NIOSH Publication No. 2004-146

Worker Health Chartbook 2004

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1 Figure 1-6 Employment by major industry division, 1990, 2000, and projected to 2010. BLS projects employment to increase by 22 million workers (to a total of 167.7 million) during 2000-2010. The largest numbers of workers will be employed in the services and wholesale and retail trade sectors. BLS estimates that these industrial sectors will have the greatest growth between 2000 and 2010, with employment increasing to 52.2 million for services and 34.2 million for wholesale and retail trade. (Source: BLS [2002a].)

2 Figure 1-14 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry by industry, 2001. Durable goods manufacturing accounted for the highest rate of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses (8.8 per 100 workers) reported in 2001, followed by construction (7.9) and agriculture, forestry and fishing (7.3). Services reported approximately 1.3 million cases, or 25% of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in 2001. (Note: Numbers of nonfatal injuries and illnesses are inside the bars.) (Source: BLS [2002b].)

3 Figure 1-17 Incidence rates of injuries and illnesses in six major industry sectors, 1992-2001. Overall, incidence rates declined for each of the selected industry sectors during 1992-2001. The highest rates occurred within durable goods manufacturing, construction, and nondurable goods manufacturing. (Source: BLS [2002b].)

4 Figure 1-33 Distribution of nonfatal injury cases with days away from work and nonfatal injury plus illness cases by private industry sector, 2001. For most private industry sectors in 2001, distribution of the 1.47 million nonfatal injury cases was comparable with that of the 1.54 million nonfatal injury plus illness cases. Services accounted for 24% of the cases in each case category. Manufacturing accounted for 19.6% of injury cases and 20.7% of injury plus illness cases. The difference was greatest for durable manufacturing, which accounted for 12.7% of injury cases and 13.5% of injury plus illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003c].)

5 Figure 2-8 Incidence rate of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases by private industry sector, 2001. For anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorders, private industry reported an overall incidence rate of 0.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for transportation and public utilities (1.1), finance, insurance, and real estate (1.1), and services (0.7) (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

6 Figure 2-9 Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for these disorders declined 25% in the private sector during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector except retail trade. Finance, insurance, and real estate had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 42.1% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

7 Figure 2-25 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries by private industry sector, 2002. In 2002, two industry sectors accounted for more than 40% of fatal occupational injuries: construction (22.6% or 1,121 cases) and transportation and public utilities (18.3% or 910 cases). (Source: BLS [2003].)

8 Figure 2-32 Percentage of companies in Michigan in major industry divisions that tested for hearing loss as part of a hearing conservation program (when worker was most recently exposed to noise), as reported by patient interviews, 1992-2000. Companies were most likely to have tested for hearing loss as part of a hearing conservation program (when worker was most recently exposed to noise) in the transportation, manufacturing, and mining industries. (Source: Rosenman and Reilly [2002].)

9 Figure 2-44 Distribution of MSD cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry, 2001. Manufacturing (22.9%) and services (25.8%) accounted for about half of all MSD cases in 2001. Distributions of MSD cases are notably different from distributions of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses by industry sector, with the greatest differences in services, construction, manufacturing, and retail trade. (Source: BLS [2003d].)

10 Figure 2-52 Incidence rate of CTS cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported a CTS incidence rate of 3.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. The rates for manufacturing (6.5 or 11,240 cases) and for finance, insurance, and real estate (3.2 or 2,204 cases) both exceeded the private-sector rate. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)

11 Figure 2-53 Annual rates of CTS cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate declined 30.2% during 1992-2001. Rates declined for each industry sector except wholesale trade. During this 10-year period, manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors and experienced a 33% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)

12 Figure 2-67 Incidence rate of tendonitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported a tendonitis incidence rate of 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Three sectors reported rates exceeding the private-sector rate: manufacturing (3.2 per 10,000 full-time workers or 5,567 cases), construction (2.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,230 cases), and transportation and public utilities (1.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,128 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

13 Figure 2-68 Annual rates of tendonitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of tendonitis cases declined 51.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. Rates declined among most industry sectors except for mining and transportation and public utilities. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates of tendonitis than other industry sectors and experienced a 59% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

14 Figure 2-74 Incidence rate of total nonfatal occupational injury cases by private industry sector, 2001. The private sector reported a total injury incidence rate of 5.4 per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for construction (7.8 per 100 full-time workers or 474,500 cases), manufacturing (7.0 per 100 full-time workers or 1.2 million cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (7.0 per 100 full-time workers or 104,400 cases), transportation and public utilities (6.6 per 100 full-time workers or 436,900 cases), and retail trade (5.5 per 100 full-time workers or 964,200 cases). (Source: BLS [2002].)

15 Figure 2-75 Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases declined for each major industry sector during 1976-2001. With the general decline in rates, the high-to-low rate ratio narrowed from 7.9 in 1976 to 5.2 in 2001. Two industry sectors (construction and manufacturing) had consistently higher rates than most other sectors during the 25-year period. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)

16 Figure 2-76 Incidence rates of lost-workday injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. The incidence rates for recordable lost-workday injuries varied among industry sectors, with the high-to-low rate ratio narrowing from 8.1 in 1976 to 6.0 in 2001. Three industry sectors (construction, manufacturing, and transportation and public utilities) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during 1976-2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)

17 Figure 2-77 Incidence rates of injury cases with restricted work activity only by private industry sector, 1992-2001. During this 10-year period, the incidence rate for cases of restricted work activity only increased for each major industry sector. The highest rates were reported for manufacturing, ranging from a low of 1.5 per 100 full-time workers in 1992 to a high of 2.1 in 1998 and 2000. The lowest rates (0.1 to 0.2 per 100 full-time workers) were reported for finance, insurance, and real estate. (Source: BLS [2002].)

18 Figure 2-87 Incidence rate of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an amputation incidence rate of 1.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for agriculture, forestry, and fishing (2.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 401 cases), manufacturing (2.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 4,239 cases), construction (1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers or 949 cases), and mining (1.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 64 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

19 Figure 2-88 Annual rates of amputation cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of amputations declined 37.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. During this period, rates declined for each of the major industry sectors. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 26.5% reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

20 Figure 2-96 Incidence rate of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry by industry sector, 2001. In 2001, back injury incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate (41.0 per 10,000 full-time workers) were reported for transportation and public utilities (77.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 50,765 cases), construction (63.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 38,973 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (58.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 8,830 cases), and wholesale trade (47.3 per 10,000 full-time workers or 30,421 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

21 Figure 2-97 Annual rates of back injury cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for back injuries involving days away from work declined 52% during 1992-2001, and similar reductions occurred in each of the major industry sectors. Two industry sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced 36.1% and 52.7% rate reductions, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

22 Figure 2-105 Incidence rate of bruise and contusion cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 15.0 per 10,000 full-time workers for bruise and contusion cases in 2001. Higher rates were reported for transportation and public utilities (28.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 18,742 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (26.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,964 cases), construction (20.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 12,689 cases), mining (19.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,127 cases), wholesale trade (17.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 11,461 cases), and retail trade (15.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 27,689 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

23 Figure 2-106 Annual rate of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate of bruise and contusion cases declined 48% during 1992-2001, and rate reductions were reported for each of the major industry sectors. Four industry sectors (transportation and public utilities, construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 35%, 49%, 50%, and 31%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

24 Figure 2-116 Incidence rate of heat burn and scald cases in private industry by industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 2.8 per 10,000 full-time workers for heat burn and scald cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for retail trade (5.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 10,082 cases) and construction (4.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 2,453 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

25 Figure 2-117 Annual rates of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of heat burn and scald cases declined by nearly half (48.1%) during 1992-2001, and rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (retail trade, construction, and manufacturing) had higher rates than the other sectors and experienced rate reductions of 50%, 37.5%, and 50%, respectively, during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

26 Figure 2-125 Incidence rate of cut and laceration cases in private industry by industry sector, 2001. For 2001, incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate of 12.6 per 10,000 full-time workers were reported for construction (35.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 21,849 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (26.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,984 cases), manufacturing (16.1 per 10,000 full-time workers or 27,881 cases), and retail trade (15.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 26,739 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

27 Figure 2-126 Annual rates of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of cut and laceration cases declined 44.5% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each major industry sector. Two sectors (construction and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 26.3% and 41.2%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

28 Figure 2-136 Incidence rate of fracture cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 11.9 per 10,000 full-time workers for fracture cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for construction (32.5 per 10,000 full-time workers or 19,786 cases), mining (25.4 per 10,000 full-time workers or 1,505 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (21.7 per 10,000 full-time workers or 3,260 cases), transportation and public utilities (20.9 per 10,000 full-time workers or 13,758 cases), and manufacturing (13.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 22,493 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

29 Figure 2-137 Annual rates of fracture cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of fracture cases in the private sector declined 36.7% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 38.9%, 35.5%, and 33.6%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

30 Figure 2-145 Incidence rate of sprain, strain, and tear cases by private industry sector, 2001. Private industry reported an incidence rate of 73.7 per 10,000 full-time workers for sprain, strain, and tear cases in 2001. Incidence rates exceeding the private-sector rate were reported for transportation and public utilities (147.0 per 10,000 full-time workers or 96,700 cases), construction (116.8 per 10,000 full-time workers or 71,225 cases), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (91.6 per 10,000 full-time workers or 13,758 cases), and wholesale trade (81.2 per 10,000 full-time workers or 52,261 cases). (Source: BLS [2003a].)

31 Figure 2-146 Annual rates of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for sprain, strain, and tear cases declined 44.9% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred for each major industry sector. Two sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 41.5% and 30.4%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

32 Figure 2-155 Incidence rates of pesticide-related illness by age and industry, 1998-1999. Among industry sectors, agriculture accounted for the highest incidence rates of pesticide-related illness, ranging from 5 to 27 cases per 100,000 full-time workers. Rates were highest among younger workers, peaking among those aged 20-24, and decreasing with increasing age. (Sources: NIOSH [2002d]; Calvert [2002].)

33 Figure 2-158 Distribution and number of pesticide-related illnesses by industry, 1998-1999. Employer or industry data were available for 911 of the 1,009 pesticide-related illness cases during 1998-99. Most of these cases (51.5% or 469 cases) were from the agricultural sector. Services accounted for 19.4% (177 cases) and transportation, communication, and public utilities accounted for 9.3% (85) cases. (Sources: NIOSH [2002d]; Calvert [2002].)

34 Figure 2-215 Incidence rate of dermatitis cases by private industry sector, 2001. For dermatitis cases, private industry reported an incidence rate of 0.5 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Higher rates were reported for agriculture, forestry, and fishing (1.3), manufacturing (0.7), transportation and public utilities (0.7), and services (0.6). (Note: A dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Source: BLS [2003a].)

35 Figure 2-216 Annual rates of dermatitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for dermatitis cases in the private sector declined 58.3% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector. Agriculture had consistently higher rates of dermatitis cases than other industry sectors and experienced a 78% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)

36 Figure 3-1 Fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing and the private sector, 1992-2002. Fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry ranged from 864 (16.2% of the total) in 1993 to 720 (13.5%) in 2000. (Sources: BLS [2003]; Myers [2003].)

37 Figure 3-2 Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the private sector, 1992-2002. Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in agriculture, forestry, and fishing ranged from 26.5 per 100,000 employed workers in 1993 to 21.3 in 2000. The rates during 1992-2002 were 3.9 to 5.4 times the private-sector rates. Both agriculture, forestry, and fishing and the private sector show declining rates of fatal occupational injuries since 1993. (Sources: BLS [2003]; Myers [2003].)

38 Figure 3-3 Fatal occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the private sector by age, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were higher in every age group than in the private sector. The rates in agriculture ranged from 13.7 per 100,000 for workers aged 16-24 to 62.0 for workers older than 64. These differences increase with age. The greatest differences were noted for workers aged 55 or older. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Myers [2003].)

39 Figure 3-4 Number and rate of fatal occupational injuries by race in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) White workers accounted for the highest number of fatal occupational injuries (7,018) in agriculture, forestry, and fishing during 1992-2001. The highest rate was observed among black workers (26.9 fatalities per 100,000 employed workers). American Indians or Alaska Natives had the lowest number (60) and rate (20.7 per 100,000) of fatal occupational injuries. (Sources: BLS [2002a,b]; Myers [2003].)

40 Figure 3-5 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2001 in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, non-Hispanic workers accounted for a higher rate of fatal occupational injuries than Hispanic workers (20.2 compared with 15.8 fatal injuries per 100,000 employed workers). (Sources: BLS [2002a,b]; Myers [2003].)

41 Figure 3-6 Leading sources of fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-2001. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) Farm tractors accounted for 2,165 fatal occupational injuries during 1992-2001 and were the leading source of these deaths in agriculture, forestry, and fishing. Trucks and fishing boats were also major sources of death in this industry and accounted for 795 and 434 fatal occupational injuries, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Myers [2003].)

42 Figure 3-7 Leading causes of fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry, 1992-1997. During 1992-1997, machinery caused 1,021 fatal occupational injuries and was the leading cause of these deaths in agriculture, forestry, and fishing as reported on death certificates. The next leading causes of these deaths were motor vehicles (624 fatalities) and falls (235 fatalities). (Sources: NIOSH [2001a]; Myers [2001a].)

43 Figure 3-8 Fatal occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry by State, 1992-2000. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2000, the highest numbers of fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were reported by California (646), Texas (384), Florida (313), Kentucky (298), Pennsylvania (289), and Tennessee (271). (Sources: BLS [2001a]; Myers [2001b].)

44 Figure 3-9 Fatal occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry by State, 1992-2000. (Fatality data exclude New York City.) During 1992-2000, the highest fatal occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing were reported by Alaska (175.9 per 10,000 workers), Kentucky (62.3), and Tennessee (44.3). (Sources: BLS [2001a,b]; Myers [2001b].)

45 Figure 3-10 Age distribution for unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20, 1982-1996. Youths aged 15-19 accounted for the most unintentional on-farm deaths (742) during 1982-1996, and youths under age 5 accounted for the next highest number of these deaths (527). (Sources: NCHS [2002]; Adekoya and Pratt [2001].)

46 Figure 3-11 Unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 by cause of death, 1982-1996. During 1982-1996, unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 most frequently involved machinery (773 fatalities), drowning (585 fatalities), or firearms (237 fatalities). (Sources: NCHS [2002]; Adekoya and Pratt [2001].)

47 Figure 3-12 Unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 by State, 1982-1996. During 1982-1996, the highest numbers of unintentional on-farm deaths of youths under age 20 were reported by Texas (204), Pennsylvania (109), Iowa (107), Missouri (106), and Wisconsin (105). (Sources: NCHS [2002]; Adekoya and Pratt [2001].)

48 Figure 3-13 Number of occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (excluding farms with fewer than 11 employees), 1981-2001. The number of occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing slowly increased from 83,300 injuries in 1982 to 115,400 in 1995. An estimated 104,400 nonfatal occupational injuries occurred in this industry in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Myers [2002].)

49 Figure 3-14 Occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (excluding farms with fewer than 11 employees) and the private sector, 1981-2001. Occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing declined from 11.7 per 100 full-time workers in 1981 to 6.8 in 2000. The rate increased slightly in 2001 to 7.0 per 100 full-time workers. Injury rates for agriculture consistently exceeded comparable rates in the private sector. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Myers [2002].)

50 Figure 3-15 Number of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by State, 1993-1995. During 1993-1995, the highest numbers of nonfatal occupational farming injuries occurred in California (12,695), Minnesota (11,847), Iowa (11,137), and Wisconsin (10,173). (Note: For reporting purposes, the following States were combined: Alaska and Washington; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; Delaware and Maryland; Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; Montana and Wyoming; and Nevada and Utah.) (Sources: NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)

51 Figure 3-16 Rates of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by State, 1993-1995. Mississippi had the highest rate of nonfatal occupational farming injury (14.5 per 100 full-time workers), followed by Alaska and Washington (combined injury rate of 14.3), Arizona (13.7), Ohio (13.1), and Colorado (11.3). (Note: For reporting purposes, the following States were combined: Alaska and Washington; Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island; Delaware and Maryland; Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont; Montana and Wyoming; and Nevada and Utah.) (Sources: BLS [2002b]; NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)

52 Figure 3-17 Number of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by type of farm operation, 1993-1995. During 1993-1995, most nonfatal occupational injuries occurred on cattle, hog, or sheep operations, followed by cash grain and dairy operations. (Sources: NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)

53 Figure 3-18 Rates of nonfatal occupational farming injuries by type of farm operation, 1993-1995. Nonfatal occupational injury rates were similar for crop and livestock farms during 1993-1995, but rates were slightly higher for crop farms. (Sources: NIOSH [2001b]; Myers [2001c].)

54 Figure 3-24 Number of nonfatal injuries to all youths and working youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by race, 2000. On minority farm operations in 2000, the most nonfatal injuries to all youths under age 20 occurred among American Indian or Alaska Native youths (206 injuries), followed by other (105), white youths (92), black youths (78), and Asian or Pacific Islanders (50). Far fewer nonfatal injuries occurred among working youths. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

55 Figure 3-25 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by race, 2000. American Indian and Alaska Native youths had the highest number (177) and rate (24.0 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among household youths on minority farm operations. Youths of other races had the second highest number (96) and rate (12.3 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among household youths, followed by black youths and Asian or Pacific Islander youths. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

56 Figure 3-26 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (348) and rate (12.2 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries among youths on racial minority farm operations in 2000. Hired workers had the second highest injury rate (2.7 per 1,000 hired working youths) but the lowest number of injuries (20). Visiting relatives accounted for the second highest number of nonfatal youth injuries (124), followed by hired workers (20). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

57 Figure 3-27 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (138) and rate (11.7 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths on racial minority farm operations in 2000. Visiting relatives had the next highest number of injuries (42) and the same rate of nonfatal occupational injuries as hired workers (2.7 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

58 Figure 3-28 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on racial minority farm operations by known injury hazard, 2000. Of the four known injury hazards to household youths in 2000, work accounted for the highest number (138) and rate (11.7 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries to these youths on racial minority farm operations. Horses accounted for the second highest number (60) and rate (8.0 per 1,000 youths) of these nonfatal injuries, followed by all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) and tractors. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

59 Figure 3-29 Nonfatal injuries to Hispanic and non-Hispanic youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations, 2000. On Hispanic farm operations in 2000, Hispanic youths accounted for much higher numbers of nonfatal injuries (289) and occupational nonfatal injuries (124) than did non-Hispanic youths. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

60 Figure 3-30 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. Household youths had the highest number (256) and rate (14.2 per 1,000) of nonfatal injuries to youths on Hispanic farm operations in 2000. Visiting relatives accounted for an additional 58 injuries on these farms, followed by other visitors (33 injuries). Hired workers accounted for the lowest number of nonfatal injuries to youths (17), but they had the second highest injury rate (3.3 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

61 Figure 3-31 Number and rate of nonfatal occupational injuries to youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by relationship to the farm, 2000. On Hispanic farm operations in 2000, household youths had a much higher number (114) of occupational injuries than nonhousehold youths, and their rate of injury (14.4 per 1,000 youths) was 8 times the rate for nonhousehold working youths (1.7 per 1,000 youths). (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

62 Figure 3-32 Number and rate of nonfatal injuries to household youths under age 20 on Hispanic farm operations by known injury hazard, 2000. Of the four recognized hazards to household youths in 2000, work accounted for the highest number (114) and rate (14.4 per 1,000 youths) of nonfatal injuries to these youths on Hispanic farm operations. Horses accounted for the second highest number (31) and rate (5.8 per 1,000 youths) of these nonfatal injuries, followed by ATVs and tractors. (Source: Myers et al. [2003].)

63 Figure 3-33 Distribution of farm workers by migrant status, 1999. In 1999, 49% of farm workers were settled (residing within 75 miles of their farm work job). The rest were migrant workers to varying degrees: 22% were newcomers (entered the United States to work in farm work during the past year); 21% were shuttle migrants (have a residence in the United States but commute to farm work at a distance); and 8% were follow-the-crop migrants (perform farm work in more than one location and must move for employment). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

64 Figure 3-34 Distribution of farm workers by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. In 1999, 36% percent of farm workers had been employed more than 10 years in farm work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

65 Figure 3-35 Distribution of farm workers by age, 1999. Farm workers were predominately young in 1999, with 85% under age 45. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

66 Figure 3-36 Distribution of farm workers by sex and Hispanic ethnicity, 1999. In 1999, farm workers were predominately male (78%) and Hispanic (93%). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

67 Figure 3-39 Percentage of farm workers reporting at least one health condition during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. In 1999, the percentage of farm workers reporting at least one health condition (respiratory, musculoskeletal, dermatologic, or gastrointestinal) during the preceding 12 months increased gradually with years of farm work. The lowest percentage (19%) was reported for farm workers with less than 1 year of work experience in U.S. farming. The highest percentage (34%) was reported for farm workers with more than 10 years of U.S. farm work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

68 Figure 3-40 Percentage of farm workers reporting joint or muscle pain in at least one body part during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. In 1999, the percentage of workers reporting joint or muscle pain in the back, shoulder, elbow/arm, hand/wrist, or legs/feet ranged from 11% for those in their first year of U.S. farm work to 19% for workers with more than 10 years of this work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

69 Figure 3-41 Percentage of farm workers reporting joint or muscle pain in at least one body part during the preceding 12 months by crop category last worked, 1999. The percentage of farm workers reporting joint or muscle pain in 1999 is highest (20%) among those working in multiple crop categories and lowest (11%) among horticulture workers. An average of 15% of workers in vegetables, fruits and nuts, and field crops reported joint or muscle pain. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

70 Figure 3-42 Percentage of farm workers reporting dermatitis during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. The percentage of farm workers reporting dermatitis on the hands, arms, face, torso, or legs in 1999 was similar regardless of the number of years in U.S. farm work. The percentage ranged from 6.7% in farm workers with less than 5 years of U.S. farm work to 7.8% in those with 5-10 years of this work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

71 Figure 3-43 Percentage of farm workers reporting dermatitis during the preceding 12 months by crop category last worked, 1999. In 1999, dermatitis was most common in farm workers reporting work in multiple crop categories (8.0%) and fruits and nuts (7.9%). The percentage of workers with dermatitis was lowest in vegetable workers (5.7%). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

72 Figure 3-44 Percentage of farm workers reporting wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time during the preceding 12 months by years in U.S. farm work, 1999. The percentage of farm workers reporting wheezing or whistling in the chest increased with years of U.S. farm work, from 1.5% of farm workers with less than 1 year to 4.7% of those with more than 10 years of this work. (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

73 Figure 3-45 Percentage of farm workers reporting wheezing or whistling in the chest at any time during the preceding 12 months by crop category last worked, 1999. Wheezing or whistling in the chest was most common in farm workers reporting work in multiple crop categories (4.8%) and less common in vegetable workers (2.6%) and workers in fruits and nuts (2.7%). (Sources: DOL [2001]; Steege and Baron [2002].)

74 Figure 4-1 Fatal occupational injury rates by industry division, 2002. Fatal occupational injury rates in 2002 were highest in mining (23.5 per 100,000 workers), agriculture, forestry, and fishing (22.7), construction (12.2), and transportation and public utilities (11.3). The rate for all private industry was 4.2 per 100,000 workers. (Source: BLS [2003a].)

75 Figure 4-2 Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry and in high-risk industrial sectors, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, the rates of total recordable injuries and illnesses in construction and agriculture exceeded those for all private industry by an average of 37% and 22%, respectively. However, the rates all decreased by similar percentages during this period-36% for all private industry, 40% for construction, and 37% for agriculture, forestry, and fishing. (Source: BLS [2002a].)

76 Figure 5-10 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 and younger by industry, 1992-2002. During 1992-2002, young workers in agriculture, forestry, and fishing accounted for 287 or 43.3% of all fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 or younger. Workers in retail trade and construction had the next largest numbers of fatal injuries among young workers (127 fatal injuries [or 19.2%] and 107 fatal injuries [or 16.1%], respectively). (Note: Dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)

77 Figure 5-17 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 16-19 in private industry by industry, 2001. Wholesale and retail trade and services accounted for the highest percentages (45.6% and 21.2%, respectively) of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among workers aged 16-19. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

78 Figure 5-26 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older by industry, 1992-2002. Among workers aged 55 and older, those in agriculture, forestry, and fishing experienced the largest share of fatal occupational injuries (3,629 or 27.1%) during 1992-2002. Five industries accounted for nearly 64% of these fatalities: transportation and public utilities (1,974 or 14.7%), services (1,817 or 13.6%), construction (1,756 or 13.1%), manufacturing (1,554 or 11.6%), and retail trade (1,474 or 11.0%). (Source: BLS [2003d].)

79 Figure 5-31 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and older by major private industry sector, 2001. Services, manufacturing (durable), and wholesale and retail trade together account for 67% of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55-64. The same industry sectors predominate for workers aged 65 and older, accounting for nearly 75% of all cases. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

80 Figure 5-37 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers by industry, 1992-2002. During this period, the largest proportion of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers was in construction, which accounted for 27.7% of the total, or 1,994 cases. (Source: BLS [2003d].)

81 Figure 5-43 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among Hispanic workers by industry, 2001. Among the total 191,959 cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness, wholesale and retail trade and services accounted for the largest percentages of Hispanic cases (22.3% and 21.4%, respectively). (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)

82 Table 1-4 Number of employed workers by major industry sector and percentage of female, black, and Hispanic workers, 2001. Most workers (71.9%, or 97.1 million) were employed by the services, wholesale and retail trade, and manufacturing sectors. Female workers accounted for nearly half of all workers (46.6%) and for more than half the workers in services; finance, insurance, and real estate; and retail trade. Black workers accounted for 11.3% of all workers, but public administration and transportation and public utilities had the greatest proportions of black workers (16.2% and 15.8%, respectively). Hispanic workers accounted for 10.9% of all workers, but agriculture and construction had the greatest proportions of Hispanic workers (20.3% and 15.8%, respectively). (Source: BLS [2001].)

83 Table 5-1 Number and distribution of employed workers in major industry groups by age, 2001. Young workers aged 16-19 accounted for 6.9 million or 5.1% of all employed workers, and those aged 55 and older accounted for 18.3 million or 13.6%. Of the young workers aged 16-19, 54.2% were employed in wholesale and retail trade, and 27.5% in services. Of the employed workers aged 55 and older, 40.0% were employed in services, and 17.5% in wholesale and retail trade. (Source: BLS [2001].)