Worker Health Chartbook 2004

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1		Figure 1-9 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries, 1992-2002. The fatal occupational injury rate has varied from 5.3 per 100,000 workers in 1994 (6,632 fatal injuries) to 4.0 in 2002 (5,524 fatal injuries). Since 1993, the trend in rates reflects a steady decline. (Note: Charts using data for calendar year from the CFOI exclude deaths from the September 11 terrorist attacks.) (Source: BLS [2003a].)
2		Figure 1-10 Fatal occupational injury rates by State, 2002. Fatal occupational injury rates varied by State from 1.4 to 14.1 per 100,000 employed workers. (The U.S. rate was 4.0 per 100,000 employed workers in 2002.) Fatal occupational injuries exceeded 10 per 100,000 employed workers in Alaska, Wyoming, and Montana. (Sources: BLS [2003a]; BLS [2003b].)
3		Figure 1-11 Incidence rates of occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry by case type, 1973-2001. The private-industry sector reported 5.2 million nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses during 2001, corresponding with an overall rate of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. Approximately 2.6 million were lost-workday cases requiring recuperation away from work or restricted duties at work. The total occupational injury and illness incidence rate continues to decline. This trend is reflected in the private-sector data reported to BLS since 1973. (Note: Lost-workday cases include cases with days away from work and cases with restricted work activity only-that is, cases in which workers report to their jobs for limited duty. See Appendix B for details about case types.) (Source: BLS [2002b].)
4		Figure 1-12 Number of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The number of injuries and illnesses resulting in time away from work continues to decline. The 1.54 million cases in 2001 represent a decrease of 34% since 1992. Over the same period, the goods-producing segment of private industry experienced a 38.7% decrease, which is notably greater than the 31.1% decrease recorded for the service-producing segment of the private sector. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
5		Figure 1-13 Incidence rates for lost-workday cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry, 1973-2001. Since 1973, the incidence rate for lost-workday cases has varied from 4.3 per 100 full-time workers in 1979 to 2.8 cases per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Lost-workday case rates have been declining since 1990, with a strong contribution from decreases in cases with days away from work. The decline is offset by increases in restricted work activity cases, which have increased steadily since 1987. These cases include those with shortened workdays, temporary job changes, or temporary restrictions of job duties. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
6		Figure 1-14 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry by industry, 2001. Durable goods manufacturing accounted for the highest rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses (8.8 per 100 workers) reported in 2001, followed by construction (7.9) and agriculture, forestry and fishing (7.3). Services reported approximately 1.3 million cases, or 25% of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 2001. (Note: Numbers of nonfatal injuries and illnesses are inside the bars.) (Source: BLS [2002b].)
7		Figure 1-22 Number of illness cases in private industry by type of illness, 1972-2001. Since 1972, BLS data illustrate significant variation in the number of reported illness cases. From 1972 to 1982, the number of illness cases declined gradually from 210,500 to 105,600. This number increased and peaked sharply in 1994 at 514,700 cases. The number of cases declined steadily to 333,800 in 2001. Disorders associated with repeated trauma declined for 7 consecutive years dating from 1995. About 216,400 cases were reported in 2001, compared with a high of 332,100 cases in 1994. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
8		Figure 1-23 Incidence rates of occupational illness in private industry by illness category, 1984-2001. Since first reporting illness category rates in 1984, BLS has tracked the steep increase in overall illness rates that began in the mid-1980s and peaked in 1994. The overall pattern reflects the trends for disorders associated with repeated trauma. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
9		Figure 1-24 Incidence rates of occupational illness in private industry by illness category other than disorders associated with repeated trauma, 1984-2001. Rates for other categories of illness were smaller than for disorders associated with repeated trauma. These diseases and disorders represent approximately one-third of all reported occupational illnesses. Skin diseases or disorders have consistently accounted for 12%-14% of all occupational illness cases, with rates ranging from 8.2 to 4.3 per 10,000 full-time workers between 1992 and 2001. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
10		Figure 1-25 Number of occupational illness cases in private industry by State, 2001. The number of new cases among reporting States ranged from 400 to 41,700. States with the highest numbers included California (41,700), Michigan (30,200), Texas (17,200), and Illinois (14,500). (Source: BLS [2003d].)
11		Figure 1-26 Incidence rates for occupational illness in private industry by State, 2001. Occupational illness rates varied widely among the States, from 8.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in New Mexico to 142.6 in Maine. (The U.S. rate was 36.7 per 10,000 full-time workers.) Higher rates were reported in the Midwest. Lower rates were reported for States in the South and in the southern coastal and western mountain States. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
12		Figure 1-38 Distribution of occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work in private industry by body part affected, 2001. The back was involved in nearly a fourth of all occupational injuries and illnesses. Conditions involving the upper and lower extremities each accounted for more than one-fifth of the cases. (Source: BLS [2003c].)
13		Figure 2-1 Number of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, the annual number of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work ranged from a high of 7,603 cases in 1993 to a low of 4,409 in 1998. Numbers declined 8.6% between 1992 and 2001-from 6,189 to 5,659 cases. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
14		Figure 2-2 Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work declined 25% between 1992 and 2001-from 0.8 to 0.6 per 10,000 full-time workers. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
15		Figure 2-10 Estimated number of occupational hepatitis B infections among U.S. health care workers, 1983-1999. Hepatitis B infections include symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) indicates a 96% decline in hepatitis B viral infections among health care workers over a 17-year period-from nearly 11,000 cases in 1983 to fewer than 400 in 1999. (Note: In the mid-1980s, health care facilities began adopting recommended universal precautions against exposure to body fluids. These were followed in 1992 with the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard [29 CFR* 1910.1030], which required employers to offer hepatitis B vaccinations to exposed workers.) (Source: CDC [2002a].) *Code of Federal Regulations. See CFR in references.
16		Figure 2-11 Incidence rates of hepatitis B infection per 100,000 U.S. health care workers, 1993-1999. The incidence rate (rate of new infections) of hepatitis B infections generally declined about 60% from 1993 to 1999 among U.S. health care workers. These infections include both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. (Source: CDC [2002a].)
17		Figure 2-12 Distribution and number of documented cases of occupational transmission of HIV among health care workers by occupation, 1981-2002. Among the cases of occupational HIV transmission reported to the HIV/AIDS Reporting System (HARS) from 1981 through December 2002, 57 cases were documented and 139 cases were possible. Most documented cases of occupational HIV transmission occurred among nurses (24 cases or 42.1%) and laboratory workers (19 cases or 33.3%). Among the documented cases of HIV following occupational exposure, 84% resulted from percutaneous exposure. (Source: CDC [2003].)
18		Figure 2-13 Distribution of 10,378 reported percutaneous injuries among hospital workers by medical device associated with the injury, 1995-2000. The devices most associated with percutaneous injuries among hospital workers during 1995-2000 were hypodermic needles (29% of injuries), suture needles (17%), winged steel needles (12%), and scalpels (7%). Other hollow-bore needles together accounted for 19% of injuries, glass items for 2%, and other items for 14%. (Source: CDC [2002b].)
19		Figure 2-14 Distribution of 6,212 reported percutaneous injuries involving hollow-bore needles in hospital workers by associated medical procedure, 1995-2000. Drawing blood from a vein (venipuncture) was responsible for 25% of percutaneous injuries involving hollow-bore needles during 1995-2000, and injections were responsible for 22%. (Source: CDC [2002b].)
20		Figure 2-15 Numbers and rates of traumatic occupational fatalities, 1980-2000. (All data for 1980-2000 exclude New York City.) The numbers of traumatic occupational fatalities decreased 33% during 1980-2000, from 7,343 fatalities in 1980 to 4,956 in 2000. During this period, the average annual rate for traumatic occupational fatalities decreased 50%-from 7.4 per 100,000 civilian workers in 1980 to 3.7 in 2000. (Source: NIOSH [2003].)
21		Figure 2-16 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries, 1992-2002. A total of 5,524 fatal occupational injuries were recorded in 2002. During 1992-2002, fatality rates declined from 5.2 per 100,000 workers to 4.0. (Source: BLS [2003].)
22		Figure 2-35 Number of MSD cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The number of MSD cases declined from 784,145 in 1992 to 522,528 in 2001. As a percentage of all nonfatal injury and illness cases, MSD cases remained relatively stable between 1992 and 2001, ranging from a low of 33.6% in 1992 to a high of 34.0% in 2001. (Source: BLS [2003c].)
23		Figure 2-45 Number of CTS cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of CTS cases involving days away from work declined 18.9% during this period-from 33,042 cases in 1992 to 26,794 cases in 2001. CTS cases reached a high of 41,019 cases in 1993. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
24		Figure 2-46 Annual rates of CTS cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of CTS cases involving days away from work declined 30.2% during this period-from 4.3 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 3.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
25		Figure 2-55 Number of CTS cases in California by type of job activity, 1998-2000. Among the cases sampled, computing (data entry) activities consistently accounted for nearly half of all CTS cases in California for each of the 3 years during 1998-2000. Cases involved with reaching and twisting, computing (customer service), and handwriting increased from 1998 to 2000. (Source: Harrison and Flattery [2002a].)
26		Figure 2-56 Number of disorders associated with repeated trauma in private industry, 1972-2001. Repeated trauma disorders ranged from a low of 20,200 cases in 1978 to a high of approximately 332,100 cases in 1994. In 2001, BLS reported 216,400 repeated trauma disorder cases-nearly 65% of all nonfatal occupational illness cases in 2001, and a decrease of 42% from the 1994 rate. (Source: BLS [2002].)
27		Figure 2-57 Incidence rates of disorders associated with repeated trauma in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported increasing rates for repeated trauma disorders-from 5.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1984 to 41.1 in 1994. BLS reported a rate of 23.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
28		Figure 2-60 Number of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of tendonitis cases involving days away from work declined 44.3% during this period, from 25,353 cases in 1992 to 14,124 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
29		Figure 2-61 Annual rate of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of private-sector tendonitis cases involving days away from work declined 51.5% during this period-from 3.3 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 1.6 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
30		Figure 2-69 Number of occupational injury cases by type of case in private industry, 1976-2001. The number of total recordable occupational injuries reached a high of 6.4 million cases in 1990 then declined to a low of 4.9 million in 2001. Injury cases with restricted work activity only increased steadily after 1976, reaching a high of 944,100 cases in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)
31		Figure 2-70 Incidence rates of injury cases by type of case in private industry, 1976-2001. The incidence rate for total recordable occupational injuries reached a high of 9.2 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1979 then declined to a low of 5.4 per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Injury rates for cases with restricted work activity only increased steadily from a rate of 0.2 per 100 full-time workers in 1976 to 1.0 in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)
32		Figure 2-78 Number of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of amputation cases involving days away from work declined 30.3% during this period, from a high of 12,352 cases in 1992 to 8,612 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
33		Figure 2-79 Annual rates of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of amputation cases involving days away from work declined 37.5% in the private sector-from a high of 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 1.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
34		Figure 2-89 Number of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of back injury cases involving days away from work declined 43% during this 10-year period-from 653,385 cases in 1992 to 372,683 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
35		Figure 2-90 Annual rates of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of back injury cases involving days away from work declined 52% during this 10-year period-from 85.4 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 41.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
36		Figure 2-98 Number of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work declined 38.8% during 1992-2001, from 222,650 cases in 1992 to 136,361 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
37		Figure 2-99 Annual rates of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work declined 48.5% during 1992-2001, from 29.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 15.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
38		Figure 2-107 Number of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work declined 38.9% during this 10-year period, from a high of 41,032 cases in 1992 to 25,078 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
39		Figure 2-108 Annual rates of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work declined 48.1% during 1992-2001, from a high of 5.4 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 2.8 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
40		Figure 2-118 Number of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work declined 33.9% during 1992-2001, from 173,573 cases in 1992 to 114,791 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
41		Figure 2-119 Annual rates of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work declined 44.5% during 1992-2001, from 22.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 12.6 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
42		Figure 2-127 Number of fracture cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of fracture cases involving days away from work in 2001 declined 24.7% during 1992-2001, from 143,627 cases in 1992 to 108,127 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
43		Figure 2-128 Annual rates of fracture cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of fracture cases involving days away from work declined 36.7% during 1992-2001, from 18.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 11.9 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
44		Figure 2-138 Number of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work declined 34.5% during 1992-2001, from 1,022,746 cases in 1992 to 669,889 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
45		Figure 2-139 Annual rates of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work declined 44.9% during 1992-2001, from 133.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 73.7 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
46		Figure 2-147 Number of occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry, 1972-2001. The number of BLS-estimated disorders due to physical agents ranged from a high of approximately 30,100 cases in 1972 to a low of 8,300 cases in 1982. In 2001, BLS reported 14,600 cases. The pattern of increases and decreases after 1984 seems to parallel disorders associated with repeated trauma, though at substantially lower orders of magnitude. (Source: BLS [2002].)
47		Figure 2-148 Incidence rates for occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported rates of disorders due to physical agents ranging from 1.3 to 2.9 per 10,000 full-time workers during 1984-2001. The rate was 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Disorders due to physical agents accounted for approximately 4% of all reported illness cases. The pattern of rate increases and decreases after 1984 seems to parallel disorders associated with repeated trauma. (Source: BLS [2002].)
48		Figure 2-149 Number of occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry by State, 2001. In 2001, the number of disorders due to physical agents within reporting States ranged from fewer than 50 cases to 1,300. States with the highest numbers included California (1,300), Michigan (1,200), Indiana (800), Illinois (700), and Wisconsin (700). (Source: BLS [2002].)
49		Figure 2-150 Incidence rates for occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry by State, 2001. Rates of occupational disorders due to physical agents vary among the States from a reported low of 0.2 per 10,000 full-time workers in Delaware to a high of 4.1 in Nebraska. The U.S. rate was 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers. (Source: BLS [2002].)
50		Figure 2-151 Number of occupational poisoning cases in private industry, 1972-2001. During 1972-2001, occupational poisonings peaked at 7,400 cases in 1974, declined to 3,000 cases in 1983, peaked again in 1993 at 7,600 cases, then declined to 2,800 cases in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
51		Figure 2-152 Annual rates of occupational poisoning in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported poisoning rates ranging from a high of 1.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to a low of 0.3 in 2001. Occupational poisonings have low rates and generally account for only about 1% of all illnesses. (Source: BLS [2002].)
52		Figure 2-162 Distribution and number of WRA cases for all four SENSOR reporting States (California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey) by occupation, 1993-1999. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for the largest proportion of WRA cases (32.9%), followed by managerial and professional specialty occupations (20.2%). (Sources: Harrison and Flattery [2002b]; Tumpowsky and Davis [2002]; Rosenman et al. [2002a]; Valiante and Schill [2002a]; Filios [2002a].)
53		Figure 2-163 Distribution and number of WRA cases for all four SENSOR reporting States (California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey) by industry, 1993-1999. Manufacturing and services accounted for the largest proportions of WRA cases (41.4% and 34.2%, respectively). (Sources: Harrison and Flattery [2002b]; Tumpowsky and Davis [2002]; Rosenman et al. [2002a]; Valiante and Schill [2002a]; Filios [2002a].)
54		Figure 2-165 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with hypersensitivity pneumonitis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1979-1999. The annual number of hypersensitivity pneumonitis deaths generally increased during 1979-1999, from fewer than 15 per year in 1979 to 57 in 1999. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis was designated as the underlying cause of death in at least half of deaths associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis for every year except 1982. (Source: NIOSH [2002e].)
55		Figure 2-168 Number of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with malignant mesothelioma listed as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate by type of mesothelioma, 1999. Of the 2,485 malignant mesothelioma deaths in 1999, the highest proportion was classified as an unspecified type. In nearly 95% of all deaths, malignant mesothelioma was listed as the underlying cause. (Note: The total number of deaths by subtype exceeds the number for all sites because more than one subtype was listed for some decedents.) (Source: NIOSH [2002e].)
56		Figure 2-172 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. During 1968-1999, deaths from asbestosis increased over time, whereas deaths from CWP decreased. Deaths from all pneumoconioses are shown at the top of each stacked bar. The bars slightly overstate the numbers because a small fraction of deaths was associated with more than one type of pneumoconiosis. (Note: Byssinosis data were not available before 1979. Also note that the sum of deaths for various types of pneumoconiosis (N=123,091) exceeds the total number of pneumoconiosis deaths (N=121,982) because some decedents had more than one type of pneumoconiosis recorded on their death certificates.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
57		Figure 2-175 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with asbestosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of asbestosis deaths increased from 77 in 1968 to 1,265 in 1999. During this period, asbestosis was listed each year as the underlying cause in nearly a third of all asbestosis deaths. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
58		Figure 2-176 Age-adjusted mortality rates for asbestosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by State, 1990-1999. Delaware and West Virginia had the highest asbestosis mortality rates during 1990-1999. States in the second highest mortality rate category were predominantly coastal States. All States in these two groupings had asbestosis mortality rates above the U.S. rate of 5.4 per million. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
59		Figure 2-178 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with byssinosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1979-1999. The number of byssinosis deaths was fewer than 20 for each year between 1979 and 1999. During this period, byssinosis was listed as the underlying cause in 50% of the byssinosis deaths. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
60		Figure 2-179 Age-adjusted mortality rates for byssinosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by State, 1990-1999. States with the highest byssinosis mortality rates during 1990-1999 were located predominantly in the Southeast in the textile-producing States. During this period, more than half of byssinosis decedents were residents of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
61		Figure 2-183 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with CWP recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of CWP deaths experienced a long-term decline during 1968-1999, from more than 2,500 deaths per year in the early 1970s and 1980s to fewer than 1,500 in the late 1990s. Although the annual number of deaths declined steadily after 1982, the proportion of deaths with CWP listed as the underlying cause on the death certificate remained fairly constant, hovering around 37% from 1980 to 1999. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
62		Figure 2-186 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with unspecified/other pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of unspecified/other pneumoconiosis deaths declined sharply from a high of 1,524 in 1972 to fewer than 400 per year in 1983 and thereafter. The proportion of these deaths in which unspecified/other pneumoconiosis was listed as the underlying cause hovered around 34%. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
63		Figure 2-187 Age-adjusted mortality rates for unspecified/other pneumoconiosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by State, 1990-1999. During 1990-1999, West Virginia had the highest mortality rates for unspecified/other pneumoconiosis-more than 20 times the U.S. rate of 1.59 per million. High rates were observed among other Appalachian and Western mining States, ranging from two to nine times the U.S. rate. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
64		Figure 2-192 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with silicosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of silicosis deaths declined sharply from 1,157 deaths in 1968 to 187 deaths in 1990. Silicosis was listed as the underlying cause of death in nearly half of all silicosis deaths from 1990 to 1999. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
65		Figure 2-195 Number of cases of dust diseases of the lungs in private industry, 1972-2001. During 1972-2001, the number of BLS-estimated dust diseases of the lungs ranged from a low of approximately 1,000 cases in 1975 to a high of 3,500 cases in 1996. BLS reported 1,300 cases in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
66		Figure 2-196 Incidence rates of dust diseases of the lungs in private industry, 1984-2001. During 1984-2001, BLS reported incidence rates of dust diseases of the lungs ranging from a high of 0.5 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1986 and in 1987 to a low of 0.1 in 2001. The overall trend during this period was downward. Dust diseases of the lungs are the least prevalent of the illness conditions, accounting for approximately 1% of all reported illness cases. (Source: BLS [2002].)
67		Figure 2-199 Number of cases of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry, 1972-2001. During 1972-2001, the number of BLS-estimated cases of occupational respiratory conditions due to toxic agents ranged from a low of approximately 7,900 cases in 1983 to a high of 25,300 cases in 1994. BLS reported 14,500 cases in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
68		Figure 2-200 Incidence rates of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry, 1984-2001. During 1984-2001, BLS reported relatively low rates of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents. The highest rate (3.1 per 10,000 full-time workers) was reported for 1992-1994, and the lowest rate (1.6) was reported for 1984 and 2000-2001. Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents accounted for approximately 4%-5% of all reported illness cases. (Source: BLS [2002].)
69		Figure 2-201 Number of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry by State, 2001. The number of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents within reporting States in 2001 ranged from fewer than 50 cases to 1,400. BLS reported 14,500 cases in 2001. States with the highest numbers of these conditions included California (1,400), Michigan (900), Texas (700), North Carolina (700), and New York (700). (Source: BLS [2002].)
70		Figure 2-202 Incidence rates for respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry by State, 2001. In 2001, incidence rates of occupational respiratory conditions due to toxic agents varied by State from a low of 0.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in Louisiana to a high of 5.0 in Maine. The U.S. rate was 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers. Lower rates were reported for Southern, Southwestern, and Western States. (Source: BLS [2002].)
71		Figure 2-203 Incidence rates of TB in health care workers, 1994-2000. The TB incidence rate in health care workers declined from 5.4 per 100,000 workers in 1994 to 3.7 in 2000. (Note: The TB incidence rate for each year was computed using the number of health care workers as the denominator. This number was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey for each year.) (Source: CDC [2002c].)
72		Figure 2-204 Number of skin diseases and disorders in private industry, 1972-2001. The number of skin diseases and disorders peaked at 89,400 cases in 1974 then declined steadily to a low of 39,500 in 1983. Cases increased to 65,700 in 1994 then declined steadily to 38,900 in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
73		Figure 2-205 Incidence rates of skin diseases and disorders in private industry, 1984-2001. Rates of skin diseases and disorders increased from 6.3 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in 1984 to 8.2 in 1992. Rates remained elevated through 1995 then declined to 4.3 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001-the lowest rate ever reported by BLS. (Source: BLS [2002].)
74		Figure 2-208 Number of dermatitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of dermatitis cases involving days away from work declined significantly (50.1%) during 1992-2001, from 9,452 cases in 1992 to 4,714 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
75		Figure 2-209 Annual rates of dermatitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of private-sector dermatitis cases involving days away from work declined 58.3% during 1992-2001, from 1.2 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 0.5 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
76		Figure 3-1 Fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing and the private sector, 1992-2002. Fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry ranged from 864 (16.2% of the total) in 1993 to 720 (13.5%) in 2000. (Sources: BLS [2003]; Myers [2003].)
77		Figure 3-2 Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the private sector, 1992-2002. Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in agriculture, forestry, and fishing ranged from 26.5 per 100,000 employed workers in 1993 to 21.3 in 2000. The rates during 1992-2002 were 3.9 to 5.4 times the private-sector rates. Both agriculture, forestry, and fishing and the private sector show declining rates of fatal occupational injuries since 1993. (Sources: BLS [2003]; Myers [2003].)
78		Figure 3-3 Fatal occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the private sector by age, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were higher in every age group than in the private sector. The rates in agriculture ranged from 13.7 per 100,000 for workers aged 16-24 to 62.0 for workers older than 64. These differences increase with age. The greatest differences were noted for workers aged 55 or older. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Myers [2003].)
79		Figure 3-4 Number and rate of fatal occupational injuries by race in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) White workers accounted for the highest number of fatal occupational injuries (7,018) in agriculture, forestry, and fishing during 1992-2001. The highest rate was observed among black workers (26.9 fatalities per 100,000 employed workers). American Indians or Alaska Natives had the lowest number (60) and rate (20.7 per 100,000) of fatal occupational injuries. (Sources: BLS [2002a,b]; Myers [2003].)
80		Figure 3-5 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2001 in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, non-Hispanic workers accounted for a higher rate of fatal occupational injuries than Hispanic workers (20.2 compared with 15.8 fatal injuries per 100,000 employed workers). (Sources: BLS [2002a,b]; Myers [2003].)
81		Figure 3-6 Leading sources of fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) Farm tractors accounted for 2,165 fatal occupational injuries during 1992-2001 and were the leading source of these deaths in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Trucks and fishing boats were also major sources of death in this industry and accounted for 795 and 434 fatal occupational injuries, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Myers [2003].)
82		Figure 3-7 Leading causes of fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-1997. During 1992-1997, machinery caused 1,021 fatal occupational injuries and was the leading cause of these deaths in agriculture, forestry, and fishing as reported on death certificates. The next leading causes of these deaths were motor vehicles (624 fatalities) and falls (235 fatalities). (Sources: NIOSH [2001a]; Myers [2001a].)
83		Figure 3-8 Fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry by State, 1992-2000. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2000, the highest numbers of fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were reported by California (646), Texas (384), Florida (313), Kentucky (298), Pennsylvania (289), and Tennessee (271). (Sources: BLS [2001a]; Myers [2001b].)
84		Figure 3-9 Fatal occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry by State, 1992-2000. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2000, the highest fatal occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were reported by Alaska (175.9 per 10,000 workers), Kentucky (62.3), and Tennessee (44.3). (Sources: BLS [2001a,b]; Myers [2001b].)
85		Figure 3-10 Age distribution for unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20, 1982-1996. Youths aged 15-19 accounted for the most unintentional on-farm deaths (742) during 1982-1996, and youths under age 5 accounted for the next highest number of these deaths (527). (Sources: NCHS [2002]; Adekoya and Pratt [2001].)
86		Figure 3-11 Unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 by cause of death, 1982-1996. During 1982-1996, unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 most frequently involved machinery (773 fatalities), drowning (585 fatalities), or firearms (237 fatalities). (Sources: NCHS [2002]; Adekoya and Pratt [2001].)
87		Figure 3-12 Unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 by State, 1982-1996. During 1982-1996, the highest numbers of unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 were reported by Texas (204), Pennsylvania (109), Iowa (107), Missouri (106), and Wisconsin (105). (Sources: NCHS [2002]; Adekoya and Pratt [2001].)
88		Figure 3-13 Number of occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (excluding farms with fewer than 11 employees), 1981-2001. The number of occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing slowly increased from 83,300 injuries in 1982 to 115,400 in 1995. An estimated 104,400 nonfatal occupational injuries occurred in this industry in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Myers [2002].)
89		Figure 3-14 Occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (excluding farms with fewer than 11 employees) and the private sector, 1981-2001. Occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing declined from 11.7 per 100 full-time workers in 1981 to 6.8 in 2000. The rate increased slightly in 2001 to 7.0 per 100 full-time workers. Injury rates for agriculture consistently exceeded comparable rates in the private sector. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Myers [2002].)
90		Figure 3-15 Number of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by State, 1993-1995. During 1993-1995, the highest numbers of nonfatal occupational farming injuries occurred in California (12,695), Minnesota (11,847), Iowa (11,137), and Wisconsin (10,173). (Note: For reporting purposes, the following States were combined: Alaska and Washington; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; Delaware and Maryland; Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; Montana and Wyoming; and Nevada and Utah.) (Sources: NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)
91		Figure 3-16 Rates of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by State, 1993-1995. Mississippi had the highest rate of nonfatal occupational farming injury (14.5 per 100 full-time workers), followed by Alaska and Washington (combined injury rate of 14.3), Arizona (13.7), Ohio (13.1), and Colorado (11.3). (Note: For reporting purposes, the following States were combined: Alaska and Washington; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; Delaware and Maryland; Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; Montana and Wyoming; and Nevada and Utah.) (Sources: BLS [2002b]; NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)
92		Figure 3-20 Number and rate of all nonfatal on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by relationship to the farm, 1998. In 1998, farm youths accounted for 25,768 nonfatal on-farm injuries, both occupational and nonoccupational. Household farm youths had a higher overall nonfatal injury rate (1.87 per 100) than youths hired to work on the farm (0.32 per 100). (Note: A probability sample was used to produce different injury estimates. Because of rounding in calculating these estimates, data may not sum to the totals.) (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
93		Figure 3-21 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by relationship to the farm, 1998. In 1998, farm youths under age 20 accounted for 12,382 nonfatal occupational on-farm injuries. Youth visitors and hired youths accounted for similar numbers of occupational injuries (2,208 and 2,127 injuries, respectively). Household farm youths had a higher overall occupational injury rate than youths hired to work on the farm. (Note: A probability sample was used to produce different injury estimates. Because of rounding in calculating these estimates, data may not sum to the totals.) (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
94		Figure 3-22 Number and rate of all nonfatal on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by region, 1998. In 1998, the Midwest region of the United States had the highest number of all nonfatal on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 (12,040 injuries), whereas the West had the highest rate of these injuries (1.38 per 100 youths). (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
95		Figure 3-23 Number and rate of occupational on-farm injuries to youths under age 20 by region, 1998. The Midwest region of the United States had the highest number of occupational on-farm injuries to youths in 1998 (6,107 injuries) as well as the highest occupational injury rate (0.95 per 100 youths). (Source: Myers and Hendricks [2001].)
96		Figure 3-24 Number of nonfatal injuries to all youths and working youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by race, 2000. On minority farm operations in 2000, the most nonfatal injuries to all youths under age 20 occurred among American Indian or Alaska Native youths (206 injuries), followed by other (105), white youths (92), black youths (78), and Asian or Pacific Islanders (50). Far fewer nonfatal injuries occurred among working youths. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
97		Figure 3-25 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by race, 2000. American Indian and Alaska Native youths had the highest number (177) and rate (24.0 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among household youths on minority farm operations. Youths of other races had the second highest number (96) and rate (12.3 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among household youths, followed by black youths and Asian or Pacific Islander youths. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
98		Figure 3-26 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (348) and rate (12.2 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among youths on racial minority farm operations in 2000. Hired workers had the second highest injury rate (2.7 per 1,000 hired working youths) but the lowest number of injuries (20). Visiting relatives accounted for the second highest number of nonfatal youth injuries (124), followed by hired workers (20). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
99		Figure 3-27 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (138) and rate (11.7 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths on racial minority farm operations in 2000. Visiting relatives had the next highest number of injuries (42) and the same rate of nonfatal occupational injuries as hired workers (2.7 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
100		Figure 3-28 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by known injury hazard, 2000. Of the four known injury hazards to household youths in 2000, work accounted for the highest number (138) and rate (11.7 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries to these youths on racial minority farm operations. Horses accounted for the second highest number (60) and rate (8.0 per 1,000 youths) of these nonfatal injuries, followed by all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and tractors. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
101		Figure 3-29 Nonfatal injuries to Hispanic and non-Hispanic youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations, 2000. On Hispanic farm operations in 2000, Hispanic youths accounted for much higher numbers of nonfatal injuries (289) and occupational nonfatal injuries (124) than did non-Hispanic youths. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
102		Figure 3-30 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (256) and rate (14.2 per 1,000) of nonfatal injuries to youths on Hispanic farm operations in 2000. Visiting relatives accounted for an additional 58 injuries on these farms, followed by other visitors (33 injuries). Hired workers accounted for the lowest number of nonfatal injuries to youths (17), but they had the second highest injury rate (3.3 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
103		Figure 3-31 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. On Hispanic farm operations in 2000, household youths had a much higher number (114) of occupational injuries than nonhousehold youths, and their rate of injury (14.4 per 1,000 youths) was 8 times the rate for nonhousehold working youths (1.7 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
104		Figure 3-32 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by known injury hazard, 2000. Of the four recognized hazards to household youths in 2000, work accounted for the highest number (114) and rate (14.4 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries to these youths on Hispanic farm operations. Horses accounted for the second highest number (31) and rate (5.8 per 1,000 youths) of these nonfatal injuries, followed by ATVs and tractors. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)
105		Figure 3-33 Distribution of farm workers by migrant status, 1999. In 1999, 49% of farm workers were settled (residing within 75 miles of their farm work job). The rest were migrant workers to varying degrees: 22% were newcomers (entered the United States to work in farm work during the past year); 21% were shuttle migrants (have a residence in the United States but commute to farm work at a distance); and 8% were follow-the-crop migrants (perform farm work in more than one location and must move for employment). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
106		Figure 3-34 Distribution of farm workers by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. In 1999, 36% percent of farm workers had been employed more than 10 years in farm work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
107		Figure 3-35 Distribution of farm workers by age, 1999. Farm workers were predominately young in 1999, with 85% under age 45. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
108		Figure 3-36 Distribution of farm workers by sex and Hispanic ethnicity, 1999. In 1999, farm workers were predominately male (78%) and Hispanic (93%). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
109		Figure 3-37 Nonfatal occupational injuries to farm workers by age, 1999. In 1999, the highest number of nonfatal occupational injuries (12,543) occurred among farm workers aged 30-34. However, workers aged 35-39 and 45-49 accounted for similar numbers of injuries (12,130 and 12,211). (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no injury data were reported or estimated from the survey for this age group.) (Sources: DOL [2001]; Myers [2001d].)
110		Figure 3-38 Occupational injury rates for farm workers by age, 1999. In 1999, nonfatal occupational injury rates for farm workers increased with age, peaking at 11.2 per 100 workers aged 45-54 and declining steeply for workers aged 55-64. (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no injury data were reported or estimated from the survey for this age group; thus no rate estimates were made.) (Sources: DOL [2001]; Myers [2001d].)
111		Figure 3-39 Percentage of farm workers reporting at least one health condition during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. In 1999, the percentage of farm workers reporting at least one health condition (respiratory, musculoskeletal, dermatologic, or gastrointestinal) during the preceding 12 months increased gradually with years of farm work. The lowest percentage (19%) was reported for farm workers with less than 1 year of work experience in U.S. farming. The highest percentage (34%) was reported for farm workers with more than 10 years of U.S. farm work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
112		Figure 3-40 Percentage of farm workers reporting joint or muscle pain in at least one body part during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. In 1999, the percentage of workers reporting joint or muscle pain in the back, shoulder, elbow/arm, hand/wrist, or legs/feet ranged from 11% for those in their first year of U.S. farm work to 19% for workers with more than 10 years of this work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
113		Figure 3-41 Percentage of farm workers reporting joint or muscle pain in at least one body part during the preceding 12 months by crop category last worked, 1999. The percentage of farm workers reporting joint or muscle pain in 1999 is highest (20%) among those working in multiple crop categories and lowest (11%) among horticulture workers. An average of 15% of workers in vegetables, fruits and nuts, and field crops reported joint or muscle pain. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
114		Figure 3-42 Percentage of farm workers reporting dermatitis during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. The percentage of farm workers reporting dermatitis on the hands, arms, face, torso, or legs in 1999 was similar regardless of the number of years in U.S. farm work. The percentage ranged from 6.7% in farm workers with less than 5 years of U.S. farm work to 7.8% in those with 5-10 years of this work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
115		Figure 3-43 Percentage of farm workers reporting dermatitis during the preceding 12 months by crop category last worked, 1999. In 1999, dermatitis was most common in farm workers reporting work in multiple crop categories (8.0%) and fruits and nuts (7.9%). The percentage of workers with dermatitis was lowest in vegetable workers (5.7%). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
116		Figure 3-44 Percentage of farm workers reporting wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. The percentage of farm workers reporting wheezing or whistling in the chest increased with years of U.S. farm work, from 1.5% of farm workers with less than 1 year to 4.7% of those with more than 10 years of this work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
117		Figure 3-45 Percentage of farm workers reporting wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time during the preceding 12 months by crop category last worked, 1999. Wheezing or whistling in the chest was most common in farm workers reporting work in multiple crop categories (4.8%) and less common in vegetable workers (2.6%) and workers in fruits and nuts (2.7%). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)
118		Figure 4-1 Fatal occupational injury rates by industry division, 2002. Fatal occupational injury rates in 2002 were highest in mining (23.5 per 100,000 workers), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (22.7), construction (12.2), and transportation and public utilities (11.3). The rate for all private industry was 4.2 per 100,000 workers. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
119		Figure 4-2 Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry and in high-risk industrial sectors, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, the rates of total recordable injuries and illnesses in construction and agriculture exceeded those for all private industry by an average of 37% and 22%, respectively. However, the rates all decreased by similar percentages during this period-36% for all private industry, 40% for construction, and 37% for agriculture, forestry, and fishing. (Source: BLS [2002a].)
120		Figure 4-5 Number and average annual rate of fatal occupational injuries in coal and metal/nonmetal mining for each 5-year period during 1966-2000, including factors affecting reductions in these injuries. The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 was passed soon after 78 coal miners died in 1968 during an underground explosion in the Consol No. 9 Mine at Farmington, West Virginia. Numbers and rates of fatal injuries in coal mining declined steadily after passage of the 1969 Act. During the most recent 5-year period (1996-2000), the fatal injury rate for coal mining was at its lowest-33 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers. The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (which included metal/nonmetal mining) was passed a few years after 91 miners lost their lives in a 1972 underground mine fire at the Sunshine Silver Mine. The fatal occupational injury rate for metal/nonmetal mining declined to its lowest rate (25.3 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers) in 1991-1995. During 1996-2000, this rate increased to 27.1 fatalities per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers. Safety and health legislation has been an important factor in reducing fatal occupational injury rates over the past three decades. However, other critical factors include improvements in mining technology such as roof bolting to prevent roof cave-ins, dust suppression and ventilation techniques, and use of noncombustible materials to prevent explosions and fires. Despite large declines in the numbers and rates of fatal injuries to miners, mining continues to be one of the most hazardous occupations. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003a].)
121		Figure 4-8 Number and rate of fatal mining injuries by employment size of mining operation (excluding independent contractor workers), 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, rates of fatal mining injuries generally decreased as the employment size of mining operations increased. The highest fatal injury rate occurred in mining operations employing fewer than 10 workers (40.0 fatal per 100,000 workers). Conversely, the lowest fatal injury rate (17.8 per 100,000 workers) occurred in mining operations employing 250 or more workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
122		Figure 4-9 Rate of lost-workday injuries for surface mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. From 1993 to 2002, the rate of lost-workday injuries declined overall for operator workers in all commodities and for metal/nonmetal-independent contractor workers. Throughout this 10-year period, the highest rates of lost-workday injuries were consistently observed for stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
123		Figure 4-10 Rate of lost-workday injuries for underground mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. During 1993-2002, underground coal operator workers and underground coal-independent contractor workers consistently had the highest rates of lost-workday injuries. Although marked by slight increases and decreases during this 10-year period, lost-workday injury rates for underground nonmetal operator workers and underground stone operator workers have remained relatively constant. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
124		Figure 4-12 Distribution of lost-workday injuries by age of worker and type of employer and commodity, 2002. The proportion of injured workers above age 44 at the time of injury was highest among coal and metal operator workers and lowest among coal-independent contractor workers. Conversely, the proportion of injured workers under age 25 was highest among coal-independent contractor workers, sand and gravel operator workers, and stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
125		Figure 4-13 Number of lost-workday injuries by sex of worker and type of employer and commodity, 2002. In 2002, only 2% (190) of all nonfatally injured mine workers were female, whereas 14.6% of the entire mining workforce was female (Chapter 1, Table 1-4). The highest proportion of female workers with lost-workday injuries was reported by metal operators (6%), and the lowest proportion was reported by metal/nonmetal-independent contractors (1%) and coal operators (2%). (Note: Percentages shown within the bars represent the proportion of male workers with lost-workday injuries.) (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
126		Figure 4-14 Median number of lost workdays due to nonfatal lost-time mining injuries by work location and selected types of incidents, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, the median number of lost workdays due to nonfatal lost-time mining injuries was 21 for miners injured underground and 14 for miners injured at surface locations. At surface locations, falls of ground (e.g., rock dislodging from a highwall) accounted for the highest median number of lost workdays. At underground locations, powered haulage and slip or fall of person accounted for the highest median number of lost workdays. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
127		Figure 4-15 Distribution of lost-workday injuries among miners by type of employer and commodity and years of total mining experience, 2002. In 2002, the proportion of workers with lost-workday injuries was highest among coal operator workers with more than 5 years of experience, and lowest among coal operator workers with less than 1 year of experience. Of the mine workers with less than 1 year of mining experience, independent contractor workers had the highest proportions of lost-workday injuries. These differences must be interpreted with caution, since years of mining experience were not reported for 10% of cases. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
128		Figure 4-19 Numbers of deaths, crude mortality rates, and age-adjusted mortality rates for U.S. residents aged 15 or older with coal workers' pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. After passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, an increase occurred in the number and rate of deaths reported with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung) recorded on the death certificate. The number and rate of these deaths were at their lowest in 1999, the last year for which data are currently available. The number decreased from 2,870 in 1972 to 1,003 in 1999. In 1972, the crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were 18.9 and 21.2 per million population, respectively. Both rates declined to 4.7 per million in 1999. (Note: Age-adjusted mortality rates are standardized to the year 2000 standard population.) (Sources: NCHS [2002]; NIOSH [2002].)
129		Figure 4-21 Distribution of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers by age, 1992 and 2001. The construction workforce has been growing older: In 2001, the average age for construction workers was 38.7 (1.5 years older than it was in 1992). In addition, the median age increased from 35 to 39 during this 10-year period. The aging of the construction workforce is reflected in the distribution of fatal occupational injuries in this group by age. From 1992 to 2001, the largest proportion of fatal occupational injuries shifted from construction workers aged 25-34 to those aged 35-44. For construction workers aged 25 or 34, the proportion with fatal injuries declined (from 27.8% to 21.7%), whereas it increased for workers aged 65 or older (from 3.9% to 5.9%). (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
130		Figure 4-22 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the construction industry, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic construction workers increased from 108 in 1992 to 281 in 2001. Since 1992, Hispanic construction workers have had markedly higher fatal occupational injury rates than their non-Hispanic counterparts. In 2001 (the most recent year measured), the rate of work-related deaths from construction injuries for Hispanics was 19.5 per 100,000 full-time workers-62.5% higher than the rate of 12.0 for non-Hispanic construction workers. During 1990-2001, Hispanic employment in the U.S. construction industry increased greatly, from 649,800 in 1990 to 1.5 million (or 15.6% of the construction workforce) in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
131		Figure 4-23 Fatal occupational injury rates by construction trade, 2001. Fatal occupational injury rates in the construction trades for 2001 ranged from 6.0 per 100,000 full-time workers for drywall installers to 75.6 for ironworkers-more than a 12-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Chowdhury and Dong [2002].)
132		Figure 4-24 Distribution of construction workers and fatal occupational injuries by employment size of establishment, 2001. In 2001, more than 80% of construction establishments had fewer than 10 employees, and establishments with fewer than 20 employees employed only 38.2% of the wage-and-salary workforce. However, fatal occupational injuries among these smaller establishments accounted for more than 55.5% of fatal occupational injuries in 2001. (Note: The calculation excludes the self-employed workers and deaths reported without establishment-size information.) (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Census [2003]; Dong et al. [2004].)
133		Figure 4-25 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers by fatal event, 2001. In 2001, falls to lower level accounted for the greatest number of fatal occupational injuries among construction workers (410 fatalities or 4.3 per 100,000 full-time workers). Highway accidents accounted for 161 deaths, a fatal injury rate of 1.7 per 100,000 full-time workers. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
134		Figure 4-27 Rate of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work by construction trade, 2001. In 2001, the rate of nonfatal injuries and illnesses involving days away from work ranged from 131.2 per 10,000 full-time workers among painters to 751.8 for ironworkers-nearly a 6-fold difference. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
135		Figure 4-28 Rates of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work in construction and private industry by selected ergonomic events or exposures, 2001. Injuries and illnesses associated with ergonomic events or exposures made up 26.5% (49,237 of 185,662) of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work in the construction industry in 2001. The rate of bending, climbing, crawling, reaching, twisting injuries in construction was 15 per 10,000 full-time workers-nearly double the rate of 8 for all private industry that year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
136		Figure 4-29 Fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons were generally lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 6.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 to 15.2 in 1995. BLS reported 145 fatal occupational injuries among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 14 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
137		Figure 4-30 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were generally lower for brickmasons than for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed a downward trend from a 424 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 201 in 2001. BLS reported 36,172 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 3,617 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
138		Figure 4-31 Fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters were parallel to and consistently lower than rates for all construction workers. Rates for carpenters varied within a narrow range, from 8.9 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 6.7 in 2000. BLS reported 848 fatal occupational injuries among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 85 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
139		Figure 4-32 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were slightly higher for carpenters than for all construction workers, but they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for carpenters showed a downward trend, from 489 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 313 in 2001. BLS reported 285,705 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 28,570 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
140		Figure 4-33 Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers were consistently lower than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Except for 1992, the rates for drywall installers varied within a narrow range, from 6.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 3.4 in 1998. BLS reported 80 fatal occupational injuries among drywall installers during this 10-year period-an average of 10 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
141		Figure 4-34 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers showed a downward trend during 1992-2001, from 720 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 259 in 2000. BLS reported 43,575 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction workers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,357 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
142		Figure 4-35 Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians during 1992-2001 were comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, from 18.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 9.0 in 2000. BLS reported 671 fatal occupational injuries among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 67 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
143		Figure 4-36 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians were slightly higher but comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed a downward trend, from 522 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 246 in 2001. BLS reported 142,811 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 14,281 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
144		Figure 4-37 Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (4.8-10.5 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 147.6 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 60.0 in 2000. BLS reported 424 fatal occupational injuries among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 42 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
145		Figure 4-38 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.7-3.9 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 1,750 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 550 in 1997. The 2001 rate of 752 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 57% decrease from the 1992 rate of nonfatal injury and illness for ironworkers. BLS reported 40,173 cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,017 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
146		Figure 4-39 Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (2.5-3.4 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Between 1992 and 1997, rates increased from 36.8 per 100,000 full-time workers to 47.3, then decreased to a low of 30.8 in 2000. BLS reported 2,873 fatal occupational injuries among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 287 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
147		Figure 4-40 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.8-2.7 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for construction laborers showed a downward trend, from 1,330 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 512 in 2001. The 2001 rate represents a 62% decrease from the 1992 rate. BLS reported 467,258 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 46,726 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
148		Figure 4-41 Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers during 1992-2001 exceeded those for all construction workers except during 1995. Rates for operating engineers showed an increasing trend, varying between 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers and 23.0 (compared with 12.4 and 14.8 per 100,000 full-time workers for all construction workers). BLS reported 342 fatal occupational injuries among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 34 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
149		Figure 4-42 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were lower for operating engineers than for all construction workers, but both rates were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for operating engineers showed a downward trend, from 581 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 162 in 2001. BLS reported 37,431 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 3,743 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
150		Figure 4-43 Fatal occupational injury rates for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for painters were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for painters showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1996 to 7.9 in 1999. BLS reported 384 fatal occupational injuries among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 38 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
151		Figure 4-44 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters were consistently lower (0.5 to 0.8 times lower) than those for all construction workers. Rates showed a downward trend, from 368 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 131 in 2001. The 2001 rate of 131 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 64% decrease in rates since 1992. BLS reported 50,264 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 5,026 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
152		Figure 4-45 Fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 9.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 5.1 in 1998. BLS reported 284 fatal occupational injuries among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 28 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
153		Figure 4-46 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers were slightly higher than those for all construction workers, though they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 504 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 326 in 1998. BLS reported 113,679 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 11,370 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
154		Figure 4-47 Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers were 1.6-2.8 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates followed an up-and-down increasing pattern, with a high of 41.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 and a low of 22.3 in 1998. BLS reported 569 fatal occupational injuries among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 57 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
155		Figure 4-48 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were consistently greater for roofers (1.1-1.8 times greater) than for all construction workers. Rates for roofers showed a downward trend, from 838 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 325 in 1998. BLS reported 61,539 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 6,154 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
156		Figure 4-49 Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers were 1.3-2.9 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for truck drivers showed a down-and-up pattern, with a low of 17.0 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 and a high of 39.2 in 1999. BLS reported 479 fatal occupational injuries among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 48 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
157		Figure 4-50 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers usually exceeded rates for all construction workers. Rates for truck drivers varied from 533 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 359 in 1998. BLS reported 57,999 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 5,800 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
158		Figure 4-51 Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters were 1.7-3.3 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for welders and cutters showed an increasing trend, from 23.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 45.4 in 1997. The 2001 fatal injury rate of 39.9 per 100,000 full-time workers was 3 times the rate for all construction workers and represented a 68% increase from 1992. BLS reported 257 fatal occupational injuries among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 26 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
159		Figure 4-52 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters show an overall decreasing trend, ranging from 573 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 171 in 2001. BLS reported 21,940 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 2,194 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
160		Figure 5-5 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 16-17 and 18-19, 1993-2002. Fatal occupational injury rates declined during this 10-year period from 2 to 1.1 per 100,000 employed workers aged 16-17 and from 3 to 2.2 per 100,000 employed workers aged 18-19. Fatal injury rates were higher each year for workers aged 18-19 compared with workers aged 16-17. The number of fatal injuries ranged from 32 in 1998 to 46 in 1999 for workers aged 16-17, and from 92 in 2002 to 137 in 1998 for workers aged 18-19. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1993-1995.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
161		Figure 5-6 Number and distribution of fatal occupational injuries by age among young workers, 1992-2002. Fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 16 and 17 accounted for 158 and 270 fatalities, respectively, or 60.5% of all fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 and younger for the period 1992-2002. A significant number of deaths (94 or 13.3% of the total) occurred among youths aged 12 and younger. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
162		Figure 5-7 Number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 and younger by sex of worker, 1992-2002. For this period, the total number of fatal occupational injuries for workers aged 17 and younger ranged from 41 in 2002 to 73 in 2000. Deaths among male workers predominated, accounting for 89% of the worker deaths reported in this age group during 1992-2002. (Note: Dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
163		Figure 5-12 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among workers under age 14 involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. Reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work are very rare among workers younger than 14. No cases are reported by BLS for 1997-2001, and relatively few cases are reported for 1992-1996. The highest estimated count of 91 cases was reported in 1992 (compared with an estimated 2.3 million for all age groups). (Note: Dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
164		Figure 5-13 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 14-15 in private industry, 1992-2001. Among workers aged 14-15, reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work ranged from 1,476 in 1996 to 276 in 1998. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
165		Figure 5-14 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 16-19 in private industry, 1992-2001. Among workers aged 16-19, reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work ranged from 97,262 in 1994 to 44,535 in 2001. Overall, this age group accounts for 2.9% of all reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness. Data for 1992-2001 show a consistently decreasing trend in reported cases. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
166		Figure 5-22 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55-64 and older, 1992-2002. Rates of fatal occupational injuries among older workers declined during 1992-2002. For workers aged 55-64, rates varied from 8 per 100,000 workers in 1994 to 5 in 2002. The number of fatal occupational injuries ranged from 767 in 1992 to 875 in 1997. For workers aged 65 and older, rates declined from 15 per 100,000 workers in 1993 to 11.5 in 2002. The number of fatal occupational injuries in this group ranged from 467 in 1992 to 565 in 1999. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1992-1995.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
167		Figure 5-23 Number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older by sex, 1992-2002. Male workers accounted for most fatal occupational injuries among older workers (94% during the 11-year period). From year to year, small differences occur in the number of fatal injuries among women, ranging from 67 in 1992 to 101 in 1995. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
168		Figure 5-28 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and older in private industry, 1992-2001. Recorded cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and over ranged from 148,249 cases in 1993 to 126,494 cases in 1996. The number of cases in 2001 (135,690 cases) is consistent with a slight increase in reported cases since 1996. Data for workers aged 65 and older show a similar pattern (a decrease in the first half of the decade followed by an increase in the second half), with numbers ranging from 17,664 in 1996 to 25,334 in 2000. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
169		Figure 5-29 Distribution of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and older in private industry by days away from work, 2001. Workers aged 65 and older tended to experience lower percentages of short-term work loss (1 and 3-5 days) and a substantially higher percentage of long-term work losses of 31 days or more (29.6% for workers aged 55-64, and 34.5% for those aged 65 and older). Workers aged 55-64 had a median loss of 10 days away from work, and those aged 65 and older had a median of 14 days. Overall, private sectors workers had a median of 6 days away from work. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
170		Figure 5-32 Number and distribution of fatal occupational injuries by race/ethnicity among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers, 2002. The 840 fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers (15.2% of the total) represented a 5.7% decrease from the 891 fatal occupational injuries reported in 2001. The 3,917 fatal injuries among white, non-Hispanic workers represented 70.9% of all fatal occupational injuries in 2002. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
171		Figure 5-33 Number and rate of fatal occupational injuries among employed Hispanic workers, 1992-2002. During the 11-year period 1992-2002, the number of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers ranged from 533 in 1992 to 895 in 2001. The fatal occupational injury rates varied from 5 to 6.0 per 100,000 employed workers during this 11-year period. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1992-1995.) (Sources: BLS [2003a,d].)
172		Table 4-2 Number and 5-year average rate of lost-workday injuries by type of employer and commodity at various work locations, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, both the highest numbers and rates of lost-workday injuries occurred in the underground work areas of underground mines. Within underground work areas, the highest rates were observed for coal mine operator and coal mine contractor workers, who together accounted for 88% (17,260) of all the lost-workday injuries in underground work areas. Within surface locations, the highest injury rates were in stone and nonmetal dredge locations. High numbers and rates of injuries were also experienced by stone mine operator workers at both surface production areas and processing (mill) work areas. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

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