height of stair rail systems installed on or after
(insert date 60 days after the effective date of the final rule in
the Federal Register) shall be not less than 36 inches (91 cm) when
measured in a manner consistent with the method described in
(c)(2)(iii) of this section.
(v) A stair rail installed before (insert date 60 days after the
effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register) may also
serve as a handrail when the height of the top edge is not more than
42 inches (1.1 m) nor less than 36 inches (91 cm) when measured at
the forward edge of the tread surface.
(vi) A stair rail installed on or after (insert date 60 days
after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register)
may also serve as a handrail when the height of the top edge is not
more than 37 inches (94 cm) nor less than 36 inches (91 cm) when
measured at the forward edge of the tread surface.
(3) Finger clearance. The minimum clearance between handrails,
including the top edge of stair rail systems serving as handrails,
and any obstructions shall be one and one-half inches (4 cm).
(4) Surfaces. Handrail and stair rail systems shall be surfaced
to prevent injury to employees from punctures or lacerations, and to
prevent snagging of clothing.
(5) Openings in stair rails. Openings in a stair rail system
shall be a maximum of 19 inches (48 cm) in their least dimension.
(6) Handhold. Handrails shall have the shape and dimension
necessary to provide a firm handhold for employees.
(7) Projection hazards. Ends of stair rail systems and handrails
shall not present a projection hazard.
(d) Designated areas. (1) General requirements for use.
Employers may establish designated areas which comply with the
provisons of this paragraph as an alternative to installing
guardrails, where employers demonstrate that employees within the
designated areas are not exposed to fall hazards. In addition, the
following conditions and requirements must be met in order to use
designated areas in lieu of other fall protection measures:
(a) The work must be of a temporary nature, such as maintence on
roof top equipment.
[[Page 23544]]
(b) Designated areas shall be established only on surfaces that
have a slope from horizontal of 10 degrees or less.
(c) The designated area shall consist of an area surrounded by a
rope, wire or chain and supporting stanchions erected in accordance
with the criteria in paragraphs (d)(2) through (d)(5) of this
section.
(2) Strength criteria. (i) After being erected with the line
(such as rope, wire or chain) attached, stanchions shall be capable
of resisting, without tipping over, a force of at least 16 pounds
(71 N) applied horizontally against the stanchion. The force shall
be applied 30 inches (76 cm) above the work surface and
perpendicular to the designated area perimeter, and in the direction
of the unprotected side or edge;
(ii) The line shall have a minimum breaking or tensile strength
of 500 pounds (2.2 kN), and after being attached to the stanchions,
shall be capable of supporting, without breaking, the loads applied
to the stanchions as prescribed in paragraph (d)(2)(i) of this
section; and
(iii) The line shall be attached at each stanchion in such a way
that pulling on one section of the line between stanchions will not
result in slack being taken up in adjacent sections before the
stanchion tips over.
(3) Height criteria. The line shall be installed in such a
manner that its lowest point (including sag) is no less than 34
inches (86 cm) nor more than 39 inches (1 m) from the work surface.
(4) Visibility criteria. The line forming the designated area
shall be clearly visible from any unobstructed location within the
designated area up to 25 feet (7.6 m) away, or at the maximum
distance a worker may be positioned away from the line, whichever is
less.
(5) Location criteria. (i) The stanchions shall be erected as
close to the work area as is permitted by the task.
(ii) The perimeter of the designated area shall be erected no
less than six feet (1.8 m) from the unprotected side or edge.
(iii) When mechanical equipment is being used, the line shall be
erected not less than six feet (1.8 m) from the unprotected side or
edge which is parallel to the direction of mechanical equipment
operation, and not less than 10 feet (3.1 m) from the unprotected
side or edge which is perpendicular to the direction of mechanical
equipment operation.
(iv) Access to the designated area shall be by a clear path,
formed by two lines, attached to stanchions, which meet the
strength, height and visibility requirements of this paragraph.
(e) Holes. Covers for holes in floors, roofs and other walking
and working surfaces shall comply with the following provisions:
Note: See Sec. 1910.27(b)(4) for floor holes provided for the
passage of machinery, piping or other equipment.
(1) Covers located in roadways and vehicular aisles shall be
capable of supporting, without failure, at least twice the maximum
axle load of the largest vehicle expected to cross over the cover.
(2) All other covers shall be capable of supporting, without
failure, the maximum intended load of employees, equipment and
material to be applied to the cover at any one time, or 250 pounds
(114 kg), whichever is greater.
(3) All covers shall be installed so as to prevent accidental
displacement.
(f) Personal fall protection systems. All body belts and body
harnesses and their associated fall protection systems shall meet
the applicable requirements of subpart I of this Part.
(g) Restraint line systems. Where an employee is tethered,
restraint line systems shall meet the applicable requirements of
subpart I in order to prevent a fall from an unprotected side or
edge or into an opening.
(h) Safety net systems. Safety net systems and their use shall
comply with the following provisions:
(1) Safety nets shall be installed as close as practicable under
the work surface on which employees are working, but in no case more
than 30 feet (9.1 m) below such work surfaces.
(2) Safety nets shall be installed with sufficient clearance
under them to prevent contact with the surface or structures below
if subjected to an impact equal to that imposed under the required
drop test.
(3) Safety nets shall extend outward from the outermost
projection of the work surface as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Minimum required horizontal--
Vertical distance--(working level to distance (net outer edge to
horizontal plane of net) working surface edge)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Up to 5 feet (1.5 m)................. 8 feet (2.4 m).
More than 5 feet (1.5 m) up to 10 10 feet (3 m).
feet (3 m).
More than 10 feet (3 m).............. 13 feet (4 m).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) Safety nets and their installations shall be capable of
absorbing the impact force of a drop test, consisting of a 400 pound
(180 kg) bag of sand 30 +/- 2 inches (76 +/- 5 cm) in diameter
dropped into the net from the highest work surface on which
employees are to be protected. Each safety net and its installation
shall be successfully drop-tested to meet this requirement at the
job site before being used as a fall protection system.
Exception to paragraph (h)(4) of this section:
When the employer can demonstrate that such a drop test is not
practicable, the net installation may be used if a qualified person
certifies that the installation meets the strength requirements of
this paragraph (h)(4) and all other requirements of this paragraph
(h).
(5) Safety nets which are in use shall be inspected weekly for
mildew, wear, damage or deterioration, and shall be removed from
service if their required strength has been substantially reduced.
(6) Any materials, scrap pieces or tools which may have fallen
into the safety net shall be removed as soon as possible, but at
least before the next work shift.
(7) The maximum size of each safety net mesh opening shall not
exceed 36 square inches (232 cm2), nor be longer than six
inches (15 cm) on any side measured center-to-center of mesh ropes
or webbing. All mesh crossings shall be secured to prevent
enlargement of the mesh opening.
(8) Each safety net, or section of it, shall have a border rope
or webbing with a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2
kN).
(9) Connections between safety net panels shall be as strong as
integral net components, and shall be spaced at intervals not more
than six inches (15 cm) apart.
Sec. 1910.29 Wall openings.
(a) Existing wall openings. Existing wall openings shall be
guarded by a fall protection system meeting the applicable
requirements of Sec. 1910.28 if their lower edge is less than 36
inches (91.4 cm) above a work surface, and if they present a hazard
to employees of falling through and down more than four feet (1.2
m).
(b) New wall openings. Wall openings constructed on or after
(insert date 60 days after the effective date of the final rule in
the Federal Register) shall be guarded by a fall protection system
meeting the applicable requirements of Sec. 1910.28 if their lower
edge is less than 39 inches (1 m) above a work surface, and if they
present a hazard to an employee of falling through and down more
than four feet (1.2 m).
(c) Grab handles. Wall openings shall be provided with
accessible grab handles on each side of the opening whenever the
work activity requires employees to work through an unprotected
opening by reaching through or around the opening. Each grab handle
shall be capable of withstanding a maximum horizontal pull-out force
equal to two times the intended load, or 200 pounds (890 N),
whichever is greater. In addition, employees shall be provided with
a fall protection system meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
Sec. 1910.30 Scaffolds.
(a) Scope and application. This section applies to two-point
adjustable scaffolds, single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds,
mobile manually propelled scaffolds, and boatswains' chairs and
components when used in general industry. Any other type of
scaffolds not specifically covered in this section shall meet the
applicable requirements of 29 CFR Part 1926, subpart L.
(b) Restrictions. The use of ``lean-to'' or ``shore'' scaffolds
is prohibited.
(c) General requirements. (1) Scaffold installation and use.
Scaffold installation and use shall meet the following conditions:
(i) Ladders or makeshift devices shall not be used on top of
scaffold platforms to increase the height at which employees work.
(ii) Scaffold suspension ropes or devices shall hang vertically
without being pulled laterally unless specifically designed and
intended for such use.
(iii) When employees on scaffolds are exposed to falling
objects, overhead protection shall be provided in such a manner as
to deflect or resist penetration of objects that are likely to fall
onto the employees.
(iv) Scaffolds shall not be moved horizontally nor altered while
they are in use or occupied by employees, except when a scaffold has
been specifically designed for such use.
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(v) Tools, materials and debris shall not be allowed to
accumulate in quantities to cause a hazard.
(vi) Work is prohibited on scaffolds covered with snow, ice or
other slippery material except as necessary for removal of such
material.
(vii) Work on or from scaffolds is prohibited when winds are
above 40 miles per hour (64.4 km/hr) unless the employer can
establish that employees are protected from the effects of the
wind's force and that the scaffold is properly secured against the
wind loads imposed on it. Wind screens shall not be used unless the
scaffold is designed for them and the scaffold is secured against
wind loads imposed on it.
(viii) Scaffolds shall not be erected, used, or moved closer to
exposed and energized power lines than as follows:
(a) For all lines of more than 50 kv, minimum clearance between
the lines and all parts of the scaffold shall be 10 feet (3.1 m)
plus 0.4 inch (1 cm) for each 1 kv over 50 kv, or twice the length
of the line insulator, but never less than 10 feet (3.1.m);
(b) For all insulated lines between 300 volts and 50 kv, the
minimum clearance between the lines and all parts of the scaffold
shall be 10 feet (3.1 m);
(c) For all insulated lines of less than 300 volts, the minimum
clearance between the lines and all parts of the scaffold shall be
two feet (0.6 m);
(d) For all lines of any voltage which are uninsulated, the
minimum clearance between the lines and all parts of the scaffold
shall be 10 feet (3.1 m) for lines of 50 kv and less; and for lines
more than 50 kv, 10 feet (31 m) plus 0.4 inch (1 cm) for each 1 kv
over 50 kv, or twice the length of the line insulator, but never
less than 10 feet (3.1m).
(ix) Where material is being hoisted onto or near a scaffold,
tag lines or other equivalent measures to control the hoisted load
shall be utilized.
(2) Suspension ropes. (i) Suspension ropes shall be capable of
supporting, without failure, at least six times the intended load
applied or transmitted to that rope.
(ii) Suspension ropes supporting manually-powered suspended
scaffolds shall be no less than one-fourth of an inch (.63 cm)
diameter steel wire rope or equivalent. The minimum grade of wire
rope shall be improved plow steel.
(iii) Suspension ropes supporting suspended powered scaffolds
shall be no less than five-sixteenths of an inch (.79 cm) diameter
wire rope or equivalent. The minimum grade of wire rope shall be
improved plow steel.
(iv) Winding rope hoists shall contain at least four wraps of
the suspension rope when the scaffold is at the lowest point of
travel. In all other situations, the suspension ropes shall either
be of such length that the scaffold can be lowered to the level
below without the rope end passing through the hoist, or the rope
end shall be configured or provided with a means to prevent its end
from passing through the hoist.
(v) Ropes terminating at drums shall be attached to the drum by
a positive mechanical means.
(vi) Wire suspension ropes shall not be joined together except
by eye splicing with shackles, or by coverplates and bolts.
(vii) Swaged attachments or spliced eyes on wire suspension
ropes shall be made only by the wire rope manufacturer or by a
qualified person. The swaged attachments or spliced eyes made by a
qualified person shall be at least equivalent to devices made by the
rope manufacturer.
(viii) Wire rope clips shall be installed by a qualified person,
retightened after initial loading, and be inspected and kept tight
thereafter.
(ix) Suspension ropes shall be protected from exposure to open
flames, hot work, corrosive chemicals or other destructive
conditions.
(x) Ropes shall be regularly inspected and serviced. The use of
repaired wire rope as suspension rope is prohibited, and defective
suspension ropes shall not be used.
(3) Strength. Each scaffold and scaffold component, except
suspension ropes and guardrail systems, shall be capable of
supporting, without failure, its own weight and at least four times
the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that component.
Scaffold components selected, built and loaded in accordance with
Appendix A of this subpart, will be deemed to meet this requirement.
(4) Loading of scaffolds. No scaffold shall be loaded in excess
of its maximum intended load. The employer shall inform all
employees working with scaffolds of the maximum intended load for
the scaffold in use.
(5) Coating of wood platforms. Wood platform units shall not be
covered with opaque coatings. Unit edges may be marked for purposes
of identification. Periodic coating with a wood preservative, fire
retardant or slip-resistant coating is permitted, so long as the
coating does not obscure the top or bottom wood surface.
(6) Erection and inspection. Scaffolds shall be erected and used
under the supervision of a qualified person in accordance with
applicable manufacturers' recommendations. Scaffolds shall be
inspected for visible defects prior to each day's use and after any
occurrence which could affect a scaffold's structural integrity.
Deficiencies shall be corrected before use.
(7) Platform width. Scaffold platform units shall be at least 18
inches (46 cm) wide.
(8) Platforms. Platforms at all working levels shall be fully
planked or decked with platform units between the front uprights and
the guardrail supports as follows:
(i) Platform units shall be placed as close as possible to
adjacent units. Any space between adjacent units shall be no more
than one inch (2.5 cm) except as necessary to fit around uprights
when side brackets are used to extend the width of the platform.
(ii) Where full planking or decking cannot be obtained using
standard width units, the platform shall be planked or decked as
fully as possible; however, the remaining open space between the
platform and guardrail supports shall not exceed nine and one half
inches (24 cm).
(9) Positioning the front edge of a scaffold. The front edge of
all scaffold platforms shall be positioned as close as practical to
the structure being worked, but not more than 14 inches (35 cm) from
the face of the structure unless a guardrail system meeting the
requirements of Sec. 1910.28 is used. When scaffold frames cannot
be positioned within this maximum distance, side brackets or other
means may be used to extend the platform width to within 14 inches
(35 cm) from the face of the structure being worked.
(10) Protection of employees working below scaffolds. Toeboards,
overhead protection or other equivalent protection shall be provided
to prevent tools or material from falling onto employees working
below scaffolds.
(11) Extension of platform units over supports. Scaffold
platform units, unless cleated or otherwise restrained by hooks or
equivalent means at both ends, shall extend over their end supports
no less than six inches (15 cm) and not more than 18 inches (46 cm).
A unit may extend more than 18 inches (46 cm) over the end support
when the unit is designed and installed to support employees on the
extended area without tipping, or guarded to prevent access to the
cantilevered ends.
(12) Abutment of platforms. On scaffolds where units are abutted
to create a longer platform, each abutted end shall rest on a
separate support, butt plate, or equivalent means of support.
(13) Overlapping of platforms. On scaffolds where platform units
are overlapped to create a longer platform, the overlap shall occur
only over supports, and shall not be less than 12 inches (30.5 cm),
unless the planks are nailed together or otherwise restrained to
prevent movement.
(14) Intermixing of components. Scaffold components manufactured
by different manufacturers shall not be intermixed unless the
component parts fit together without force or modification, and the
resulting scaffold meets the requirements of this section.
(15) Ladders. All ladders shall be located so as not to
adversely affect the stability of the scaffold.
(16) Access. An access ladder, or equivalent safe access, shall
be provided to scaffold platforms.
(17) Gasoline-powered hoists. Gasoline-powered hoists shall not
be located on suspension scaffolds.
(18) Listing of hoists. Suspension scaffold mechanically-powered
hoists and manually-powered hoists shall be of a type tested and
listed by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. Refer to Sec.
1910.7 for definition of nationally recognized testing laboratory.
(19) Power-operated gears and brakes. All power-operated gears
and brakes on suspension scaffold hoists shall be guarded to prevent
employee injury.
(20) Automatic braking devices. In addition to the normal
operating brake, mechanically-powered hoists on suspension scaffolds
shall have a braking device which engages automatically when the
normal speed of descent of the hoist is exceeded.
(21) Manually powered hoists. Manually powered hoists shall
require a positive crank force to descend.
(22) Support surfaces for suspension scaffold support devices.
All suspension
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scaffold support devices such as outrigger beams, cornice hooks,
parapet clamps, and similar devices, shall rest on surfaces capable
of supporting the reaction forces imposed by the scaffold hoist
operating at its maximum rated load.
(23) Evaluating decks to support intended loads. When an
employer chooses to use outrigger beams in conjunction with a
suspended scaffold, a qualified person shall evaluate the direct
connections to roof and floor decks before suspension scaffold
outrigger beams are used, in order to ensure that such decks are
capable of supporting the loads to be imposed.
(24) Inboard ends of outrigger beams. The inboard ends of
suspension scaffold outrigger beams shall be stabilized by bolts or
other direct connections to the floor or roof deck, or they shall
have their inboard ends stabilized by counterweights.
(i) Direct connections shall be evaluated before use by a
qualified person who shall affirm, based on the evaluation, that the
supporting surfaces are capable of supporting the loads to be
imposed.
(ii) Counterweights shall be made of non-flowable solid
material.
(iii) Counterweights shall be secured by mechanical means to the
outrigger beams.
(iv) Counterweights shall not be removed from a scaffold until
the scaffold is disassembled.
(v) Outrigger beams shall be secured by tiebacks equivalent in
strength to the suspension ropes.
(vi) Tiebacks shall be secured to a structurally sound portion
of the building or structure.
(vii) Tiebacks shall be installed parallel to the centerline of
the beam.
(25) Outrigger beams. Scaffold outrigger beams:
(i) Shall be provided with stop bolts or shackles at both ends;
(ii) Shall be securely fastened together, with the flanges
turned out when channel iron beams are used in place of I-beams;
(iii) Shall be installed with all bearing supports perpendicular
to the beam centerline;
(iv) Shall be set and maintained with the web in a vertical
position;
(v) Where a single outrigger beam is used, shall have the steel
shackles or clevises with which the wire ropes are attached to the
outrigger beam placed directly over the hoisting machine;
(vi) Shall be made of structural metal or equivalent material;
and,
(vii) Shall be restrained to prevent movement.
(26) Suspension scaffold support devices. Suspension scaffold
support devices such as cornice hooks, roof hooks, roof irons,
parapet clamps or similar devices shall be:
(i) Made of mild steel, wrought iron, or materials of equivalent
strength;
(ii) Supported by bearing blocks; and
(iii) Secured against movement by tiebacks installed at right
angles to the face of the structure whenever possible, and secured
to a structurally sound portion of the structure. Vents, standpipes,
other piping systems, and electrical conduit shall not be used as
points of tie-off for tiebacks. Tiebacks shall be equivalent in
strength to the hoisting rope.
(27) Fall protection for suspension scaffolds. Employees working
on single-point suspension scaffolds and two-point suspension
scaffolds shall be protected from falls in the following manner:
(i) All open sides and ends of the scaffolds shall be protected
by barriers that meet the following:
(a) At least 36 inches (91 cm) in height;
(b) The top member of barrier shall withstand at least a 100
pound (444 N) force in any downward or outward direction;
(c) The midrails shall withstand at least a 75 pound (333 N)
force in any downward or outward direction; and
(d) A standard toeboard meeting the requirements of Sec.
1910.28 is also required when employees below are exposed to hazards
from tools, equipment or other objects falling from the scaffold
edges;
(ii) Employees on single level scaffolds (one working level) or
the top surface of multilevel scaffolds shall be protected by a
personal fall protection system meeting the requirements of subpart
I, which is attached to either:
(a) a structure (anchorage point) not to the scaffold or the
scaffold suspension means, or:
(b) A supplementary platform support line, or a scaffold member
which can withstand an impact force of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) if
supplementary platform support lines are used in conjunction with
automatic safety locking devices capable of stopping the fall of the
scaffold in the event any of the main suspension lines fail.
(iii) Multilevel platforms and scaffolds with overhead
protection shall be provided with supplementary platform support
lines and automatic safety locking devices capable of stopping the
fall of the loaded platform in the event any of the main suspension
lines fail. Employees shall be provided with a personal fall
protection system meeting the requirements of subpart I of this
part. Employees working below an obstruction shall be attached to a
scaffold member capable of withstanding an impact force of 5,000
pounds (22.2 kN) or greater.
(d) Two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds (swing stages).
(1) Platform unit width. Platform units shall be no more than 36
inches (91 cm) wide, unless designed by a qualified person to be
stable under the conditions of use.
(2) Platform units. Platform units shall be securely fastened to
hangers (stirrups) by U-bolts or by other equivalent means. Light-
metal type platforms shall be tested and listed by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory.
(3) Securing scaffolds. Two-point adjustable suspension
scaffolds shall be secured to prevent them from swaying. Window
cleaners' anchorages shall not be used for this purpose.
(4) Bridging scaffolds. Scaffolds designed for use as two-point
suspension scaffolds shall not be bridged or otherwise connected one
to another during raising and lowering operations. Two-point
suspension scaffolds designed for use in multi-point suspension
systems may be bridged one to another if the bridge connections are
articulated and the hoists properly sized.
(5) Passage between scaffolds. Passage may be made from one
platform unit to another only when the platform units are at the
same height, are abutted, and have walk-through stirrups
specifically designed for this purpose.
(e) Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. (1) Testing
and listing. Single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds including
hoists, shall be of a type that is tested and listed by a nationally
recognized testing laboratory.
(2) Combining single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds. When
two single-point adjustable suspension scaffolds are combined to
form a two-point suspension scaffolds, the resulting scaffold shall
meet the requirements for two-point adjustable suspension scaffolds.
(f) Mobile manually propelled scaffolds. (1) Guarding against
falls. Employees on mobile scaffolds more than 10 feet (3 m) above
lower levels shall be protected from falling to lower levels along
all open sides and ends of the platform unit by a fall protection
system meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
(2) Casters and wheels. Caster stems and wheel stems shall be
secured to prevent them from accidentally falling out of their
mountings.
(3) Supporting surfaces. Mobile scaffolds shall only be used on
surfaces that are rigid and capable of supporting the scaffold in a
loaded condition. Unstable objects, such as barrels, boxes, loose
bricks, or concrete blocks shall not be used to support the
scaffolds.
(4) Leveling. Screw jacks or equivalent means shall be used when
leveling of the scaffold is necessary.
(5) Securing mobile scaffolds. Mobile scaffolds being used in a
stationary manner shall be secured against unintentional movement.
(6) Moving mobile scaffolds. The force used to move a mobile
scaffold shall be applied as close to the base as practicable, but
no more than five feet (1.5 m) above the supporting surface, and
provisions shall be made to stabilize the scaffold to prevent
tipping during movement. Surfaces over which the scaffold is to pass
shall be free of obstructions and openings that may cause the
scaffold to tip.
(7) Riding mobile scaffolds. Employees shall not be allowed to
ride on scaffolds unless the following conditions are met:
(i) The surface over which the scaffold will pass shall be
within three degrees of level, and free of pits, holes, and
obstructions;
(ii) The maximum height to base width ratio of the scaffold
during movement shall be two to one or less. Outrigger frames may be
included as part of the base width dimension;
(iii) Outrigger frames, when used, shall be installed on
opposite sides of the scaffold;
(iv) Tools and materials shall be secured to prevent movement or
removed from the platform unit, or toeboards shall be installed on
all sides of the scaffold;
(v) Employees shall not be on any part of the scaffold which
extends outward beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports; and
(vi) Employees on the scaffold shall have advance knowledge of
the movement.
(8) Height to base ratios. Scaffolds with height to base width
ratios more than four to
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one shall be restrained by guying, tying, bracing, or other
equivalent means sufficient to prevent tipping.
(9) Preventing swaying and displacement. Scaffold poles, legs,
posts, and uprights shall be plumb, secure, and rigidly braced to
prevent swaying and displacement.
(10) Extending platform units beyond base supports. Platform
units shall not extend outward past the base supports of the
scaffold unless outrigger supports or equivalent devices are used
and will assure stability.
(g) Boatswains' chairs. (1) Chair strength. The chair shall be
of a size suitable for the intended purpose, and shall be of such
strength to hold the intended live load, but not less than 250
pounds (1.1 kN) without failure.
(2) Tie backs. Tie backs, if used, shall be approximately
perpendicular to the structure face.
(3) Personal fall protection system. Each employee shall be
protected from falling by body belts or harnesses, lanyards and
lifelines, separate from the chair support system. The personal fall
protection system shall meet the requirements of subpart I of this
part.
(4) Tackle. Boatswains' chair tackle shall be correctly sized
for the rope being used and the rope shall be ``eye'' spliced. The
breaking strength of the suspension rope shall be at least 4,400
pounds (19.5 kN).
(5) Seat slings for heat producing processes. The seat sling
shall be constructed of at least three-eighths of an inch (9.5 cm)
diameter wire rope when the employee using it is conducting a heat-
producing process.
Sec. 1910.31 Mobile elevating work platforms, mobile ladder stands
and powered industrial truck platforms.
(a) Application. This section applies to the design and
installation of platforms used in conjunction with powered
industrial trucks, and to mobile elevating work platforms and mobile
ladder stands. The three types of equipment covered by this section
shall be collectively be refered to as ``units''.
(b) General requirements. (1) All units shall be designed,
installed and maintained to support the maximum intended loads in
any configuration that may be used.
(2) All units shall be given a visual inspection prior to use
for defects that could cause employee injury. The employer shall
ensure that the manufacturers' specifications for inspection and
maintenance are met where applicable.
(3) Defective units shall be tagged ``Do not use'' or with a
similar legend in accordance with Sec. 1910.145, and removed from
service until repaired by a qualified person.
(4) Employees shall be trained in the safe use of units before
they are allowed to use them.
(5) Each unit shall be secured to prevent unintended motion
while in use.
(6) The use of any device to achieve additional height on a unit
is prohibited.
(7) All surfaces shall be free of hazards that can cause
puncture or laceration injuries to employees.
(c) Mobile elevating work platforms. (1) Minimum loading. Units
shall be capable of supporting at least 300 pounds (135 kg).
(2) Structural safety factors. (i) All load-supporting
structural elements of the units shall have a structural safety
factor of not less than two, based on the minimum yield strength of
the material.
(ii) All load-supporting structural elements of units that are
made of nonductile materials (such as cast iron or fiberglass) shall
have a structural safety factor of not less than five, based on the
allowable unit stress of the material.
(3) Maximum platform height. The maximum platform height of
units that only elevate in the vertical plane, without any
articulation, shall not exceed four times the minimum base
dimensions unless the employer demonstrates that equivalent
stability is provided. When greater heights are necessary, properly
fitted outrigger frames, guying or bracing shall be provided.
(4) Platforms. Unit platforms shall meet the following
requirements:
(i) The minimum platform width shall be 18 inches (46 cm).
(ii) The platform shall be provided with a fall protection
system meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
(iii) Toeboards meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28 shall
be provided on all sides of the platform except across access
openings.
(5) Hydraulic or pneumatic systems. All components of a
hydraulic or pneumatic system, whose failure could result in free
descent or an uncontrollable fall of the unit, shall have a bursting
strength that exceeds the pressure attained when the system is
subjected to the equivalent of four times the system's design
factor. All other hydraulic components shall have a bursting
strength of at least two times the design factor.
(6) Safety factor for wire ropes and chains. Where the platform
is supporting its maximum intended load by a system of wire ropes,
chains, or both, the safety factor of the wire rope or chain shall
not be less than eight to one, based on the ultimate strength of the
rope or chain in use.
(7) Elevating assembly. The elevating assembly shall be equipped
and maintained so that it will not allow a free descent or an
uncontrollable fall in the event of the assembly's failure. Any unit
equipped with a powered elevating assembly shall be supplied with a
clearly marked means for emergency lowering that is accessible from
the ground level.
(8) Outriggers and stabilizers. Outriggers and stabilizers shall
be constructed to prevent unintentional retraction.
(9) Lateral movement. The employer shall assure before and
during lateral movement of units that:
(i) The platform has been lowered to base level;
(ii) Tools and materials on the platform have been secured from
falling or have been removed;
(iii) Employees are off the platform; and
(iv) The area the unit is being moved through has a firm footing
and is cleared of obstructions.
(10) Lowering platforms. The area surrounding the unit shall be
cleared of employees and equipment before the platform is lowered.
(d) Mobile ladder stands. (1) Strength. Mobile ladder stands
shall be capable of supporting at least four times their intended
loading. The minimum design working load shall be calculated on the
basis of one or more 200 pound (91 kg) persons, together with 50
pounds (23 kg) of equipment each for a combined weight of 250 pounds
(114 kg) for each employee.
(2) Maximum work surface height. The maximum work surface
heights of mobile ladder stands shall not exceed four times the
least base dimension without additional support. When greater
heights are needed, outrigger frames shall be employed to achieve
this minimum base dimension, or the units shall be guyed or braced
to prevent tipping.
(3) Guardrails and railing systems. (i) Units having more than
five steps or 60 inches (1.5 m) in vertical height to the top step,
but less than 10 feet (3 m), placed into service on or after (insert
date 60 days after the effective date of the final rule in the
Federal Register) shall have a railing system on all exposed sides
and ends at least 29 inches (73.6 cm) high.
(ii) Units with a maximum work surface height of at least four
feet 1.2 m), but less than 10 feet (3 m), placed into service on or
after (insert date 60 days after the effective date of the final
rule in the Federal Register) shall have a railing system on all
exposed sides and ends at least 30 inches (76 cm) high.
(iii) All units placed into service before (insert date 60 days
after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register)
with a maximum work surface height of 10 feet (3 m) or higher, shall
be protected on the exposed sides and ends with a guardrail system
at least 36 inches (91 cm) high.
(iii) Units placed into service on or after (insert date 60 days
after the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register)
and with a maximum work surface height of 10 feet (3 m) or greater,
shall have a guardrail system and toeboards meeting the requirements
of Sec. 1910.28 of this subpart on all exposed sides and ends.
(iv) Removable gates and non-rigid members such as chains or
other means to provide access are permitted in guardrail systems and
railing systems provided that the access openings are appropriately
guarded when not in use. Toeboards are not required in access
openings.
(4) Handrails.
(i) Units having more than five steps, or units that are 60
inches (1.5 m) or greater in vertical height to the top step, placed
into service before (insert 60 days after the effective date of the
final rule in the Federal Register) shall be equipped with handrails
that are at least 29 inches (73.6 cm) high (measured vertically from
the center of the step) on both sides of its steps.
(ii) Units with a maximum work surface height of four feet (1.2
m) or more, placed into service on or after (insert 60 days after
the effective date of the final rule in the Federal Register) shall
be equipped with handrails meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28
of the subpart on both sides of its steps.
(5) Steps. Steps shall be uniformly spaced and create a uniform
slope, with a rise of not less than six and one-half inches (16.5
cm)
[[Page 23548]]
nor more than 10 inches (25.4 cm); a depth of not less than seven
inches (17.7 cm); and a minimum width of 16 inches (40.6 cm). The
slope created by the steps shall be a maximum of 60 degrees measured
from the horizontal.
(6) Locking the unit. Units shall be locked in position using at
least two means of locking when units are in use. Swivel casters, if
used, shall be provided with a positive lock on the swivel or wheel
or both.
(7) Riding on units. Employees shall not ride on mobile ladder
stands.
(e) Powered industrial truck platforms. (1) Platforms. Platforms
shall be secured to the lifting carriage or forks of the industrial
truck.
(2) Protection from moving parts. Employees on a platform shall
be protected from the moving parts of the truck.
(3) Overhead protection. Overhead protection shall be provided
when employees are exposed to objects falling from above.
(4) Minimum width. The minimum width of the platform shall be 18
inches (46 cm).
(5) Fall protection system. Employees on platforms four feet
(1.2 m) or more off the ground shall be protected by a fall
protection system meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
Sec. 1910.32 Special surfaces.
(a) Scope and application. This section regulates fall
protection for the walking and working surfaces specified herein.
The requirements located in other sections of this subpart apply
when not in conflict with the requirements in this section.
(b) Specific requirements. (1) Repair pits and assembly pits.
Repair pits and assembly pits over four feet (1.2 m) but less than
10 feet (3 m) deep need not be protected by a fall protection system
meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28, provided that the
following requirements are met:
(i) Access within six feet (1.8 m) of the edge of the pit is
limited to authorized employees;
(ii) Authorized employees shall be trained to recognize and
avoid the hazards involved with work around the pit area. (iii)
Floor marking in colors contrasting to that of the surrounding area
shall be applied, or rope, wire or chain with support stanchions
meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28(d), or a combination of
these, shall be placed at a distance of at least six feet (1.8 m)
from the edges of the pits;
(iv) Caution signs stating ``Restricted area,'' ``Authorized
employees only,'' or a similar legend, and meeting the requirements
of Sec. 1910.145 of this part shall be used to limit entry into the
area to authorized employees.
(2) Slaughtering facilities platforms. Where the placement of
guardrails would cause carcasses being processed under Federal meat
inspection regulations to contact working surfaces, the perimeter
protection requirements in Sec. 1910.27 do not apply, but the
following requirements do apply:
(i) Access to the platform is limited to authorized employees
only.
(ii) Toeboards meeting the requirements in Sec. 1910.28(b)(7)
or equivalent similar means shall be provided at these work
locations to prevent employees from sliding off or falling off the
exposed perimeter.
(iii) All of the other sides of platforms shall be guarded as
required by Sec. 1910.27 by a fall protection system meeting the
requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
(iv) Employees working on the unprotected side of a slaughtering
platform shall be trained to recognize and avoid hazards, such as
slippery surfaces, that are involved with their work and to
understand the importance of the toeboard or other available
protective devices.
(3) Loading racks. (i) The working side of loading rack
platforms which are used for access to tank cars, tank trucks, or
similar equipment, need not have fall protection meeting the
requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
(ii) All of the other sides of the loading rack shall be guarded
as required by Sec. 1910.27 by a fall protection system meeting the
requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
(iii) All runways shall be at least 18 inches (46 cm) wide.
(iv) Employees who may be exposed to fall hazards shall be
trained to recognize and avoid hazards associated with this type of
work.
(4) Loading docks and teeming tables.
(i) Employers are not required to install guardrail systems on
the working side of platforms such as loading docks and teeming
tables, where the employer can demonstrate that the presence of
guardrails would prevent the performance of work.
(ii) All of the other sides of the loading docks and teeming
tables shall be guarded as required by Sec. 1910.27 by a fall
protection system meeting the requirements of Sec. 1910.28.
(iii) Employers shall ensure that employees that may be exposed
to fall hazards, are trained to recognize and avoid the hazards
associated with this type of work such as, but not limited to, hot
surfaces and securing trailers.
(5) Qualified climbers. As provided in Sec. 1910.23(a)(2),
ladders and step bolts on triangulation, telecommunication,
electrical power towers and poles and similar structures, including
stacks and chimneys, need not have ladder safety devices, cages or
wells if only qualified climbers are permitted to use these ladders
or step bolts. Such qualified climbers shall meet the following
requirements:
(i) Qualified climbers shall be physically capable (demonstrated
through observations of actual climbing activities or by a physical
examination) of performing the duties which may be assigned to them;
(ii) Qualified climbers shall have successfully completed a
training or apprenticeship program that covered hands-on training
for the safe climbing of ladders or step bolts and shall be
retrained as necessary to ensure the necessary skills are
maintained;
(iii) The employer shall ensure through performance
observations, and formal classroom or on-the-job training that the
qualified climber has the skill to safely perform the climbing;
(iv) Qualified climbers shall have climbing duties as one of
their routine work activities;
(v) Qualified climbers, when reaching their work position, shall
be protected by a fall protection system meeting the requirements of
Sec. 1910.28.
Appendix A to Subpart D--Compliance Guidelines
Note: The following appendices to subpart D serve as
nonmandatory guidelines to assist employers and employees in
complying with these sections and to provide other helpful
information. These appendices neither add to nor detract from the
obligations contained in the OSHA standards.
Section 1910.22 General Requirements.
1. Surface conditions. The purpose of this section is to provide
information to assist employers and employees to assure that walking
and working surfaces are maintained free of hazards such as physical
obstructions, debris, protruding nails or other fasteners or similar
conditions, that could cause employees to slip, trip or fall.
Some hazards, such as snow, water, or ice, which by reason of
recent weather or work operations may be present on workplace
surfaces, present a slippery surface problem to employers. When
these conditions cannot be eliminated completely, the employer can
use alternatives such as slip-resistant footwear or handrails or
stair rails to aid employees in maintaining their balance on the
hazardous surfaces. Normally, slippery surfaces would occur only
where snowfalls or freezing weather are of such frequency to make
continued clearing or shoveling of workplace parking lots and
sidewalks impractical, or where continuous use of water for washing
down walking and working surfaces results in constantly slippery
surfaces.
An effective housekeeping program may be used to minimize fall
hazards where slippery surfaces are due to temporary or intermittent
conditions. Absorbents can be used to clean up a spill where oily
materials or corrosive liquids are accidentally spilled onto the
floor.
2. Slip-resistance. A reasonable measure of slip-resistance is
static coefficient of friction (COF). A COF of 0.5, which is based
upon studies by the University of Michigan and reported in ``Work
Surface Friction: Definitions, Laboratory and Field Measurements,
and a Comprehensive Bibliography,'' is recommended as a guide to
achieve proper slip-resistance. A COF of 0.5 is not intended to be
an absolute standard value. A higher COF may be necessary for
certain work tasks, such as carrying objects, pushing or pulling
objects, or walking up or down ramps.
Slip-resistance can vary from surface to surface, or even on the
same surface, depending upon surface conditions and employee
footwear. Slip-resistant flooring material such as textured,
serrated, or punched surfaces and steel grating may offer additional
slip-resistance. These types of floor surfaces should be installed
in work areas that are generally slippery because of wet, oily, or
dirty operations. Slip-resistant type footwear may also be useful in
reducing slipping hazards.
3. Mobile equipment. Mobile equipment operated in walkways or
passageways creates a hazard to employees similar to any vehicular
traffic. Appropriate warnings should be utilized to alert employees
that mobile equipment is being used. Warning signs or mirrors can be
used at intersections
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of walkways or passageways. Flashing lights or audible devices can
be mounted on vehicles to warn employees of the presence of
vehicles.
Adequate clearance must be provided to permit safe use of
walkways, passageways, and aisles by employees when mobile equipment
is parked in walkways, passageways, or aisles, and left unattended.
Attended means that the operator is within 25 feet (7.5 m) of the
vehicle and can see it [see Sec. 1910.178(m)(5)(ii)]. Normally,
adequate clearance can be considered as a one-way free passage of 18
inches (46 cm) or greater. However, consideration should be given to
the number of employees using the passage; whether traffic will be
in both directions; and whether the passageway is part of a means of
emergency egress. (See subpart E--Means of Egress for specific
requirements.)
4. Application of loads. Floor loading limitations would be of
greatest concern to those employers engaged in the warehousing or
storage of goods and materials. Surfaces that should receive special
attention so as not to be overloaded include ramps, lifting
platforms, dockboards, scaffolds and ladders.
It is important that employees involved in materials handling be
made aware of the loading limitations of any surface upon which they
may work or walk. Floor loading of a work surface will vary
according to the nature of the work performed. For example, a work
surface used as an office would not need the continued control of
floor loading that would be necessary if the space was used as a
warehouse.
5. Training. Employees who are expected to inspect, maintain,
and/or repair surfaces must be trained in the skills needed to
perform their duties. They should also be aware of the strength of
the materials with which they are working, and the load bearing
capabilities of the equipment or surfaces they are expected to
maintain.
Section 1910.23 Ladders
1. Use of ladders. Employees should be trained and retrained as
necessary to use ladders in the manner for which the ladders were
designed to be used. The majority of ladder accidents are apparently
due to improper use, placement or selection. The reading and
understanding of the hazard warnings and safety use instruction
markings that are attached to recently manufactured portable ladders
that meet the ANSI standards would be helpful in promoting employee
safety.
A general guideline for proper ladder placement for non-self-
supported portable ladders is to place the ladder so that the
climber's hands would just touch the ladder when the arms are fully
extended, and horizontal while the climber is standing straight
facing the ladder with the climber's toes touching the side rails at
the base of the ladder.
Employers should make sure that extensions placed on ladder
siderails for leveling ladders during placement are installed so
that the connectors are secured to the siderails and do not affect
their strength. If the ladder is to be used for an extended period
of time, it should be secured to the building or structure to
prevent its accidental displacement. Employees should also be made
aware that the use of individual sections of multisectional ladders
as single ladders, and the use of self-supporting ladders in the
non-self-supporting mode (e.g., a step ladder folded up and leaned
against a wall) is not a safe practice since the ladders are not
designed for this use and may slip. Extension ladders need to be
equipped with positive locking devices to lock the ladder at the
desired climbing length before they may be used.
Employees should not climb ladders while carrying objects in
their hands. They should maintain a firm hold on the rungs or
siderails and have the necessary objects attached to their belt via
straps or loops or have the objects hoisted up by the use of a line
once they have reached their work position.
Section 1910.24 Step Bolts and Manhole Steps
1. Step bolts. Step bolts are bolts connected to poles, towers,
or similar structures for use in ascending or descending to
different levels. They are normally installed in an alternating
pattern on opposite sides of the structural member to be climbed.
They are seldom installed directly on opposite sides from one
another, except to establish a standing or rest position, although
this is an acceptable method of installation.
An effective maintenance program is required to assure the
adequacy of step bolts. For example, over a period of extended use,
bolts may become bent or otherwise damaged and thus be unsafe to
use. Bolts should be checked to assure that they remain in proper
position. Since step bolts also serve as hand grips during climbing,
they should be kept free of puncture or laceration hazards. It is
also important to check the point of anchorage to the structure.
Often, due to changing climatic conditions, anchorage nuts may
loosen, or fatigue cracks may appear. These are early signs of
premature failure of a bolt, and they must not be ignored. These
unsafe conditions should be corrected quickly by repair or
replacement.
2. Manhole steps. Because of the varied environmental conditions
found below ground in manhole structures, special consideration
should be given to the type and strength of the materials used to
manufacture the step, in order to ensure good service life.
Employees climbing through conical sections of manholes may have
to climb in positions not normally used because of the design of the
conical section. For example, the standards for ladders prohibit
climbing ladders where the climbing side of the ladder exceeds 90
degrees from the horizontal. However, in conical sections, the
design of the section may be such that climbing at angles exceeding
90 degrees may be necessary for a short distance. If ladder or step
offsets or extensions cannot be installed to provide a straight
climb, employees should be made aware of the hazards of climbing on
the conical sections.
Rungs and steps should be corrugated, knurled, dimpled, coated
with skid-resistant material, or otherwise treated to minimize the
likelihood of slipping.
Section 1910.25 Stairs
Numerous hazards can cause an employee to trip, slip, or fall on
stairs. Good housekeeping principles should be followed at all
times. Unnecessary obstructions, debris, tools or other loose
objects should be kept out of the stairway.
Where carpeting is used on stairs, special attention should be
given to the pattern or design on the carpet because some carpet/rug
patterns make it difficult to detect the leading edges of the stair
tread. It may be necessary to highlight the leading edge of the
stair with a different textured material.
If any repairs are necessary, and the work requires the use of
tools and materials which would create a hazard, the stairs should
be closed to employees until the repairs are made.
There should be adequate lighting on stairways when stairs are
in use. Lighting should be maintained and a periodic inspection of
stairs should be conducted to assure adequate lighting.
Stairs that may become wet or slippery as part of a work
operation or as a result of weather conditions should be equipped
with slip-resistant surfaces, such as a non-slip finish or an
abrasive paint. To prevent shoes from slipping, exterior stairs
should have landings and steps with surfaces that limit the
collection of water.
The preferred slope for a stairway is between 30 and 35 degrees
from the horizontal.
Figure D-1--Recommended Angles for Stairs, Ramps and Ladders
A--Ramps: 30[deg] or less
B--Typical Fixed Stair: 50[deg] or less
C--Ship Stairs: 50[deg] to 70[deg]
D--Alternating Tread Stairs: 50[deg] to 70[deg]
E--Ladders: 60[deg] to 90[deg]
BILLING CODE 4519-26-P
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BILLING CODE 4510-26-C
Section 1910.26 Ramps and Bridging Devices
1. Preventing vehicles from running off the edge of ramps and
bridging devices. An acceptable method of preventing vehicles from
running off the edges of ramps and bridging devices is to attach a
curb or a run-off guard to the edge. ASME/ANSI MH14.1, ``Loading
Dock Levelers and Dockboards,'' requires a curb or run-off guard to
be at least two and three-fourths inches (70 mm) high.
2. Designated walkway. An acceptable method of clearly
designating and separating walkways on ramps and bridging devices
from the portion used for motorized vehicles would be to place
curbing or a painted line between the walkway and the vehicle lane.
A railing or similar barrier between the two passageways areas would
also be acceptable.
3. Safe means for handling portable ramps, and bridging devices.
Using powered industrial trucks or providing handholds for manual
movement would be considered safe methods for handling ramps and
bridging devices. If the device is to be moved manually, and the
weight is such that more than one employee would be required to move
it, then a sufficient number of handholds should be provided for the
number of employees required to move it. Rollers may also be used to
assist in moving.
4. Preventing movement of vehicles. Positive methods of
preventing movement of a vehicle are to chock the wheels and use
sand shoes on detached trailers.
Section 1910.27 Floors and Similar Surfaces
General requirements. Areas considered hazardous under Sec.
1910.27 include floor openings, open floor perimeters, sky-lights,
platform ledges, and similar structures. Acceptable methods for
protecting employees from injury or death due to falling into or off
of these exposures include guardrails, floor covers, safety
gratings, safety nets, and body belts or harnesses used with
lanyards. The employer is encouraged to utilize whatever device
suits a specific hazard and which also meets the performance goal of
fall prevention. Surfaces with slopes greater than 10 degrees from
the horizontal need to be given special consideration when selecting
the means of protecting employees from slips, trips, or falls.
Factors that should be considered include the increased likelihood
of a fall, the added momentum of the fall due to the effect of
gravity, and the potential for an employee to fall or roll through
the means of protection.
Acceptable means of protection for steep roofs may include body
belts or harnesses and lanyards, safety nets, and catch platforms.
When a floor hole less than two inches (5 cm) in its least
dimension constitutes a hazard to employees because of the type of
employee footwear being worn, such as spiked heels, precautions such
as covers for the hole, or other types of footwear should be used,
or foot traffic should be restricted or diverted to another path.
Section 1910.28 Fall Protection Systems
1. Purposes of guardrails, hand-rails, and stair rails. A
guardrail is used to protect employees from falling from the edge of
a relatively flat surface. A stair rail is similar in function to a
guardrail, its purpose being to protect employees from falling over
the edge of an open-sided stairway. A handrail, however, is used to
assist employees going up and down stairways, ramps or other walking
and working by providing a handhold to grasp to avoid falling. It
should be noted that this standard allows the functions of a
handrail and stair rail to be combined into one unit, whereby the
top rail
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of the stair rail also serves as a handrail. The following are
examples of the acceptable heights of each component installed on or
after (insert date 60 days after the effective date of the final
rule in the Federal Register):
Guardrail: Minimum 39 inches (1 m). (Optimum height: 42 inches
(1.11 m)).Stair rail: Minimum 36 inches (91 cm). (Optimum height: 42
inches (1.1 m)).
Handrail: 30 inches (76 cm) to 37 inches (94 cm) (Optimum
height: 33 inches (84 cm)).
Combination stair rail/handrail: 36 inches (91 cm) to 37 inches
(94 cm).
Ideally (but not required by this standard) an open-sided
stairway should have a 42 inch (1.1 m) stair rail, with a 33 inch
(84 cm) handrail mounted on it.
2. Examples of acceptable guardrail components. The guardrail
criteria contained in Sec. 1910.28 is performance-oriented, and
provides the employer with many options in materials to use in
designing and installing a guardrail system. The following are
several examples of guardrail systems considered acceptable by OSHA:
A. For wood railings: The posts should be of at least two-inch
by four-inch (5.1 cm by 10.2 cm) lumber spaced not to exceed eight
feet (2.4 m); the top and intermediate rails should be at least two-
inch by four-inch (5.1 cm by 10.2 cm) lumber. If the top rail is
made of two one-inch by four-inch (5.1 cm by 10.2 cm) pieces of
lumber nailed at right angles to one another, the posts should be
spaced on eight-foot (2.4 m) centers, with a two-inch by four-inch
(5.1 cm by 10.2 cm) intermediate rail. Selected wood components
should be minimum 1500 lb-f/in2 (1.03 kN/cm2)
fiber stress construction grade lumber. All dimensions refer to
nominal sizes as provided by the American Softwood Lumber Standards.
B. For pipe railings: Posts, top rails and intermediate railings
should have at least a one and one-half inch (3.8 cm) outside
diameter. Posts should be spaced no more than eight feet (2.4 m) on
centers.
C. For structural steel railings: Posts, top rails and
intermediate rails should be of two inch by two inch by three-eighth
inch (5.1 cm by 5.1 cm by 0.95 cm) angle iron or of other metal
shapes with equivalent bending strength. Posts should be spaced not
more than eight feet (2.4 m) on centers. Structural steel systems
may also have posts of two inch by two inch by one-eighth inch (5.1
cm by 5.1 cm by 0.3 cm) angle iron spaced five foot (1.52 m) or less
on center with 1-\3/4\ inch by 1-\3/4\ inch by \3/16\ inch (4.4 cm
by 4.4 cm by 0.5 cm) top rail and \1/4\ inch by one inch (0.64 cm by
2.54 cm) bar stock midrails.
Note: Railings subject to receiving heavy impacts from material-
handling equipment or large numbers of employees should be provided
with additional strength by using heavier stock, closer spacing of
posts, additional bracing or the equivalent.
4. Guardrails less than 39 inches (1.0 m). The following are
examples of acceptable guardrail systems where the height of the top
edge of the guardrail may be reduced to as low as 30 inches (76 cm).
Such alternatives could be used in hot-dip galvenizing operations or
similar situations where employees need to work with hand tools over
the guardrail system.
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5. Openings in guardrails. Openings in guardrails should be
small enough to limit the spacing between guardrail members in any
one direction to 19 inches (48 cm) or less. A 19 inch (48 cm)
diameter ball or sphere can be used to measure spacing of
irregularly shaped openings.
In the case of non-rigid guardrail systems, the opening criteria
is considered met if the dimensions are proper while the system is
not under load. If the size of the openings needs to be reduced,
higher toeboards, wider midrails, multiple intermediate rails,
perpendicular bars, x-bracing, panels, screen mesh, etc., can be
used if they meet the strength, deflection, and permanent
deformation requirements. This standard does not require midrails,
provided the 19 inch (48 cm) requirement is met by some other way
such as solid barriers, pickets, screening, etc. It should be noted
that smaller openings may be required in areas used by the general
public, and local building codes may require lesser dimensions.
6. Surfaces of guardrails. An acceptable top rail would be a
smooth surface such as a pipe, with normal pipe fittings or a
smoothly surfaced lumber component. Examples of unacceptable top
rails would be rough surfaced lumber, small diameter wire, steel or
plastic banding, and guardrails with protruding objects such as
splinters, nails, or bolts--all of which could injure an employee's
hand.
7. Testing of guardrail and handrail systems. In developing and
performing tests for guardrail and handrail systems, it is
recommended that the test force be applied to the top rail or
midrail over an area not to exceed four inches (10.1 cm) by four
inches (10.1 cm). In addition, the center of the applied force must
be within two inches (5.1 cm) of the top edge of the top rail. The
employer should exercise care in determining the most critical
locations and directions in which to apply the force (such as a
horizontal force at the midpoint of the top rail between supporting
posts).
8. Handrail height requirements. (a) A diagram of how to measure
the height of a handrail is as follows:
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(b) An example of the top member of a stair railing which also
serves as the handrail is shown below.
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9. Handrail grip dimensions. It is recommended that newly
installed handrails be shaped and designed so that employees may use
their hand grip to their best advantage. These designs permit the
fingers to curl around the handrail to provide a firmer grip. The
following are examples of acceptable handrail dimensions used to
maximize an employee's grip.
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10. Designated area visibility criteria. One method for meeting
the visibility criteria for designated areas is to place a flag made
of high visibility material on the rope, or wire or chain at not
more than six foot (1.8 m) intervals.
11. Openings in safety nets. The following is a diagram of the
maximum opening in a safety net.
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12. Safety net construction. Unduly rigid material should not be
used in the construction of safety nets. The use of such material
could cause injuries due to the shock of a sudden stop. Elastic type
materials such as nylon should be used instead of materials such as
manila rope or wire rope.
13. Safety net testing. Most safety net designs are tested by
the manufacturer. These tests are conducted on sample net panels in
accordance with ANSI A10.11, ``American National Standard Minimum
Requirements for Safety Nets.'' Such testing assures the user of a
suitable product. Since nets are installed in a wide variety of
configurations, and provisions for proper attachments to the
structure must be decided upon for each job site, each safety net
installation should be tested at the work site. Such testing, as
provided by the standard, consists of dropping a 400 pound (180 kg)
bag of sand, 30 +/- 2 inches (76 +/- 5 cm) in diameter into the net
from the highest work level to be protected by the net.
Consideration should be given to testing the most critical portion
of the net installation. In some cases a test at the job site may
not be feasible, or it may expose employees and/or the general
public to danger. In these cases the net installation must be
certified to be safe by a qualified person.
Section 1910.29 Wall Openings
Wall openings are required to be protected to prevent employees
from falling into or through the wall openings, and to prevent tools
or other materials from falling onto employees below. Examples of
acceptable systems for guarding are screens, barriers, rails,
guardrail systems, and half doors. These guards may be removable or
hinged if access to the wall opening is necessary.
Windows on a stairway, landing, floor, platform, balcony, and
other location could also be guarded by slats, grill work or other
types of protection. Glass walls are not considered wall openings.
Section 1910.30 Scaffolds
1. General overview. Section 1910.30 is not intended to require
the building of scaffolds either in a specific manner or using a
specific material. Scaffolds used in general industry are also used
in the construction industry, and since they are essentially the
same scaffolds, the requirements for similar types of scaffolds are
essentially the same for the two industries. Therefore, if scaffolds
meet the general industry standards they would meet the construction
standards, and vice versa. Only the more common types of scaffolds
that are used in general industry are specifically regulated by
Sec. 1910.30. If a particular type of scaffold is not covered in
Sec. 1910.30, the applicable requirements for the scaffold in 29
CFR Part 1926, subpart L, are to be followed.
2. Overhead protection. Overhead protection can range from the
wearing of hardhats by employees to full overhead planking,
depending on the type of objects that can fall onto employees
working on scaffolds.
3. Lumber sizes. Unless otherwise noted, stated lumber sizes are
nominal. Nominal sizes refer to lumber sizes prior to dressing, as
well as after dressing, even though the actual size of a piece of
dressed lumber is
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less than its rough cut size. An example of nominal size would be a
2 x 4 inch (51 x 102 mm) piece of lumber. Traditionally, the lumber
would be rough cut to 2 x 4 inches (51 x 102 mm). After dressing,
the actual size is appropriately 1\1/2\ x 3\1/2\ inches (38 x 89
mm). Both the rough 2 x 4 inches (51 x 102 mm) and the dressed 1\1/
2\ x 3\1/2\ inches (38 x 89 mm) lumber would be considered a nominal
2 x 4 inches (51 x 102 mm) size. Lumber References to lumber are not
meant to limit the employer to the use of wood. The use of any
material of equal or greater strength and durability is acceptable.
4. Suspension rope. Suspension ropes need to be visually
inspected each day or each shift before use, and also when the rope
has not been in use for prolonged periods, or after exposure to
detrimental elements such as open flames, hot work, and corrosive
chemicals. Proper service such as washing and treating rope after
being exposed to adverse conditions, lubricating wire rope, and
removing defective sections of rope, may be necessary to keep the
rope in safe operating condition. Examples of defective rope include
rope where there is severe localized abrasion or scraping; where
there is evidence of heat damage; where there is a loss of more than
one-third of the original diameter of the outside individual wires;
or where there is kinking, crushing, bird caging, or other damage
resulting in distortion of the rope structure.
5. Nails used on scaffolds. Nails used to construct scaffolds
should be driven full length, and should not be subjected to
straight pulls.
6. Snow and ice removal. OSHA recommends that employees involved
in removing snow and ice from scaffolds be protected from falls with
body belts or harnesses and lanyards even though guardrails may be
provided.
7. Protecting employees below scaffolds. Acceptable means of
protecting employees below scaffolds from falling objects would
include the installation of toeboards or the installation of a
screen extending along the entire platform opening between the
platform and the guardrail. The screen should consist of No. 19
gauge or heavier U.S. Standard wire, with one-half inch (1.2 cm) or
smaller mesh or the equivalent. The use of other types of material
such as plywood or expanded metal would also be acceptable.
8. Tables. The tables in this appendix relative to scaffolds are
based on all load carrying timber members of the scaffold being a
minimum of 1,500 lb-f/in2 (1.03 kN/cm2) stress
or construction grade lumber. All dimensions are nominal sizes as
provided in the American Softwood Lumber Standards, dated January
1970. Except where otherwise noted, only rough or undressed lumber
of the size specified will satisfy the minimum requirements of this
standard.
9. Wood planking. All wood planking selected for scaffold plank
use should be graded by rules established by the recognized
independent inspection agency for the species of wood used. The
maximum permissible spans for 2 x 10 inch (nominal) or 2 x 9 inch
(rough) solid sawn wood planks should be as shown in the following
table:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Maximum
Maximum permissible permissible span
Maximum intended load (lb/ft2) span using full using nominal
thickness undressed thickness lumber
lumber (ft) (ft)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
25 (122 kg/m2).................. 10 (3 m)........... 8 (2.4 m)
50 (244 kg/m2).................. 8 (2.4 m).......... 6 (1.8 m)
75 (366 kg/m2).................. 6 (1.8 m)..........
------------------------------------------------------------------------
The minimum permissible span for 1\1/4\ x 9 inch (3.2 x 22.9 cm)
or wider wood plank of full thickness with a maximum intended load
of 50 lb/ft2 (244 kg/m2) should not exceed
four feet (1.2 m).
10. Fabricated planks and platforms. Fabricated planks and
platforms may be used in lieu of solid sawn wood planks. Maximum
spans for such units should be as recommended by the manufacturer
based on the maximum intended load being calculated as follows:
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Rated load capacity Maximum intended load
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Light-duty............................. 25 lb/ft2 (122 kg/m2) applied
uniformly over the entire span
area.
Medium-duty............................ 50 lb/ft2 (244 kg/m2) applied
uniformly over the entire span
area.
Heavy-duty............................. 75 lb/ft2 (366 kg/m2) applied
uniformly over the entire span
area.
One-person............................. 250 pounds (113 kg) placed at
the center of the span [total
250 pounds (113 kg)].
Two-person............................. 250 pounds (113 kg) placed 18
inches (46 cm) to the left and
right of the center of the
span [total 500 pounds (227
kg)].
Three-person........................... 250 pounds (113 kg) placed at
the center of the span and 250
pounds (113 kg) placed 18
inches (46 cm) to the left and
right of center of the span
[total 750 pounds (340 kg)].
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: Platform units used to make scaffold platforms intended
for light-duty use should be capable of supporting at least 25 lb/
ft2 (122 kg/m2) applied uniformly over the
entire unit-span area, or a 250 pound (114 kg) point load placed on
the unit at the center of the span, whichever load produces the
greater shear force.
11. Plank-type platform. An example of an acceptable plank-type
scaffold platform would be a platform composed of not less than
nominal 2 x 8 inch (7.6 x 20 cm) unspliced planks, properly cleated
together on the underside, starting six inches (15.2 cm) from each
end. Intervals between each cleat should not exceed 4 feet (1.2 m).
12. Access. Acceptable safe access to scaffold platforms could
include one or more of the following:
(i) Ladders conforming to the requirements of Sec. 1910.23. The
ladders should not be placed in a manner to endanger employees on
the scaffold.
(ii) Hook-on or attachable metal ladders specifically designed
for use in conjunction with manufactured types of scaffolds.
(iii) Direct access from adjacent scaffolds, structures or
personal hoists.
(iv) Ramps or runways and appropriate fall protection systems
where applicable.
(v) Internal prefabricated scaffold rungs specifically designed
by the manufacturer for use as a ladder.
(vi) Step or stair-type accessories such as ladder stands
specifically designed for use with scaffolds.
13. Counterweights. The counterweights for suspension scaffolds
should be solid, dead weight objects designed so that they will not
lose their mass. Examples that may be used are: concrete blocks,
steel plates or other non-flowable material.
14. Body harnesses. OSHA recommends that full body harnesses be
used by employees instead of body belts. When subjected to an actual
drop, the body harness distributes the shock more evenly over the
body than does the body belt.
15. Supplementary platform support lines. Supplementary platform
support lines may be used as points of attachments for personal fall
protection systems on suspension scaffolds since they act as backups
for the primary support lines. In effect, the supplementary platform
support lines serve as lifelines for the employees and do not make
it necessary to require additional lifelines.
16. Securing two-point suspension scaffolds. In addition to
direct connection to structures or buildings (except window
cleaners' anchors) acceptable ways to prevent scaffold sway would
include the use of angulated roping or static lines. Angulated
roping is a system of platform suspension in which the upper wire
rope sheaves or suspension points are closer to the plane of the
structure or building face than the corresponding attachment points
on the platform, thus causing the platform to press against the face
of the structure or building. Static lines are independent lines
secured at their top and bottom ends which are closer to the plane
of the structure or building face than the outermost edge of the
platform. By drawing the static lines taut, the platform is pushed
against the face of the structure or building.
17. Boatswains' chairs. An acceptable size and strength for a
boatswains' chair would be one made out of one inch (2.5 cm) or
thicker wood with a 9 by 17 inch (22.9 by 43.2 cm) seat reinforced
by cleats, and with bridle ropes passing through the seat and cleats
and crossing diagonally beneath the seat. Seats smaller than 9 by 17
inches (22.9 by 43.2 cm) may be used when access to the work area or
the work area itself necessitates a smaller boatswains' chair.
Chairs may be made of materials other than wood provided they
provide at least the same amount of safety as the wood chairs.
18. Boatswains' chair rope. An acceptable rope to be used with a
boatswains' chair would be one-half inch (1.2 cm) nylon or
[[Page 23559]]
polyester rope. Manila rope is not recommended because of its low
strength, and susceptibility to deterioration that is difficult to
detect by inspection.
Section 1910.31 Mobile work platforms, ladder stands, and powered
industrial truck platforms.
1. Mobile work platforms and ladder stands. Although not
required by this standard, it is recommended that the employer
insist on test data or a certification from manufacturers to assure
that the mobile work platforms and ladder stands which the employer
purchases meet the requirements of this standard.
2. Safe operating instructions. It is recommended that mobile
elevating work platforms have instructions for safe operation
displayed in a permanent and visible location, with at least the
following information:
(i) Warnings, cautions, or restrictions for safe operation.
(ii) Make, model, serial number, and manufacturer's name and
address.
(iii) Rated work load.
(iv) Maximum platform height.
(v) Normal voltage rating of the batteries if battery powered,
or line voltage if A.C. powered.
(vi) Alternate statement of configurations and rated capacities,
if applicable.
(vii) The level of electrical insulation of the work platform,
if any.
3. Standing and climbing on mobile work platforms. Only systems
that are specifically designed by a qualified person to be used with
devices to increase working heights should be used when additional
height is necessary. It is also recommended that when employees are
climbing or descending work platforms, both hands be free to aid in
climbing. Tools should be worn on a work belt or hoisted up and down
by a line after the worker reaches the work position.
4. Increasing platform heights. Acceptable means, other than
outriggers, that allow increasing the platform height of mobile
ladder stands and platforms could include securing the units with
chains or ropes to stabilize the units from tipping. The chains or
ropes would have to have sufficient strength to hold the unit and
the weight of the employee(s) as well as any other object that may
be placed on it.
Section 1910.32 Special Surfaces
1. Training. Training is an important factor for employee safety
on all special work surfaces. As a minimum, the employer should
institute a training program for employees to recognize and avoid
the special hazards involved with the particular surface. Training
should be conducted to give the employee a better understanding of
the actual working conditions and hazards related to the specific
hazard. Retraining may be necessary if an employee has been away
from one of these activities for a prolonged period of time.
2. Repair pits and assembly pits. Repair pits and assembly pits
are not only applicable to cars, trucks, and buses, but are also
applicable to locomotives, subway and railroad cars and other
operations where employees enter a pit and work on overhead objects.
The use of a combination of floor markings and stanchions may be
used around the exposed edges of the pits provided the overall
system is continuous. Warning signs, if used to restrict entry to
the pit area, do not necessarily need to be posted at the pit but
may be posted in conspicuous locations around the pit area.
3. Slaughtering facilities. Acceptable alternative fall
protection systems that can be used in slaughtering facilities
instead of toeboards to prevent employee's from falling off the open
side of the work platform would include the use of safety belts or
harnesses and lanyards meeting the requirements of subpart I.
4. Working sides of loading racks, loading docks, teeming
tables, and similar locations. Even though the working sides of
loading racks, loading docks, teeming tables, and similar locations
are exempt from the requirements of Sec. 1910.27, it is recommended
that safety belts or harnesses, or other fall protection be used
whenever possible.
5. Qualified climbers. The qualified climber's physical
condition should be such that climbing exercise will not impair
health and safety. This ability can be determined by physical
performance tests. A physical examination by a physician who is
aware of the duties that the employee is expected to perform is
acceptable. Successful completion of a training program for the type
of structures that are to be climbed will also be considered as
proof of the climber's physical capabilities.
It is recommended as a minimum that the training program for
qualified climbers consist of classroom training and climbing
training. The classroom training should consist of information on
the structural characteristics, the types and significance of using
safety equipment and the procedures for safe climbing. It should
also include discussions of the risks involved with climbing
structures and the activities to be performed on the structure, as
well as discussions of emergency procedures, accident causes, and
factors such as bad weather that tend to increase the risks involved
in climbing.
Climbing training should consist of classroom type instruction
followed by the individual observing an experienced climber
performing one or more climbs on the type of structure for which the
individual is being trained to climb. Actual climbing during
training should be initiated under close supervision and with the
use of redundant safety equipment. The rate of reduction in
supervision and the use of safety equipment will be a matter of
subjective judgment by the trainer. Climbers should only be
permitted to work without fall protection once the employee has
demonstrated the necessary ability and skill in climbing structures
without fall protection.
Appendix B to Subpart D--National Consensus Standards
Note: The following appendix to subpart D serves as a
nonmandatory guideline to assist employers and employees in
complying with these sections and to provide other helpful
information. This appendix neither adds to nor detracts from the
obligations contained in the OSHA standard.
The following table lists the current national consensus
standards which contain information and guidelines that would be
considered acceptable in complying with the requirements in the
specific sections of subpart D, to the extent that they do not
conflict with the standard.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Subpart D National consensus standard
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sec. 1910.23.................... ANSI A14.1, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Portable Wood Ladders.
ANSI A14.2, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Portable Metal Ladders.
ANSI A14.3, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Fixed Ladders.
ANSI A14.4, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Job-Made Ladders.
ANSI A14.5, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Portable Reinforced Plastic
Ladders.
Sec. 1910.24.................... ASTM C478, American Society for
Testing and Materials
Specifications for Precast
Reinforced Concrete Manhole
Sections.
ASTM A394, American Society for
Testing and Materials
Specifications for Quenched and
Tempered Alloy Steel Bolts, Studs,
and Other Externally Threaded
Fasteners.
Sec. 1910.25.................... ANSI A64.1, American National
Standard for Requirements for Fixed
Industrial Stairs.
ANSI/IES RP7, American National
Standard Practice for Industrial
Lighting.
Sec. 1910.26.................... ANSI MH14.1, American National
Standard for Industrial Loading
Dock Levelers and Dockboards.
Sec. 1910.27.................... ANSI A58.1, American National
Standard for Minimum Design Loads
for Buildings and Other Structure.
ANSI A12.1, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Floor and Wall Openings,
Railings, and Toeboards.
[[Page 23560]]
Sec. 1910.28.................... ANSI A10.11, American National
Standard for Safety Nets Used
During Construction, Repair, and
Demolition Operations.
ANSI A10.14, American National
Standard for Requirements for
Safety Belts, Harnesses, Lanyards,
Lifelines, and Drop Lines for
Construction and Industrial Use.
ANSI A12.1, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Floor and Wall Openings,
Railings, and Toeboards.
ANSI A39.1, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Window Cleaning.
Sec. 1910.29.................... ANSI Al2.1, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Floor and Wall Openings,
Railings, and Toeboards.
Sec. 1910.30.................... ANSI A92.1, American National
Standard for Manually Propelled
Mobile Ladder Stands and Scaffolds
(Towers).
ANSI A10.8, American National
Standard for Safety Requirements
for Scaffolds.
Sec. 1910.31.................... ANSI A92.3, American National
Standard for Manually Propelled
Elevating Work Platforms.
ANSI A92.1, American National
Standard for Manually Propelled
Mobile Ladder Stands.
Sec. 1910.32.................... None.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Appendix C to Subpart D--References for Further Information
Note: The following appendix to subpart D serves as a
nonmandatory guideline to assist employers and employees in
complying with these sections and to provide other helpful
information. This appendix neither adds to nor detracts from the
obligations contained in the OSHA standards.
The following references provide information which may be
helpful in understanding and implementing these standards.
I. General References
A. ``Accident Prevention Manual for Industrial Operations'';
National Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago,
Illinois 60611.
B. ``The BOCA Basic Building Code''; Building Officials and Code
Administrators; Inc., 1313 East 60th Street, Chicago, Illinois
60637.
C. ``Southern Standard Building Code''; Southern Building Code
Congress, 1116 Brown-Marx Building, Birmingham, Alabama 35203.
D. ``Uniform Building Code Standards, Volume 1''; International
Conference of Building Officials, 50 South Los Robles, Pasadena,
California 91101.
E. ``A History of Walkway Slip-Resistance Research at the
National Bureau of Standards'', Special Publication 565; National
Bureau of Standards, National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22151.
F. ``A New Portable Tester for the Evaluation of the Slip-
Resistance of Walkway Surfaces'', Technical Note 953; National
Bureau of Standards, National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia 22151.
G. Miller, James et al. ``Work Surface Friction: Definitions,
Laboratory and Field Measurements, and a Comprehensive
Bibliography''; The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
48109. NTIS *PB 83-243634, PE 83-243626, PB 84-175926).
H. Chaffin, Don B. et al. ``An Ergonomic Basis for
Recommendations Pertaining to Specific Sections of OSHA Standard, 29
CFR Part 1910, subpart D--Walking and Working Surfaces''; The
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
I. ``Accident Facts-1987 Edition''; National Safety Council, 444
North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
J. Snyder, Richard G. ``Occupational Falls''; The University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
K. ``Occupational Fatalities Related to Roofs, Ceilings and
Floors as Found in Reports of OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe
Investigations''; U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Statistical
Studies and Analysis, 200 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington,
D.C. 20210.
L. Ayoub, M. and Gary M. Bakken. ``An Ergonomic Analysis of
Selected Sections in Subpart D, Walking/Working Surfaces''; Texas
University, Lubbock, Texas 79409.
M. ``An Overview of Floor-Slip-Resistance Research with
Annotated Bibliography'', Technical Note 895; National Bureau of
Standards, National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
N. ``Occupational Fatalities Related to Miscellaneous Working
Surfaces as Found in Reports of OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe
Investigations''; U.S. Department of Labor, Office of Statistical
Studies and Analysis, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC
20210.
O. ``A Bibliography of Coefficient of Friction Literature
Relating to Slip Type Accidents''; Department of Industrial and
Operations Engineering, College of Engineering, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104.
P. ``Falls from Elevations Resulting in Injuries''; U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
II. Ladder References
A. Chaffin, Don B. and Terrence J. Stobbe. ``Ergonomic
Considerations Related to Selected Fall Prevention Aspects of
Scaffolds and Ladders as Presented in OSHA Standard 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart D''; The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104.
B. ``Occupational Fatalities Related to Ladders as Found in
Reports of OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe Investigations''; U.S.
Department of Labor, Office of Statistical Studies and Analysis, 200
Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, DC 20210.
C. ``Survey of Ladder Accidents Resulting in Injuries''; U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
D. ``Five Rules for Ladder Safety''; National Safety Council,
444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
E. ``A Consumer's Guide to Safe Ladder Selection Care and Use'';
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC 20207.
F. ``Portable Ladders''; Data Sheet 1-665-Rev. 82; National
Safety Council, 444 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
G. ``Safety Instructions for the Person Who Climbs to Work, the
Care and Use of Fiberglass Ladders''; R. D. Werner Co., Inc., PO Box
580, Greenville, Pennsylvania 16125.
III. Stair References
A. Archea, John et al. ``Guidelines for Stair Safety''; NBS
Building of Science Series 120, National Bureau of Standards,
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
B. Carson, D. H. et al. ``Safety on Stairs''; National Bureau of
Standards, National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
C. Nelson, Gary S. ``Engineering-Human Factors Interface in
Stairway Treadriser Design''; Texas A & M University of Texas
Agricultural Extension Service, College Station, Texas 77843.
IV. Scaffold References
A. ``Occupational Fatalities Related to Ladders as Found in
Reports of OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe Investigations''; U.S.
Department of Labor, Office of Statistical Studies and Analysis, 200
Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210.
B. ``Analysis of Scaffolding Accident Records and Related
Employee Casualties'', NBSIR 79-1955; National Bureau of Standards,
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
(NTIS *PB 80-161466).
C. ``Scaffold Accidents Resulting in Injuries''; U.S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20210.
D. ``Ergonomics Considerations Related to Selected Fall
Prevention Aspects of Scaffolds and Ladders as Presented in OSHA
Standard 29 CFR Part 1910 Subpart D''; The University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104.
E. ``Selected Occupational Fatalities Related to Powered, Two-
Point Suspension Scaffolds/Powered Platforms as Found in
[[Page 23561]]
Reports of OSHA Fatality/Catastrophe Investigations''; U.S.
Department of Labor, Office of Statistical Studies and Analysis, 200
Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210.
V. Fall Protection References
A. ``A Study of Personal Fall-Safety Equipment'', NBSIR 76-1146;
National Bureau of Standards, National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
B. ``Guardrails for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents'',
NBSIR 76-1132; National Bureau of Standards, National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
C. Investigation of Guardrails for the Protection of Employees
from Occupational Hazards, NBSIR 76-1139; National Bureau of
Standards, National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia 22151.
D. A Model Performance Standard for Guardrails, NBSIR 76-1131;
National Bureau of Standards, National Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
* National Technical Information Services (NTIS), Port Royal
Rd., Springfield, Virginia 22151, Phone: (703) 487-4650.
3. The authority citation for subpart F of part 1910 is proposed
to be revised as follows:
Authority: Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71
(36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059) 9-83 (48 FR 35736) or 1-90 (55 FR
9033), as applicable.
Sections 1910.67 and 1910.68 also issued under 29 CFR part 1911.
4. In Sec. 1910.67, paragraph (c)(2)(v) would be revised to
read as follows:
Sec. 1910.67 Vehicle-mounted elevating and platforms.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(2) * * *
(v) A personal fall protection system which complies with
subpart I of this part shall be worn and attached to the boom or
basket when working from an aerial lift.
* * * * *
5. In Sec. 1910.68, paragraph (b)(4),(b)(8)(ii) and (b)(12)
would be revised to read as follows:
Sec. 1910.68 Manlifts.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(4) References to other codes and subparts. The following codes,
and subparts of this part, are applicable to this section. Safety
Code for Mechanical Power Transmission Apparatus ANSI B15.1-1953 (R
1958) and subpart O; subpart S; and subpart D.
* * * * *
(8) * * *
(ii) Construction. The rails shall be standard guardrails with
toeboards meeting the provisions in subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(12) Emergency exit ladder. A fixed metal ladder accessible from
both the ``up'' and ``down'' run of the manlift shall be provided
for the entire travel of the manlift. Such escape ladders shall
comply with subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
6. The authority citation for subpart N of part 1910 is proposed
to be revised as follows:
Authority: Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71
(36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059) 9-83 (48 FR 35736), or 1-90 (55 FR
9033), as applicable.
Sections 1910.179 also issued under 29 CFR part 1911.
7. In Sec. 1910.179, paragraph (c)(2) would be revised to read
as follows:
Sec. 1910.179 Overhead and gantry cranes.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(2) Access to crane. Access to the car and/or bridge walkway
shall be by a conveniently placed fixed ladder, stairs, or platform
requiring no step over any gap exceeding 12 inches (30.5 cm). Fixed
ladders shall be in conformance with subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
8. The authority citation for subpart R of part 1910 is proposed
to be revised as follows:
Authority: Secs. 4, 6, 8, Occupational Safety and Health Act of
1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657); Secretary of Labor's Order No. 12-71
(36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059) 9-83 (48 FR 35736) or 1-90 (55 FR
9033), as applicable.
Sections 1910.261, 1910.265, and 1910.268 also issued under 29
CFR part 1911.
9. In Sec. 1910.261, paragraphs (a)(3)(ii), (a)(3)(iv),
(a)(3)(v) and (a)(3)(vi) would be removed.
10. Paragraphs (b)(3), (c)(3)(i), (c)(15)(ii), (e)(4),
(g)(2)(iii), (g)(8), (g)(13)(i), (h)(1), (j)(4)(ii), (j)(4)(iv),
(j)(5)(i), (k)(6), (k)(13)(i) and (k)(15) of Sec. 1910.261 would be
revised to read as follows:
Sec. 1910.261 Pulp, paper and paperboard mills.
* * * * *
(b) * * *
(3) Floors and platforms. Floors, platforms, and work surfaces
shall be maintained in accordance with subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(3) * * *
(i) Ladders and gangplanks with railings to boat docks shall
comply with subpart D of this part, and shall be securely fastened
in place.
* * * * *
(15) * * *
(ii) Where conveyors cross passageways or roadways, a horizontal
platform shall be provided under the conveyor, extended out from the
sides of the conveyor a distance equal to one and one-half times the
length of the wood handled. The platform shall extend the width of
the road plus two feet (.61 m) on each side, and shall be kept free
of wood and rubbish. The edge of the platform shall be provided with
toeboards or other protection to prevent wood from falling, in
accordance with subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(e) * * *
(4) Runway to the jack ladder. The runway from the pond or
unloading dock to the table shall be protected with standard
handrails and toeboards. Inclined portions shall have cleats or
equivalent nonslip surfacing, and shall be in accordance with
subpart D of this part. Protective equipment shall be provided for
persons working over water.
* * * * *
(g) * * *
(2) * * *
(iii) The worker shall be provided with eye protection, a
supplied air respirator and a personal fall protection system
meeting the requirements of subpart I of this part during
inspection, repairs or maintenance of acid towers. The line shall be
extended to an attendant stationed outside the tower opening.
* * * * *
(8) Chip and sawdust bins. Steam or compressed-air lances, or
other devices, shall be used for breaking down the arches caused by
jamming in chip lofts. No workers shall be permitted to enter a bin
unless provided with an attached personal fall protection system
meeting the requirements of subpart I of this part, and with an
attendant stationed at the bin.
* * * * *
(13)(i) Blow-pit openings preferably shall be on the side of the
pit instead of on the top. Openings shall be as small as possible
when located on top, and shall be provided with railings, in
accordance with subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(h) * * *
(1) Bleaching engines. Bleaching engines, except the Bellmer
type, shall be completely covered on the top, with the exception of
one small opening large enough to allow filling, but too small to
admit an employee. Platforms leading from one engine to another
shall have standard guardrails in accordance with subpart D of this
part.
* * * * *
(j) * * *
(4) * * *
(ii) Guardrails shall be provided around beaters where tub tops
are less than 42 inches (1.06 m) from the floor, in accordance with
(b)(3) of this section and subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(iv) When beaters are fed from the floor above, the chute
opening, if less than 42 inches (1.06 m) from the floor, shall be
provided with a guardrail system meeting the requirements of subpart
D of this part or other equivalent enclosures. Openings for manual
feeding shall be sufficient only for entry of stock, and shall be
provided with at least two permanently secured crossrails or other
fall protection systems that meet the requirements of subpart D of
this part.
* * * * *
(5) * * *
[[Page 23562]]
(i) All pulpers having the top or any other opening of a vessel
less than 42 inches (1.06 m) from the floor or work platform shall
have such openings guarded by guardrail systems meeting the
requirements of subpart D of this part or other equivalent
enclosures. For manual changing, openings shall be sufficient only
to permit the entry of stock, and shall be provided with at least
two permanently secured crossrails, or other fall protection systems
meeting the requirements of subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(k) * * *
(6) Steps. Steps of uniform rise and tread with nonslip surfaces
shall be provided at each press, conforming to subpart D of this
part.
* * * * *
(13) * * *
(i) A guardrail complying with subpart D of this part shall be
provided at broke holes.
* * * * *
(15) Steps. Steps or ladders complying with subpart D of this
part and tread with nonslip surfaces shall be provided at each
calender stack. Handrails and hand grips complying with subpart D of
this part shall be provided at each calendar stack.
* * * * *
8. In Sec. 1910.265, paragraphs (c)(3)(i), (c)(4)(v),
(c)(5)(i), (c)(10), (d)(2)(ii)(g) and (f)(6) would be revised to
read as follows:
Sec. 1910.265 Sawmills.
* * * * *
(c) * * *
(3) * * *
(i) Floor and wall openings. All floor and wall openings shall
be protected as prescribed in subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(4) * * *
(v) Elevated platforms. Where elevated platforms are used
routinely on a daily basis, they shall be equipped with stairways or
fixed ladders, conforming to subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(5) * * *
(i) Construction. Stairways shall be constructed in accordance
with subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(10) Ladders. Ladders shall be installed and maintained as
specified in subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(d) * * *
(2) * * *
(ii) * * *
(g) Guardrails, walkways, and standard handrails shall be
installed in accordance with subpart D of this part.
* * * * *
(f) * * *
(6) Ladders. A fixed ladder complying with the requirements of
subpart D of this part or other adequate means shall be provided to
permit access to the roof. Where controls and machinery are mounted
on the roof, a permanent stairway with standard handrail shall be
installed in accordance with the requirements of subpart D of this
part.
* * * * *
9. In Sec. 1910.268, paragraph (g)(1) would be revised,
paragraph (g)(2) would be removed, and paragraph (h) would be
revised to read as follows:
Sec. 1910.268 Telecommunications.
* * * * *
(g) Personal climbing equipment. (1) General. Body belts and
pole straps shall be provided and the employer shall ensure their
use when work is performed at positions more than four feet (1.2 m)
above the ground, on poles, and on towers, except as provided in
paragraph (n)(7) and (n)(8) of this section. Personal fall
protection systems shall meet the applicable requirements set forth
in subpart I of this part. The employer shall ensure that all
climbing equipment is inspected prior to each day's use to determine
that it is in safe working condition. Production samples of personal
fall protection systems shall be certified by the manufacturer or a
qualified person as having been tested in accordance with and as
meeting the requirements of subpart I of this part as applicable.
* * * * *
(h) Ladders. Ladders, step bolts, and manhole steps shall meet
the applicable requirements of subpart D of this part with the
following exceptions:
(1) Portable wood ladders shall not be painted, but may be
coated with a translucent non-conductive coating.
(2) Rolling ladders used in telecommunication centers shall have
a minimum inside width between siderails of at least eight inches
(20.3 cm).
[FR Doc. 90-7800 Filed 4-9-90; 8:45 am]
PART 1910--OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS
1. The authority citation for subpart I of part 1910 is proposed
to be amended as follows:
Authority: Sec. 6 and 8 of the Occupational Safety and Health
Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. 653, 655, 657), Secretary of Labor's Order
No. 12-71 (36 FR 8754), 8-76 (41 FR 25059), and 9-83 (48 FR 35736),
or 1-90 (55 FR 9033), as applicable. Subpart I is also issued under
29 CFR part 1911.
2. Sections 1910.128, 1910.129, 1910.130 and 1910.131, and
Appendices A, B, and C are proposed to be added to subpart I to read
as follows:
* * * * *
Subpart I--Personal Protective Equipment
Sec.
1910.128 Definitions and general requirements for personal fall
protection systems.
1910.129 Personal fall arrest systems.
1910.130 Positioning device systems.
1910.131 Personal fall protection systems for climbing activities.
* * * * *
Appendix A to Subpart I--Personal Fall Protection Systems
Appendix B to Subpart I--References for Further Information
Appendix C to Subpart I--Test Methods and Procedures for Personal
Protective Systems
Sec. 1910.128 Definitions and general requirements for personal fall
protection systems.
(a) Scope and application. (1) This section establishes
definitions and general performance criteria for all personal fall
protection systems. Additional requirements for the different types
of personal fall protection systems are contained in Sec. Sec.
1910.129, 1910.130, and 1910.131 of this subpart.
(2) This section applies only where referenced by a specific
OSHA standard.
(b) Definitions
Anchorage means a secure point of attachment for lifelines,
lanyards, or deceleration devices, and which is independent of the
means of supporting or suspending the employee.
Belt terminal means an end attachment of a window cleaner's
positioning system used for securing the belt or harness to single
or double-headed anchors.
Body belt means a strap with means both for securing about the
waist and for attaching to a lanyard, lifeline, or deceleration
device.
Body harness means a design of straps which may be secured about
the employee in a manner to distribute the fall arrest forces over
at least the thighs, pelvis, waist, chest, and shoulders with means
for attaching it to other components of a personal fall arrest
system.
Buckle means any device for holding the body belt or body
harness closed around the employee's body.
Carrier means the track of a ladder safety device consisting of
a flexible cable or rigid rail which is secured to the ladder or
structure by mountings.
Competent person means a person who is capable of identifying
hazardous or dangerous conditions in any personal fall arrest system
or any component thereof, as well as in their application and use
with related equipment.
Connector means a device which is used to couple (connect) parts
of the system together. It may be an independent component of the
system, such as a carabiner, or it may be an integral component of
part of the system (such as a buckle or dee-ring sewn into a body
belt or body harness, or a snaphook spliced or sewn to a lanyard or
self retracting lanyard.).
Deceleration device means any mechanism, such as rope grabs,
ripstitch lanyards, specially-woven lanyards, tearing or deforming
lanyards, automatic self retracting lifelines/lanyards, etc., which
serve to dissipate a substantial amount of energy during a fall
arrest, or otherwise limit the energy imposed on an employee during
fall arrest.
Deceleration distance means the additional vertical distance a
falling employee travels, excluding lifeline elongation and free
fall distance, before stopping, from the point at
[[Page 23563]]
which the deceleration device begins to operate. It is measured as
the distance between the location of an employee's body belt or body
harness attachment point at the moment of activation (at the onset
of fall arrest forces) of the deceleration device during a fall, and
the location of that attachment point after the employee comes to a
full stop.
Double-head anchor means two anchor heads in the window frame on
each side of a window, being used simultaneously and not singly, as
part of a window cleaner's positioning system.
Equivalent means alternative designs, materials or methods to
protect against a hazard which the employer can demonstrate will
provide an equal or greater degree of safety for employees than the
methods, materials or designs specified in the standard.
Free fall means the act of falling before the personal fall
arrest system begins to apply force to arrest the fall.
Free fall distance means the vertical displacement of the fall
arrest attachment point on the employee's body belt or body harness
between onset of the fall and just before the system begins to apply
force to arrest the fall. This distance excludes deceleration
distance, lifeline and lanyard elongation, but includes any
deceleration device slide distance or self-retracting
lifeline\lanyard extension before they operate and fall arrest
forces occur.
Ladder belt means a belt which may be attached to a fixed ladder
or a secured portable ladder while the employee is performing work
from the ladder.
Ladder safety device means a device other than a cage or well,
designed to help prevent accidental falls from ladders, or to limit
the length of such falls. A ladder safety device usually consists of
a carrier, safety sleeve, and body belt or harness.
Lanyard means a flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap which
generally has a connector at each end for connecting the body belt
or body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline, or anchorage.
Lifeline means a component consisting of a flexible line for
connection to an anchorage at one end to hang vertically (vertical
lifeline), or for connection to anchorages at both ends to stretch
horizontally (horizontal lifeline), and which serves as a means for
connecting other components of a personal fall arrest system to the
anchorage.
Lineman's body belt means a belt which consists of a belt strap
and dee-rings, and may include a cushion section or a tool saddle.
Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an
employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an
anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body harness and may include a
lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline, or suitable combinations of
these.
Personal fall protection system means a personal fall arrest
system, a positioning device system, or a personal fall protection
system for climbing activities which protects a worker from falling,
or safely arrests a worker's fall, should a fall occur.
Personal fall protection system for climbing activities means a
system worn or attached to an employee designed to prevent an
employee from being injured should the employee fall while ascending
or descending.
Pole strap means a strap used for supporting the employee while
working on poles, towers, or platforms. Snap-hooks on each end are
provided for attachment to dee-rings on the lineman's body belt.
Positioning device system means a system of equipment or
hardware which, when used with its body belt or body harness, allows
an employee to be supported on an elevated vertical surface, such as
a wall or windowsill, and work with both hands free.
Qualified person means one with a recognized degree or
professional certificate and extensive knowledge and experience in
the subject field who is capable of design, analysis, evaluation and
specifications in the subject work, project, or product.
Restraint (tether) line means a line from an anchorage or
between anchorages, to which the employee is secured in such a way
as to prevent the employee from walking or falling off an elevated
work surface.
Rope grab means a deceleration device which travels on a
lifeline and automatically frictionally engages the lifeline and
locks so as to arrest the fall of an employee. A rope grab usually
employs the principle of inertial locking, cam/lever locking, or
both.
Saddle belt means a belt which has additional straps for
supporting an employee in a sitting position at a work station.
Safety sleeve means the moving component with locking mechanism
of a ladder safety device which travels on the carrier and connects
the carrier to the body belt or harness.
Self-retracting lifeline/lanyard means a deceleration device
which contains a drum-wound line which may be slowly extracted from,
or retracted onto, the drum under slight tension during normal
employee movement, and which, after onset of a fall, automatically
locks the drum and arrests the fall.
Single-head anchor means one anchor head in the window frame on
each side of the window used for attaching each end (belt terminal)
of a window cleaner's strap.
Snap-hook means a connector comprised of a hook-shaped member
with a normally closed keeper, or similar arrangement, which may be
opened to permit the hook to receive an object and, when released,
automatically closes to retain the object. Snap-hooks may generally
be one of two types:
(1) The locking type with a self-closing, self-locking keeper
which remains closed and locked until unlocked and pressed open for
connection or disconnection, or
(2) The non-locking type with a self closing keeper which
remains closed until pressed open for connection or disconnection.
Tie-off means the act of an employee, wearing personal fall
protection equipment, to connect directly or indirectly to an
anchorage. It also means the condition of an employee being
connected to an anchorage.
Window cleaner's belt means a belt which consists of a waist-
belt, an integral terminal runner or strap, and belt terminals.
Window cleaner's positioning system means a system which
consists of a window cleaner's belt secured to window anchors.
(c) General requirements. (1) Connectors shall be drop forged,
pressed or formed steel, or made of equivalent materials.
(2) Connectors shall have a corrosion-resistant finish, and all
surfaces and edges shall be smooth to prevent damage to interfacing
parts of the system.
(3) Lanyards and vertical lifelines which tie-off one employee
shall have a minimum breaking strength of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
(4) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which automatically
limit free fall distance to two feet (0.61 m) or less shall have
components capable of sustaining a minimum static tensile load of
3,000 pounds (13.3 kN) applied to the device with the lifeline or
lanyard in the fully extended position.
(5) Self-retracting lifelines and lanyards which do not limit
free fall distance to two feet (0.61 m) or less, ripstitch lanyards,
and tearing and deforming lanyards shall be capable of sustaining a
minimum tensile load of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) applied to the device
with the lifeline or lanyard in the fully extended position.
(6) Dee-rings and snap-hooks shall be capable of sustaining a
minimum tensile load of 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN).
(7) Dee-rings and snap-hooks shall be proof-tested to minimum
tensile load of 3,600 pounds (16 kN) without cracking, breaking, or
taking permanent deformation.
(8) Snap-hooks shall be dimensionally compatible with the member
to which they are connected so as to prevent unintentional
disengagement of the snap-hook by depression of the snap-hook keeper
by the connected member, or shall be a locking type snap-hook
designed to prevent disengagement of the snap-hook by the contact of
the snap-hook keeper by the connected member.
(9) Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used
under the supervision of a qualified person, as part of a complete
personal fall arrest system, which maintains a safety factor of at
least two.
(10) Anchorages, including single- and double-head anchors,
shall be capable of supporting at least 5,000 pounds (22.2 kN) per
employee attached, or shall be designed, installed, and used under
the supervision of qualified person as part of a complete personal
fall protection system which maintains a safety factor of at least
two.
(11) Restraint lines shall be capable of sustaining a tensile
load of at least 3,000 pounds (13.3 kN).
(12) Lifelines and carriers shall not be made of natural fiber
rope.
(13) Snap-hooks shall not be connected to each other.
(14) Personal fall protection systems and their components shall
be used only for employee fall protection.
(15) Personal fall protection systems or their components
subjected to impact loading shall be immediately removed from
service and shall not be used again for employee protection unless
inspected and determined by a competent person to be undamaged and
suitable for reuse.
(16) Before using personal fall protection systems, and after
any component or system is changed, employees shall be trained in
the
[[Page 23564]]
application limits of the equipment, proper hook-up, anchoring and
tie-off techniques, methods of use, and proper methods of equipment
inspection and storage.
(17) Personal fall protection systems shall be inspected prior
to each use for mildew, wear, damage, and other deterioration.
Defective components shall be removed from service if their function
or strength has been adversely affected.
Sec. 1910.129 Personal Fall Arrest Systems
(a) Scope and application. (1) This section establishes
performance criteria and care and use requirements for personal fall
arrest systems. It applies only where referenced by a specific OSHA
standard.
(b) System performance criteria. (1) Personal fall arrest
systems shall, when stopping a fall:
(i) Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 900 pounds
(4 kN) when used with a body belt.
(ii) Limit maximum arresting force on an employee to 1,800
pounds (8 kN) when used with a body harness;
(iii) Bring an employee to a complete stop and limit maximum
deceleration distance an employee travels to 3.5 feet (1.07 m); and
(iv) Have sufficient strength to withstand twice the potential
impact energy of an employee free falling a distance of six feet
(1.8 m), or the free fall distance permitted by the system,
whichever is less.
(2)(i) When used by employees having a combined person and tool
weight of less than 310 pounds (140 kg), personal fall arrest
systems which meet the criteria and protocol contained in 1910.129
of Appendix C shall be considered as complying with the provisions
of paragraphs (b)(1)(i) through (b)(1)(iv) of this section.
(ii) When used by employees having a combined tool and body
weight of 310 pounds (140 kg) or more, personal fall arrest systems
which meet the criteria and protocols contained in 1910.129 of
Appendix C may be considered as complying with the provisions
paragraphs (b)(1)(i) through (b)(1)(iv) of this section, provided
that the criteria and protocols are modified appropriately to
provide proper protection for such heavier weights.
(c) Care and use.
(1) Unless the snap-hook is designed for the following
connections, snap-hooks shall not be engaged:
(i) Directly to webbing, rope or wire rope;
(ii) To each other;
(iii) To a dee-ring to which another snap-hook or connector is
attached;
(iv) To a horizontal lifeline; or
(v) To any object which is incompatibly shaped or dimensioned in
relation to the snap-hook such that unintentional disengagement
could occur by the connected object being able to depress the
snaphook keeper and release itself.
(2) Devices used to connect to a horizontal lifelines which may
become a vertical lifeline shall be capable of locking in either
direction on the lifeline.
(3) Personal fall arrest systems shall be rigged such that an
employee can neither free fall more than six feet (1.8 m), nor
contact any lower level.
(3) Personal fall arrest systems shall be worn with the
attachment point of the body belt located in the center of the
wearer's back, and the attachment point of the body harness located
in the center of the wearer's back near shoulder level, or above the
wearer's head.
(5) When vertical lifelines are used, each employee shall be
provided with a separate lifeline.
(6) The employer shall provide for prompt rescue of employees in
the event of a fall or shall assure that employees are able to
rescue themselves.
(7) Lifelines shall be protected against being cut or abraded.
Sec. 1910.130 Positioning device systems.
(a) Scope and application. This section establishes additional
application and performance criteria for positioning device systems.
It applies only where referenced by a specific OSHA standard.
(b) System performance criteria. (1) A window cleaner's
positioning system shall be capable of withstanding without failure
a drop test consisting of a six (1.83 m) drop of a 250 pound (113
kg) weight. The system shall limit the initial arresting force to
not more than 2,000 pounds (8.89 kN), with a duration not to exceed
two milliseconds, and shall limit any subsequent arresting forces
imposed on the falling employee to not more than 1,000 pounds (4.45
kN).
(2) All other positioning device systems shall be capable of
withstanding without failure a drop test consisting of four foot
(1.2 m) drop of a 250 pound (113 kg) weight.
(3) Positioning device systems which meet the tests contained in
1910.130 of Appendix C, shall be deemed in compliance with the
provisions of paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section.
(c) Lineman's body belt and pole strap systems. The following
additional provisions shall apply to lineman's body belt and pole
strap systems:
(1) All materials used for pole straps shall be capable of
withstanding an alternating current (A.C.) dielectric test of not
less 25,000 volts per foot (82,020 volts per meter) ``dry'' for
three minutes, without visible deterioration.
(2) Materials shall not be used if leakage current exceeds one
milliampere when a potential of 3,000 volts is applied to electrodes
positioned 12 inches (30.5 cm) apart.
(3) In lieu of alternating current (A.C.), direct current (D.C.)
may be used to evaluate the requirements 1910.130(c)(1) and (2). The
D.C. voltage used shall be two times the A.C. voltage used for these
tests.
(4) The cushion part of the lineman's body belt shall be at
least three inches (7.6 cm) in width.
(5) Suitable copper, steel, or other liners shall be used around
the bars of dee-rings where they are attached to body belts to
prevent weakening of the body belt due to wear and tear.
(d) Window cleaner's belts, anchorages and systems. The
following additional provisions shall apply to window cleaner's
belts, anchorages and systems.
(1) The belt shall be designed and constructed so that belt
terminals will not pass through their fastenings on the belt or
harness should one terminal become loosened from its window anchor.
The length of the runner from terminal tip to terminal tip shall be
eight feet (2.44 m) or less.
(2) The anchors on a building to which the belt is to be
fastened shall be installed in the side frames of the window or in
the mullions at a point not less than 42 inches (106.7 cm) nor more
than 51 inches (129.5 cm) above the window sill. Each anchor, and
the structure to which it is attached, shall be capable of
supporting a minimum load of 6,000 pounds (26.5 kN).
(3) Rope which has sustained wear or deterioration materially
affecting its strength may not be used.
(4) Anchors whose fastenings or supports are damaged or
deteriorated shall be removed or rendered unusable by detachment of
the anchor head(s).
(5) An installed single or double-head anchor may not be used
for any purpose other than attachment of a window cleaner's belt.
(6) Both belt terminals shall be attached to separate single or
double-head anchors during the cleaning operation.
(7) Cleaning work is not permitted on a sill or ledge on which
there is snow, ice, or any other slippery condition, nor on a
weakened or rotted sill or ledge.
(8) A window cleaner may work from a windowsill only if a
minimum standing room in relation to slope is provided as follows:
(i) When the sill width is at least four inches (10.1 cm), work
is permitted with a slope of the sill from horizontal up to 15
degrees;
(ii) For slopes between 15 and 30 degrees from horizontal, but
in no case greater than 30, the minimum acceptable sill width is
four inches (10.1 cm), plus 0.4 inches (1.0 cm) for every degree of
slope greater than 15 degrees.
(9) The window cleaner shall attach at least one belt terminal
to a window anchor before climbing through the window opening. The
belt shall not be completely disconnected from both anchors until
the employee is back inside the window opening.
(10) The window cleaner shall not pass from one window to
another while outside the building, but shall return inside and
repeat the belt terminal attachment procedure for each window as
described in paragraph (d)(9) of this section.
Sec. 1910.131 Personal fall protection systems for climbing
activities.
(a) Scope and application. This section establishes additional
application and performance criteria for personal fall protection
systems for climbing activities. It applies only where referenced by
a specific OSHA standard.
(b) Design criteria for systems components. (1) Personal fall
protection systems for climbing activities shall permit the employee
using the system to ascend or descend without continually having to
hold, push or pull any part of the system, leaving both hands free
for climbing.
(2) The connection between the carrier or lifeline and the point
of attachment to the body belt or harness shall not exceed nine
inches (23 cm) in length.
[[Page 23565]]
(3) Personal fall protection systems for climbing activities
shall be activated within two feet (.61 m) after a fall occurs, in
order to limit the descending velocity of an employee to seven feet/
sec (2.1 m/sec) or less.
(4) Mountings for rigid carriers shall be attached at each end
of the carrier, with intermediate mountings, as necessary, spaced
along the entire length of the carrier, to provide strength
necessary to stop employee falls.
(6) Mountings for flexible carriers shall be attached at each
end of the carrier. When the system is exposed to wind, cable guides
utilized with a flexible carrier shall be installed at a minimum
spacing of 25 feet (7.6 m) and a maximum spacing of 40 feet (12.2 m)
along the entire length of the carrier, to prevent wind damage to
the system.
(7) The design and installation of mountings and cable guides
shall not reduce the design strength of the ladder.
(c) System performance criteria. (1) Ladder safety devices and
their support systems shall be capable of withstanding without
failure a drop test consisting of an 18 inch (.41 m) drop of a 500
pound (226 kg) weight.
(2)All other personal fall protection systems for climbing
activities shall be capable of withstanding without failure a drop
test consisting of a four foot (1.2 m) drop of a 250 pound (113 kg)
weight.
Appendix A to Subpart I--Personal Fall Protection Systems
Sec. 1910.128 Personal fall protection systems.
The following information generally applies to all personal fall
protection systems.
1. Selection and use considerations. The kind of personal fall
protection system selected should match the particular work
situation, and any possible free fall distance should be kept to a
minimum. Many systems are generally designed for a particular work
application, such as a lineman's body belt and pole strap, a rebar
belt and chain assembly, or a window cleaner's belt. Consideration
should be given to the particular work environment. For example, the
presence of acids, dirt, moisture, oil, grease, etc., and their
effect on the system, should be evaluated. Hot or cold environments
may also have an adverse affect on the system. Wire rope should not
be used where an electrical hazard is anticipated. As required by
the standard, consideration must also be given to having means
available to rescue an employee should a fall occur, since the
suspended employee may not be able to reach a work level
independently.
Where lanyards, connectors, and lifelines are subject to damage
by work operations, such as welding, chemical cleaning, and
sandblasting, protection of the component, or other securing systems
should be used. Unless designed for use in a personal fall arrest
system, linemen's pole straps should not be used as lanyards. Chest
harnesses should not be used where there is a possibility of any
free fall. The employer should fully evaluate the work conditions
and environment (including seasonal weather changes) before
selecting the appropriate personal fall protection system. Once in
use, the system's effectiveness should be monitored. In some cases,
a program for cleaning and maintenance of the system may be
necessary.
2. Testing Considerations. Before purchasing a personal fall
protection system, an employer should insist that the supplier
provide information about the system based on its performance during
testing of the system using recognized test methods so that the
employer will know that the system meets the criteria in this
standard. Otherwise, the employer will not know if the equipment is
in compliance unless samples he has purchased are tested. Appendix C
contains test methods which are recommended for evaluating the
performance of any system. Not all systems need to be tested; the
performance of a system can often be based on data and calculations
derived from testing of similar systems, provided that enough
information is available to demonstrate similarity of function and
design.
3. Component compatibility considerations. Ideally, a personal
fall protection system is designed, tested, and supplied as a
complete system. However, it is common practice for lanyards,
connectors, lifelines, deceleration devices, body belts and body
harnesses to be interchanged since some components wear out before
others. The employer and employee should realize that not all
components are interchangeable. For instance, a lanyard should not
be connected between a body belt (or harness) and a deceleration
device of the self-retracting type since this can result in
additional free fall for which the system was not designed. In
addition, positioning device components, such as pole straps, ladder
hooks and rebar hooks, should not be used in a fall arrest system
unless they meet the requirements of Sec. 1910.129. Also, a ladder
hook may not be used with a dee-ring, nor in a system which would
permit any significant free fall distance (more than two feet (0.61
m)). Rebar hooks should be sized and used to be compatible with the
size of rebar to which they will be attached. Any substitution or
change to a personal fall protection system should be fully
evaluated or tested by a competent person to determine that it meets
the standard, before the modified system is put in use.
4. Employee training considerations. OSHA recommends that before
the equipment is used, employees should be trained in the
application limits; proper anchoring and tie-off techniques,
including determination of elongation and deceleration distance;
methods of use; and inspection and storage of the system. Careless
or improper use of the equipment can result in serious injury or
death. Employers and employees should become familiar with the
material in this standard and appendix, as well as manufacturers'
recommendations, before a system is used. Of uppermost importance is
the reduction in strength caused by certain tie-offs (such as using
knots, tying around sharp edges, etc.) and maximum permitted free
fall distance. Also to be stressed are the importance of inspections
prior to use, the limitations of the equipment, and unique
conditions at the worksite which may be important in determining the
type of system to use.
5. Instruction considerations. Employers should obtain
comprehensive instructions from the supplier as to the system's
proper use and application, including, where applicable:
a. The force measured during the sample force test;
b. The maximum elongation measured for lanyards during the
strength test;
c. The deceleration distance measured for deceleration devices
during the force test;
d. Caution statements on critical use limitations;
e. Application limits;
f. Proper hook-up, anchoring and tie-off techniques, including
the proper dee-ring or other attachment point to use on the body
belt and harness for fall arrest;
g. Proper climbing techniques;
h. Methods of inspection, use, cleaning, and storage; and
i. Specific lifelines which may be used.
This information should be provided to employees during
training.
6. Inspection considerations. OSHA recommends that personal fall
protection systems must be regularly inspected. Any component with
any significant defect, such as cuts, tears, abrasions, mold, or
undue stretching; alterations or additions which might affect its
efficiency; damage due to deterioration; contact with fire, acids,
or other corrosives; distorted hooks or faulty hook springs; tongues
unfitted to the shoulder of buckles; loose or damaged mountings;
non-functioning parts; or wearing or internal deterioration in the
ropes must be withdrawn from service immediately, and should be
tagged or marked as unusable, or destroyed.
Sec. 1910.129 Personal fall arrest systems.
1. Special considerations. As required by the standard, when
personal fall arrest systems are used, special consideration must be
given to rescuing an employee should a fall occur. The availability
of rescue personnel, ladders or other rescue equipment should be
evaluated. In some situations, equipment which allows employees to
rescue themselves after the fall has been arrested may be desirable.
2. Tie-off considerations. Employers and employees should at all
times be aware that the strength of a personal fall arrest system is
based on its being attached to an anchoring system which does not
significantly reduce the strength of the system (such as an eye-
bolt/snap-hook anchorage). Therefore, if a means of attachment is
used that will reduce the strength of the system, that component
should be replaced by a stronger one, but one that will also
maintain the appropriate maximum deceleration characteristics. The
following is a listing of some known strength reduction situations.
a. Tie-off using a knot in the lanyard or lifeline (at any
location). The strength of the line can be reduced by 50 percent, or
more, if a knot is used. Therefore, a stronger lanyard or lifeline
should be used to compensate for the knot, or the lanyard length
should be reduced (or the tie-off
[[Page 23566]]
location raised) to minimize free fall distance, or the lanyard or
lifeline should be replaced by one which has an appropriately
incorporated connector to eliminate the need for a knot.
b. Tie-off around a ``H'' or ``I'' beam or similar support.
Strength can be reduced as much as 70 percent by the cutting action
of the beam edges. Therefore, the employer should either provide a
webbing lanyard or a wire core lifeline around the beam to protect
the lanyard or lifeline from the beam edges, or greatly minimize the
potential free fall distance.
c. Tie-off around rough or sharp surfaces. This practice reduces
strength drastically. Such a tie-off is to be avoided; an alternate
means should be used such as a snap-hook/dee-ring connection, a tie-
off apparatus (steel cable tie-off), an effective padding of the
surfaces, or an abrasion-resistant strap around the supporting
member.
d. Horizontal lifelines. Horizontal lifelines, depending on
their geometry and angle of sag, may be subjected to greater loads
than the impact load imposed by an attached component. When the
angle of horizontal lifeline sag is less than 30 degrees, the impact
force imparted to the lifeline by an attached lanyard is greatly
amplified. For example, with a sag angle of 15 degrees the force
amplification is about 2:1, and at five degrees sag it is about 6:1.
Depending on the angle of sag, and the line's elasticity, the
strength of the horizontal lifeline and the anchorages to which it
is attached should be increased a number of times over that of the
lanyard. Extreme care should be taken in considering a horizontal
lifeline for multiple tie-offs. The reason for this is that in
multiple tie-offs to a horizontal lifeline, if one employee falls,
the movement of the falling employee and the horizontal lifeline
during arrest of the fall may cause other employees to also fall.
Horizontal lifeline and anchorage strength should be increased for
each additional employee to be tied-off. For these and other
reasons, the design of systems using horizontal lifelines must only
be done by qualified persons. Testing of installed lifelines and
anchors prior to use is recommended.
e. Eye-bolts. It must be recognized that the strength of an eye-
bolt is rated along the axis of the bolt, and that its strength is
greatly reduced if the force is applied at right angles to this axis
(in the direction of its shear strength). Care must also be
exercised in selecting the proper diameter of the eye to avoid
creating a roll-out hazard (accidental disengagement of the snap-
hook from the eye-bolt).
f. Knots. Due to the significant reduction in the strength of
the lifeline (in some cases, as much as a 70 percent reduction), the
sliding hitch knot should not be used except in situations where no
other available system is practical. The one and one sliding hitch
knot should never be used because it is unreliable in stopping a
fall. The two and two, or three and three knot (preferable) may be
used in special situations; however, care should be taken to limit
free fall distance to a minimum because of reduced lifeline
strength.
g. Vertical lifeline considerations. As required by the
standard, each employee must have a separate lifeline when the
lifeline is vertical. The reason for this is that in multiple tie-
offs to a single lifeline, if one employee falls, the movement of
the lifeline during the arrest of the fall may pull other employees'
lanyards, causing them to fall as well.
h. Planning considerations. One of the most important aspects of
personal fall protection systems is fully planning the system before
it is put into use. Probably the most overlooked component is
planning for suitable anchorage points. Such planning should ideally
be done before the structure or building is constructed so that
anchorage points can be incorporated during construction for use
later for window cleaning or other building maintenance. If properly
planned, these anchorage points may be used during construction, as
well as afterwards.
i. Snap-hook considerations. Although not required by this
standard for all connections, locking snap-hooks designed for
connection to any object (of sufficient strength) are highly
recommended in lieu of the non-locking type. Locking snap-hooks
incorporate a positive locking mechanism in addition to the spring
loaded keeper, which will not allow the keeper to open under
moderate pressure without someone first releasing the mechanism.
Such a feature, properly designed, effectively prevents roll-out
from occurring.
As required by the standard, the following connections must be
avoided (unless properly designed locking snap-hooks are used)
because they are conditions which can result in roll-out when a non-
locking snap-hook is used:
[sbull] Direct connection of a snap-hook to a horizontal
lifeline.
[sbull] Two (or more) snap-hooks connected to one dee-ring.
[sbull] Two snap-hooks connected to each other.
[sbull] A snap-hook connected back on its integral lanyard.
[sbull] A snap-hook connected to a webbing loop or webbing
lanyard.
[sbull] Improper dimensions of the dee-ring, rebar, or other
connection point in relation to the snap-hook dimensions which would
allow the snap-hook keeper to be depressed by a turning motion of
the snap-hook.
j. Free fall considerations. The employer and employee should at
all times be aware that a system's maximum arresting force is
evaluated under normal use conditions established by the
manufacturer, and in no case using free fall distance in excess of
six feet (1.8 m). A few extra feet of free fall can significantly
increase the arresting force on the employee, possibly to the point
of causing injury. Because of this, the free fall distance should be
kept at a minimum, and, as required by the standard, in no case
greater than six feet (1.8 m). To assure this, the tie-off
attachment point to the lifeline or anchor should be located at or
above the connection point of the fall arrest equipment to the belt
or harness. (Since otherwise additional free fall distance is added
to the length of the connecting means (i.e. lanyard)). Attaching to
the working surface will often result in a free fall greater than
six feet (1.8 m). For instance, if a six foot (1.8 m) lanyard is
used, the total free fall distance will be the distance from the
working level to the body belt (or harness) plus the six feet (1.8
m) of lanyard length. Another important consideration is that the
arresting force which the fall system must withstand also goes up
with greater distances of free fall, possibly exceeding the strength
of the system.
k. Elongation and deceleration distance considerations. Other
factors involved in a proper tie-off are elongation and deceleration
distance. During the arresting of a fall, a lanyard will experience
a length of stretching or elongation, whereas activation of a
deceleration device will result in a certain stopping distance.
These distances should be available with the lanyard or device's
instructions and must be added to the free fall distance to arrive
at the total fall distance before an employee is fully stopped. The
additional stopping distance may be very significant if the lanyard
or deceleration device is attached near or at the end of a long
lifeline, which may itself add considerable distance due to its own
elongation. As required by the standard, sufficient distance to
allow for all of these factors must also be maintained between the
employee and obstructions below, to prevent an injury due to impact
before the system fully arrests the fall. In addition, a minimum of
12 feet (3.7 m) of lifeline should be allowed below the securing
point of a rope grab type deceleration device, and the end
terminated to prevent the device from sliding off the lifeline.
Alternatively, the lifeline should extend to the ground or the next
working level below. These measures are suggested to prevent the
worker from inadvertently moving past the end of the lifeline and
having the rope grab become disengaged from the lifeline.
l. Obstruction considerations. The location of the tie-off
should also consider the hazard of obstructions in the potential
fall path of the employee. Tie-offs which minimize the possibilities
of exaggerated swinging should be considered. In addition, when a
body belt is used, the employee's body will go through a horizontal
position to a jack-knifed position during the arrest of a fall.
Thus, obstructions which might interfere with this motion should be
avoided or a severe injury could occur.
m. Other considerations. Because of the design of some personal
fall arrest systems, additional considerations may be required for
proper tie-off. For example, heavy deceleration devices of the self-
retracting type should be secured overhead in order to avoid the
weight of the device having to be supported by the employee. Also,
if self-retracting equipment is connected to a horizontal lifeline,
the sag in the lifeline should be minimized to prevent the device
from sliding down the lifeline to a position which creates a swing
hazard during fall arrest. In all cases, manufacturers' instructions
should be followed.
Sec. 1910.130 Positioning device systems.
1. Other information. The following American National Standard
is a helpful guideline for window cleaner's positioning device
systems:
[[Page 23567]]
a. ASME/ANSI A39.1--Safety Requirements for Window Cleaning. In
addition to information on the design and use of window cleaner's
belts and anchors, other window cleaning procedures are outlined.
2. Marking. It is recommended that body belts and pole straps,
not designed for use with personal fall arrest systems (not meeting
the requirements of Sec. 1910.129) and all chest harnesses, be
marked to indicate that they are for use only in positioning device
systems.
Appendix B to Subpart I--References for Further Information
Note: The following appendix to Sec. Sec. 1910.128-1910.131 of
subpart I serves as a non-mandatory guideline to assist employers
and employees in complying with these sections and to provide other
helpful information. This appendix neither adds to nor detracts from
the obligations contained in the OSHA standards.
The following references provide information which may be
helpful in understanding and implementing subpart I.
1. ``American National Standard Safety Requirements for Fixed
Ladders,'' ANSI A14.3-1982. American National Standards Institute,
1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018.
2. ``American National Standard Safety Requirements for Window
Cleaning,'' ASME/ANSI A39.1a-1988. American National Standards
Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018.
3. Chaffin, Don B. and Terrence J. Stobbe. ``Ergonomic
Considerations Related to Selected Fall Prevention Aspects of
Scaffolds and Ladders as Presented in OSHA Standard 29 CFR Part 1910
Subpart D.'' The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104,
September 1979. Available from: U.S. Department of Labor, OSHA, 200
Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC 20210.
4. ``A Study of Personal Fall-Safety Equipment,'' NBSIR 76-1146.
National Bureau of Standards (NBS), U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, DC 20234. Available from: National Technical Information
Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia 22151.
5. Sulowski, Andrew C. ``Selecting Fall Arresting Systems,'' Pp.
55-62. ``National Safety News,'' October 1979, National Safety
Council, 425 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
6. Sulowski, Andrew C. ``Assessment of Maximum Arrest Force,''
Pp. 55-58. ``National Safety News,'' March 1981, National Safety
Council, 425 N. Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611.
Appendix C to Subpart I--Test Methods and Procedures for Personal
Protective Systems
Note: The following appendix to Sec. Sec. 1910.128-1910.131 of
subpart I serves as a non-mandatory guideline to assist employers
and employees in complying with these sections and to provide other
helpful information. This appendix neither adds to nor detracts from
the obligations contained in the OSHA standards.
This appendix contains test methods for personal fall protection
systems which may be used to determine if they meet the system
performance criteria specified in Sec. Sec. 1910.129 and 1910.130.
Sec. 1910.129 Test methods for personal fall arrest systems.
1. General. The following sets forth test procedures for
personal fall arrest systems as defined in Sec. 1910.129.
2. General test conditions.
a. Lifelines, lanyards and deceleration devices should be
attached to an anchorage and connected to the body-belt or body
harness in the same manner as they would be when used to protect
employees.
b. The anchorage should be rigid, and should not have a
deflection greater than .04 inches (1 mm) when a force of 2,250
pounds (10 kN) is applied.
c. The frequency response of the load measuring instrumentation
should be 120 HZ.
d. The test weight used in the strength and force tests should
be a rigid, metal cylindrical or torso-shaped object with a girth of
38 inches plus or minus four inches (96 cm plus or minus 10 cm).
e. The lanyard or lifeline used to create the free fall distance
should be supplied with the system, or in its absence, the least
elastic lanyard or lifeline available to be used with the system.
f. The test weight for each test should be hoisted to the
required level and should be quickly released without having any
appreciable motion imparted to it.
g. The system's performance should be evaluated, taking into
account the range of environmental conditions for which it is
designed to be used.
h. Following the test, the system need not be capable of further
operation.
3. Strength test.
a. During the testing of all systems, a test weight of 300
pounds plus or minus five pounds (135 kg plus or minus 2.5 kg)
should be used. (See paragraph 2.d. above.)
b. The test consists of dropping the test weight once. A new
unused system should be used for each test.
c. For lanyard systems, the lanyard length should be six feet
plus or minus two inches (1.83 plus or minus 5 cm) as measured from
the fixed anchorage to the attachment on the body belt or body
harness.
d. For rope-grab-type deceleration systems, the length of the
lifeline above the centerline of the grabbing mechanism to the
lifeline's anchorage point should not exceed two feet (0.61 m).
e. For lanyard systems, for systems with deceleration devices
which do not automatically limit free fall distance to two feet
(0.61 m) or less, and for systems with deceleration devices which
have a connection distance in excess of one foot (0.3 m) (measured
between the centerline of the lifeline and the attachment point to
the body belt or harness), the test weight should be rigged to free
fall a distance of 7.5 feet (2.3 m) from a point that is 1.5 feet
(46 cm) above the anchorage point, to its hanging location (six feet
below the anchorage). The test weight should fall without
interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or ground during the
test. In some cases a non-elastic wire lanyard of sufficient length
may need to be added to the system (for test purposes) to create the
necessary free fall distance.
f. For deceleration device systems with integral lifelines or
lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to two feet
(0.61 m) or less, the test weight should be rigged to free fall a
distance of four feet (1.22 m).
g. Any weight which detaches from the belt or harness should
constitute failure for the strength test.
4. Force test. a. General. The test consists of dropping the
respective test weight specified in 4.b.(i) or 4.c.(i) once. A new,
unused system should be used for each test.
b. For lanyard systems. (i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus or
minus three pounds (100 kg plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used.
(See paragraph 2.d., above.)
(ii) Lanyard length should be six feet plus or minus two inches
(1.83 m plus or minus 5 cm) as measured from the fixed anchorage to
the attachment on the body belt or body harness.
(iii) The test weight should fall free from the anchorage level
to its hanging location (a total of six feet (1.83 m) free fall
distance) without interference, obstruction, or hitting the floor or
ground during the test.
c. For all other systems. (i) A test weight of 220 pounds plus
or minus three pounds (100 kg plus or minus 1.6 kg) should be used.
(See paragraph 2.d., above.)
(ii) The free fall distance to be used in the test should be the
maximum fall distance physically permitted by the system during
normal use conditions, up to a maximum free fall distance for the
test weight of six feet (1.83 m), except as follows:
(A) For deceleration systems which have a connection link or
lanyard, the test weight should free fall a distance equal to the
connection distance (measured between the centerline of the lifeline
and the attachment point to the body belt or harness).
(B) For deceleration device systems with integral lifelines or
lanyards which automatically limit free fall distance to two feet
(0.61 m) or less, the test weight should free fall a distance equal
to that permitted by the system in normal use. (For example, to test
a system with a self-retracting lifeline or lanyard, the test weight
should be supported and the system allowed to retract the lifeline
or lanyard as it would in normal use. The test weight would then be
released and the force and deceleration distance measured).
d. Failure. A system fails the force test if the recorded
maximum arresting force exceeds 1,260 pounds (15.6 kN) when using a
body belt, and/or exceeds 2,520 pounds (11.2 kN) when using a body
harness.
e. Distances. The maximum elongation and deceleration distance
should be recorded during the force test.
5. Deceleration device tests. a. General. The device should be
evaluated or tested under the environmental conditions (such as
rain, ice, grease, dirt, type of lifeline, etc.) for which the
device is designed.
b. Rope-grab-type deceleration devices. (i) Devices should be
moved on a lifeline 1,000 times over the same length of line a
distance of not less than one foot (30.5 cm), and the mechanism
should lock each time.
[[Page 23568]]
(ii) Unless the device is permanently marked to indicate the
type of lifelines which must be used, several types (different
diameters and different materials), of lifelines should be used to
test the device.
c. Other self-activating-type deceleration devices. The locking
mechanisms of other self-activating-type deceleration devices
designed for more than one arrest should lock each of 1,000 times as
they would in normal service.
Sec. 1910.130 Test methods for positioning device systems.
1. General. The following sets forth test procedures for
positioning device systems as defined in Sec. 1910.130.
2. Test conditions.
a. The fixed anchorage should be rigid and should not have a
deflection greater than .04 inches (1 mm) when a force of 2,250
pounds (10 kN) is applied.
b. For lineman's body belts and pole straps, the body belt
should be secured to a 250 pound (113 kg) bag of sand at a point
which simulates the waist of an employee. One end of the pole strap
should be attached to the rigid anchorage and the other end to the
body belt. The sand bag should be allowed to free fall a distance of
four feet (1.2 m). Failure of the pole strap and body belt should be
indicated by any breakage or slippage sufficient to permit the bag
to fall free to the ground.
c. For window cleaner's belts, the complete belt should
withstand a drop test consisting of a 250 pound (113 kg) weight
falling free for a distance of six feet (1.83 m). The weight should
be a rigid object with a girth of 38 inches plus or minus four
inches (96 cm plus or minus 10 cm). The weight should be placed in
the waistband with the belt buckle drawn firmly against the weight,
as when the belt is worn by a window cleaner. One belt terminal
should be attached to a rigid anchor and the other terminal should
hang free. The terminals should be adjusted to their maximum span.
The weight fastened in the freely suspended belt should then be
lifted exactly six feet (1.83 m) above its ``at rest'' position and
released so as to permit a free fall of six feet (1.83 m) vertically
below the point of attachment of the terminal anchor. The belt
system should be equipped with devices and instrumentation capable
of measuring the duration and magnitude of the arrest forces.
Failure of the test should consist of any breakage or slippage
sufficient to permit the weight to fall free of the system. In
addition, the initial and subsequent arresting forces should be
measured and should not exceed 2,000 pounds (8.5 kN) for more than
two milliseconds for the initial impact, nor exceed 1,000 pounds
(4.5 kN) for the remainder of the arrest time.
d. All other positioning device systems (except for restraint
line systems) should withstand a drop test consisting of a 250 pound
(113 kg) weight falling free for a distance of four feet (1.2 m).
The weight should be the same as described in paragraph (b)(3),
above. The body belt or harness should be affixed to the test weight
as it would be to an employee. The system should be connected to the
rigid anchor in the manner that the system would be connected in
normal use. The weight should be lifted exactly four feet (1.2 m)
above its ``at rest'' position and released so as to permit a
vertical free fall of four feet (1.2 m). Failure of the system
should be indicated by any breakage or slippage sufficient to permit
the weight to fall free to the ground.
(Sections 6(b) and 8, 84 Stat. 1593, 1599, 1600, (29 U.S.C. 655,
657), Secretary of Labor's Order No. 9-83 (48 FR 35736); 29 CFR part
1911)
[FR Doc. 03-10617 Filed 5-1-03; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4510-26-P