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The Hidden Hazard
We hope your visit to your National Parks will be enjoyable...and it will be
if you avoid hazards encountered in the great out of doors. Two hidden hazards
you should know about are diseases resulting from drinking untreated
"natural" water. These diseases are Giardiasis and Cryptosporidiosis,
and their effects on you can be quite severe, and for some, life threatening.
Do not be fooled by natural waters in lakes, streams and rivers that may be
clear, cold, and free-running. They may look, smell, and taste good, and you may
see wildlife drinking from them without hesitation. In spite of all that,
Giardia lamblia cysts, and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts that are carried in
the feces of humans and animals may contaminate surface waters, all of which
should be suspected of harboring these organisms.
Giardiasis--Symptoms and Treatment
While Giardiasis can be incapacitating, it 1is not, as a rule, life threatening.
Following ingestion by humans Giardia attaches to the wall of the small intestine.
Disease symptoms usually include chronic diarrhea, increased gas, abdominal
cramps, bloating, and fatigue. Weight loss may occur from nausea and loss of
appetite. These discomforts may first appear a few days to a few weeks after
ingestion, and may last up to six weeks.
Most people are unknowingly infected and have often returned home from vacations
before the onset of symptoms. If not treated, the symptoms may resolve on their
own, only to recur intermittently over a period of many months. With proper
diagnosis, Giardiasis is curable with medication prescribed by a physician.
Cryptosporidiosis--Symptoms and Treatment
Cryptosporidiosis can be incapacitating for those with healthy immune systems,
but life threatening for those with compromised immune systems including AIDS
patients, cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, transplant patients using
immuno-suppressive medication, persons with viral illnesses such as chicken pox
or measles, the very young, and the elderly.
Disease symptoms usually include watery and profuse diarrhea, abdominal cramps,
nausea, and less frequently fever, headache, and vomiting. Symptoms may appear
a few days to a few weeks after ingestion, and may subside and then recur for
several weeks.
There is no safe or effective treatment for Cryptosporidiosis. Persons with
healthy immune systems improve without medication. Those with compromised
immune systems may develop a severe, long-lasting infection, with diarrhea,
that persists for several weeks to months, or even years.
If you have any of these symptoms and drank untreated water, you should suspect
either Giardiasis or Cryptosporidiosis and so inform your doctor.
Protect Yourself
There are few ways for you to treat raw water to make it safe to drink.
- The most certain treatment to destroy Giardia and Cryptosporidium is to bring water to
a rolling boil for one minute (Add an additional minute
for each 1,000 feet above sea level). Boiling will also destroy other
organisms causing waterborne disease.
- A far less reliable treatment is the use of portable water filters and disinfection. Some claim to remove Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts, but test protocols are not uniform in the industry and many have not been tested in unbiased laboratories. Purchase only from reputable dealers, and check product literature to ensure that the filter is labeled according to filter manufacturing standards as at least an "Absolute" 1 micron filter, or one labeled as
meeting American National Standards Institute (ANSI/NSF) (formerly the National
Sanitation Foundation) International Standard #53 for "Cyst Removal"
followed by disinfection. Add 8 drops of
bleach or 20 drops of tincture of iodine per gallon of water and let stand for 30
minutes. No other filters are
reliable for removing Giardia and Cryptosporidium.
- For short trips, take a supply of water from home or from other treated
domestic sources. Due to the lack of labeling and manufacturing standards,
there is no assurance that bottled water is safer than public drinking water and
may require boiling also.
Protect Others
Giardia can be readily transmitted between humans and animals, and feces (human
or animal waste) can contain these organisms.
- Human waste should be buried 8 inches deep and at least 100 feet away from
natural waters.
- Practice good personal hygiene. Wash hands before handling food, eating,
and using the toilet.
REFERENCES
Health Information, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services.
If you have any questions, please contact a Regional Public Health Consultant, park sanitarian or call WASO Public Health for more information at 202-513-7226.
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