Current Bibliographies in Medicine 97-4

Thalidomide: Potential Benefits and Risks

January 1963 through July 1997

1495 Citations

Prepared by
Karen Patrias, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Ronald L. Gordner, M.L.S., National Library of Medicine
Stephen C. Groft, Pharm.D., Director, Office of Rare Diseases, National Institutes of Health

1997 August

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES
Public Health Service
National Institutes of Health

National Library of Medicine
Reference Section
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, Maryland 20894

• Series Note
• Table of Contents for this bibliography
• Introduction to this bibliography
• Sample Citations

Series Note

Each bibliography in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine (CBM) series covers a distinct subject area of biomedicine and is intended to fulfill a current awareness function. Citations are usually derived from searching a variety of online databases. NLM databases utilized include MEDLINE®, AVLINE®, BIOETHICSLINE®, CANCERLIT®, CATLINE®, HEALTHSTAR^tm, POPLINE^tm, and TOXLINE®. The only criterion for the inclusion of a particular published work is its relevance to the topic being presented; the format, ownership, or location of the material is not considered.

Other publications in the Current Bibliographies in Medicine series are available at no cost to anyone with Internet access through the Library's World Wide Web site at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html.

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Karen Patrias, Editor
Current Bibliographies in Medicine
Reference Section
National Library of Medicine
Bethesda, MD 20894
Phone: 301-496-6097
Fax: 301-402-1384
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Table of Contents

Series Note

Introduction

Sample Citations

Bibliography:

OVERVIEW OF THALIDOMIDE BENEFITS AND RISKS

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THALIDOMIDE USAGE

PHARMACOLOGY, PHARMACOKINETICS, AND TOXICOLOGY OF THALIDOMIDE AND ITS ANALOGS

CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC USES OF THALIDOMIDE

Thalidomide for Skin Disorders

Prurigo Nodularis and Photodermatitis

Leprosy and Erythema Nodosum Leprosum

Behcet's Disease

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Other Skin Disorders

Thalidomide Use for Immunologic and Rheumatologic Disorders

Lupus Erythematosus

Arthritis

Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

Other Immunologic and Rheumatologic Disorders

Thalidomide Use for Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

Glioma

Prostatic Cancer

Graft vs. Host Disease

Kaposi's Sarcoma

Breast Cancer

Other Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

Thalidomide Use for Infectious Diseases

Tuberculosis

HIV/AIDS and Wasting Syndrome

Apthous Ulcers

Other Infectious Diseases

Thalidomide Use for Other Disorders

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THALIDOMIDE

Overview of Adverse Effects and Toxicity of Thalidomide

Thalidomide as a Teratogen

Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Thalidomide

Peripheral Neuropathy from Thalidomide Use

Other Adverse Effects of Thalidomide

RISK MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL ASPECTS OF THALIDOMIDE USE

Introduction

THALIDOMIDE: POTENTIAL BENEFITS and RISKS

This bibliography was prepared for the National Institutes of Health - Food and Drug Administration - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention sponsored workshop, Thalidomide: Potential Benefits and Risks, held in Bethesda, Maryland on September 9-10, 1997. There were numerous goals for the workshop. The first goal was to provide a public forum to assess the emerging research opportunities, potential clinical applications, and the accompanying risks. Other goals were to provide effective risk communication and risk management procedures to health care providers and patients about the potential benefits and risks associated with the use of thalidomide in the community and research environment, and to discuss the current methods of monitoring for adverse effects. Ongoing research continues to investigate the numerous uses of thalidomide in conditions such as erythema nodosum leprosum, lupus erythematosus, graft versus host disease in transplant medicine, gliomas, and infectious diseases including tuberculosis, aphthous ulcers, and the wasting syndromes associated with HIV infection.

The bibliography concentrates on research and safety issues in the disorders to be discussed at the workshop. References to the uses of thalidomide for other conditions not studied as extensively are also included. The references in the bibliography are primarily to journal articles, letters to the editor, conference proceedings and papers, and books from 1963 through July 1997 related to the benefits and risks of thalidomide. Some references to book chapters, technical reports, and patents also appear. The bibliography has been organized along the same lines as the conference agenda with the first section dealing with an overview and historical perspective of the benefits and risks of thalidomide treatment. The next sections cover the research opportunities and adverse effects as well as the pharmacology, toxicology, and pharmacokinetics of thalidomide and its analogues. The last section includes references on aspects of risk management and legal concerns with the product if marketing approval is obtained.

Most citations in the bibliography appear under only one subject category. For example, articles discussing apthous ulcers in AIDS patients have been placed under "Apthous Ulcers" and articles discussing peripheral neuropathy as an adverse reaction to thalidomide in AIDS patients may be found under "Peripheral Neuropathy from Thalidomide Use."

Any reproductions of this bibliography, in whole or in part, must include all credits. If you wish to cite this bibliography, the correct format is:
Patrias, Karen; Gordner, Ronald L.; Groft, Stephen C., compilers. Thalidomide: potential benefits and risks [bibliography online]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine; 1997 Aug [insert cited year month day in brackets]. [insert no. of screen s or lines in brackets]. (Current bibliographies in medicine; no. 97-4). 1495 citations from January 1963 through July 1997. Available from: URL http://www.nlm.nih.gov/pubs/resources.html

Sample Citations

Citations are formatted according to the rules established for Index Medicus ®. Sample journal and monograph citations appear below. For journal articles written in a foreign language, the English translation of the title is placed in brackets; for monographs, the title is given in the original language. In both cases the language of publication is shown by a three letter abbreviation appearing at the end of the citation.

Journal Article:

Example:
Alta E, Sato EI. Treatment of the cutaneous lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus with thalidomide. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993 Sep-Oct;11(5):487-93.

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors. Article Title. Abbreviated Journal Title Date;Volume(Issue):Pages.

Monograph:

Example:
Teff HM, Munro CR. Thalidomide: the legal aftermath. Westmead (England): Saxon House; 1976. 154 p.

Order, with separating punctuation:
Authors/Editors. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher; Date. Total No. of Pages.

For details of the formats used for references, see the following publication:
Patrias, Karen. National Library of Medicine recommended formats for bibliographic citation. Bethesda (MD): The Library; 1991 Apr. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB91-182030.

OVERVIEW OF THALIDOMIDE BENEFITS AND RISKS

Belaube P, Garcin G, Marchand JP, Privat Y. [Should thalidomide be rehabilitated?]. Sem Hop 1983 Dec 8;59(45):3101-4. (Fre).

Brent RL. The application of the principles of toxicology and teratology in evaluating the risks of new drugs for treatment of drug addiction in women of reproductive age. NIDA Res Monogr Ser 1995;(149):130-84.

Carmichael AJ, Knight A. Thalidomide: a restricted role [letter]. Lancet 1992 May 30;339(8805):1362. Comment on: Lancet 1992 Apr 25;339(8800):1057.

Cheymol J. [The thalidomide drama]. Rev Assoc Med Bras 1965 Apr;11(4):123-34. (Fre).

Cooper S. Thalidomide, gentrified. Notes Undergr 1996 Jan;(31):1, 3, 5.

Food and Drug Administration (US). Thalidomide: important patient information. [Washington?]: The Administration; [1996?]. 1 folded sheet [6 p.]. (DHHS publication ; no. (FDA) 96-3222).

Guimaraes Proenca N. [Thalidomide - A eclectic medicine in dermatology]. An Bras Dermatol 1990;65(1):11-4. (Por).

Guimaraes Proenca N. [Use of thalidomide in dermatology]. An Bras Dermatol 1995;70(1):61-7. (Por).

Hastings RC, Franzblau SG. Chemotherapy of leprosy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1988;28:231-45.

Killip T, Harlow N. Thalidomide in AIDS: one institution's response to the challenge of an experimental protocol. J Am Med Womens Assoc 1994 Jul-Aug;49(4):122-3.

Lenz W. Thalidomide: Facts and inferences. In: Soda T, editor. Drug-induced sufferings: medical, pharmaceutical, and legal aspects. Proceedings of the Kyoto International Conference Against Drug-Induced Sufferings; 1979 Apr 14-18; Kyoto, Japan. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica; 1980. p.103-9. (Excerpta Medica international congress series; no. 513).

Muller GW. Thalidomide: from tragedy to new drug discovery. Chemtech 1997;27(1):21-5.

New uses of thalidomide. Med Lett Drugs Ther 1996 Feb 16;38(968):15-6.

Powell RJ. New roles for thalidomide [editorial]. BMJ 1996 Aug 17;313(7054):377-8.

Powell RJ, Gardner-Medwin JM. Guideline for the clinical use and dispensing of thalidomide. Postgrad Med J 1994 Dec;70(830):901-4.

Powell RJ, Gardner-Medwin JMM. Guideline for the clinical use and dispensing of thalidomide. Lepr Rev 1997;68(1):61-6.

Rainsford KD. Disease-modifying antirheumatic and immunoregulatory agents. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1990;4(3):405-32.

Rethinking thalidomide [news]. Environ Health Perspect 1995 Feb;103(2):132.

Revuz J. [Current use of thalidomide]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1990;117(4):313-21. (Fre).

Robert E. Thalidomide and isotretinoin--why treat them differently? [editorial]. Reprod Toxicol 1996 Jan-Feb;10(1):1-2.

Saldanha PH. [The thalidomide tragedy and the birth of experimental teratology]. Rev Bras Genet 1994;17(4):449-64. (Por).

Schuler U, Ehninger G. Thalidomide: rationale for renewed use in immunological disorders. Drug Saf 1995 Jun;12(6):364-9.

Settlement for thalidomide babies. Br Med J 1968 Feb 24;1(590):525-6.

Soares MA. Thalidomide: rebirth? Farm Port 1995 Nov-Dec;17:61-5, 67.

Stirling D, Sherman M, Strauss S. A surprising recovery . J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1997 May-Jun;NS37(3):306-13.

Stirling DI. Thalidomide: a pharmaceutical enigma. Pharm News (Langhorne) 1996;3(3):17-20.

Sune MP, Moraga FA, Cabanas MJ. [Thalidomide: the come-back of an old drug]. Pediatr Catalana 1996;56(6):334-5. (Cat).

Teixeira F, Hojyo MT, Arenas R, Vega ME, Cortes R, Ortiz A, Dominguez L. Thalidomide: can it continue to be used? [letter]. Lancet 1994 Jul 16;344(8916):196-7.

Thalidomide: 20 years on [editorial]. Lancet 1981 Sep 5;2(8245):510-1.

Thalidomide claims. Br Med J 1969 Aug 9;1(666):366.

Tseng S, Pak G, Washenik K, Pomeranz MK, Shupack JL. Rediscovering thalidomide: a review of its mechanism of action, side effects, and potential uses. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996 Dec;35(6):969-79.

Vladutiu A. Another chance for thalidomide? Lancet 1966 Apr 30;1(444):981-2.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES OF THALIDOMIDE USAGE

Ahrens I. [Social integration of dysmelic children in special schools for the handicapped]. Psychol Prax 1972;46:47-60. (Ger).

Allgoewer E, Edl G, Herkel G, et al. [Advice and aid for thalidomide damaged children and their relatives]. Behind Kind 1975;12(1):51-8. (Ger).

Amery W. Post-marketing drug safety management: A pharmaceutical industry perspective. Foreword. Int J Risk Saf Med 1994;5(2-3):75-6.

Bennett PN. Detecting adverse reactions to drugs. Hum Toxicol 1988;7(5):465-7.

Berzel HG. [The thalidomide catastrophe and what pediatricians learned from it]. TW Padiatr 1990;3(2):142. (Ger).

Bonati M. [Thalidomide back on the scene: Potential perspectives vs. dim certainties]. Ric Prat 1994;(57):86-90. (Ita).

Bowers JZ, Pittman HS. Helen B. Taussig, M.D. [motion picture]. [Atlanta (GA)]: National Audiovisual Center ; 1974. 1 reel, 50 min.: sound, black & white; 16 mm.

Brook CG, Jarvis SN, Newman CG. Linear growth of children with limb deformities following exposure to thalidomide in utero. Acta Paediatr Scand 1977 Nov;66(6):673-5.

Burley DM. The rise and fall of thalidomide. Pharm Med 1988;3(2-3):231-7.

Cassidy E . Thalidomide: could it happen again? Ir Pharm J 1980 Sep;58:325, 328.

Ciciliani J, Tolks H. [Results of systematic studies of 96 dysmelia children]. Med Welt 1966 Oct 22;43:2301-7. (Ger).

Collier J. Prescribing unlicensed drugs or using drugs for unlicensed indications. Drug Ther Bull 1992;30(25):97-9.

Cutler J. Thalidomide revisited [letter]. Lancet 1994 Mar 26;343(8900):795-6. Comment on: Lancet 1994 Feb 19;343(8895):432-3.

D'Arcy PF, Griffin JP. Thalidomide revisited. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev 1994 Summer;13(2):65-76.

D'Avignon M, Atterback B, Hellgren K, Juhlin IM. [Thalidomide-damaged children with multiple handicaps. The problem of diagnosis and rehabilitation]. Lakartidningen 1966 Jan 26;63(4):327-34. (Swe).

Davies DM. Orphan drugs. Lancet 1983 Feb 5;1(8319):290-1.

A dearth of new drugs. Nature 1980 Feb 14;283(5748):609.

Endress D. [School help and performance possibilities and professional chances for children with ectromelia]. Z Orthop 1978 Aug;116(4):581-2. (Ger).

Eskes TK. Classic illustration. Figure showing the relationship between malformations of the thalidomide type and the sales of thalidomide. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1984 Jan;16(5):365.

Filmakers Library, Inc. Neurosedyn-barnen: det var vi = We were the babies without futures [videocassette]. [Sweden]: Sveriges Television AB; c1994. 1 videocassette (52 min.): sound, color with black & white; 1/2 in. (Swe). Swedish narration with En glish subtitles.

Fine RA. The great drug deception; the shocking story of MER 29 and the folks who gave you thalidomide. New York: Stein and Day; [c1972]. 208 p.

Finkbine S. The lesser of two evils. In: Guttmacher AF, editor. The case for legalized abortion now. Berkeley (CA): Diablo; 1967. p. 15-25.

Folb P. The thalidomide disaster and its impact on modern medicine. Cape Town: University of Cape Town; 1977. 11 p.

Fraser FC. Thalidomide retrospective: what did we learn? Teratology 1988 Sep;38(3):201-2.

Gilden D. Thalidomide's elusive access. GMHC Treat Issues 1995 Nov;9(11):11-2.

Grigg W . Thalidomide tragedy-25 years ago. FDA Consum 1987 Feb;21:14-7.

Haffner ME. Studies involving orphan products for treating/diagnosing women's diseases. Food Drug Law J 1993;48(2):205-12.

Hodel C, Bass R. Are newer scientific concepts in regulatory toxicology used timely and appropriately? Toxicol Lett 1992;64-65 Spec Issue:149-55.

How thalidomide children see themselves. Nurs Times 1969 Apr 24;65(17):519-22.

Howard-Jones N. Human experimentation in historical and ethical perspectives. Soc Sci Med 1982;16(15):1429-48.

Humphrey GF. Scientific fraud: the McBride case. Med Sci Law 1992 Jul;32(3):199-203.

Jacobson RR, Trautman JR. The diagnosis and treatment of leprosy. South Med J 1976 Aug;69(8):979-85.

James JS. Thalidomide for wasting syndrome: progress toward compromise. AIDS Treat News 1995 Nov 3;(234):1-5.

James JS. Wasting syndrome--affordable treatments. AIDS Treat News 1995 Jul 7;(226):6-7.

Jefferys DB, Jones KH. EMEA and the new pharmaceutical procedures for Europe. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1995;47(6):471-6.

Jones GR. Thalidomide: 35 years on and still deforming [letter]. Lancet 1994 Apr 23;343(8904):1041. Comment on: Lancet 1994 Feb 19;343(8895):432-3.

Judge MR, Kobza-Black A, Hawk JLM. Guidelines for the clinical use and dispensing of thalidomide [letter]. Postgrad Med J 1995;71(832):123.

Kajii T. Thalidomide experience in Japan. Ann Paediatr Int Rev Pediatr 1965;205(5):341-54.

Kelsey FO. Drug embryopathy: the thalidomide story. MD State Med J 1963 Dec;12:594-7.

Kelsey FO. Drugs in pregnancy and their effects on pre- and postnatal development. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1973;51(10):233-43.

Kelsey FO. Events after thalidomide. J Dent Res 1967 Nov-Dec;46(6):1201-5.

Kelsey FO. Problems raised for the FDA by the occurrence of thalidomide embryopathy in Germany, 1960-1961. Am J Public Health 1965 May;55:703-7.

Kelsey FO. Thalidomide update: regulatory aspects. Teratology 1988 Sep;38(3):221-6.

Kida M. A quarter century of thalidomide embryopathy. Congen Anomal 1988;28(1):33-44.

Kimbel KH. Germany: twenty years after the thalidomide trial. Lancet 1991;337(8735):227-8.

Kimmel CA. Perspectives on the concern for and management of prenatal chemical exposure and postnatal effects. Washington: Environmental Protection Agency; 1990 Jan. 8 p. Available from: NTIS, Springfield, VA; PB90-159880.

Knightley P. Suffer the children. The Sunday times (London): the story of thalidomide. New York: Viking Press; 1979. 309 p.

Lenz W. [Discussion and comments on the lecture by R.A. Pfeiffer and K. Kasenow: On the question of the exogenous origin of severe malformations of the extremeties]. Tag Rheinschwestfal Kinderarztever Dusseld 1961;19:11. (Ger).

Lenz W. Thalidomide embryopathy in Germany, 1959-1961. Prog Clin Biol Res 1985;163C:77-83.

Lenz W. The thalidomide hypotheses: how it was found and tested. Epidemiol Concepts Clin Pharmacol 1987:3-10.

Levine RJ. The impact of HIV infection on society's perception of clinical trials. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1994 Jun;4(2):93-8.

Lipson AH. Thalidomide retrospective: what did the clinical teratologist learn? [letter]. Teratology 1992 Nov;46(5):411-3.

Masuyama M. Saridomaido; kagakusha no shogen [Thalidomide; a collection of testimonies from scientists]. Tokyo: Tokyo Daigaku Shuppankai; [1971]. 319 p. (Mul).

McBride WG. Thalidomide and congenital abnormalities. Lancet 1961;2:1358.

McFadyen RE. Thalidomide in America: a brush with tragedy. Clio Med 1976 Jul;11(2):79-93.

Mitchell AA. Teratogens and the dermatologist. New knowledge, responsibilities, and opportunities. Arch Dermatol 1991;127(3):399-401.

Mitchell JP. Strict liability for products utilized in medicine and biology. J R Soc Med 1988;81(4):200-2.

Monser C. Contergan/Thalidomid: ein Ungluck kommt selten allein. Dusseldorf: Eggcup Verlag; c1995. 316 p. (Ger).

Muller GW. Thalidomide: from tragedy to new drug discovery. Chemtech 1997;27(1):21-5.

Newman CG. Teratogen update: clinical aspects of thalidomide embryopathy--a continuing preoccupation. Teratology 1985 Aug;32(1):133-44.

Newman CG. The thalidomide syndrome: risks of exposure and spectrum of malformations. Clin Perinatol 1986 Sep;13(3):555-73.

Niethard FU. Contergan: 30 Jahre danach. Stuttgart: F. Enke; 1994. 96 p. (Ger).

Paulus J, Rozet J. Le proces de la thalidomide. [Paris]: Gallimard; [1963]. 300 p. (Fre).

Pickl S. [Pregnancy and drugs: Since Contergan little knowledge is gained]. Fortschr Med 1996;114(18-19):16-7. (Ger).

Proenca NG. [Thalidomide: an eclectic medication in dermatology]. Rev Paul Med 1989 Jan-Feb;107(1):41-6. (Por).

Randall T. Thalidomide has 37-year history [news]. JAMA 1990 Mar 16;263(11):1474.

Schmidt M, Salzano FM. Clinical studies on teenage Brazilian victims of thalidomide. Braz J Med Biol Res 1983 Jul;16(2):105-9.

Sherman M, Strauss S. Thalidomide: A twenty-five year perspective. Food Drug Cosmet Law J 1986;41(4):458-66.

Sheskin J, Sagher F. [World survey on the use of thalidomide in leprosy reaction]. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1975;3(1):81-3. (Spa).

Smithells RW. Defects and disabilities of thalidomide children. Br Med J 1973 Feb 3;1(848):269-72.

Smithells RW. The thalidomide syndrome: comprehensive care. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1966 Apr;5(4):255-8.

Soares MA. Thalidomide: rebirth? Farm Port 1995 Nov-Dec;17:61-5, 67.

Stirling D, Sherman M, Strauss S. A surprising recovery . J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash) 1997 May-Jun;NS37(3):306-13.

Stirling DI. Thalidomide: a pharmaceutical enigma. Pharm News (Langhorne) 1996;3(3):17-20.

Sugiura Y, Tsuchiya K, Kida M, Arima M. [Thalidomide dysmelia in Japan]. Senten Ijo [Congen Anomal] 1979;19(1):1-19. (Jpn).

Sune MP, Moraga FA, Cabanas MJ. [Thalidomide: the come-back of an old drug]. Pediatr Catalana 1996;56(6):334-5. (Cat).

Teixeira F, Hojyo MT, Arenas R, Vega ME, Cortes R, Ortiz A, Dominguez L. Thalidomide: can it continue to be used? [letter]. Lancet 1994 Jul 16;344(8916):196-7.

The thalidomide issue. Economist 1973 Jan 6;246(6750):9-11.

Trautman JR, Kirchheimer WF, Prabhakaran K, Hastings RC, Shannon EJ, Jacobson RR, Brand PW. An overview of Carville research. Acta Leprol 1981 Jul-Sep;(84):1-29.

Van Dyke DC, Trabilcy ET, Moran ES, Hartzog SH. Drug and environmental exposure histories in selective patient populations. J Fam Pract 1985;20(1):51-4.

Venning GR. Identification of adverse reactions to new drugs. I: What have been the important adverse reactions since thalidomide? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Jan 15;286(6360):199-202.

Verkuyl A. [Thalidomide children and puberty]. Revalidatie 1974;20(8):1-5. (Dut).

Webb JF. Canadian thalidomide experience. Can Med Assoc J 1963 Nov 9;89:987-92.

Weinert Ch, Wehner Th. [Empirical comparative study on attitudes of dysmelic and non-disabled young people in the process of choice of occupation]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 1981;20(4):170-6. (Ger).

Weinwurm-Krause EM. [Partnership and sexuality of thalidomide-affected young people (author's transl)]. Rehabilitation (Stuttg) 1981 Aug;20(3):128-32. (Ger).

Witherspoon EW. Thalidomide -- the aftermath. Pharm Med 1988;3:229-30.

Yamane H, Kato T, Hosoda Y. [Anatomical findings of the so-called thalidomide babies with special reference to limbs]. Nippon Seikeigeka Gakkai Zasshi 1965 Jan;38:973-82. (Jpn).

Yang TS, Shen Cheng CC, Wang CM. A survey of thalidomide embryopathy in Taiwan. Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1977 Jul;76(7):546-62.

Yang TZ, Yu KY. [1st case report from Formosa of a congenital anomaly probably induced by thalidomide]. Taiwan I Hsueh Hui Tsa Chih 1962 Nov 28;61:1118-25. (Jpn).

Zuhrt R. [The thalidomide tragedy (Part 1)]. Krankengymnastik 1990;42(8):909-19. (Ger).

PHARMACOLOGY, PHARMACOKINETICS, AND TOXICOLOGY OF THALIDOMIDE AND ITS ANALOGS

Aarestrup FM, Goncalves-da-Costa SC, Sarno EN. The effect of thalidomide on BCG-induced granulomas in mice. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995 Oct;28(10):1069-76.

Aboul-Enein HY, Bakr SA. Enantiomeric separation of some piperidine-2, 6-dione drugs using chiralcel OJ-R column. Chirality 1997;9(1):10-2.

Aboul-Enein HY, Islam MR. Direct HPLC separation of thalidomide enantiomers using cellulose tris-4-methylphenyl benzoate chiral stationary phase. J Liq Chromatogr 1991;14(4):667-73.

Ackermann E. Clinical pharmacological aspects of drug toxicity testing. Pol J Pharmacol Pharm 1980;32(2):237-41.

Ackermann H. [Assessment of teratogenic action of phthalimide derivatives]. Tagungsber Akad Landwirtschaftswiss D D R. 1981;187(Spec Iss):197-202. (Ger).

Ackermann H, Kagan YS, Kuz'minskaya UA, Voronina VM, Bersan LV. [Teratogenic effect of phthalimide pesticides]. Gig Sanit 1987;(2):92-3. (Rus).

Ackermann H, Seidler H, Kagan YS, Voronina VM. Metabolic and toxic behavior of phthalimide derivates. I. Fate of imidan in the fetus. Arch Toxicol 1976 Oct 28;36(2):127-37.

Aggarwal BB, Natarajan K. Tumor necrosis factors: Developments during the last decade. Eur Cytokine Netw 1996;7(2):93-124.

Arala-Chaves M, Vilanova M, Ribeiro A, Pinto J. Immunostimulatory effect of thalidomide in normal C57BL/6 mice is compatible with stimulation of a highly connected central immune system. Scand J Immunol 1994 Nov;40(5):535-42.

Arbiser JL. Angiogenesis and the skin: A primer. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34(3):486-97.

Ariens EJ. [Racemic drugs; problems in connection with medical ethics and registration]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1990;134(51):2468-72. (Dut).

Aronson IK, Weber L, West D, et al. Thalidomide and lymphocyte function. J Am Acad Dermatol 1986;14(2):282-3.

Audit CO. Specific functions of polyamines: Actin assembly, cytokinesis induction, targets for thalidomide activity, nitrogen sources for marine ecosystems. Biog Amines 1996;12(4):305-26.

Audit CO. Thalidomide - induced polyamine acylation: a new insight into the acylation mechanism. Biog Amines 1994;10(6):543-54.

Audit CO, Eger K, Aimar C. Possible involvement of an acylation mechanism in thalidomide-induced teratogenesis of the newt (Pleurodeles waltl.). Dev Growth Differ 1996;38(1):47-57.

Aumatell A, Wells RJ, Wong KY. Enantiomeric differentiation of a wide range of pharmacologically active substances by capillary electrophoresis using modified beta-cyclodextrins. J Chromatogr A 1994;686(2):293-307.

Avalos-Diaz E, Guzman-Enriquez L, Lopez-Robles E, Herrera-Esparza R. [Inhibitory effect on endocytosis in polymorphonuclear cells caused by thalidomide]. Arch Invest Med (Mex) 1985 Apr-Jun;16(2):139-43. (Spa).

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CURRENT AND POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC USES OF THALIDOMIDE

Thalidomide for Skin Disorders

Prurigo Nodularis and Photodermatitis

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Leprosy and Erythema Nodusum Leprosum

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Sampaio EP, Moreira AL, Sarno EN, Malta AM, Kaplan G. Prolonged treatment with recombinant interferon gamma induces erythema nodosum leprosum in lepromatous leprosy patients. J Exp Med 1992 Jun 1;175(6):1729-37.

Samsoen M, Grosshans E, Basset A. [Thalidomide in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus (D.L.E.) (author's transl)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1980 Jun;107(6):515-23. (Fre).

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Sarno EN, Kaplan G, Alvaranga F, et al. Effect of treatment on the cellular composition of cutaneous lesions in leprosy patients. Int J Lepr Other Myobact Dis 1984;52(4):496-500.

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Sheskin J, Sagher F. Survey of thalidomide treatment in lepra reaction based on questionnaire to investigators. Int J Lepr 1973;41(4):693.

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Behcet's Disease

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Hamza M. Behcet's disease, palmoplantar pustulosis and HLA-B27 treatment with thalidomide [letter]. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1990 Jul-Aug;8(4):427. Comment on: Clin Exp Rheumatol 1988 Apr-Jun;6(2):109-12.

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Jorizzo JL, Solomon AR, Cavallo T. Behcet's syndrome. Immunopathologic and histopathologic assessment of pathergy lesions is useful in diagnosis and follow-up. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1985 Aug;109(8):747-51.

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Larsson H. Treatment of severe colitis in Behcet's syndrome with thalidomide (CG-217). J Intern Med 1990 Oct;228(4):405-7.

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Rewald E, Jaksic JC. Behcet's syndrome treated with high-dose intravenous IgG and low-dose aspirin. J R Soc Med 1990;83(10):652-3.

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Rigby AS, Chamberlain MA, Bhakta B. Behcet's disease. Baillieres Clin Rheumatol 1995;9(2):375-95.

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Rodrigo MA, Hernandez Vallejo G, Esparza G, Cerero R, Bascones A. [Conceptual review of Behcet's syndrome. Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria]. Av Odontoestomatol 1991 Jun;7(6):453-8, 460-1. (Spa).

Rustin MH, Gilkes JJ, Robinson TW. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Behcet's disease: treatment with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Nov;23(5 Pt 1):941-4.

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Saylan T, Ozarmagan G, Azizlerli G, et al. [Behcet's disease in Turkey]. Z Hautkr 1986;61(15):1120-2. (Ger).

Saylan T, Saltik I. Thalidomide in the treatment of Behcet's syndrome [letter]. Arch Dermatol 1982 Aug;118(8):536.

Schnitzer A. [Behcet's syndrome]. Ars Med 1989;79(2):119-21. (Ger).

Stratigos AJ, Laskaris G, Stratigos JD. Behcet's disease. Semin Neurol 1992;12(4):346-57.

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Torras H, Lecha M, Mascaro JM. [Thalidomide in the treatment of aphthosis and Behcet's disease. 4 years' experience]. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1982;10(2):103-12. (Spa).

Treves R, Arnaud M, Jacob P, Lubeau M, Tabaraud F, Burki F, Desproges-Gotteron R. [Speculative ameloriation of arthritis in Behcet disease with thalidomide. A case report]. Rev Rhum Mal Osteoartic 1984 Nov;51(10):585. (Fre).

Viraben R, Dupre A. Erythema nodosum following thalidomide therapy for Behcet's disease [letter]. Dermatologica 1988;176(2):107.

Wechsler B, Du LTH, Godeau P. [Behcet syndrome and its treatment]. Ann Med Interne 1992;143(7):426-7. (Fre).

Wechsler B, Piette JC. Behcet's disease. BMJ 1992;304(6836):1199-200.

Yazici H, Barnes CG. Practical treatment recommendations for pharmacotherapy of Behcet's syndrome. Drugs 1991;42(5):796-804.

Yazici H, Yurdakul S, Hamuryudan V. Behcet's syndrome: How should we treat it? Clin Immunother 1995;3(2):102-7.

Pyoderma Gangrenosum

Amelio PX, Laterza AM, Duran-McKinster C, Berron R, Tamayo L, Ruiz-Maldonado R. Pyoderma gangrenosum in children. Report of eight cases and review of the literature. Eur J Dermatol 1994;4(7):514-20.

Buckley C, Bayoumi AHM, Sarkany I. Pyoderma gangrenosum with severe pharyngeal ulceration. J R Soc Med 1990;83(9):590-1.

Buckley C, Harris D, Ostlere L, Rustin MH. Recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum responding to cyclosporin A. Br J Dermatol Suppl 1991;125(38):72.

Chow RKP, Ho VC. Treatment of pyoderma gangrenosum. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34(6):1047-60.

Costa I, Castanet J, Taillan B, Lacour JP, Perrin C, Chazal M, Mondain V, Ortonne JP. [Aseptic adenitis in pyoderma gangrenosum]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1994;121(8):550-2. (Fre).

Dicken CH. Malignant pyoderma. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985;13(6):1021-5.

Guilhou JJ, Guillot B, Meynadier J. [Pyoderma gangrenosum. Fourteen personal observations and review of the literature]. J Mal Vasc 1987;12(2):202-7. (Fre).

Keita S, Traore HA, Bobin P, Pichard E, Diallo AN, Halna JM. [Pyoderma gangrenosum. Phagedemic Pyodermatitis. Four case reports of the Institute of Marchoux (Bamako)]. Med Afr Noire 1993;40(4):277-81. (Fre).

Ledo A, Allegue F. [Pyoderma gangrenosum. Review]. Rev Clin Esp 1989;185(5):257-64. (Spa).

Moulin G, Augey F. [Pyoderma gangrenosum]. Presse Med 1990;19(35):1623-6. (Fre).

Powell FC, Schroeter AL, Su WPD, Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum and monoclonal gammopathy. Arch Dermatol 1983;119(6):468-72.

Powell FC, Su WPD, Perry HO. Pyoderma gangrenosum: Classification and management. J Am Acad Dermatol 1996;34(3):395-409.

Powell FC, Winkelmann RK. Malignant pyoderma. Br J Dermatol 1983;109(5):597-603.

Rustin MH, Gilkes JJ, Robinson TW. Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with Behcet's disease: treatment with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Nov;23(5 Pt 1):941-4.

Sola Casas MA, Vazquez Doval J, Contreras Mejuto F, Leache A, Quintanilla Gutierrez E . Pyoderma gangrenosum. Eur J Dermatol 1992;2(3):164-7.

Takvorian T, Skarin A, Johnson R. Pyoderma gangrenosum. J Clin Oncol 1997 Jan;15(1):407.

Venencie PY, Saurat JH. [Pyoderma gangrenosum in a child. Treatment with thalidomide]. Ann Pediatr 1982;29(1):67-9. (Fre).

Venencie PY, Saurat JH. [Pyoderma gangrenosum in a child. Treatment with thalidomide (author's transl)]. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1982 Jan;29(1):67-9. (Fre).

Other Skin Disorders

Bahmer FA, Zaun H, Luszpinski P. Thalidomide treatment of recurrent erythema multiforme. Acta Derm Venereol 1982;62(5):449-50.

Barriere H. [Sarcoidosis of the skin. Treatment with thalidomide]. Presse Med 1983;12(15):963. (Fre).

Beaulieu P, Beaulieu S, Launay E, Blum L, Chesneau A. [Rowell's syndrome: Separate entity?]. Nouv Dermatol 1997;16(3):91. (Fre).

Belaich S. Langerhans cell histiocytosis. Dermatology 1994;189 Suppl 2:2-7.

Berger TG. Leprosy and leishmaniasis. J Assoc Mil Dermatol 1984;10(2):44-51.

Calnan CD, Meara RH. Actinic prurigo (Hutchinson's summer prurigo). Clin Exp Dermatol 1977 Dec;2(4):365-72.

Cambie M, Capon F, Salmon V, Serpier H, Kalis B. [Anti-inflammatory drugs in active photoprotection]. Nouv Dermatol 1996;15(5):338-40. (Fre).

Cherouati K, Claudy A, Souteyrand P, Cambazard F, Vaillant L, Moulin G, Crickx B, Morel P, Lamorelle A, Revuz J. [Treatment by thalidomide of chronic multiforme erythema: its recurrent and continuous variants. A retrospective study of 26 patients]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1996;123(6-7):375-7. (Fre).

Dereure O, Basset-Seguin N, Guilhou JJ. Erosive lichen planus: dramatic response to thalidomide [letter]. Arch Dermatol 1996 Nov;132(11):1392-3.

Dupont A, Six R. [Weber-Christian disease: Recurrent febrile nonsuppurative panniculitis]. Tijdschr Geneeskd 1983;39(6):365-71. (Dut).

Dupre A, Viraben R. [Benign lymphocytic infiltration of the skin: Jesner and Kanoff's disease]. J Agreses 1983;16(2):59-63. (Fre).

Fine J-D. Management of acquired bullous skin diseases. N Engl J Med 1995;333(22):1475-84.

Fransway AF, Winkelmann RK. Treatment of pruritus. Semin Dermatol 1988;7(4):310-25.

Gamez-Robles H, Barba-Gomez JF, Barba-Rubio J, Gonzalez-Mendoza A. [Malignant atrophic papulosis]. Dermatologia 1980;24(1):14-9. (Spa).

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Meunier L, Marck Y, Ribeyre C, Meynadier J. Adult cutaneous Langerhans cell histiocytosis: Remission with thalidomide treatment [letter]. Br J Dermatol 1995;132(1):168.

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Naafs B, Faber WR. Thalidomide therapy. An open trial. Int J Dermatol 1985 Mar;24(2):131-4.

Ochonisky S, Revuz J . Thalidomide use in dermatology. Eur J Dermatol 1994;4(1):9-15.

Perez Alfonzo R, Weiss E, Piquero Martin J, Rondon Lugo A. [Generalized lichen planus with erosive lesions of the penis, treated with thalidomide. Report of a case and review of the literature]. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1987;15(4):321-6. (Spa).

Piacquadio DJ, inventor. Topical thalidomide compositions for surface of mucosal wounds, ulcerations, and lesions. US Patent 5,605,684. 1997 Feb 25.

Rea TH, Levan NE. Lucio's phenomenon and diffuse nonnodular lepromatous leprosy. Arch Dermatol 1978 Jul;114(7):1023-8.

Safa G, Joly P, Boullie MC, Thomine E, Lauret P. [Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome treated by thalidomide. 2 cases]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1995;122(9):609-11. (Fre).

Samsoen M, Grosshans E, Basset A. [Thalidomide in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus (D.L.E.) (author's transl)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1980 Jun;107(6):515-23. (Fre).

Schnitzler L. [Beneficial effect of thalidomide in a case of Hailey-Hailey pemphigus. 1 years' trial (letter)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1984;111(3):285-6. (Fre).

Silva SR, Viana PC, Lugon NV, Hoette M, Ruzany F, Lugon JR. Thalidomide for the treatment of uremic pruritus: a crossover randomized double-blind trial. Nephron 1994;67(3):270-3.

Thomas L, Ducros B, Secchi T, Balme B, Moulin G. Successful treatment of adult's Langerhans cell histiocytosis with thalidomide. Report of two cases and literature review. Arch Dermatol 1993 Oct;129(10):1261-4.

Viraben R, Dupre A, Gorguet B. Pure cutaneous histiocytosis resembling sinus histiocytosis. Clin Exp Dermatol 1988;13(3):197-9.

Winkelmann RK. Pharmacologic control of pruritus. Med Clin North Am 1982;66(5):1119-33.

Wohrmann T, Geist C, Schneider J, Matthiesen T, Zwingenberger K. Local skin reactivity after induction of Shwartzman reaction in rabbits. Exp Toxicol Pathol 1995 May;47(2-3):167-72.

Wolkenstein P, Chosidow O, Leonard F, Fraitag S, Pelissier S, Roujeau JC, Kalis B, Revuz J. Association of a pemphigus with a Lyell's syndrome. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1990;117(11):904-5. (Fre).

Thalidomide Use for Immunologic and Rheumatologic Disorders

Lupus Erythematosus

Alarcon-Segovia D. The treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1994;12 Suppl 11:S49-53.

Alarcon-Segovia D, Piette J-C. What will happen tomorrow in the treatment of lupus? Ann Med Interne (Paris) 1995;146(6):397-8.

Atra E, Sato EI. Treatment of the cutaneous lesions of systemic lupus erythematosus with thalidomide. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1993 Sep-Oct;11(5):487-93.

Avgerinou G. [Treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus]. Epitheor Klin Farmakol Farmakokinet 1990;8(4):224-31. (Gre).

Ayres S Jr. Discoid lupus erythematosus: thalidomide or vitamin E? [letter]. Int J Dermatol 1985 Nov;24(9):616.

Ayres S Jr. Thalidomide or vitamin E therapy for discoid lupus erythematosus? [letter]. Br J Dermatol 1984 Jul;111(1):125-6.

Bahmer FA. [Discoid lupus erythematosus and the rediscovery of thalidomide in Europe]. Rev Med Hosp Gen (Mex) 1982;45(4):148-52. (Spa).

Balabanova MB, Mateev GS, Obreschkova EW, Wassileva ST, Pramatarov KD. [Lupus erythematosus hypertrophicus et profundus (Case report)]. Z Hautkr 1992;67(9):812-5. (Ger).

Barba Rubio J, Franco Gonzalez F. [Discoid lupus erythematosus: treatment with thalidomide]. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1977;5(4):279-85. (Spa).

Bessis D, Guillot B, Monpoint S, Dandurand M, Guilhou JJ. Thalidomide for systemic lupus erythematosus [letter]. Lancet 1992 Feb 29;339(8792):549-50.

Binet O. [Discoid lupus erythematosus]. Concours Med 1983;105(9):847-57. (Fre).

Boumpas DT, Fessler BJ, Austin HA III, Balow JE, Klippel JH, Lockshin MD. Systemic lupus erythematosus: Emerging concepts. Part 2: Dermatologic and joint disease, the antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, pregnancy and hormonal therapy, morbidity and mor tality, and pathogenesis. Ann Intern Med 1995;123(1):42-53.

Burrows NP. Diagnosis and management of systemic lupus erythematosus. Thalidomide modifies disease [letter]. BMJ 1993 Oct 9;307(6909):939-40. Comment on: BMJ 1993 Sep 11;307(6905):663-6.

Burrows NP, Walport MJ, Hammond AH, Davey N, Jones RR. Lupus erythematosus profundus with partial C4 deficiency responding to thalidomide. Br J Dermatol 1991 Jul;125(1):62-7.

Burrows NP, Walport MJ, Jones RR. Treatment of chronic widespread cutaneous lupus erythematosus with thalidomide. Br J Dermatol Suppl 1991;125(38):65-6.

Callen JP. Treatment of cutaneous lesions in patients with lupus erythematosus. Dermatol Clin 1990;8(2):355-65.

Casado Jimenez M, Borbujo Martinez J, Fernandez Diaz ML, Suarez Marrero MC, Del Pozo Losada J, De Lucas Laguna R. [Discoid lupus erythematosus]. Dolor Inflam 1992;5(11):549-57. (Spa).

Crickx B. [Treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1992;119(6-7):517-8. (Fre).

Dorveaux O, Thivolet J. [Current treatment of chronic lupus erythematosus]. Concours Med 1984;106(31):2957-61. (Fre).

Duna GF, Cash JM. Treatment of refractory cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995;21(1):99-115.

Furner BB. Treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Int J Dermatol 1990;29(8):542-7.

Hasper MF. Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Thalidomide treatment of 11 patients. Arch Dermatol 1983 Oct;119(10):812-5.

Hasper MF. The effect of thalidomide in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1983;108(1):109.

Hasper MF, Klokke AH. Thalidomide in the treatment of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Acta Derm Venereol 1982;62(4):321-4.

Hawkins DF. Thalidomide for systemic lupus erythematosus [letter]. Lancet 1992 Apr 25;339(8800):1057.

Holm AL, Bowers KE, McMeekin TO, Gaspari AA. Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus treated with thalidomide. Arch Dermatol 1993 Dec;129(12):1548-50.

Hunziker T, Reinhardt M, Spath PJ, et al. [Thalidomide in chronic discoid lupus erythematosus: Obvious effect - obscure mechanism of action]. Aktuel Dermatol 1985;11(1):8-13. (Ger).

Knop J, Bonsmann G, Happle R, Ludolph A, Matz DR, Mifsud EJ, Macher E. Thalidomide in the treatment of sixty cases of chronic discoid lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1983 Apr;108(4):461-6.

Lauret P. Thalidomide and the management of lupus erythematosus [letter]. Clin Exp Dermatol 1983 Mar;8(2):208-9.

Le Bozec P, Le Guyadec T, Crickx B, Grossin M, Belaich S. [Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus in the lupus erythematosus spectrum: Retrospective study of 136 patients]. Presse Med 1994;23(35):1598-602. (Fre).

Linsker D, Piette J-C, Cacoub P, Godeau P, Frances C. Chloroquine-quinacrine association in resistant cutaneous lupus [letter]. Dermatology 1995;190(3):257-8.

Montero A, Jorfen M, Arpini R. Chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus and subsequent infection with HIV1. Mat Med Pol 1992;24(1):21-3.

Naafs B, Bakkers EJ, Flinterman J, Faber WR. Thalidomide treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Br J Dermatol 1982 Jul;107(1):83-6.

Oberlin P, Bagot M, Perrussel M, Leteinturier F, Wechsler J, Revuz J. [Amicrobial pustulosis and systemic lupus erythematosus]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1991;118(11):824-5. (Fre).

Petri M. Clinical features of systemic lupus erythematosus. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1994;6(5):481-6.

[Restrictions within the small field of indications for administration of thalidomide]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1983;127(23):1010. (Dut).

Richert B, Mallet V, De La Brassinne M. [The clinical aspects and therapeutic approach in cutaneous lupus erythematosus]. Rev Med Liege 1993;48(2):106-12. (Fre).

Scolari F, Harms M, Gilardi S. [Thalidomide in the treatment of chronic lupus erythematosus]. Dermatologica 1982 Oct;165(4):355-62. (Fre).

Sontheimer RD. Clinical significance of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus skin lesions. J Dermatol 1985;12(3):205-12.

Stevens RJ. The place of thalidomide in the treatment of inflammatory disease [editorial]. Lupus 1996 Aug;5(4):257-8.

Stevens RJ, Andujar C, Edwards CJ, Ames PR, Barwick AR, Khamashta MA, Hughes GR. Thalidomide in the treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of lupus erythematosus: experience in sixteen consecutive patients. Br J Rheumatol 1997 Mar;36(3):353-9.

Systemic lupus erythematosus. Drug Ther Bull 1996;34(3):20-3.

Thalidomide effective for lupus. Drug Ther 1992;22(5):99-100.

Thimme W. [Treatment of lupus erythematosus]. Ars Med 1989;79(9):452-9. (Ger).

Vitali C, Doria A, Tincani A, Fabbri P, Balestrieri G, Galeazzi M, Meroni PL, Migliorini P, Neri R, Tavoni A, Bombardieri S. International survey on the management of patients with SLE. I. General data on the participating centers and the results of a questionnaire regarding mucocutaneous involvement. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1996 Nov-Dec;14 Suppl 16:S17-22.

Volc-Platzer B, Wolff K. [Treatment of subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus with thalidomide]. Hautarzt 1983 Apr;34(4):175-8. (Ger).

Wechsler B, Piette J-C, Thi Huong Du L. [Treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus]. Rev Prat 1990;40(21):1952-7. (Fre).

Yell JA, Burge SM. Lupus erythematosus profundus treated with clobetasol propionate under a hydrocolloid dressing [letter]. Br J Dermatol 1993;128(1):103.

Arthritis

Andrulis PJ Jr, inventor, Andrulis Pharmaceuticals Corp., assignee. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with thalidomide alone or in combination with other anti-inflammatory agents. Interational patent application 95,04533. 1995 Feb 16.

Anstey A, Wilkinson JD, Wojnarowska F, Kirk A, Gowers L. Pustular panniculitis in rheumatoid arthritis. J R Soc Med 1991;84(5):307-8.

Beccerica E. [Therapeutic approach to elderly patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Clin Ter 1987 Aug 31;122(4):289-98. (Ita).

Goihman-Yahr M, Requena MA, Vallecalle-Suegart E, Convit J. Autoimmune diseases and thalidomide. II. Adjuvant disease, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and experimental allergic neuritis of the rat. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1974 Jul-Sep;42( 3):266-75.

Gutierrez-Rodriguez O. Thalidomide. A promising new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1984 Oct;27(10):1118-21.

Gutierrez-Rodriguez O, Starusta-Bacal P, Gutierrez-Montes O. Treatment of refractory rheumatoid arthritis--the thalidomide experience. J Rheumatol 1989 Feb;16(2):158-63.

Hauschild A, Kroeger H, Mitchison NA, Ugrinovic S, Zwingenberger K. Thalidomide therapy of established collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) not accompanied by an evident Th2 shift. Clin Exp Immunol 1997 Jun;108(3):428-31.

Huizinga TW, Dijkmans BA, van der Velde EA, van de Pouw Kraan TC, Verweij CL, Breedveld FC. An open study of pentoxyfylline and thalidomide as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996 Nov;55(11):833-6.

Huizinga TWJ, Brinkman BMN, Verweij CL. Regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha production: Basic aspects and pharmacological modulation. J Rheumatol 1996;23(3):416-9.

Kroger H, Miesel R, Dietrich A, Ohde M, Rajnavolgyi E, Ockenfels H. Synergistic effects of thalidomide and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition on type II collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Inflammation 1996 Apr;20(2):203-15.

Naranjo-Hernandez A, Mataix R, Rodriguez-Lozano C. Chronic polyarthritis and graft-versus-host disease [letter]. Br J Rheumatol 1996 Mar;35(3):297-8.

Williams KM. Enantiomers in arthritic disorders. Pharmacol Ther 1990;46(2):273-95.

Zeidler H. [New aspects of treatment with slow acting antirheumatic drugs]. Aktuel Rheumatol 1986;11(1):3-11. (Ger).

Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

Contou JF, Maurel J, Gallot D, Malafosse M. [The surgeon and ano-perineal lesions in Crohn's disease]. Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990;26(6):263-70. (Fre).

De Cock KM. Treatment of ulcerative colitis [letter]. Br Med J 1979 May 19;1(6174):1356.

Handley J, Shields M, Dodge J, Walsh M, Bingham A. Chronic bullous disease of childhood and ulcerative colitis. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10(3):256-8.

Handley J, Shields M, Walsh M, Bingham A. Chronic bullous disease of childhood and ulcerative colitis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127 Suppl 40:67-8.

Hendel J, Brynskov J, Saermark T, Bendtzen K. Experimental cytokine modulation therapy of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1996;5(7):843-50.

Larsson H. Treatment of severe colitis in Behcet's syndrome with thalidomide (CG-217). J Intern Med 1990 Oct;228(4):405-7.

Raguse Th, Schoonbrood J, Brenner P. [Crohn's disease - Etiology and therapeutic aspects]. Therapiewoche 1981;31(42):6810-27. (Ger).

Rhodes J, Thomas G, Evans BK. Inflammatory bowel disease management. Some thoughts on future drug developments. Drugs 1997;53(2):189-94.

Stevens CA, Shah SA, Bousvaros A. Immunosuppressive agents in gastrointestinal disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 1995;11(6):554-61.

[Ulcerative colitis as a new indication for thalidomide]. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 1979;119(19):744. (Ger).

Waters MF, Laing AB, Ambikapathy A, Lennard-Jones JE. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with thalidomide. Br Med J 1979 Mar 24;1(6166):792.

Other Immunologic and Rheumatologic Disorders

Asherson RA, Cervera R, D'Cruz DP, Hughes GRV. Rheumatology. Postgrad Med J 1991;67(784):114-39.

Bensaid P, Machet L, Vaillant L, Machet MC, Scotto B, Lorette G. [Langerhans-cell histiocytosis in the adult: regressive parotid involvement following thalidomide therapy]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1992;119(4):281-3. (Fre).

Crain E, McIntosh KR, Gordon G, Pestronk A, Drachman DB. The effect of thalidomide on experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. J Autoimmun 1989 Apr;2(2):197-202.

Crespi HG, Cordero AA, Abulafia J, De Francesco SM. Infantile cutaneous sarcoidosis. Eur J Pediatr Dermatol 1994;4(2):99-104.

Dallafior S, Pugin P, Cerny T, Betticher D, Saurat JH, Hauser C. [Successful treatment of a case of cutaneous Langerhans cell granulomatosis with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine and thalidomide]. Hautarzt 1995 Aug;46(8):553-60. (Ger).

Dillon MJ, Ansell BM. Vasculitis in children and adolescents. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1995;21(4):1115-36.

Gardner-Medwin JM. Thalidomide in autoimmune conditions. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 1996;5(7):829-41.

Geitz H, Handt S, Zwingenberger K. Thalidomide selectively modulates the density of cell surface molecules involved in the adhesion cascade. Immunopharmacology 1996 Mar;31(2-3):213-21.

Goihman-Yahr M, Requena MA, Vallecalle-Suegart E, Convit J. Autoimmune diseases and thalidomide. I. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and experimental allergic neuritis of the guinea pig. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1972 Apr-Jun;40(2):133-41.

Goihman-Yahr M, Requena MA, Vallecalle-Suegart E, Convit J. Autoimmune diseases and thalidomide. II. Adjuvant disease, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and experimental allergic neuritis of the rat. Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis 1974 Jul-Sep;42( 3):266-75.

Guex-Crosier Y, Pittet N, Herbort CP. Thalidomide and supidimide downregulate the inflammation in endotoxin-induced uveitis. In: Nussenblatt RB, et al., editors. Advances in ocular immunology. Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on the Imm unology and Immunopathology of the Eye; 1994; Bethesda, MD. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1994. p. 237-40. (Excerpta Medica international congress series; no.1068).

Gunzler V. Thalidomide--a therapy for the immunological consequences of HIV infection? Med Hypotheses 1989 Oct;30(2):105-9.

Handley J, Shields M, Dodge J, Walsh M, Bingham A. Chronic bullous disease of childhood and ulcerative colitis. Pediatr Dermatol 1993;10(3):256-8.

Handley J, Shields M, Walsh M, Bingham A. Chronic bullous disease of childhood and ulcerative colitis. Br J Dermatol 1992;127 Suppl 40:67-8.

Korn JH, Black MDC. The Second International Workshop on Scleroderma Research. Matrix 1993;13(5):427-9.

Miyachi Y. [Anti-oxidant action of thalidomide]. Acta Dermatol 1985;80(3):219-23. (Jpn).

Pinto JS, Sobrinho L, da Silva MB, Porto MT, Santos MA, Balo-Banga M, Arala-Chaves M. Erythema multiforme associated with autoreactivity to 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Dermatologica 1990;180(3):146-50.

Roujeau JC. [Erythema multiforme and drug-induced toxic skin eruptions]. Med Ther 1996;2(3):186-91. (Fre).

Schofield JK, Tatnall FM, Leight IM. Recurrent erythema multiforme: Clinical features and treatment in a large series of patients. Br J Dermatol 1993;128(5):542-5.

Sonnichsen N. [Immunosuppressive therapy in autoimmune diseases. Conventional therapy and recent developments]. Dermatol Monatsschr 1991;177(11):517-23. (Ger).

Sousa Pinto J, Sobrinho L, Da Silva MB, Porto MT, Santos MA, Balo-Banga M, Arala-Chaves M. Erythema multiforme associated with autoreactivity to 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Dermatologica 1990;180(3):146-50.

Stingl G. Introduction: Immune pharmacology of skin diseases. Br J Dermatol 1996 Sep;135 Suppl 48:1.

Thivolet J, Nicolas JF. Auto-immune bullous dermatoses. Recent data. Nouv Dermatol 1994;13(1):40-9.

Vilanova M, Ribeiro A, Carneiro J, Arala-Chaves M. The effects of thalidomide treatment on autoimmune-prone NZB and MRL mice are consistent with stimulation of the central immune system. Scand J Immunol 1994 Nov;40(5):543-8.

Zurier RB. Conventional drug therapies and complications, novel therapies, and nondrug treatments. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1990;2(3):463-8.

Zwingenberger K, Wnendt S. Immunomodulation by thalidomide: systematic review of the literature and of unpublished observations. J Inflamm 1995-96;46(4):177-211.

Thalidomide Use for Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

Glioma

Buelens I. [Treatment of a 2nd degree astrocytoma with thalidomide (N-phthalylglutamic acid amide]. Arzneimittelforschung 1967 May;17(5):646-8. (Ger).

Fine HA. Novel biologic therapies for malignant gliomas: Antiangiogenesis, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. Neurol Clin 1995;13(4):827-46.

Kaba SE, Kyritsis AP. Recognition and management of gliomas. Drugs 1997;53(2):235-44.

Prostatic Cancer

Carducci MA, DeWeese TL, Nelson WG, Simons JW, Sinibaldi V, Eisenberger MA. Prostate cancer treatment strategies based on tumor-specific biological principles: Future directions. Semin Oncol 1996;23(6 Suppl 14):56-62.

Joseph IB, Isaacs JT. Comparison of several antiangiogenic agents in combination with linomide for inhibition of prostatic cancer growth in vivo [abstract]. Proc Annu Meet Am Assoc Cancer Res 1996;37:A429.

Karp JE, Chiarodo A, Brawley O, Kelloff GJ. Prostate cancer prevention: Investigational approaches and opportunities. Cancer Res 1996;56(24):5547-56.

Pollard M. Thalidomide promotes metastasis of prostate adenocarcinoma cells (PA-III) in L-W rats. Cancer Lett 1996 Mar 19;101(1):21-4.

Graft vs. Host Disease

Adams DH, Neuberger JM. Treatment of acute rejection. Semin Liver Dis 1992;12(1):80-8.

Altomonte V. Use of thalidomide for CGVHD defended [letter]. Oncol Nurs Forum 1993 Apr;20(3):428.

Another chance for thalidomide? Lancet 1965 Nov 20;2(421):1059.

Appelbaum FR. Allogeneic stem cell transplantation for the treatment of hematologic malignancies: Current indications and challenges. J Rheumatol 1997;24 Suppl 48:41-5.

Aschan J. Treatment of moderate to severe acute graft-versus-host disease: A retrospective analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994;14(4):601-7.

Atkinson K. Treatment of extensive human chronic graft-vs-host disease. Hematology 1990;12:681-90.

Aubin F, Brion A, Deconinck E, Plouvier E, Herve P, Humbert P, Cahn JY. Phototherapy in the treatment of cutaneous graft-versus-host disease. Our preliminary experience in resistant patients. Transplantation 1995;59(1):151-5.

Balda B-R, Konstantinow A, Starz H, Gnekow A, Heidemann P. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy as an effective treatment modality in chronic graft-versus-host disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 1996;7(2):155-62.

Barak V, Levi-Schaffer F, Nisman B, Nagler A. Cytokine dysregulation in chronic graft versus host disease. Leuk Lymphoma 1995;17(1-2):169-73.

Bron D. Graft-versus-host disease. Curr Opin Oncol 1994 Jul;6(4):358-64.

Camacho F, Aranzana A . Scarring alopecia in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Eur J Dermatol 1994;4(8):660-1.

Chao NJ, Parker PM, Niland JC, Wong RM, Dagis A, Long GD, Nademanee AP, Negrin RS, Snyder DS, Hu WW, Gould KA, Tierney DK, Zwingenberger K, Forman SJ, Blume KG. Paradoxical effect of thalidomide prophylaxis on chronic graft-vs.-host disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 1996 May;2(2):86-92.

Chen F, Tsang K, Liang R. Thalidomide-responsive chronic pulmonary GVHD [letter]. Bone Marrow Transplant 1997;19(1):95-6.

Chosidow O, Bagot M, Vernant J-P, Roujeau J-C, Cordonnier C, Kuentz M, Wechsler J, Andre C, Touraine R, Revuz J. Sclerodermatous chronic graft-versus-host disease: Analysis of seven cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26(1):49-55.

Cole CH, Rogers PC, Pritchard S, Phillips G, Chan KW. Thalidomide in the management of chronic graft-versus-host disease in children following bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 1994 Dec;14(6):937-42.

Deeg HJ, Urban CU. Bone marrow and hemopoietic stem cell transplantation. Acta Chir Austriaca 1994;26(1):34-42.

DeKlerk JN, Murphy GP, Van Zyl JJ, Van Zyl JA, Weber HW, Brede HD, Scott WW. New methods of treatment for renal allotransplants using the baboon as a primate experimental model. J Urol 1969 Nov;102(5):532-40.

Dinulos JG, Levy ML. Graft-versus-host disease in children. Semin Dermatol 1995;14(1):66-9.

Dunn JP, Jabs DA, Wingard J, Enger C, Vogelsang G, Santos G. Bone marrow transplantation and cataract development. Arch Ophthalmol 1993;111(10):1367-73.

Ehninger G, Eger K, Stuhler A, Schuler U. Thalidomide--the need for a new clinical evaluation of an old drug. Bone Marrow Transplant 1993;12 Suppl 3:S26-8.

Emre S, Sumrani N, Hong J. Beneficial effect of thalidomide and ciclosporin combination in heterotopic cardiac transplantation in rats. Eur Surg Res 1990;22(6):336-9.

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Kaposi's Sarcoma

Carlesimo M, Giustini S, Rossi A, Bonaccorsi P, Calvieri S. Treatment of cutaneous and pulmonary sarcoidosis with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995 May;32(5 Pt 2):866-9.

Greenberg MS. HIV-associated lesions. Dermatol Clin 1996;14(2):319-26.

Karp JE, Pluda JM, Yarchoan R. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: A template for the translation of molecular pathogenesis into targeted therapeutic approaches. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1996;10(5):1031-49.

Krown SE. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated Kaposi's sarcoma. Med Clin North Am 1997;81(2):471-94.

Soler RA, Howard M, Brink NS, Gibb D, Tedder RS, Nadal D. Regression of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma during therapy with thalidomide. Clin Infect Dis 1996 Sep;23(3):501-3; discussion 504-5.

Breast Cancer

Gasparini G, Harris AL. Clinical importance of the determination of tumor angiogenesis in breast carcinoma: Much more than a new prognostic tool. J Clin Oncol 1995;13(3):765-82.

Marshall JL, Hawkins MJ. The clinical experience with antiangiogenic agents. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1995;36(2):253-61.

Nguyen M, Tran C, Barsky S, Sun J-R, McBride W, Pegram M, Pietras R, Love S, Glaspy J. Thalidomide and chemotherapy combination: Preliminary results of preclinical and clinical studies. Int J Oncol 1997;10(5):965-9.

Other Hematologic and Oncologic Disorders

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O'Brien TS, Harris AL. Angiogenesis in urological malignancy. Br J Urol 1995;76(6):675-82.

Phillips PH, Pluda JM, Cheson BD. Clinical trials referral resource. Clinical trials using thalidomide. Oncology (Huntingt) 1996 Oct;10(10):1498, 1501.

Pluda JM. Tumor-associated angiogenesis: Mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies. Semin Oncol 1997;24(2):203-18.

Pluda JM, Parkinson DR. Clinical implications of tumor-associated neovascularization and current antiangiogenic strategies for the treatment of malignancies of pancreas. Cancer 1996;78(3 Suppl):680-7.

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Thalidomide Use for Infectious Diseases

Tuberculosis

Cornea P, Vladutiu A, Marcovici G. The immuno-suppressive effect of thalidomide in experimental tuberculosis in guinea-pigs. Tubercle 1967 Mar;48(1):51-3.

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Kaplan G. Cytokine regulation of disease progression in leprosy and tuberculosis. Immunobiology 1994 Oct;191(4-5):564-8.

Kaplan G, Freedman VH. The role of cytokines in the immune response to tuberculosis. Res Immunol 1996;147(8-9):565-72.

Klausner JD, Makonkawkeyoon S, Akarasewi P, Nakata K, Kasinrerk W, Corral L, Dewar RL, Lane HC, Freedman VH, Kaplan G. The effect of thalidomide on the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and M. tuberculosis infection. J Acquir Immune D efic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996 Mar 1;11(3):247-57.

New hope for an infamous drug spurs AIDS, TB research. AIDS Alert 1994 Nov;9(11):157-8.

Peterson PK, Gekker G, Hu S, Anderson WB, Teichert M, Chao CC, Molitor TW. Multinucleated giant cell formation of swine microglia induced by Mycobacterium bovis. J Infect Dis 1996 May;173(5):1194-201.

Servilio J. HIV/TB dual infection cause for concern. Posit Aware 1995 Sep-Oct:8.

Toossi Z. Cytokine circuits in tuberculosis. Infect Agents Dis 1996;5(2):98-107.

Tramontana JM, Utaipat U, Molloy A, Akarasewi P, Burroughs M, Makonkawkeyoon S, Johnson B, Klausner JD, Rom W, Kaplan G. Thalidomide treatment reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha production and enhances weight gain in patients with pulmonary tuberculos is. Mol Med 1995 May;1(4):384-97.

Treatment for weight loss, tuberculosis and AIDS? Treat Rev 1995 Nov;(20):4.

Veloso VG, Grinsztejn B, Liporage J, Sampaio E, Kaplan G. Thalidomide for AIDS patients with tuberculosis [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1996 Jul 7-12;11(2):303 (abstract no. Th.B.4300).

HIV/AIDS and Wasting Syndrome

Andrulis PJ Jr, Angres I, inventors, Andrulis Pharmaceuticals Corp., assignee. Use of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors together with antiviral agents, and therapeutic compositions thereof, against HIV infection. International patent application 95,0452 5. 1995 Feb 16.

Drug offers new option for treating wasting syndrome. Case Manage Advis 1996 Jan;7(1):11-2.

Espat NJ, Moldawer LL, Copeland EM 3rd. Cytokine-mediated alterations in host metabolism prevent nutritional repletion in cachectic cancer patients. J Surg Oncol 1995;58(2):77-82.

Fahey JL, Mitsuyasu R. Immunomodulatory approaches to the therapy of AIDS. Clin Immunother 1996;6(1):39-53.

Gehanno P, Barry B, Depondt J, Guedon C, Poignonec S, Leport C, Gorin I. [Mouth and pharyngeal hyperalgesic syndromes in AIDS]. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 1990;107(5):311-3. (Fre).

Grunfeld C. State of the art in wasting: an interview with Carl Grunfeld, PhD. [interview by Jeff Getty]. BETA 1995 Jun:34-7.

Gunzler V. Thalidomide--a therapy for the immunological consequences of HIV infection? Med Hypotheses 1989 Oct;30(2):105-9.

Gunzler V. Thalidomide in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. A review of safety considerations. Drug Saf 1992 Mar-Apr;7(2):116-34.

Holland DJ, Dwyer DE, Saksena NK, Naif H, Packham DR, Downie J, Cunningham AL. Dementia and pancytopenia in a patient who died of AIDS within one year of primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(6):1121-2.

Interleukin-2 studies. Treat Rev 1995 May;(18):7.

James JS. Thalidomide for wasting syndrome: progress toward compromise. AIDS Treat News 1995 Nov 3;(234):1-5.

James JS. Wasting syndrome--affordable treatments. AIDS Treat News 1995 Jul 7;(226):6-7.

Kaplan G, Moreira AL. TNF alpha regulation of HIV1: biology and therapy. Res Immunol 1994 Oct-Dec;145(8-9):685-9; discussion 689-90.

Kaplan G, Sampaio EP, inventors, Rockefeller University, assignee. Controlling abnormal concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in human tissues with phthalimido dioxopiperidines and related compounds. International patent application 92,14455. 1992 Sep 3.

Karp JE, Pluda JM, Yarchoan R. AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma: A template for the translation of molecular pathogenesis into targeted therapeutic approaches. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1996;10(5):1031-49.

Klausner JD, Makonkawkeyoon S, Akarasewi P, Kasinrerk W, Nakata K, Kaplan G. Treatment with thalidomide in AIDS patients [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1994 Aug 7-12;10(1):221 (abstract no. PB0312).

Klausner JD, Makonkawkeyoon S, Akarasewi P, Nakata K, Kasinrerk W, Corral L, Dewar RL, Lane HC, Freedman VH, Kaplan G. The effect of thalidomide on the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and M. tuberculosis infection. J Acquir Immune D efic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1996 Mar 1;11(3):247-57.

Laine L, Bonacini M. Esophageal disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1994;154(14):1577-82.

Levine RJ. The impact of HIV infection on society's perception of clinical trials. Kennedy Inst Ethics J 1994 Jun;4(2):93-8.

Louvel D, Musso S, Metivier S, Croizet O, Frexinos J. [Esophagus ulcer and AIDS]. Hepato-Gastro 1996;3(3):229-31. (Fre).

Louvel D, Musso S, Metivier S, Croizet O, Rouquet RM, Massip P, Escourrou J, Frexinos J. Idiopathic esophageal ulceration associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: efficacy of thalidomide treatment. Endoscopy 1996 Jun;28(5):471-2.

MacDougall DS. Measurement of body composition: the search for a standard. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care. 1997 Jan;3(1):9-13.

Maeda Y, Mitsuya H. Antiretroviral chemotherapy against AIDS. Med Biol Environ1995;23(2):267-78.

Makonkawkeyoon S, Limson-Pobre RN, Moreira AL, Schauf V, Kaplan G. Thalidomide inhibits the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993 Jul 1;90(13):5974-8.

Marriott JB, Cookson S, Carlin E, Youle M, Hawkins D, Nelson M, Pearson M, Vaughan A, Gazzard B, Dalgleish A. A placebo controlled phase II trial of thalidomide in asymptomatic HIV-positive patients; clinical tolerance and effect on activation markers and cytokines [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1996 Jul 7-12;11(2):221 (abstract no. Th.B.176).

Marriott JB, Dalgleish AG. Immune modulators in HIV therapy. Baillieres Clin Infect Dis 1996;3(1):123-36.

Martino O, Pena MC, Brusca S, Cascardo S, Murphy A, Orduna T. [Usefulness of thalidomide therapy in the management of chronic diarrhea in patients with AIDS]. Prensa Med Argent 1993;80(2):71-3. (Spa).

Mascolini M. Or is it the host, sir? J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 1996 Sep;2(9):8-15.

Maurer TA, Poncelet A, Badger J, Berger TG. Thalidomide for the treatment of prurigo nodularis of HIV-infected patients [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1996 Jul 7-12;11(1):312 (abstract no. Tu.B.2274).

Meza AD, Paar DP. Managing the gastrointestinal complications of AIDS. P T 1994;19(2):169-70, 172, 174-6, 178-81.

Meza AD, Paar DP. Managing the gastrointestinal complications of AIDS. Drug Ther 1993;23(11):74-80, 83.

Minor JR, Piscitelli SC. Thalidomide in diseases associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996 Feb 15;53(4):429-31.

New hope for an infamous drug spurs AIDS, TB research. AIDS Alert 1994 Nov;9(11):157-8.

Peterson PK, Gekker G, Bornemann M, Chatterjee D, Chao CC. Thalidomide inhibits lipoarabinomannan-induced upregulation of human immunodeficiency virus expression. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995 Dec;39(12):2807-9.

Raguin G, Reymond JL, Vabres P, Salmon D, Brion JP, Vilde JL. [HIV infection associated with leprosy (letter)]. Presse Med 1991;20(10):478. (Fre).

Reyes-Teran G, Sierra-Madero JG, Martinez del Cerro V, Arroyo-Figueroa H, Pasquetti A, Calva JJ, Ruiz-Palacios GM. Effects of thalidomide on HIV-associated wasting syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. AIDS 1996 Nov;1 0(13):1501-7.

Reyes-Teran G, Sierra-Madero JG, Martinez del Cerro V, Munoz-Trejo T, Arroyo-Figueroa H, Pasquetti A, Calva JJ, Ruiz-Palacios GM. Effects of thalidomide on wasting syndrome in patients with AIDS. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1994 Aug 7-12;10(2):65 (abstract no. 536B).

Schambelan M, Mulligan K. Hormonal anabolic agents and cytokine inhibitors in the treatment of HIV-associated wasting [abstract]. Conf Retro Opportun Infect 1996 Jan 28-Feb 1;3:171.

Servilio J. HIV/TB dual infection cause for concern. Posit Aware 1995 Sep-Oct:8.

Sharp M, Getty J, Chambers S, Sekeres G. Thalidomide associated weight gain in HIV-1 (+) clients [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1996 Jul 7-12;11(2):20 (abstract no. We.B.180).

Sharp M, Getty J, Chambers S, Sekeres G. Thalidomide associated weight gain in HIV-1 (+) clients [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1996 Jul 7-12;11(1):332 (abstract no. Tu.B.2386).

Sharpstone D, Rowbottom A, Francis N, Tovey G, Ellis D, Barrett M, Gazzard B. Thalidomide: a novel therapy for microsporidiosis. Gastroenterology 1997 Jun;112(6):1823-9.

Sharpstone D, Rowbottom A, Nelson M, Gazzard B. The treatment of microsporidial diarrhoea with thalidomide [letter]. AIDS 1995;9(6):658-9.

Sire S, Fraisse P, Rey D, Jacquemin C, Kempf G, Partisani M, Lang JM. [Efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of esophageal ulcers in human immunodeficiency virus infection (letter)]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1995 Jan;19(1):128-9. (Fre).

Smith D. Thalidomide and HIV: several possible uses. AIDS Treat News 1995 Apr 21;(221):1-4.

Sneller MC. Cytokine therapy of HIV infection. Adv Exp Med Biol 1996;394:411-9.

Soler RA, Migliorati C, van Waes H, Nadal D. Thalidomide treatment of mucosal ulcerations in HIV infection. Arch Dis Child 1996 Jan;74(1):64-5. Comment in: Arch Dis Child 1996 Jul;75(1):90.

Stirling D. Potential use of thalidomide in HIV/AIDS. Annu Rep Med Chem 1995;30:319-27.

Thalidomide enters Phase II study for major AIDS condition. J Pharm Technol 1995;11(1):23-4.

Thalidomide for diarrhea. GMHC Treat Issues 1996 Apr;10(4):9.

Thalidomide for mouth ulcers. Posit Aware 1995 Sep-Oct;6:7.

Thalidomide may block growth of HIV. AIDS Patient Care 1993;7(5):282.

Thalidomide tested for treatment of AIDS. U S Pharm 1993;18(8):14.

Thalidomide, the FDA, and us -- what do you have? Underground compassionate use. Food and Drug Administration. Notes Undergr 1995 Winter;(29):1-3, 8.

Thalidomide used to treat chronic diarrhea in HIV-positive patients. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 1996 May;2(5):51.

Treatment for weight loss, tuberculosis and AIDS? Treat Rev 1995 Nov;(20):4.

Treatment review. Treat Rev 1995 Mar-Apr;(17):8.

Tupinambas U, Toledo AC Jr, Greco DB. Clinical improvement of cytomegalovirus esophageal ulcer treated with thalidomide: report of 2 cases, in Belo Horizonte, Brazil [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1996 Jul 7-12;11(2):284 (abstract no. Th.B.4194).

Veloso VG, Grinsztejn B, Liporage J, Sampaio E, Kaplan G. Thalidomide for AIDS patients with tuberculosis [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1996 Jul 7-12;11(2):303 (abstract no. Th.B.4300).

Verberkmoes A, Boer K, Wertheim PM, Bronkhorst CM, Lange JM. Thalidomide for genital ulcer in HIV-positive woman [letter]. Lancet 1996 Apr 6;347(9006):974.

Verdon R, Ronzstein U, Rene E. ['How to treat'. Digestive complications of AIDS]. Med Chir Dig 1995;24(3):129-31. (Fre).

Von Roenn JH, Knopf K. Anorexia/cachexia in patients with HIV: Lessons for the oncologist. Oncology 1996;10(7):1049-56.

Vosgerau JC. Atypical herpes simplex: a sign of toxoplasmosis activity in AIDS patients and the use of thalidomide. Panminerva Med 1994 Mar;36(1):44-7.

Vosgerau JC. Autoimmunity in human immunodeficiency virus infection and the use of thalidomide [editorial]. Panminerva Med 1994 Mar;36(1):1-4.

Walker RE, Hahn B, Kelly GG, Miller K, Piscitelli S, Figg WD, Davey RT, Falloon J, Kovacs JA, Polis MA, Masur H, Metcalf JA, Baseler M, Fyfe G, Thomas S, McCloskey RV, Lane HC. Effects of TNF-alpha antagonists thalidomide and monoclonal anti-TNF antibo dy (cA2) on reducing IL-2-associated toxicities: a randomized, controlled trial [abstract]. Conf Retro Opportun Infect 1997 Jan 22-26;4:71 (abstract no. 36).

Weight loss update. PI Perspect 1996 Nov;(20):18-9.

Weinroth SE, Parenti DM, Simon GL. Wasting syndrome in AIDS: pathophysiologic mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Infect Agents Dis 1995 Jun;4(2):76-94.

Williams I, Weller IV, Malni A, Anderson J, Waters MF. Thalidomide hypersensitivity in AIDS [letter]. Lancet 1991 Feb 16;337(8738):436-7.

Wormser GP, Horowitz H, Dworkin B. Low-dose dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infections in AIDS patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38(9):2215-7.

Apthous Ulcers

Alexander LN, Wilcox CM. A prospective trial of thalidomide for the treatment of HIV-associated idiopathic esophageal ulcers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997 Mar 1;13(4):301-4.

Allegue F, Sarria Cepeda C, Garcia Rodriguez M. [Major aphthosis treated with thalidomide in a patient with AIDS (letter)]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 1991;9(2):133-4. (Spa).

Anderson J, Clark RA, Watts DH, Till M, Arrastia C, Schuman P, Cohn SE, Young M, Bessen L, Greenblatt R, Vogler M, Swindells S, Boyer P. Idiopathic genital ulcers in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retr ovirol 1996;13(4):343-7.

Appleton AL, Sviland L, Pearson ADJ, Wilkes J, Green MA, Malcolm AJ. Diagnostic features of transfusion associated graft versus host disease. J Clin Pathol 1994;47(6):541-6.

Baker R. Thalidomide for mouth ulcers and wasting. BETA 1995 Dec:8.

Ball SC, Sepkowitz KA, Jacobs JL. Thalidomide for treatment of aphthous ulcers in patients with HIV [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1994 Aug 7-12;10(1):224 (abstract no. PB0327).

Ball SC, Sepkowitz KA, Jacobs JL. Thalidomide for treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus: case report and review. Am J Gastroenterol 1997 Jan;92(1):169-70.

Bernardo P, Arrizabalaga J, Iribarren JA, Garde C. [Effectiveness of thalidomide in non specific esophageal ulcer in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1990 Apr 28;94(16):638-9. (Spa).

Bodokh I, Lacour JP, Rainero C, Castanet J, Michiels JF, Ortonne JP. [Effectiveness of thalidomide against oesophageal ulceration in HIV infection (letter)]. Presse Med 1993;22(26):1233. (Fre).

Boisnic S, Tovaru S. [Evaluation and treatment of aphthous ulcerations of the mouth]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1991;118(1):53-9. (Fre).

Bonafede MC, Dahms B, Toltzis P. Life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding caused by aphthous ulcers in a patient with perinatal acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14(12):1117-9.

Bonnetblanc JM, Royer C, Bedane C. Thalidomide and recurrent aphthous stomatitis: a follow-up study. Dermatology 1996;193(4):321-3.

Bouyssou-Gauthier ML, Bedane C, Jaccard A, Dang PM, Labrousse F, Leboutet MJ, Bernrd P, Bonnetblanc. [Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis with haematologic involvement]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1996;123(8):460-3. (Fre).

Bowers PW, Powell RJ. Effect of thalidomide on orogenital ulceration. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983 Sep 17;287(6395):799-800.

Brodthagen H. Significant response of oral aphthosis to thalidomide treatment [letter]. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985 Sep;13(3):509.

Burgess JA, Johnson BD, Sommers E. Pharmacological management of recurrent oral mucosal ulceration. Drugs 1990;39(1):54-65.

Classen F, Rubben A. [Thalidomide therapy in chronic recurrent aphthae]. Z Hautkr 1995;70(6):450-1. (Ger).

Connolly GM, Hawkins D, Harcourt-Webster JN, Parsons PA, Husain OAN, Gazzard BG. Oesophageal symptoms, their causes, treatment, and prognosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Gut 1989;30(8):1033-9.

Couderc LJ, Balloul E, Caubarrere I. Esophageal ulcers in AIDS [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1996 May 15;124(10):928; discussion 928-9. Comment on: Ann Intern Med 1995 Jul 15;123(2):143-9.

DeVincenzo JP, Burchet SK. Prolonged thalidomide therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-associated recurrent severe esophageal and oral aphthous ulcers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996 May;15(5):465-7.

Dieterich DT, Wilcox CM. Diagnosis and treatment of esophageal diseases associated with HIV infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91(11):2265-9.

Domingo P, Ris J, Baselga E, Puig M, Lopez-Contreras J. Oesophageal ulcers in HIV-infected patients [letter]. J Intern Med 1994;235(2):191.

Eggimann P, Chave JP, Glauser MP. Thalidomide for recurrent aphthous ulcerations in HIV- infected patients: a prospective, multicenter, double-blind placebo-controlled study [abstract]. Program Abstr Intersci Conf Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994 Oct 4 -7:199.

Garcia-Patos Briones V, Pujol RM, De Moragas JM. [Persistent oropharyngeal aphthosis in AIDS patients: Successful treatment with thalidomide]. Med Cutanea Ibero Lat Am 1993;21(5):203-7. (Spa).

Genvo MF, Faure M, Thivolet J. [Treatment of aphthosis with thalidomide and with colchicine]. Dermatologica 1984;168(4):182-8. (Fre).

Georghiou PR, Kemp RJ. HIV-associated oesophageal ulcers treated with thalidomide [letter]. Med J Aust 1990 Apr 2;152(7):382-3.

Ghigliotti G, Repetto T, Farris A, Roy MT, De Marchi R. Thalidomide: treatment of choice for aphthous ulcers in patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993 Feb;28(2 Pt 1):271-2.

Gorin I, Gehanno P, Escande JP. Treatment of hyperalgic pharyngeal ulceration of AIDS with thalidomide [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1991 Jun 16-21;7(1):238 (abstract no. M.B.2225).

Gorin I, Vilette B, Gehanno P, Escande JP. Thalidomide in hyperalgic pharyngeal ulceration of AIDS [letter]. Lancet 1990 Jun 2;335(8701):1343. Comment in: Lancet 1990 Jun 30;335(8705):1591; Lancet 1990 Aug 11;336(8711):383-4.

Grinspan D. Significant response of oral aphthosis to thalidomide treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1985 Jan;12(1 Pt 1):85-90.

Harry TC. Thalidomide treatment of mucosal ulcerations in HIV infection [letter]. Arch Dis Child 1996;75(1):90.

Henriquet F, Roy MT, Repetto T, Fusco F. Thalidomide in oral aphthous ulceration in patients with HIV infection [letter]. Palliat Med 1994;8(3):255-6.

Hoy JF, Stewart K, Mijch AM, Lucas CR. Placebo-controlled trial of thalidomide in the treatment of severe aphthous ulceration in AIDS [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1991 Jun 16-21;7(2):266 (abstract no. W.B.2336).

Jacobson JM, Greenspan JS, Spritzler J, Ketter N, Fahey JL, Jackson JB, Fox L, Chernoff M, Wu AW, MacPhail LA, Vasquez GJ, Wohl DA. Thalidomide for the treatment of oral aphthous ulcers in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases AIDS Clinical Trials Group. N Engl J Med 1997 May 22;336(21):1487-93.

Jenkins JS, Powell RJ, Allen BR, Littlewood SM, Maurice PD, Smith NJ. Thalidomide in severe orogenital ulceration. Lancet 1984 Dec 22;2(8417-18):1424-6.

Jenkins S, Powell RJ, Allen BR, Littlewood S, Maurice PD, Smith NJ. Thalidomide, orogenital ulcers, and risk of teratogenicity [letter]. Lancet 1985 Mar 2;1(8427):511.

Keisser D, Deboise A. [Recurrent aphthae]. Gaz Med 1991;98(2):12-4. (Fre).

Kline MW. Oral manifestations of pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection: A review of the literature. Pediatrics 1996;97(3):380-8.

Kurkcuoglu N, Atakan N, Eksioglu M. Thalidomide in the treatment of recurrent necrotic mucocutaneous aphthae. Br J Dermatol 1985;112(5):632.

Laccourreye O, Fadlallah JP, Pages JC, Durand H, Brasnu D, Lowenstein W. Sutton's disease (periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens). Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1995 Apr;104(4 Pt 1):301-4.

Le Carbonnier E, Champy M. [The management of recurrent buccal aphthous ulcers]. J Med Strasbourg 1995;26(7-9):193-5. (Fre).

Manders SM, Kostman JR, Mendez L, Russin VL. Thalidomide-resistant HIV-associated aphthae successfully treated with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995 Aug;33(2 Pt 2):380-2.

Manesis DA. Thalidomide: an alternative therapy for treatment of apthous ulcers (canker sores). STEP Perspect 1995 Spring;7(1):16-7.

Mascaro JM, Lecha M, Torras H. Thalidomide in the treatment of recurrent, necrotic, and giant mucocutaneous aphthae and aphthosis. Arch Dermatol 1979;115(5):636-7.

Menni S, Imondi D, Brancaleone W, Croci S. Recurrent giant aphthous ulcers in a child: protracted treatment with thalidomide. Pediatr Dermatol 1993 Sep;10(3):283-5.

Naum SM, Molloy PJ, Kania RJ, McGarr J, Van Thiel DH. Use of thalidomide in treatment and maintenance of idiopathic esophageal ulcers in HIV+ individuals. Dig Dis Sci 1995 May;40(5):1147-8.

Notheis G, Wintergerst U, Liese J, Stehr M, Belohradsky BH. Recurrent oral and anal ulcers in an infant with HIV-infection [abstract]. Int Conf AIDS 1992 Jul 19-24;8(3):113 (abstract no. PuB 7388).

Oldfield EC 3rd. Thalidomide for severe aphthous ulceration in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Am J Gastroenterol 1994 Dec;89(12):2276-7.

Paterson DL, Georghiou PR, Allworth AM, Kemp RJ. Thalidomide as treatment of refractory aphthous ulceration related to human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1995 Feb;20(2):250-4.

Pedersen A. Recurrent aphthous ulceration: Virological and immunological aspects. APMIS Suppl 1993;101(37):1-37.

Pharyngeal ulceration of AIDS treatable [news]. Pharyngeal ulceration of AIDS treatable [news]. Nurs Stand 1990 Jun 20-26;4(39):16.

Pinquier L, Revuz J. [Treatment of recurrent buccal aphthosis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1987;114(5):751-7. (Fre).

Porter SR, Scully C. Aphthous stomatitis - An overview of aetiopathogenesis and management. Clin Exp Dermatol 1991;16(4):235-43.

Powell RJ, Allen BR, Jenkins JS, Steele L, Hunneyball I, Maurice PD, Littlewood SM. Investigation and treatment of orogenital ulceration; studies on a possible mode of action of thalidomide. Br J Dermatol 1985 Jul;113 Suppl 28:141-4.

Pray WS. A coping strategy for oral ulcers. U S Pharm 1993;18(5):37-41.

Radeff B, Kuffer R, Samson J. Recurrent aphthous ulcer in patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus: successful treatment with thalidomide. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990 Sep;23(3 Pt 1):523-5.

Randall P. Thalidomide effective treatment for AIDS-related mouth ulcers. NIAID AIDS Agenda 1995 Dec:2.

Rees TD, Binnie WH. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Dermatol Clin 1996;14(2):243-56.

Revuz J, Guillaume JC, Janier M, Hans P, Marchand C, Souteyrand P, Bonnetblanc JM, Claudy A, Dallac S, Klene C, et al. Crossover study of thalidomide vs placebo in severe recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Arch Dermatol 1990 Jul;126(7):923-7.

Samson J, Kuffer R, Radeff B. [Thalidomide, the treatment of choice in aphthae in HIV infection (letter)]. Presse Med 1990 Apr 14;19(15):722. (Fre).

Santis HR. Aphthous stomatitis and its management. Curr Opin Dent 1991 Dec;1(6):763-8.

Scully C, Laskaris G, Pindborg J, Porter SR, Reichart P. Oral manifestations of HIV infection and their management. II. Less common lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1991 Feb;71(2):167-71.

Strazzi S, Lebbe C, Geoffray C, Ablon G, Morel P, Verola O, Molina JM. Aphthous ulcers in HIV-infected patients: treatment with thalidomide [letter]. Genitourin Med 1992 Dec;68(6):424-5.

Tercedor J, Ortego N, Rodenas JM, Hernandez J. [Treatment of recurrent aphthae with thalidomide in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (letter)]. Med Clin (Barc) 1991 Jun 8;97(2):79. (Spa).

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Thivolet J, Cambazard F, Genvo M-F. [Neonatal aphthosis from maternal transmission]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 1982;109(9):815-6. (Fre).

Torras H, Lecha M, Mascaro JM. [Thalidomide in the treatment of aphthosis and Behcet's disease. 4 years' experience]. Med Cutan Ibero Lat Am 1982;10(2):103-12. (Spa).

Torras H, Lecha M, Mascaro JM. Thalidomide treatment of recurrent necrotic giant mucocutaneous aphthae and aphthosis [letter]. Arch Dermatol 1982 Nov;118(11):875.

Veys R, De Boever J. [Recurrent aphthous ulcerations. Differential diagnosis and treatment]. Tijdschr Geneeskd 1992;48(8):623-30. (Dut).

Weidle PJ. Thalidomide for aphthous ulcers in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1996 Feb 15;53(4):368, 371-2, 378.

Youle M, Clarbour J, Farthing C, Connolly M, Hawkins D, Staughton R, Gazzard B. Treatment of resistant aphthous ulceration with thalidomide in patients positive for HIV antibody. BMJ 1989 Feb 18;298(6671):432.

Youle M, Hawkins D, Gazzard B. Thalidomide in hyperalgic pharyngeal ulceration of AIDS [letter]. Lancet 1990 Jun 30;335(8705):1591. Comment on: Lancet 1990 Jun 2;335(8701):1343.

Other Infectious Diseases

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Burroughs MH, Tsenova-Berkova L, Sokol K, Ossig J, Tuomanen E, Kaplan G. Effect of thalidomide on the inflammatory response in cerebrospinal fluid in experimental bacterial meningitis. Microb Pathog 1995 Oct;19(4):245-55.

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Georghiou PR, Allworth AM. Thalidomide in painful AIDS-associated proctitis [letter]. J Infect Dis 1992 Oct;166(4):939-40. Comment on: J Infect Dis 1992 Jan;165(1):150-4.

Greenberg MS. HIV-associated lesions. Dermatol Clin 1996;14(2):319-26.

Greenspan D, Greenspan JS. The mouth in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Dermatol 1994;13(2):144-50.

Holland DJ, Dwyer DE, Saksena NK, Naif H, Packham DR, Downie J, Cunningham AL. Dementia and pancytopenia in a patient who died of AIDS within one year of primary human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22(6):1121-2.

Jaber BL, Pereira BJ. Inflammatory mediators in sepsis: Rationale for extracorporeal therapies? Am J Kidney Dis 1996;28(5 Suppl 3):S35-49.

Laine L, Bonacini M. Esophageal disease in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1994;154(14):1577-82.

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Mascolini M. Or is it the host, sir? J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 1996 Sep;2(9):8-15.

Peterson PK, Hu S, Sheng WS, Kravitz FH, Molitor TW, Chatterjee D, Chao CC. Thalidomide inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by lipopolysaccharide- and lipoarabinomannan-stimulated human microglial cells. J Infect Dis 1995 Oct;172(4):1137-40 .

Phelan JA. Oral manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Med Clin North Am 1997;81(2):511-31.

Quinones F, Sierra-Madero J, Calva-Mercado JJ, Ruiz-Palacios GM. Thalidomide in patients with HIV infection and chronic diarrhea: double blind placebo controlled clinical trial [abstract]. Conf Retro Opportun Infect 1997 Jan 22-26;4:190 (abstract no. 682).

Tavares JL, Wangoo A, Dilworth P, Marshall B, Kotecha S, Shaw RJ. Thalidomide reduces tumour necrosis factor-alpha production by human alveolar macrophages. Respir Med 1997 Jan;91(1):31-9.

Vicente T, Ortega A, Munoz P, Diaz MD, Bouza E. In vitro activity of thalidomide against Mycobacterium avium complex [letter]. Arch Intern Med 1993 Feb 22;153(4):534. Comment on: Arch Intern Med 1992 May;152(5):1089-90.

Vosgerau JC. Atypical herpes simplex: a sign of toxoplasmosis activity in AIDS patients and the use of thalidomide. Panminerva Med 1994 Mar;36(1):44-7.

Wormser GP, Horowitz H, Dworkin B. Low-dose dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy for disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infections in AIDS patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38(9):2215-7.

Zwingenberger K, Wnendt S. Immunomodulation by thalidomide: systematic review of the literature and of unpublished observations. J Inflamm 1995-96;46(4):177-211.

Thalidomide Use for Other Disorders

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Kanbayashi T, Nishino S, Tafti M, Hishikawa Y, Dement WC, Mignot E. Thalidomide, a hypnotic with immune modulating properties, increases cataplexy in canine narcolepsy. Neuroreport 1996 Aug 12;7(12):1881-6.

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Lueprasitsakul W, Abend S, Alex S, Reinhardt W, Appel MC, Braverman LE. Effect of thalidomide on the incidence of iodine-induced and spontaneous lymphocytic thyroiditis and spontaneous diabetes mellitus in the BB/Wor rat. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1990 Jul;123(1):79-83.

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Overview of Adverse Effects and Toxicity of Thalidomide

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Peripheral Neuropathy from Thalidomide Use

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Sabin TD. Thalidomine neuropathy and leprous neuritis [letter]. Lancet 1974 Feb 2;1(849):165-6.

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Schroder JM, Gibbels E. [Unmyelinated nerve fibers in senile nerves and in late thalidomide neuropathy: a quantitative electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1977 Aug 31;39(3):271-80. (Ger).

Schroder JM, Matthiesen T. Experimental thalidomide neuropathy: the morphological correlate of reduced conduction velocity. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1985;65(3-4):285-92.

Schwab BW, Arezzo JC, Paldino AM, Flohe L, Matthiessen T, Spencer PS. Effects of thalidomide on rabbit peripheral nerve structure and function. In: Sobue I, editor. Peripheral neuropathy. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Peripheral Neuropa thy; 1983 Oct 20-22; Nagoya-shi, Japan. Amsterdam: Exerpta Medica; 1984. p. 179-83. (Excerpta Medica international congress series; no. 662).

Schwab BW, Arezzo JC, Paldino AM, Flohe L, Matthiessen T, Spencer PS. Rabbit sural nerve responses to chronic treatment with thalidomide and supidimide. Muscle Nerve 1984 Jun;7(5):362-8.

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Sheskin J, Yaar I. [Reactive neuritis of the ulnar nerve and thalidomide]. Rev Leprol 1981;13(3):303-13. (Spa).

Simpson JA. Thalidomide neuropathy. Br Med J 1964 Dec 14;5371:1527.

Skre H. Thalidomide embryopathy and neuropathy; some correlations with embryology and teratology. Bergen: Norwegian Universities Press; 1963. 27 p.

Sommer C, Myers RR. Thalidomide inhibition of TNF reduces hyperalgesia in neuropathic rats. Reg Anesth 1994;19(2 Suppl):1.

Stephens TD. Limb development and peripheral nervous system. Lancet 1978;1(8058):282-3.

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Wulff CH, Hoyer H, Asboe-Hansen G, Brodthagen H. Development of polyneuropathy during thalidomide therapy. Br J Dermatol 1985 Apr;112(4):475-80.

Other Adverse Effects of Thalidomide

Ando J, Kobayashi T, Sato R, Yasuda H. Congenital aortic regurgitation observed in a thalidomide-deformed child. Jpn Heart J 1978 Sep;19(5):823-7.

Atwell C. Hazards to female reproduction. Occup Health (London) 1987;39:312-4.

Balazs T. Cardiotoxicology mechanisms from the point of view of preclinical or premarketing safety evaluation. Arch Toxicol Suppl 1986:9:171-7.

Ballantyne J. Ototoxicity. J Laryngol Otol 1983;97 Suppl 8:9-12.

Ballantyne J. Ototoxicity: a clinical review. Audiology 1973 Sep-Dec;12(5):325-36.

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Bielsa I, Teixido J, Ribera M, Ferrandiz C. Erythroderma due to thalidomide: report of two cases. Dermatology 1994;189(2):179-81.

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Bruyere HJ Jr, Kargas SA, Levy JM. The causes and underlying developmental mechanisms of congenital cardiovascular malformations: a critical review. Am J Med Genet 1987;3 Suppl:411-31.

Bryan EM, Kohler HG. The missing umbilical artery. I. Prospective study based on a maternity unit. Arch Dis Child 1974 Nov;49(11):844-52.

Cant JS. Minor ocular abnormalities associated with thalidomide. Lancet 1966 May 21;1(447):1134.

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Cullen JF. Ocular defects in thalidomide babies. Br J Ophthalmol 1964 Mar;48:151-3.

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Hamanishi C. Congenital short femur. Clinical, genetic and epidemiological comparison of the naturally occurring condition with that caused by thalidomide. J Bone Joint Surg [Br] 1980 Aug;62(3):307-20.

Hamdan TA. Intercalary longitudinal complete paraxial tibial hemimelia (ILCPTH). J Neurol Orthop Med Surg 1989;10(1):17.

Hammarstrom L, Henrikson CO, Larsson KS. Anomalies of the teeth in a child with upper phocomelia. Report of a case. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1970 Feb;29(2):191-6.

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Lipinski CG, Weisser J. Pathological EEG findings in adolescents with severe sequelae after thalidomide embryopathy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1981;52:S7.

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