TITLE: Wastewater Irrigation PUBLICATION DATE: July 1993 ENTRY DATE: April 1995 EXPIRATION DATE: UPDATE FREQUENCY: CONTACT: Jane Gates Alternative Farming Systems Information Center National Agricultural Library Room 304, 10301 Baltimore Ave. Beltsville, MD 20705-2351 Telephone: (301) 504-6559 FAX: (301) 504-6409 Internet: afsic@nal.usda.gov DOCUMENT TYPE: text DOCUMENT SIZE: 217 k (98 pages) ============================================================== ISSN: 1052-5378 United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library 10301 Baltimore Blvd. Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 Wastewater Irrigation January 1990 - June 1993 QB 93-55 Quick Bibliography SeriesBibliographies in the Quick Bibliography Series of the National Agricultural Library, are intended primarily for current awareness, and as the title of the series implies, are not indepth exhaustive bibliographies on any given subject. However, the citations are a substantial resource for recent investigations on a given topic. They also serve the purpose of bringing the literature of agriculture to the interested user who, in many cases, could not access it by any other means. The bibliographies are derived from computerized on- line searches of the AGRICOLA data base. Timeliness of topic and evidence of extensive interest are the selection criteria. The author/searcher determines the purpose, length, and search strategy of the Quick Bibliography. Information regarding these is available upon request from the author/searcher. Copies of this bibliography may be made or used for distribution without prior approval. The inclusion or omission of a particular publication or citation may not be construed as endorsement or disapproval. To request a copy of a bibliography in this series, send the series title, series number and self-addressed gummed label to: U.S. Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Library Public Services Division, Room 111 Beltsville, Maryland 20705 Wastewater Irrigation January 1990 - June 1993 Quick Bibliography Series: QB 93-55 158 citations from AGRICOLA Karl Schneider Reference and User Services Branch July 1993National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Schneider, Karl Wastewater irrigation. 1. Irrigation water--Bibliography. 2. Water-supply, Agricultural--Bibliography. 3. Land treatment of wastewater-- Bibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.93-55AGRICOLA Citations in this bibliography were entered in the AGRICOLA database between January 1979 and the present. SAMPLE CITATIONS Citations in this bibliography are from the National Agricultural Library's AGRICOLA database. An explanation of sample journal article, book, and audiovisual citations appears below. JOURNAL ARTICLE: Citation # NAL Call No. Article title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher. Journal Title. Date. Volume (Issue). Pages. (NAL Call Number). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL 389.8.SCH6 Morrison, S.B. Denver, Colo.: American School Food Service Association. School foodservice journal. Sept 1987. v. 41 (8). p.48-50. ill. BOOK: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Information on pagination, indices, or bibliographies. Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL RM218.K36 1987 Exploring careers in dietetics and nutrition. Kane, June Kozak. New York: Rosen Pub. Group, 1987. Includes index. xii, 133 p.: ill.; 22 cm. Bibliography: p. 126. AUDIOVISUAL: Citation # NAL Call Number Title. Author. Place of publication: Publisher, date. Supplemental information such as funding. Media format (i.e., videocassette): Description (sound, color, size). Example: 1 NAL Call No.: DNAL FNCTX364.A425 F&N AV All aboard the nutri-train. Mayo, Cynthia. Richmond, Va.: Richmond Public Schools, 1981. NET funded. Activity packet prepared by Cynthia Mayo. 1 videocassette (30 min.): sd., col.; 3/4 in. + activity packet. Wastewater Irrigation Search Strategy 1. SS EFFLUENT? OR WASTEWATER? OR SLUDGE? OR WATER?(S)(PROCESS? OR DISCHARG?) 2. SS IRRIGAT? OR CROP?(3N)WATER? OR RECHARG? 3. C14*8 4. L15/1990:1993 WASTEWATER IRRIGATION 1 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Agricultural and munipal use of wastewater. Bouwer, H. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1583-1591; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Refuse; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water quality; Quality standards 2 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Anaerobic/aerobic pretreatment of sugarcane mill wastewater for application of drip irrigation. Yang, P.Y.; Chang, L.J.; Whalen, S.A. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 243-250; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Sugarcane; Sugar factory waste; Waste water treatment; Aerobic treatment; Anaerobic treatment; Pretreatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Trickle irrigation; Organic compounds; Solid wastes; Removal; Hydraulics; Retention; Time; Aeration; Lagoons; Cost analysis 3 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6 An animal model to assess the potential for viral disease transmission from lawns irrigated with wastewater. Deming, E.J.; Mote, C.R.; Von Bernuth, R.D.; Potgieter, L.N.D. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992 Dec. Journal of environmental science and health : Part A : Environmental science and engineering v. 27 (8): p. 2199-2211; 1992 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Irrigation; Waste water; Contamination; Porcine enterovirus; Pigs; Disease transmission; Animal models; Disease models; Human diseases; Infection; Risk 4 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 Applicability of the steady state flow assumption for solute advection in field soils. Destouni, G. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Aug. Water resources research v. 27 (8): p. 2129-2140; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Agricultural soils; Solutes; Transport processes; Transient flow; Soil water movement; Soil texture; Soil depth; Plant water relations; Simulation models Abstract: A comparison between solute travel times predicted by a transient and a steady state flow model is made. Data for five different soil profiles with detailed measurements of their hydraulic properties and their variation with depth are used. Daily measurements of meteorological data are used as input parameters in the transient simulations that include snow and frost dynamics, interception of precipitation, and evapotranspiration. The parameters of the steady state flow model are related to the measured soil properties and the hydrological characteristics of each transient simulation. Furthermore, the influence of solute injection time on the predicted travel time is analyzed, and the effect of root water uptake on the applicability, of the steady state flow assumption for solute advection is investigated. The results indicate that the steady, state flow model may provide estimates of the mean solute advection that are compatible with those of the transient flow model. The constant rate of recharge in the steady state flow, model should then be interpreted as the average annual effective infiltration (i.e., infiltration minus actual evapotranspiration). When root water uptake is accounted for, an arithmetic depth- averaging of the soil parameters appears to yield steady state estimates of arrival time that are closest to the transient predictions. When root water uptake is neglected, a harmonic depth-averaging of the soil parameters provides the best steady state results. The discrepancy between the arrival times predicted with the two flow models decreases with the travel distance from the soil surface. 5 NAL Call. No.: S612.I756 Application of a hydraulic model for testing management decisions at distributary level. Bhutta, M.N.; Kijne, J.W. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992. Irrigation science v. 13 (1): p. 15-20; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pakistan punjab; Irrigation systems; Water allocation; Surface water; Water distribution; Simulation models; Canals; Channels; Discharge; Water use; Water policy Abstract: This study was conducted on the Lagar Distributary of Gugera Branch of Lower Chenab Canal, Punjab, Pakistan. A computer model "MISTRAL" was adopted for evaluating management options. The study showed that the model can be used as a decision support tool for prioritizing management options. The model suggests that under current physical conditions of this distributary the combination of rotation between the distributaries and along the distributary canals can improve the equity of water discharge. For example, in case of Lagar Distributary the discharge of tail outlets can be increased threefold by introducing rotation between the tail of the distributary and an offtaking minor canal. A small decrease in the discharge of the minor would result from adopting this option. A combination of rotations between this and neighboring distributaries and along the Lagar itself can increase the discharge of tail outlets up to seven times. The results of the model indicate that operational changes can improve the discharge of tall outlets to some extent, but the improvement of physical conditions of the distributary is needed to achieve equity conditions, as specified in the design. 6 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Appropriate industrial waste management technologies: the New Zealand meat industry. Rao Bhamidimarri, S.M. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (1): p. 89-95; 1991. Paper presented at the "First IAWPRC East African Regional Conference on Industrial Wastewaters," October 25-28, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Zealand; Meat and livestock industry; Industrial wastes; Waste treatment; Technology; Organic fertilizers; Organic farming; Water reuse; Irrigation water 7 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Appropriate wastewater treatment and reuse in Morocco-Boujad: a case study. Niedrum, S.B.; Karioun, A.; Mara, D.D.; Mills, S.W. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 205-213; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Morocco; Effluents; Waste water treatment; Stabilizing; Ponds; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water quality; Microbial contamination; Public health; Health protection; Case studies; Algae; Organic fertilizers; Yield response functions 8 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 The Carini experimental station for wastewater reuse in agriculture--preliminary indications. Croce, F.; Pollara, J.R.; Oliveri, R.L.; Torregrossa, M.V.; Valentino, L. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (9/11): p. 2617-2620; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 5 / edited by M. Suzuki, et.al. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Language: English Descriptors: Sicily; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Soil pollution; Human diseases; Pathogens 9 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6 Characterization and control of domestic wastewater in Bahrain: assessment of possible applications. Akhter, M.S.; Madany, I.M. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Journal of environmental science and health : Part A : Environmental science and engineering v. 26 (6): p. 971-979; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bahrain; Waste water; Water reuse; Treatment; Chemical analysis; Irrigation water; Groundwater recharge; Landscaping 10 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Checks on the measurement of potential evapotranspiration using water balance data and independent measures of groundwater recharge. Essery, C.I.; Wilcock, D.N. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Dec01. Journal of hydrology v. 120 (1/4): p. 51-64; 1990 Dec01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Northern ireland; Evapotranspiration; Evaporation; Measurement; Water balance; Water table; Heat flow; Temperate climate Abstract: A twelve-year record of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration measurements at the Coleraine campus of the University of Ulster in Northern Ireland is analysed. Potential evapotranspiration (PE) is independently derived from: (i) Penman PT estimates; (ii) irrigated grass lysimeters PE(L);, (iii) measurements of tank evaporation, PE(T). Both PE(T) and PE(L) are higher in winter than PT and have more prolonged summer peaks. Examination of soil moisture deficits during the period shows that actual evapotranspiration (AE) rarely falls below the potential rate and that PE and AE are therefore equal for most of the year. The availability of rainfall, stream discharge and groundwater data from an instrumented river catchment on the University campus enables water balances to be constructed for the period of study. Separate water balances using each of the PE estimates show that Penman PT most satisfactorily reflects catchment storage changes monitored independently. Penman PT is therefore confirmed as the most appropriate estimate of PE for the climatic, soil and vegetation conditions of the region. The use of Penman PT in water balance determinations, however, does not secure perfect agreement between estimated recharge and depletion of catchment storage on the one hand, and observed changes in water-table level on the other. The combined effects of error in surface water balance determinations are estimated at about 13%. 11 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Chemical effects of saline irrigation water on a San Joaquin Valley soil. I. Column studies. Thellier, C.; Sposito, G.; Holtzclaw, K.M. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1990 Jan. Journal of environmental quality v. 19 (1): p. 50-55; 1990 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Soil salinity; Irrigation water; Saline water; Soil depth; Leaching; Exchangeable sodium; Exchangeable cations; Saturation extract; Capillary rise; Laboratory tests Abstract: A glasshouse soil column experiment was performed to characterize salinity and sodicity developed from waters of differing composition applied to a representative soil from the San Joaquin Valley of California. The soil column experiment was designed to simulate physicochemical conditions in a field experiment conducted in the western San Joaquin Valley, where an Entisol above a shallow, saline aquifer was irrigated with waters of varying quality. Columns 0.46 m long containing the Entisol were leached with "California Aqueduct water" (EC = 0.72 dS m-1, SAR = 4 mole(c) 1/2m-3/2 or with saline "well water" (EC = 8 ds m-1, SAR = 13 mole(c) 1/2m-3/2) for periods up to 1 yr. When a simulated "aquifer" was 0.43 m below the soil surface, leaching with aqueduct water produced a positive downward gradient of soluble salt concentrations and exchangeable Na, whereas leaching with well water produced a dramatic increase of sodicity at the soil surface and a zone of soluble bivalent cation accumulation about 0.2 m below. These effects reflected the combined influence of the applied water quality and evaporative capillary arise from the saline "aquifer." After the simulated "aquifer" was withdrawn, soil saturation extracts indicated equilibration with the applied waters after 0.5 to 1 yr, the rate being greater under leaching with aqueduct water. The saturation extract and drainage effluent for the soil receiving aqueduct water became more dilute, producing calcite dissolution and increasing exchangeable Ca, with a consequent decline in sodicity. The soil receiving well water showed an increase in exchangeable Na at the expense of exchangeable Ca, with little or no change in exchangeable K and Mg. At the completion of the experiment, the soil irrigated with well water had become more saline and sodic but, since EC was sufficiently high as compared to SAR, no major permeability problems with the soil were expected. Therefore, from the results of this study, the reuse of saline 12 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 The chemical evolution of groundwater in a first-order catchment and the process of salt accumulation in the soil profile. Salama, R.B.; Farrington, P.; Bartle, G.A.; Watson, G.D. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Mar15. Journal of hydrology v. 143 (3/4): p. 233-258; 1993 Mar15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Western australia; Watersheds; Groundwater; Salinity; Streams; Chemical composition; Surface water; Flow; Ions; Salts; Water quality; Weathering; Gibbsite; Kaolinite; Drainage water; Profiles; Rain; Geochemistry; Carbon dioxide; Transpiration; Leakage; Aquifers; Evaporation Abstract: The chemical characteristics of surface water, base flow and groundwater in a first-order catchment in the wheatbelt of Western Australia were used to study the weathering process and its relationship to the development of groundwater and stream salinity. Meteoric water infiltrates through the unsaturated zone to the water table aquifer and through the aquifer outcrop in the case of a confined aquifer. The groundwater composition changes in space and time, becoming more saline with depth and distance away from the recharge zone. The concentration of salt in the system can be explained by four main mechanisms: withdrawal of water through uptake by plant roots for transpiration; loss of water during the weathering process and the formation of new minerals; leakage between aquifers; evaporation upstream of geological structures and near discharge zones. The groundwater is mainly of Na-Cl type, and is at saturation with respect to most of the carbonate minerals, chalcedony, talc and tremolite. The water changes in its chemical composition as rock-water interaction takes place. The weathering products are gibbsite and kaolinite, with the release of Na+ K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, HCO-3 and H4SiO4. The preclearing weathering products are produced in a system open to CO2 (through the plant roots), with groundwater under this system having excess Na+. After clearing the system becomes depleted in CO2 and the groundwater becomes depleted in Na+ through exchange with Mg2+ from the rock surface. Geochemical modelling showed that most of the constituents in groundwater can be accounted for by taking into consideration the constituents of rainfall, with minor additions from the weathering process. 13 NAL Call. No.: SB319.2.F6F56 Citrus irrigation with reclaimed municipal wastewater. Koo, R.C.J.; Zekri, M. S.l. : The Society; 1990 May. Proceedings of the ... annual meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society v. 102: p. 52-56; 1990 May. Proceedings held October 31-November 2, 1989, Tampa, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Citrus sinensis; Irrigation; Irrigation water; Waste water; Water quality; Plant nutrition 14 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 The clogging capacity of reclaimed wastewater: a new quality criterion for drip irrigation. Teltsch, B.; Juanico, M.; Azov, Y.; Ben-Harim, I.; Shelef, G. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 123-131; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Trickle irrigation; Water quality; Requirements; Filtration; Capacity; Water pollution; Particles; Control methods; Biological techniques; Freshwater fishes; Plankton; Concentration 15 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6 Comparative survival of enteric viruses and coliphage on sewage irrigated grass. Badawy, A.S.; Rose, J.B.; Gerba, C.P. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1990. Journal of environmental science and health : Part A : Environmental science and engineering v. 25 (8): p. 937-952; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lawns and turf; Irrigation water; Activated sludge; Sewage effluent; Water pollution; Enterovirus; Survival; Health hazards 16 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Comparison between chlorine dioxide and chlorine for use as a disinfectant of wastewater effluents. Narkis, N.; Kott, Y. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1483-1492; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Refuse; Waste treatment; Effluents; Disinfection; Disinfectants; Comparisons; Water reuse; Irrigation water 17 NAL Call. No.: S671.A66 Considerations for tile drainage-water quality studies in temperature regions. Milburn, P.; MacLeod, J. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Mar. Applied engineering in agriculture v. 7 (2): p. 209-215; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Water quality; Drainage; Tile drainage; Temperate zones; Crop management; Discharge; Experimental design Abstract: Experimental designs of 14 subsurface drainage- water quality studies conducted over the past 18 years are reviewed. To more accurately determine mass contaminant flux and processes, more intense monitoring of drain discharge rate and drainage water quality is needed than in most past studies. A recently installed field scale system of subsurface drainage-water quality plots and associated equipment, capable of intense, year round monitoring, is described and preliminary data showing performance of the system is presented. The material presented should be of interest to those planning and designing drainage-water quality studies, or refitting existing drainage installation for water quality investigations. 18 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Contamination of lettuces with nematode eggs by spray irrigation with treated and untreated wastewater. Ayres, R.M.; Stott, R.; Lee, D.L.; Mara, D.D.; Silva, S.A. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1615-1623; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Brazil; Waste water treatment; Infestation; Ascaridia galli; Ascaris lumbRicoides; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Sprinkler irrigation; Lactuca sativa 19 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Control of nutrient mixing and uptake by irrigation frequency and relative humidity. Kargbo, D.; Skopp, J.; Knudsen, D. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Nov. Agronomy journal v. 83 (6): p. 1023-1028; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Zea mays; Nutrient uptake; Irrigation scheduling; Soil water content; Water uptake; Water availability; Field capacity; Solutes; Soil solution; Transport processes; Diffusion; Potassium; Phosphorus; Diffusivity; Relative humidity; Soil pore system Abstract: The distribution of nutrients and water between mobile and immobile pores should influence nutrient uptake. The distribution can be regulated through control of the water-filled pore space. This research was conducted to determine the effect of varying soil-water content and water uptake upon nutrient uptake. Corn (Zea mays L.) was grown in a growth chamber for 2 wk at 35 or 55% relative humidity (RH). Three soils [Boelus LS, 5% slope (sandy over loamy, mixed, mesic Udic Haplustoll); Boelus LS, 2% slope; and Plano Soil (fine-silty, mixed, thermic Typic Haplustolf)] were watered to field capacity. Plants on each soil were allowed to extract water to one of three minimal levels before rewatering. After harvest, P and K content and other root and leaf parameters were determined. The values of minimal levels were chosen so that, for each soil, the three values ensured no low-water stress. Effective diffusion coefficients were determined for the three soils. Increased minimal levels for a soil required for frequent watering, which led to greater mixing of solutes between pores. At 55% RH, no water treatment significantly affected P and K flux, despite significant differences in diffusion coefficients. At 35% RH, however, phosphate flux to roots increased as minimum levels increased. The significant increase of phosphate flux with more frequent watering at low RH suggests that plant uptake is affected by soil physical processes other than simple diffusion and convection to individual roots. More frequent watering results in greater mixing of solute between pores containing mobile and immobile water and, consequently, greater uptake. 20 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67 Control of root size and root environment of fruit trees for optimal fruit production. Bravdo, B.A.; Levin, I.; Assaf, R. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992. Journal of plant nutrition v. 15 (6/7): p. 699-712; 1992. Paper presented at the "Workshop on Root Distribution, and Chemistry and Biology of the Root-Soil Interface", January 9-11, 1990, Ithaca, New York. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Citrus; Malus pumila; Vitis vinifera; Root systems; Roots; Size; Biomass; Fruits; Crop yield; Water availability; Matric potential; Nutrient availability; Fertilizers; Fertigation; Application rates; Trickle irrigation; Irrigation requirements; Sensors; Automatic irrigation systems Abstract: Recent development in technologies of irrigation and fertilization enable us to control root size and environment under field conditions. Low volume irrigation and fertilization affects root size and rate of rootlets production and consequently vegetative and reproductive processes of whole plants. The mechanisms involved seem to include growth regulators production at the root apexes and their translocation to the shoots. Field experiments in a few species of deciduous trees and citrus, showed that root systems are very flexible and can adjust to low volume irrigation irrespective of age or size of the trees or stage of development. Root restriction under field conditions was found to cause precocity, increase productivity and reduce the size of the trees. A greater number of trees per unit land can be grown without reducing light penetration which is the most important factor affecting physiological processes controlling fruit bud differentiation, such as assimilate translocation, photosynthetic efficiency fruit composition, size and coloration. Control of root environment in terms of soil matric potential, mineral concentration and aeration can also be achieved by irrigating and fertilizing at the rate of consumptive use. A non uniform distribution of water and minerals was found to exist when a point source irrigation such as drip was used. Nevertheless, a highly efficient uptake of water and minerals were found under conditions of an almost continuous supply of water and minerals by drip irrigation systems. Results of various studies show that this phenomenon may be attributed to transfer of water, minerals and air among individual roots of a root system subjected to gradients of water, minerals, and oxygen concentrations. A computer controlled automated irrigation and fertilization system which consists of soil matric potential sensors located in the main root zone was developed. This system provides means for controlling the size of the root system as well 21 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Dairy wastewater treatment and reuse. Hadjivassilis, I. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (1): p. 83-87; 1991. Paper presented at the "First IAWPRC East African Regional Conference on Industrial Wastewaters," October 25-28, 1989, Nairobi, Kenya. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cyprus; Dairy industry; Industrial wastes; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Activated sludge; Irrigation water 22 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46 Denitrification activity in the root zone of a sludge-amended desert soil. Artiola, J.F.; Pepper, I.L. Berlin : Springer International; 1992 Aug. Biology and fertility of soils v. 13 (4): p. 200-205; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Gossypium hirsutum; Denitrification; Desert soils; Nitrates; Roots; Sludges; Soil amendments; Clay loam soils; Furrow irrigation 23 NAL Call. No.: TD419.R47 Denitrification by an expanded bed biofilm reactor. MacDonald, D.V. Alexandria, Va. : The Federation; 1990 Sep. Research journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation v. 62 (6): p. 796-802. maps; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Waste water treatment; Denitrification; Biofilms; Bioreactors; Design; Performance; Installation; Effluents; Utilization; Irrigation water; Groundwater recharge; Projects; Costs 24 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Design methods for the development of wastewater land disposal systems. Thoma, K.; Baker, P.A.; Allender, E.B. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1): p. 77-86; 1993. In the series analytic: Appropriate waste management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew. Proceedings of the International Conference, held November 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South australia; Waste water; Waste disposal sites; Application to land; Systems; Design; Industrial wastes; Irrigation; Eucalyptus; Forest plantations; Soil pollution 25 NAL Call. No.: GB701.W375 no.92-4024A Detailed study of irrigation drainage in and near wildlife management areas, west-central Nevada, 1987-90 Part A Water quality, sediment composition, and hydrogeochemical processes in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management areas.. Water quality, sediment composition, and hydrogeochemical processes in Stillwater and Fernley Wildlife Management areas Lico, Michael S. Geological Survey (U.S.) Carson City, Nev. : U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, CO : Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],; 1992. vii, 65 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. (Water-resources investigations report ; 92-4024A). U.S. Geological Survey ... [et al.]. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-65). Language: English Descriptors: Irrigation; Water quality; Water 26 NAL Call. No.: S612.I756 Determination of evapotranspiration from an alfalfa crop irrigated with saline waste water from an electrical power plant. Malek, E.; Bingham, G.E.; McCurdy, G.D.; Hanks, R.J. Berlin, W. Ger. : Springer International; 1992. Irrigation science v. 13 (2): p. 73-80; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Utah; Medicago sativa; Evapotranspiration; Irrigated stands; Irrigation water; Saline water; Waste water; Waste disposal Abstract: Investigations were carried out in 1989 to determine the evapotranspiration (ET) of alfalfa when irrigated with saline waste water coming from the evaporation of fresh water in the cooling towers of Utah Power and Light Company Electrical Power Plant at Huntington in central Utah, U.S.A. The primary goal is to dispose of the waste water from the power plant by irrigation and to maximize salt deposition in the soil, maximize crop ET, minimize runoff from the soil surface, and minimize leaching to the ground water. Using the Bowen ratio-energy balance method, alfalfa evapotranspiration was measured at an experimental site for each 20-minute period during the 1989 irrigation season. Using a simplified seasonal water balance, the results showed that cumulative irrigation plus rain was less than evapotranspiration for the 1989 irrigation season. This means that for the long term in addition to irrigation and precipitation some water was withdrawn from the soil for alfalfa crop water requirements (ET(a)). Short term evaluations showed that because of unforeseen heavy rain (thunder showers) in this mountainous area between irrigations, ET(a) was occasionally less than irrigation plus rain. This means the excess water was stored in the soil for later use. The average value for ET(a)/ET(p) (potential ET) for the 1989 irrigation season was 0.47 but occasionally the ratio was greater than unity. Short-term studies (Hanks et al. 1990a) indicate that yield and ET(a) are likely to decrease only slightly for the coming years if saline irrigation water is applied. This method of investigation can be applied to any industrial processes which produce waste water. 27 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 The development of health guidelines for wastewater reclamation. Shuval, H.I. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (7): p. 149-155; 1991. In the series analytic: Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Reclamation / edited by J. Kurbiel. Proceedings of the IAWPRC Conference, September 25-27, 1989, Cracow, Poland. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Developing countries; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Water purification; Irrigation water; Health hazards; Guidelines; Microbial contamination; Helminths; Water quality; Quality standards; Stabilization; Ponds; Who; Public health; Health protection; Water pollution; Control methods 28 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66 Discharge rates, salinities, and the performance of subsurface collector drains in Egypt. El Atfy, H.; El Gamaal, H.; Mourik, E. van Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Nov. Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v. 5 (4): p. 325-338; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Egypt; Subsurface drainage; Drain pipes; Hydraulics; Performance; Discharge; Drainage water; Salinity 29 NAL Call. No.: TD419.R47 Dissolved organic carbon in the unsaturated zone under land irrigated by wastewater effluent. Amiel, A.J.; Magaritz, M.; Ronen, D.; Lindstrand, O. Alexandria, Va. : The Federation; 1990 Nov. Research journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation v. 62 (7): p. 861-866; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water; Effluents; Irrigated soils; Soil pollution; Aquifers; Water pollution; Groundwater; Pollutants; Dissolving; Carbon; Biodegradation 30 NAL Call. No.: TD426.J68 Distribution of metals in a polluted aquifer: a comparison of aquifer suspended material to fine sediments of the adjacent environment. Magaritz, M.; Amiel, A.J.; Ronen, D.; Wells, M.C. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1990 May. Journal of contaminant hydrology v. 5 (4): p. 333-347; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Groundwater; Contamination; Aquifers; Contaminants; Metals; Distribution; Fertigation; Sewage effluent 31 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Distribution of recharge and discharge areas in a first-order catchment as interpreted from water level patterns. Salama, R.B.; Farrington, P.; Bartle, G.A; Watson, G.D. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Mar15. Journal of hydrology v. 143 (3/4): p. 259-277; 1993 Mar15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Western australia; Watersheds; Groundwater recharge; Discharge; Groundwater; Aquifers; Groundwater flow; Groundwater level; Spatial distribution; Geomorphology; Land management; Watershed management; Water quality; Streams; Dams; Salinity; Upland areas Abstract: A major problem in managing and reclaiming saline land is identifying areas of recharge and discharge in a catchment. In a first-order catchment in the wheatbelt of Western Australia, four trends of water level changes have been observed: monotonically rising water levels; continuously rising water levels with seasonal fluctuations; continuously falling water levels; seasonally fluctuating water levels. Each pattern is associated with a specific hydrologic mechanism--recharge, recharge-discharge and discharge. The spatial distribution of the aquifer systems in the catchment follows a configuration which is controlled by the basin morphology. Recharge takes place in confined aquifers at the watershed and in the uplands; recharge-discharge occurs in the unconfined to semiconfined aquifer of the midslopes, and discharge becomes dominant along the unconfined aquifers of the drainage lines. The main areas of discharge of higher- salinity groundwater occur just upstream of geological structures along the drainage line. Surface water dams were found to contribute to the establishment of new discharge areas. They cause increased pressure in the deep aquifers, resulting in a rise in water levels and groundwater discharge below the dams. 32 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Ecological impact of groundwater extraction on wetlands (Douro Basin, Spain). Bernaldez, F.G.; Rey Benayas, J.M.; Martinez, A. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Jan. Journal of hydrology v. 141 (1/4): p. 219-238; 1993 Jan. Special Issue: Hydrogeology of Wetlands. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spain; Wetlands; Groundwater extraction; Depletion; Water table; Environmental impact; Landscape; Groundwater recharge; Discharge; Hydrological factors Abstract: Declining water table levels in the Douro River basin, Central Spain, are caused by the extraction of groundwater from a relatively homogeneous aquifer, and results in several types of impact on local wetlands which vary according to their characteristics. These wetlands are local, intermediate and regional groundwater discharge sites, seepages from post-tertiary deposits, and non-linked ponds to groundwater dynamics. The following important factors influence the type of impact: the recharge or discharge nature of the affected sector of landscape; the type of connection with the regional aquifer; flow lengths and residence time of the water; the interaction between the water and the surface material, particularly clay. A wide range of wetland values and functions are affected according to the type of impact. These include productivity, amenity, recreational, scientific, educational and conservation values. 33 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Effect of effluent quality and application method on agricultural productivity and environmental control. Oron, G.; DeMalach, Y.; Hoffman, Z.; Manor, Y. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1593-1601; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Households; Waste water treatment; Effluents; Water quality; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Trickle irrigation; Sprinkler irrigation; Food crops 34 NAL Call. No.: TD760.S65 Effect of irrigation with brackish and sewage effluent waters on potassium reactions in soils. Sparks, Donald L.; Feigenbaum, Sala United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD,; 1990. 169 p. : ill. ; 28 cm. Final report. Project no. US-971-85. Includes bibliographical references. Language: English Descriptors: Sewage irrigation; Soils; Potassium content 35 NAL Call. No.: QE1.E5 Effect of paper mill effluents on accumulation of heavy metals in coconut trees near Nanjangud, Mysore District, Karnataka, India. Fazeli, M.S.; Sathyanarayan, S.; Satish, P.N.; Muthanna, L. New York, N.Y. : Springer; 1991 Jan. Environmental geology and water sciences v. 17 (1): p. 47-50; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Karnataka; Paper mill sludge; Waste water treatment; Irrigation; Cocos nucifera; Uptake; Heavy metals; Plant composition; Metal tolerance 36 NAL Call. No.: 18 J825 Effect of pulp and paper mill effluent irrigation on carbon- di-oxide evolution in soils. Kannan, K.; Oblisami, G. Berlin, W. Ger. : Paul Parey; 1990. Zeitschrift fur Acker- und Pflanzenbau v. 164 (2): p. 116-119; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Pulp mill effluent; Waste water disposal; Carbon dioxide; Decomposition; Fertirrigation; Microbial activities; Soil biology; Soil fertility 37 NAL Call. No.: GB701.W375 no.88-4174 Effect of spray irrigation of treated wastewater on water quality of the surficial aquifer system, Reedy Creek Improvement District, central Florida. German, E. R. Reedy Creek Improvement District (Fla.),Geological Survey (U.S.) Tallahassee, Fla. : U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, Colo. : Books and Open-File Reports [distributor],; 1990. vi, 43 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. (Water-resources investigations report ; 88-4174). Includes bibliographical references (p. 42-43). Language: English Descriptors: Aquifers; Sprinkler irrigation; Water quality; Water reuse; Plants, Effect of pollution on 38 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67 Effects of different management practices on surface water quality from rice fields in south Louisiana. Feagley, S.E.; Sigua, G.C.; Bengtson, R.L.; Bollich, P.K.; Linscombe, S.D. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1992. Journal of plant nutrition v. 15 (8): p. 1305-1321; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Louisiana; Flooded rice; Fields; Water quality; Mineral content; Nutrient content; Pesticide residues; Surface water; Water management; Cultivation; Flood irrigation; Sediment Abstract: Water samples collected in the Mermentau River Basin over several years at Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality monitoring sites contained high levels of total solids and nutrients during the spring that were highly correlated to pre- and post-plant discharges from rice fields. This study was developed to evaluate the potential of selected management practices (MP's) for reducing total solids, nutrients and pesticides from discharge water in order to improve the surface water quality in southwest Louisiana. Five rice plots located on the Rice Research Station in Crowley, LA represented the different MP's to be evaluated. The five water seeding MP's were: a.1-no till; a.2-water cultivation with 30-day settling, a.3-dry cultivation with clear water planting; a.4-mudding-in with vegetated filter, and b-mudding-in (control). Quality of discharged water from rice fields in the Mermentau River Basin was clearly affected by the different MP's. From the first year of data, all the MPa's were better than the mudding-in (MPb). The concentrations of the total solids (kg/ha) in the discharged water (initial + final drain) for the different MP's were in the order: MPb(4860) > MPa.3(3906) > MPa.4(3412) > MPa.2(3068) > MPa.1(1807). The Mpa.3, Mpa.4 and MPb had no detectable amounts of pesticides being released. The 30-day holding period (Mpa.2), clear water planting (MPa.3) and the mudding- in with vegetated filter (MPa.4) were similar as far as TDS, TSS and TS with the no-till (MPa.1) being the least. The 30- day holding period (Mpa.2) and the no-till (MPa.1) had less nutrients, but more pesticides released. Depending on the priority of the stream problems, different MP's may be more advantageous than others. All of the selected MP's were better than the control (MPb), and therefore, should help to improve water quality. 39 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 The effects of irrigation waste-water disposal in a former discharge zone of the Murray Basin, Australia. Chambers, L.A.; Williams, B.G.; Barnes, C.J.; Wasson, R.J. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Aug01. Journal of hydrology v. 136 (1/4): p. 303-323; 1992 Aug01. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Australia; Irrigation water; Waste water; Disposal; Saline water; Groundwater; Aquifers; Salinity; Differentiation; Monitoring; Analytical methods Abstract: In the Murray Basin in southeastern Australia, saline waste irrigation waters are often discharged to natural depressions and saline lakes as a salinity and land management strategy. At the Noora disposal basin in South Australia the waste irrigation water (EC = 17-19 dS m(-1)) has formed a lens in the top of the highly saline (50-80 dS m(-1)) regional groundwater (Parilla Sands) aquifer. Using salinity and environmental isotopes of water (deuterium and oxygen-18) the lens has been shown to extend about 500 m in a northwesterly direction from the disposal pond. The major effects of this lens have been: (1) to cause upwards displacement of the regional ground water over an area of about 285 km(2), implying increased evaporation from areas surrounding the lens; (2) to reduce evaporation of regional ground water from the central low-lying area. Electromagnetic induction techniques for detecting preferred flowpaths away from the basin were rendered ineffective in this environment because of lithologic variations within the dune system. However, examination of bore-logs and groundwater gradients indicated that there was little evidence of stratigraphic control of mound development. Salinity in the Parilla Sands aquifer was closely related to the depth of the water table from the soil surface. Shallow (2-4 m) water tables were affected by recharge and evaporation to a much greater extent than ground water located below the higher dunes. There was, however, an almost instantaneous pressure response throughout the whole groundwater system to changes induced in the low-lying areas. Analyses of piezometric data showed that there was a seasonal variation imposed on the groundwater mound development. Corrected mean annual water-table increments and estimates of the mound volume and area were derived from a Theis response curve of the water table rise associated with the mound alone. Calculations using fitted parameters from the Theis analyses also suggested high transmissivit 40 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Effects of olive oil waste water irrigation on young olive plants. Briccoli-Bati, C.; Lombardo, N. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (286): p. 489-491; 1990 Dec. Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Olive Growing," Sept. 26-29, 1989, Cordoba, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Olea europaea; Olive oil; Processing; Waste water; Irrigation water; Crop production; Fertilizers 41 NAL Call. No.: 280.8 J822 The effects of pricing policies on water conservation and drainage. Caswell, M.; Lichtenberg, E.; Zilberman, D. Ames, Iowa : American Agricultural Economics Association; 1990 Nov. American journal of agricultural economics v. 72 (4): p. 883-890; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Cotton; Irrigated farming; Trickle irrigation; Drainage; Innovation adoption; Water conservation; Farm management; Farmland; Farm inputs; Water costs; Price policy; Environmental policy; Pollution; Profitability; Simulation models Abstract: A general model of adoption of input-conserving technologies by competitive firms is introduced using drip irrigation as an example. An environmental regulation such as a drainage effluent charge is shown to influence adoption. Early adopters are likely to be producers with less efficient fixed assets (land of low quality or antiquated capital), higher input costs (higher water prices or greater depth to groundwater), and in more environmentally sensitive regions. Simulations show that drainage regulations can be expected to play a major role in adoption of more efficient irrigation technologies in California. Thus, conservation may be a key to solving resource scarcity problems and reducing external environmental costs. 42 NAL Call. No.: SB319.2.F6F56 Effects of reclaimed wastewater on leaf and soil mineral composition and fruit quality of citrus. Zekri, M.; Koo, R.C.J. S.l. : The Society; 1991 Jun. Proceedings of the ... annual meeting of the Florida State Horticulture Society v. 103: p. 38-41; 1991 Jun. Meeting held December 17-19, 1990, Lake Buena Vista, Florida. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Citrus; Irrigation; Waste water; Water conservation; Crop quality; Foliar diagnosis; Mineral nutrition; Soil water 43 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Effects of sludge disposal on groundwater nitrate concentrations. Spalding, R.F.; Exner, M.E.; Martin, G.E.; Snow, D.D. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Feb. Journal of hydrology v. 142 (1/4): p. 213-228; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Groundwater; Nitrate nitrogen; Nitrogen; Stable isotopes; Sewage sludge; Soil injection; Agricultural land; Denitrification; Persistence; Carbon; Chloride; Water pollution; Drinking water; Groundwater recharge Abstract: More than 100 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for nitrate-nitrogen, delta 15N of the nitrate, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and chloride. Multilevel samplers and nested monitoring wells were located beneath and down-gradient from an irrigated cornfield on which human waste sludge was injected. The sampling delineated a 1.3 km X 0.3 km plume of nitrate contamination. Both the nitrate-nitrogen concentrations and the delta 15N values within the plume's centroid were homogeneous. The levels were 34 +/- 3 mg l-1 and +13.4 +/- 1.2%, respectively. A retarding zone of clayey silt split the plume and separated the oxic water from the deeper anoxic water. Nitrate levels were lower in the anoxic water and declined rapidly with depth. The significant association (r = -0.91) between increasing delta 15N values and decreasing nitrate concentrations indicated that the nitrate was denitrified. High chloride concentrations in the anoxic zone beneath the retarding layer are thought to originate from the sludge storage lagoon and/or the sludge compost piles. Tritium and atrazine levels confirm that this is recent recharge water. Denitrification has utilized most of the original nitrate and DOC in the plume. 44 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Effects on crops of irrigation with facultative pond effluent. Monte, H.M. do; Sousa, M.S. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1603-1613; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Portugal; Refuse; Waste water treatment; Lagoons; Effluents; Water reuse; Irrigation; Water; Crop yield; Crop quality 45 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Effluent reuse by trickle irrigation. Oron, G.; DeMalach, Y.; Hoffman, Z.; Manor, Y. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 103-108; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Effluents; Waste disposal; Waste treatment; Fertigation; Trickle irrigation; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Sprinkler irrigation; Soil; Crops; Contamination; Zea mays; Sweetcorn; Bacteria; Viruses; Counting 46 NAL Call. No.: S544.3.C2C3 Effluent water for turfgrass irrigation. Harivandi, A. Berkeley, Calif. : The Service; 1991. Leaflet - University of California, Cooperative Extension Service (21500): 11 p.; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Effluents; Irrigation; Lawns and turf; Landscape; Waste water treatment; Health hazards; Water quality 47 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Effluents quality along a multiple-stage wastewater reclamation system for agricultural reuse. Azov, Y.; Shelef, G. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2119-2126; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Effluents; Quality; Irrigation water; Gossypium 48 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Evaluation of the California wastewater reclamation criteria using enteric virus monitoring data. Asano, T.; Leong, L.Y.C.; Rigby, M.G.; Sakaji, R.H. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1513-1524; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Regulations; Refuse; Evaluation; Reclamation; Indicators; Enterovirus; Water reuse; Irrigation water 49 NAL Call. No.: TP963.A1F4 Fertilization under drip irrigation. Bar-Yosef, B. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Fertilizer science and technology series v. 7: p. 285-329; 1991. In the series analytic: Fluid fertilizer science and technology / edited by D.A. Palgrave. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Fertigation; Liquid fertilizers; Fluids; Trickle irrigation; Fertilizer requirement determination; Irrigation water; Ph; Salinity; Plant nutrition; Nutrient requirements; Nutrient uptake; Temporal variation; Nitrogen; Movement in soil; Transport processes; Spatial distribution; Root systems; Soil water content; Soil solution; Mathematical models; Monitoring; Fertilizer technology; Management; Crop production 50 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Field study of bromacil transport under continuous-flood irrigation. Jaynes, D.B. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 May. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (3): p. 658-664; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Bromacil; Flood irrigation; Herbicide residues; Leaching; Movement in soil; Transport processes; Agricultural soils; Mathematical models Abstract: The transport processes of sorbing chemicals in field soils are poorly understood. This study characterized the leaching behavior of the weakly sorbing herbicide bromacil (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil) in comparison to Br- during continuous-flood irrigation of a small field plot. Twenty-four solution samplers were used to periodically collect in situ samples from seven depths within four 1.83 by 1.83 m subplots. Estimates of the pore water velocity (vs) and dispersion coefficient (D) were made by fitting an analytical solution of the convection-dispersion (CD) equation to the Br- data. Estimates of retardation (R) were made by fitting the CD equation to the bromacil data using the vs and D estimates from the Br- data and letting R be a fitting parameter. Estimates of R were also made from the results of batch equilibration studies using soil from seven depths. Best-fit vs and D values exhibited considerable variability from sampler to sampler (CV = 1.25 and 1.30, respectively) and showed no significant trends with depth. Retardation values estimated from the CD equation averaged 1.88, but varied from 1.21 to 3.35 and also showed no significant trend with depth. In contrast, batch equilibration studies showed the absorption properties of the surface 0.6 m of soil to be significantly different than the 0.6- to 3-m depth, with R values decreasing from 1.62 for the surface 0.6 m to 1.31 at 3 m. Although the two methods gave the same estimate of R in the surface soil neither the lower R values at deeper depths nor the tendency to decrease with depth as predicted from the batch studies was apparent in the transport data. Using D as an additional fitting parameter to the bromacil data resulted in an average increase of 1.96 for this parameter, indicating more dispersion for the sorbing solute. Increased dispersion and increased tailing of the sorbed solute may be attributed to spatially variable adsorption and to a negative correlation between vs and R (r = -0.524) 51 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 First observations on the disposal effects of olive oil mills vegetation waters on cultivated soil. Marsilio, V.; Di Giovacchino, L.; Solinas, M.; Lombardo, N.; Briccoli-Bati, C. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Dec. Acta horticulturae (286): p. 493-496; 1990 Dec. Paper presented at the "International Symposium on Olive Growing," Sept. 26-29, 1989, Cordoba, Spain. Language: English Descriptors: Italy; Olea europaea; Olive oil; Processing; Waste water; Irrigation water; Soil amendments; Soil fertility 52 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 A functional model of solute transport that accounts for bypass. Corwin, D.L.; Waggoner, B.L.; Rhoades, J.D. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jul. Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (3): p. 647-658; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Groundwater; Water quality; Transport processes; Solutes; Water management; Mathematical models Abstract: Public awareness of groundwater contamination has created renewed interest in solute transport models that can be practically applied as groundwater quality management tools. Because of their simplicity with regard to input requirements, functional models of solute transport are excellent groundwater quality management tools. A functional model of one-dimensional solute transport that accounts for hydraulic bypass is presented. The transport model TETrans, simulates the vertical movement of nonvolatile solutes (i.e., trace elements and nonvolatile organic chemicals) through the vadose zone. Plant water uptake is taken into account assuming no solute uptake by the plant. TETrans requires minimal input data for its operation. Since TETrans uses a mass-balance approach to solute transport, it offers the speed of an analytical solution and the versatility of a numerical approach without the need for input parameters, which are difficult to measure. TETrans is able to account for bypass with a single term, the mobility coefficient. The mobility coefficient, gamma, represents the fraction of the soil liquid phase, which is subject to piston-type displacement; therefore, 1 - gamma represents the fraction of the liquid phase that is bypassed. The mobility coefficient is a temporally and spatially variable parameter (within a range of 0 to l) which is calculated from the deviation of the measured chloride concentration from the predicted concentration assuming piston displacement and assuming complete mixing of the resident soil solution and incoming water for a given irrigation and volume of soil. A constant mobility coefficient for a given depth or entire profile can be determined by averaging temporally varying mobility coefficients or averaging spatially and temporally varying mobility coefficients, respectively. In essence, the mobility coefficient simplistically accounts for three physical transport phenomena in a single term. On a microscopic level there is flow thr 53 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Furrow infiltration and design with cannery wastewater. Xanthoulis, D.; Wallender, W.W. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Nov. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (6): p. 2390-2396. ill; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Sorghum; Surface irrigation; Waste water; Design; Furrows; Infiltration; Cannery wastes; Tomatoes; Waste disposal Abstract: Surface irrigation is used to apply food processing wastewater. A newly developed flow-through infiltrometer was developed to measure the influence of wastewater quality on infiltration and irrigation performance. Steady infiltration rate decreased with increased loading of BOD and TS of tomato processing wastewater. Using a hydraulic model to simulate irrigation performance, it was shown that ignoring the decline in infiltration with increased loading and using the unadjusted infiltration function reduced predicted application efficiency 23%. Surface irrigation system design should therefore include the effect of wastewater quality. 54 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Golf course irrigation with reclaimed wastewater. Mujeriego, R.; Sala, L. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 161-171; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spain; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Requirements; Golf courses; Public health; Health protection; Microbial contamination; Water resources; Water quality; Physicochemical properties; Operation; Maintenance; Costs 55 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Ground water recharge with sewage effluent. Bouwer, H. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2099-2108; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Sewage effluent; Treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Health protection; Groundwater recharge 56 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 Groundwater flow and solute movement to drain laterals, western San Joaquin Valley, California. 1. Geochemical assessment. Deverel, S.J.; Fio, J.L. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Sep. Water resources research v. 27 (9): p. 2233-2246; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Drainage water; Groundwater; Groundwater flow; Flow to drains; Solutes; Agricultural soils; Irrigated conditions; Selenium; Salinity; Water quality; Geochemistry; Hydrology; Quantitative analysis Abstract: A study was undertaken to quantitatively evaluate the hydrologic processes affecting the chemical and isotopic composition of drain lateral water in a drained agricultural field in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. The results elucidate the process of mixing of deep and shallow groundwater (below and within 6 m from land surface) entering the drain laterals. The deep groundwater was subject to evapoconcentration prior to drainage system installation and has been displaced downward (to depths greater than 6 m) in the groundwater system. The proportions of deep and shallow groundwater entering the drain laterals was calculated from the end-member oxygen 18 compositions determined in groundwater samples. The percentage of total drain lateral flow which is deep groundwater flow is about 30% for the shallow drain lateral (1.8 m below land surface) (drain lateral 1)) and 60% for the deep drain lateral (2.7 m below land surface (drain lateral 2)). During irrigation, the percentages of deep groundwater flow decrease to 0 and 30% for the shallow and deep drain laterals, respectively. Selenium concentrations in drain lateral waters decrease during irrigation but selenium loads increase. Total estimated annual loads were 1.1 and 5.4 kg of selenium for drain laterals 1 and 2, respectively. Substantial percentages of the annual load occurred during 8 days of irrigation, 23 and 9% for drain laterals 1 and 2, respectively. 57 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Groundwater-sampling network to study agrochemical effects on water quality in the unconfined aquifer: southeastern Delaware. Denver, J.M. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (465): p. 139-149; 1991. In the series analytic: Groundwater residue sampling design / edited by R.G. Nash and A.R. Leslie. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Delaware; Groundwater; Agricultural chemicals; Water quality; Sampling Abstract: Understanding local and regional groundwater-flow patterns was necessary to design a sampling network to study the movement and distribution of agrochemicals in the unconfined aquifer in southeastern Delaware. Clusters of wells completed at various depths were installed in the expected direction of local groundwater flow along a transect from the center of a 100-ha cultivated field toward a nearby stream. Contrary to expectations, groundwater flow in the study area is almost parallel to the stream, in the direction of regional flow. Consequently, agrochemicals from the site migrate along flow paths from source (recharge) areas to distant regional discharge areas and do not significantly influence the water quality in the stream. The sampling network was expanded upgradient and downgradient from the original site during a second phase of the study. The expanded network provided better understanding of agrochemical distribution relative to regional groundwater-flow patterns. 58 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Health guidelines and standards for wastewater reuse in agriculture: historical perspectives. Shuval, H.I. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2073-2080; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Health protection; Regulations; Historical records 59 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Human waste use: health protection practices and scheme monitoring. Strauss, M. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 67-79; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Man; Wastes; Waste utilization; Agricultural production; Aquaculture; Public health; Health protection; Waste water; Water reuse; Guidelines; Waste water treatment; Irrigation water 60 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12 The impact of phytophthora root rot on water extraction from soil by roots of field-grown processing tomatoes. Ristaino, J.B.; Duniway, J.M. Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1991 Jul. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v. 116 (4): p. 603-608; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Lycopersicon esculentum; Root rots; Soil fungi; Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica; Furrow irrigation; Water uptake; Soil depth; Profiles Abstract: Processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in field plots with soil infested with or free of Phytophthora parasitica Dastur. were furrow-irrigated for 4 to 8 hours every 14 days (normal irrigation), for 4 to 8 hours every 28 days (less frequent irrigation), or for 4 to 8 and 24 hours on alternate irrigations every 14 days (prolonged irrigation). Disease developed more rapidly and symptom severity was greater in inoculated plants that received prolonged irrigation, whereas disease onset was delayed in inoculated plants that were irrigated less frequently. Water extraction by tomato roots from well-irrigated and noninfested soil was usually greatest at shallow depths and decreased with depth. When disease was increasing and soil moisture was high, diseased plants extracted less total water from all depths and significantly less water at shallow depths. Plants in the drier soil profiles extracted the greatest amounts of water at depths below 90 cm, and diseased plants irrigated less frequently showed reductions in water extraction at shallow depths later in the season. Tomato root systems appeared to compensate for moderate levels of root disease at shallow depths by extracting more water from deeper in the profile. 61 NAL Call. No.: RA1270.P35A1 Impact of sewage disposal on the hematological and biochemical parameters of dairy cows. Varadarajan, K.; Paliwal, K.; Rajamanickam, C.; Manickavel, K.; Jeyapaul, G.; Logasundari, S. New York, N.Y. : Springer-Verlag; 1991 Nov. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology v. 47 (5): p. 653-659; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Dairy cows; Sewage; Sewage effluent disposal; Irrigated pastures; Toxicity; Blood picture; Hematology 62 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Infiltration percolation for reclaimimg stabilization pond effluents. Brissaud, F.; Restrepo-Bardon, M.; Soulie, M.; Joseph, C. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 185-193; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: France; Waste water treatment; Stabilizing; Ponds; Infiltration; Percolation; Construction; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Lawns and turf; Landscape gardening 63 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46 Influence of irrigation with pulp and paper mill effluent on soil chemical and microbiological properties. Kannan, K.; Oblisami, G. Berlin : Springer International; 1990. Biology and fertility of soils v. 10 (3): p. 197-201; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tamil nadu; Kraft mill effluent; Microbiology; Rhizobiaceae; Soil amendments; Soil biology; Soil chemistry; Soil fungi 64 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Influence of paper mill effluent irrigation on soil enzyme activities. Kannan, K.; Oblisami, G. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1990. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 22 (7): p. 923-926; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Paper mill sludge; Irrigation; Agricultural land; Enzyme activity; Cellulase; Beta-fructofuranosidase 65 NAL Call. No.: 382 SO12 The influence of saline irrigation and organic waste fertilisation on the mineral content (N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg) of tomatoes. Gomez, I.; Navarro-Pedreno, J.; Mataix, J. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1992. Journal of the science of food and agriculture v. 59 (4): p. 483-487; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Tomatoes; Saline water; Irrigation; Calcareous soils; Fertilizers; Almonds; Byproducts; Sewage sludge; Food composition; Nitrogen; Phosphorus; Potassium; Sodium; Calcium; Magnesium Abstract: Tomato plants were grown in a calcareous soil supplemented with two organic wastes (sewage sludge and epicarp-mesocarp of the almond tree fruit). They were irrigated at three levels of salinity caused by the addition of sodium chloride, N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg were determined in the soil and tomato fruits. The treatments had a significant incidence on mineral content in fruit and soil. 66 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 The interaction of two major old water bodies and its implication for the exploitation of groundwater in the multiple aquifer system of the central and northern Negev, Israel. Kronfeld, J.; Rosenthal, E.; Weinberger, G.; Flexer, A.; Berkowitz, B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1993 Mar15. Journal of hydrology v. 143 (3/4): p. 169-190; 1993 Mar15. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Aquifers; Groundwater; Groundwater recharge; Groundwater level; Salt water intrusion; Wells; Groundwater flow; Ph; Temperature; Ions; Chemical composition; Stable isotopes; Radiocarbon dating; Triticum Abstract: In the Beer Sheva region of the Negev desert, the only significant fresh groundwater is contained within the Judea Group carbonate aquifer. It is found that this aquifer holds two distinctly different old water bodies. One such groundwater body has evolved in equilibrium with the carbonate aquifer rocks after being recharged during the Holocene in the Hebron Mountains north of the study area. At present, modern recharge, as denoted by the tritium and radiocarbon contents, is very minor. A subtle 'piston effect' generated by contemporary replenishment is discussed in representative hydrographs in Beer Sheva wells. Another groundwater body identified in the Judea Group aquifer derives from the underlying Kurnub Group aquifer. The regional artesian Kurnub Group aquifer (Nubian Sandstone) contains an older and brackish groundwater body which has been recharged in Sinai during Pleistocene pluvials. Faulting in the Beer Sheva region facilitated hydrologic contact between the two aquifers. Exploitation of the Judea Group has released confining pressures and resulted in the intrusion of Kurnub Group water into the overlying Judea Group carbonate aquifer. This process is most significant in those wells drilled close to major faults where salinity increases with pumping. The intruding water originating from the Kurnub Group sandstone aquifer has not yet equilibrated chemically with the carbonate host. The low pH and high temperatures that have been encountered indicate continuing and very recent intrusion. In the Beer Sheva area, in the absence of direct significant modern recharge (as determined from tritium and 14C values), all waters should be considered as paleowaters that are being mined. A complete revision of the hydrologic concept by which the multiple aquifer system can be exploited is required, to take into account the fact that the fresh Judea Group groundwater is actually an old (Holocene) water body intruded by brackish and older (Pleistocene) water along fault 67 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 International perspective on water resources management and wastewater reuse--appropriate technologies. Bartone, C.R. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2039-2047; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Aquaculture 68 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Investigating land based disposal of Bolivar reclaimed water, South Australia. Schrale, G.; Boardman, R.; Blaskett, M.J. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1993. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 27 (1): p. 87-96; 1993. In the series analytic: Appropriate waste management technologies / edited by G. Ho and K. Mathew. Proceedings of the International Conference, held November 27-28, 1991, Perth, Australia. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: South australia; Sewage effluent disposal; Waste water treatment; Application to land; Irrigated soils 69 NAL Call. No.: SB476.G7 Irrigating with effluent. Howard, H.F. Overland Park, Kan. : Intertec Publishing Corporation; 1992 Mar. Grounds maintenance v. 27 (3): p. 52, 54, 58; 1992 Mar. Language: English Descriptors: Irrigation; Effluents; Ponds; Aeration; Pumps; Filters; Water filters; Protozoa; Aquatic weeds; Algae; Weed control; Pathogens; Waterfowl; Botulism; Sodium 70 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent. I. Soil and leachate water quality. Hayes, A.R.; Mancino, C.F.; Pepper, I.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1990 Sep. Agronomy journal v. 82 (5): p. 939-943; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Lawns and turf; Sewage effluent; Application to land; Waste utilization; Irrigation water; Soil ph; Electrical conductivity; Exchangeable sodium; Arid regions; Leachates; Water quality Abstract: In arid climates water is a limited resource, and turfgrass is often irrigated with municipal effluent. However, the effects of continuous turfgrass irrigation with sewage effluent on soil and leachate water quality needs to be evaluated. The objective of this field experiment was to evaluate the effect of secondary treated municipal effluent irrigation on soil and leachate properties under a turf groundcover during the first 16 mo of irrigation. Research plots were irrigated identically with either effluent or potable water using a leaching fraction of approximately 20%. Effluent irrigation resulted in significant changes in soil properties after a relatively short period of time. After 16 mo of use, when compared with potable irrigation, effluent was found to increase electrical conductivity (EC) by 0.5 dS m-1, NO3-N by 7.8 mg kg-1, P by 31.7 mg kg-1, K by 134 mg kg-1, Na by 6.0 mmol L-1 and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) by 6.8. Soil Ca + Mg concentrations were greater under effluent irrigation by 0.5 mmol L-1 but decreased during the study period. Soil pH was not significantly different from potable irrigation. Leachates collected at 0.61-m depth indicated that effluent soil leachates were higher than potable leachates primarily in EC by 0.2 dS m-1 and Na content by 0.8 mmol L-1. The increase did not exceed current recommended limits for drinking water quality. 71 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent. II. Turf quality. Hayes, A.R.; Mancino, C.F.; Forden, W.Y.; Kopec, D.M.; Pepper, I.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1990 Sep. Agronomy journal v. 82 (5): p. 943-946; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Cynodon dactylon; Lolium perenne; Sewage effluent; Irrigation water; Application to land; Crop establishment; Seedling emergence; Nitrogen fertilizers; Application rates; Crop quality; Nutrient excesses; Waste utilization Abstract: Due to limited water resources, golf course irrigation with municipal sewage effluent is a common practice, and, in some areas of the USA Desert Southwest mandatory. However, effluent irrigation changes soil properties and therefore different management practices are needed for good quality turfgrass. This field experiment evaluated the continuous use of secondary treated municipal sewage effluent on turfgrass quality over a 64-wk period. In April 1987, common bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) was seeded to a Sonoita gravelly sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Haplargid) and maintained under fairway conditions. In October of that year, perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was overseeded to maintain an actively growing turf. Plots were irrigated identically with either effluent or potable water. Effluent irrigation led to significantly lower seed emergence but improved seed establishment. Turf quality was assessed under each irrigation with four N fertilization rates of 0, 16.1, 32.3 and 48.4 kg N ha-1 (4 wk)-1. Established effluent irrigated turf did not show signs of osmotic stress with the leaching fraction employed. Effluent provided significant amounts of nutrients at high application rates. No single fertilization rate or irrigation regime consistently produced a superior turf quality over the course of the whole study. Effluent irrigated turf showed signs of overfertilization, greater heat stress and chlorosis of overseeded ryegrass stands during the summer months on plots receiving N fertilizer amendments. Municipal effluent did produce a high quality turf, but, the greater soluble salt and nutrient content of the water necessitate special management strategies. 72 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Irrigation of turfgrass with secondary sewage effluent: soil quality. Mancino, C.F.; Pepper, I.L. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 650-654; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Cynodon dactylon; Lawns and turf; Irrigation water; Sewage effluent; Waste utilization; Waste water; Soil chemistry; Electrical conductivity; Potassium; Soil ph; Sodium; Phosphorus; Soil fertility; Zinc; Iron; Manganese; Copper; Soil organic matter; Soil bacteria Abstract: Effluent and other secondary waters have become important sources of irrigation water in the U.S. Southwest. Information is inadequate relative to potential long-term effluent irrigation effects on turfgrass and soil chemical quality. The objective of this field research was to determine the influence of secondarily treated municipal wastewater irrigation on the chemical quality of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.) turf soil (Sonoita gravelly sandy loam: coarse- loamy, mixed, thermic Typic Haplargid) when compared to similarly irrigated potable water plots. Research plots were irrigated using a 20% leaching fraction. After 3.2 yr of use, effluent water increased soil electrical conductivity by 0.2 ds m-1, Na by 155 mg kg-1, P by 26 mg kg-1, and K by 50 mg kg-1 in comparison to potable irrigated plots. Soil pH was not significantly affected by effluent irrigation. The concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Zn were found to be within the range considered normal for agricultural soil. Effluent irrigation increased soil total organic carbon and nitrogen during the first 1.3 yr of irrigation only. Total aerobic bacteria populations were similar in all irrigated plots indicating these microbes were not promoted or inhibited by the use of this wastewater. In summary, the irrigation of this turf soil for 3.3 yr with the secondarily treated wastewater used in this study had no serious detrimental effects on soil quality. 73 NAL Call. No.: S405.A34 v.17 Irrigation with treated sewage effluent management for environmental protection. Feigin, A.; Ravina, I.; Shalhevet, Joseph Berlin ; New York : Springer-Verlag,; 1991. x, 224 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. (Advanced series in agricultural sciences ; 17). Includes bibliographical references (p. [201]-216) and index. Language: English Descriptors: Sewage irrigation 74 NAL Call. No.: QE1.E5 Land application: its effectiveness in purification of urban and industrial wastewaters in La Mancha, Spain. Bustamante, I. de New York, N.Y. : Springer; 1990 Nov. Environmental geology and water sciences v. 16 (3): p. 179-185. ill., maps; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Spain; Waste water treatment; Application to land; Fertigation; Potassium; Sodium; Cations; Populus canadensis; Water purification 75 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 The Las Cruces Trench site: characterization, experimental results, and one-dimensional flow predictions. Wierenga, P.J.; Hills, R.G.; Hudson, D.B. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Oct. Water resources research v. 27 (10): p. 2695-2705; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Mexico; Soil water; Water flow; Solutes; Transport processes; Infiltration; Semiarid soils; Soil variability; Wetting front; Saturated hydraulic conductivity; Deterministic models; Prediction Abstract: A comprehensive field trench study was conducted in a semiarid area of southern New Mexico to provide data to test deterministic and stochastic models of vadose zone flow and transport. A 4 m by 9 m area was irrigated with water containing a tracer using a carefully controlled drip irrigation system. The area was heavily instrumented with tensiometers and neutron probe access tubes to monitor water movement and with suction tubes to monitor solute transport. Approximately 600 disturbed and 600 core samples of soil were taken to support deterministic and stochastic characterization of the soil water hydraulic parameters. The core sample-based saturated hydraulic conductivities ranged from 1.4 to 6731 cm/d with a mean of 533 cm/d and a standard deviation of 647 cm/d, indicating significant spatial variability. However, visual observation of the wetting front on the trench wall shows no indication of preferential flow or water flow through visible root channels and cracks. The tensiometer readings and the neutron probe measurements also suggest that the wetting front moves in a fairly homogeneous fashion despite the significant spatial variability of the saturated hydraulic conductivity. In addition to the description of the experiment and the presentation of the experimental results, predictions of simple one-dimensional uniform and layered soil deterministic models for infiltration are presented and compared to field observations. These models are presented here to provide a base case against which more sophisticated deterministic and stochastic models can be compared in the future. The results indicate that the simple models give adequate predictions of the overall movement of the wetting front through the soil during infiltration. However, the models give poor predictions of point values for water content due to the spatial variability of the soil. Comparisons between the one-dimensional infiltration model predictions and field observations show that the use of t 76 NAL Call. No.: S601.A34 Livestock waste treatment in a double channel oxidation ditch. Ushikubo, A.; Yoshimura, M.; Kato, M.; Oyama, G.; D'Itri, F.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier; 1991 Jun14. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment v. 36 (1/2): p. 59-74; 1991 Jun14. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Japan; Animal wastes; Biological treatment; Oxidation ditches; Aeration; Anaerobic conditions; Waste water; Effluents; Waste utilization; Application to land; Irrigation; Biological oxygen demand; Chemical oxygen demand; Nitrogen; Nitrites; Nitrate nitrogen; Denitrification; Ammonium nitrogen; Ammonia; Phosphorus; Dissolved oxygen; Temperature; Regulations; Water quality 77 NAL Call. No.: QH84.8.B46 Longterm influence of liquid sewage sludge on the organic carbon andnitrogen content of a furrow-irrigated desert soil. Artiola, J.F.; Pepper, I.L. Berlin : Springer International; 1992. Biology and fertility of soils v. 14 (1): p. 30-36; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Desert soils; Liquid wastes; Sewage sludge; Application rates; Carbon; Mineralization; Nitrogen; Soil organic matter; Furrow irrigation; Leaching; Waste disposal; Water pollution 78 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Maize production impacts on groundwater quality. Schepers, J.S.; Moravek, M.G.; Alberts, E.E.; Frank, K.D. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jan. Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (1): p. 12-16; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Nebraska; Zea mays; Crop production; Environmental impact; Groundwater; Irrigated conditions; Leaching; Nitrate nitrogen; Nitrogen fertilizers; Water management; Water quality; Yield targets Abstract: The cumulative effects of management practices on nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) leaching and groundwater quality are frequently difficult to document because of the time required for expression and the diversity of interacting processes involved. This work reports results of a N and water management program initiated by the Central Platte Natural Resource District (CPNRD) in Nebraska. Cultural practices recommended by the CPNRD and reported by producers for the 1988 growing season, representing approximately 3900 fields covering 84 210 ha of irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) indicated NO3-N contamination of groundwater was influenced by yield goals and fertilizer N application rates. Groundwater NO3-N concentrations were positively correlated with residual N in the surface 0.9 m of soil prior to the growing season, reflecting the effects of past N and water management practices. Yield goals in 1988 averaged 9% higher than the average 10.0 Mg ha-1 corn yield attained, which accounts for an average of about 20 kg N ha-1 in excess of the average N recommendation. By comparison, in a 1980 to 1984 study from an area within the CPNRD, yield goals averaged 28% greater than actual yields. Overly optimistic yield goals in 1988 accounted for 42% of the average excess N application rate of 48 kg ha-1 (based on University of Nebraska recommendations). A large portion of average excess N application is attributed to producers in 14% of the area who applied > 100 kg N ha-1 more than the recommended rates. Fertilizer N applied showed little relationship to fertilizer N recommended. Better education and more stringent measures may be required to address the select group of producers who fail to follow CPNRD recommendations. 79 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Management of sugarcane mill wastewater in Hawaii. Chang, L.J.; Yang, P.Y.; Whalen, S.A. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1990. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 22 (9): p. 131-140; 1990. Paper presented at the "International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control Symposium on Waste Management Problems in Agro-Industries," September 25-27, 1989, Istanbul, Turkey. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Hawaii; Sugarcane; Sugar industry; Waste water treatment; Installations; Performance; Design; Anaerobic conditions; Pretreatment; Aerobic treatment; Removal; Efficiency; Water reuse; Trickle irrigation; Washing; Cost analysis 80 NAL Call. No.: S612.2.N38 1990 Managing wastewater/land application by computerized remote monitor control. Howard, H.D.; Poppe, R.E.; Unruh< R.R. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1990. Visions of the future : proceedings of the Third National Irrigation Symposium held in conjunction with the 11th Annual International Irrigation Exposition, October 28-November 1, 1990, Phoenix Civic Plaza, Phoenix, Arizona. p. 114; 1990. (ASAE publication ; 04-90). Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Waste water; Irrigation; Computer programming; Remote control 81 NAL Call. No.: GC302.3.M36 1990 Manual for water level gauging and discharge measurements. Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Deutscher Verband fur Wasserwirschaft und Kulturbau Hamburg : P. Parey,; 1990. xvi, 258 p. (4 folded) : ill. ; 30 cm. (Guidelines for water management ; 301). "Deutscher Verband fur Wasserwirtschaft und Kulturbau"--P. [2] of cover. English version of "Pegelvorschrift.". Language: English Descriptors: Hydrography; Gaging; Tides 82 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 A mathematical model of hillslope and watershed discharge. Stagnitti, F.; Parlange, J.Y.; Steenhuis, T.S.; Parlange, M.B.; Rose, C.W. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1992 Aug. Water resources research v. 28 (8): p. 2111-2122; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Connecticut; Watersheds; Water flow; Soil water; Slopes; Soil water balance; Soil physical properties; Soil depth; Runoff; Seepage; Evaporation; Water yield; Water holding capacity; Saturated hydraulic conductivity; Catchment hydrology; Mathematical models; Prediction Abstract: A mathematical water balance model describing major hydrological processes operating within wet forested watersheds is proposed. The model is capable of predicting hillslope and watershed discharge, evapotranspiration demands, hillslope moisture status, and surface and subsurface flow rates. It is based on soil physical principles and requires the following input variables: average hillslope angle and width, average soil depth, precipitation, average daily evaporation rates, effective saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil moisture holding capacity and initial moisture content. These variables are often easily measured from field studies. However, in some cases, the absence of field data may require that some of the variables in the model, e.g., saturated hydraulic conductivity, be estimated or calibrated from hillslope hydrograph records. The watershed model is composed of two submodels: a storage model and a hillslope model. The storage model describes the dynamic variation in water table elevation in recharge zones and the hillslope model is used to predict runoff and seepage through flow from surrounding hillsides. Application of the model is illustrated on a small watershed located in North Madison, Connecticut. 83 NAL Call. No.: 107.6 SA23 Method for determining design discharge of main drainage canal. Design and management of large scale irrigation system. II. Ogino, Y.; Yabe, K.; Murashima, K.; Tanigawa, T. Sakai, Osaka : The University; 1992. Bulletin of the University of Osaka Prefecture : Series B : Agriculture and biology v. 44: p. 49-54; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Japan; Irrigation systems; Drainage channels; Discharge; Design; Management; Agricultural land; Watersheds; Calculation 84 NAL Call. No.: QK867.J67 Mineral nutrient concentration and uptake by tomato irrigated with recirculating aquaculture water as influenced by quantity of fish waste products supplied. McMurtry, M.R.; Sanders, D.C.; Nelson, P.V.; Nash, A. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993. Journal of plant nutrition v. 16 (3): p. 407-409; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Nutrient availability; Nutrient uptake; Nitrogen; Potassium; Phosphorus; Magnesium; Calcium; Sulfur; Trace elements; Irrigation; Effluents; Fish culture; Oreochromis mossambicus Abstract: Fish and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production were linked in a recirculating water system. Fish (tilapia) were fed a commercial diet with 32% protein. Tomato cultivars 'Laura' and 'Kewalo' were grown during summer 1988 and spring 1989, respectively, in a Raleigh, NC greenhouse. Plants were grown in biofilters at 4 plants/m2 and surface irrigated 8 times daily with water pumped from an associated fish tank. Four tank-to-biofilter ratios were established by varying the filter size. Each system received identical nutrient inputs and an equal quantity of water was applied per plant. Biofilter drainage returned to the tanks. Biological filtration, aeration, and mineral assimilation by plants maintained water quality within limits for tilapia. All nutrients were assimilated above deficiency levels. Tissue concentrations of N, P, K and Mg were not limiting. Calcium was low and S high when their sole nutrient source was fish waste. Micronutrients were assimilated in excess of sufficiency, but toxicity was not seen. Irrespective of fruit yield, metabolic products of each kilogram increase in fish biomass provided sufficient nutrient for two tomato plants for a period of three months. Under reduced growth rates of mature fish, K became limiting. Alterations in fish feed mineral nutrient content are suggested which better meet plant requirements and still remain within the range of fish needs. 85 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 Modeling long-term solute transport in drained unsaturated zones. Kandil, H.; Miller, C.T.; Skaggs, R.W. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1992 Oct. Water resources research v. 28 (10): p. 2799-2809; 1992 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Unsaturated flow; Transport processes; Solutes; Drained conditions; Soil water balance; Water table; Water quality; Prediction; Simulation; Mathematical models; Algorithms Abstract: Long-term assessment of solute transport in the unsaturated zone is an important consideration for irrigation management, pesticide management, and subsurface contaminant restoration analysis and design. Mathematical models are often used to perform such analyses. Modeling fluid flow and solute transport in the unsaturated zone typically requires solution of the nonlinear Richards equation and an advective-dispersive equation for contaminant transport as a function of time. Such solutions are possible but computationally expensive. A simplified water balance approach to solve fluid flow in shallow, drained unsaturated zones has been developed and refined over the last 15 years. The objectives of this study were to use results from a water balance model to obtain solutions for solute transport in drained, shallow water table soils, and to compare the results with solutions based upon Richards' equation. Transient soil water flux rates computed with a water balance model were used as input to a Petrov- Galerkin advective-dispersive transport model to simulate solute transport in unsaturated soils. The transport model was checked for consistency by comparison with an analytical solution. Sample simulations showed good agreement between a Richards' equation-based transport model and a water balance- based transport model. Simulations were performed to show predicted trends in water quality over 1-year periods. 86 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 Modeling of carbon dioxide transport and production in soil. 1. Model development. Simunek, J.; Suarez, D.L. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1993 Feb. Water resources research v. 29 (2): p. 487-497; 1993 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Carbon dioxide; Production; Transport processes; Spatial distribution; Water flow; Heat flow; Respiration; Soil biology; Soil chemistry; Prediction; Simulation models; Mathematical models Abstract: Knowledge of the CO2 concentration in the unsaturated zone is essential for prediction of solution chemistry in the vadose zone and groundwater recharge as well as for quantifying carbon source/sink terms as part of the global CO2 mass balance. In this paper we present a predictive simulation model, SOILCO2, based on process-oriented relationships. The model includes one-dimensional water flow and multiphase transport of CO2 utilizing the Richards and the convection-dispersion equations, respectively, as well as heat flow and a CO2 production model. The transport of CO2 in the unsaturated zone can occur in both the liquid and gas phases. The gas transport equation accounts for production of CO2 and uptake of CO2 by plant roots associated with root water uptake. The CO2 production model considers both microbial and root respiration which is dependent on water content, temperature, growth, salinity and plant and soil characteristics. Heat flow is included, since some gas transport parameters, partitioning coefficients and production parameters are strongly temperature dependent. The resulting set of partial differential equations is solved numerically using the finite element and finite difference methods. 87 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 J823 Modelling water and solute transport in macroporous soil. II. Chloride breakthrough under non-steady flow. Jarvis, N.J.; Bergstrom, L.; Dik, P.E. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1991 Mar. The Journal of soil science v. 42 (1): p. 71-81; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Soil physics; Macropore flow; Solutes; Chlorides; Leaching; Prediction; Topsoil; Hydraulic conductivity; Porosity; Clay soils; Mathematical models; Diffusion models Abstract: A model of water and solute transport in macroporous soils (Jarvis et al., 1991) has been evaluated in column breakthrough experiments under field conditions. Hydraulic properties were first measured in replicate soil monolith lysimeters sampled from grass ley and continuous barley treatments in a clay soil. A pulse input of 0.05 M KCl was then supplied by drip irrigation and measurements made of the water discharge and chloride leaching resulting from the natural rainfall over a 1-month period. The results showed that the macropores constituted the dominant flow pathway (accounting for 80% of the total water outflow) and that diffusive exchange of chloride between the two flow domains was the main factor causing variability in leaching. Larger hydraulic conductivities and macroporosities in the lower topsoil and at plough depth in the grass ley monoliths were taken as evidence of structural amelioration. Less of the applied chloride was leached in the grass monoliths than in the barley (means of 20% and 31% respectively). This was mainly due to a smaller effective aggregate size and thus a more efficient diffusion-controlled retention. 88 NAL Call. No.: 4 AM34P Modification of infiltration rates in an organic-amended irrigated soil. Martens, D.A.; Frankenberger, W.T. Jr Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jul. Agronomy Journal v. 84 (4): p. 707-717; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Soil treatment; Organic amendments; Poultry manure; Sewage sludge; Barley straw; Alfalfa; Soil organic matter; Soil physical properties; Aggregates; Stability; Soil water; Infiltration; Soil chemistry; Soil water content; Polysaccharides; Irrigated conditions; Soil density; Bulk density; Microbial activities; Respiration rate Abstract: Slow water infiltration in some California soils results in considerable irrigation water loss through increased runoff and evaporation. This 25-mo study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different organic amendments on soil physical parameters and water infiltration rates on an irrigated soil. Incorporation of three loadings (25 Mg ha-1 each) of poultry manure, sewage sludge, barley straw (Hordeum vulgare L.), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to an Arlington soil (coarse-loamy, mixed, thermic Haplic Durixeralf) for 2 yr increased soil respiration rates (139-290%), soil aggreate stability (22-59%), organic C content (13-84%), soil saccharide content (25-41%), soil moisture content (3-25%), and decreased soil bulk density (7-11%). The change in soil physical properties resulted in significantly increased cumulative water infiltration rates (18-25%) in the organic-amended plots as compared with the unamended plots. Although additions of poultry manure and sewage sludge contributed to higher soil organic matter compared with straw and alfalfa, the straw amendment was statistically more effective in increasing soil aggregate stability, total saccharide content, infiltration rates, and soil respiration rates and in decreasing bulk density in the tillage zone. The increase in cumulative infiltration rates measured with the first organic addition (April 1987-January 1988) were significantly correlated with increased soil aggregation (P less than or equal to 0.01). Cumulative infiltration rates during the second (February 1988-September 1988) and third (October 1988-May 1989) organic incorporation were significantly correlated with decreased bulk density (P less than or equal to 0.01), but not with aggregate stability. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that water infiltration rates in the organic-amended soils were initially increased by stimulation of microbial activity, which increased the stability of soil aggregates. Cumulative infiltration rates we 89 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Monitoring large scale wastewater reclamation systems--policy and experience. Azov, Y.; Juanico, M.; Shelef, G. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1545-1553; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Effluents; Quality controls; Monitoring; Programs; Water reuse; Irrigation water 90 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Monitoring the quality of secondary effluents reused for unrestricted irrigation after underground storage. Azov, Y.; Juanico, M.; Shelef, G.; Kanarek, A.; Priel, M. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 267-275; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Reclamation; Systems; Effluents; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water quality; Monitoring; Underground storage; Microbial contamination 91 NAL Call. No.: 292.9 C1282 The Montebello Forebay groundwater recharge project: the promise of wastewater reclamation. Hartling, E.C. Riverside, Calif. : The Center; 1990 May. Report - California Water Resources Center, University of California (72): p. 165-174; 1990 May. Proceedings: Coping with Water Scarcity: The Role of Ground Water. Paper presented at the "Seventeenth Biennial Conference on Ground Water, September 25-26, 1989, San Diego, California. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Groundwater; Waste water treatment; Water reuse 92 NAL Call. No.: TD419.R47 Monterey wastewater reclamation study for agriculture. Sheikh, B.; Cort, R.P.; Kirkpatrick, W.R.; Jaques, R.S.; Asano, T. Alexandria, Va. : The Federation; 1990 May. Research journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation v. 62 (3): p. 216-226. ill., maps; 1990 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Refuse; Waste water treatment; Irrigation water; Heavy metals; Chlorine; Pathogens; Viruses; Bacteria; Food contamination; Soil pollution; Yield response functions 93 NAL Call. No.: 99.8 F7623 Municipal effluent irrigation of fast-growing hybrid popular plantations near Vernon, British Columbia. Carlson, M. Ottawa : Canadian Institute of Forestry; 1992 Apr. The Forestry chronicle v. 68 (2): p. 206-208; 1992 Apr. Paper presented at "Contribution of Salicaceae Family to Ameliorating our Environment." Joint Popular Council of Canada/US Popular Council Annual Meeting held Sept. 26-29, 1991, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Language: English Descriptors: British Columbia; Populus deltoides; Populus trichocarpa; Populus nigra; Hybrids; Clones; Forest plantations; Irrigation; Sewage effluent; Waste water; Growth; Plant height; Volume 94 NAL Call. No.: 64.8 C883 Nitrogen, potassium, and irrigation effects on water relations of Kentucky bluegrass leaves. Carroll, M.J.; Petrovic, A.M. Madison, Wis. : Crop Science Society of America; 1991 Mar. Crop science v. 31 (2): p. 449-453; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Poa pratensis; Stomatal resistance; Leaves; Turgor; Leaf water potential; Osmotic pressure; Nutrient availability; Nitrogen; Potassium; Irrigation; Water availability; Equations Abstract: Transpiration and expansive growth in leaves are turgor-dependent processes. Solute concentration and osmotic potential are inextricably linked to turgor maintenance. An empirical equation predicting stomatal resistance (Rs) from bulk leaf turgor would be useful in developing computer simulations for turfgrass management. A growth-chamber study was conducted to quantify the relationship between Rs and bulk leaf turgor in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. cv. A-34). The effects of N, K, and irrigation frequency on balk leaf osmotic potential at full turgor and apoplastic water fraction (AWF) also were examined, using psychrometric techniques. Treatments consisted of two rates of N and K and two irrigation frequencies. An exponential model was used to describe the relationship between Rs and bulk leaf turgor. The least squares prediction equation was Rs = 581 + 2500 exp(-6.99 bulk leaf turgor), r2 = 0.69, where bulk leaf turgor and Rs are expressed in units of MPa and s m-1, respectively. Increasing the time between rewatering containers to -0.02 MPa from 1 to 5 d did not influence bulk leaf osmotic potential at full turgor. For plants watered daily, increasing the amount of N supplied every 30 d from 35 to 175 kg ha-1 increased bulk leaf osmotic potential at full turgor 0.22 MPa, while increasing K from 17.5 to 175 kg ha-1 for the same application interval caused bulk leaf osmotic potential at full turgor to decline 0.20 MPa. Altering the supply of N or K did not affect bulk leaf osmotic potential at full turgor when the containers were watered every 5 d. Increasing the irrigation interval from 1 to 5 d caused AWF to decline from 22 to 12%, however, AWF estimates were highly variable. Results indicate the combined influences of N and K fertility practices can have a significant impact on the concentration of osmotically active solutes within Kentucky bluegrass bulk leaf tissue. 95 NAL Call. No.: QR1.L47 Nitrogen-fixing heterotrophic bacteria and presumptive coliforms in sewage treatment plants and irrigation reservoirs in Libya. Betaieb, M.; Jones, K. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1992 Jul. Letters in applied microbiology v. 15 (1): p. 32-33; 1992 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Libya; Coliform bacteria; Enterobacteriaceae; Nitrogen fixing bacteria; Microbial contamination; Irrigation water; Water reservoirs; Sewage effluent; Sewage effluent disposal; Waste water treatment 96 NAL Call. No.: S590.C63 Nonuniform leaching of nitrate and other solutes in a furrow- irrigated, sludge amended field. Artiola, J.F. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1991. Communications in soil science and plant analysis v. 22 (9/10): p. 1013-1030; 1991. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Arizona; Gossypium; Nitrate nitrogen; Sewage sludge; Soil amendments; Solutes; Leaching; Losses from soil systems; Particle size; Soil water; Furrow irrigation 97 NAL Call. No.: QH545.A1E52 Nutrient accumulation in trees and soil following irrigation with municipal effluent in Australia. Stewart, H.T.L.; Hopmans, P.; Flinn, D.W.; Hillman, T.J. Essex : Elsevier Applied Science; 1990. Environmental pollution v. 63 (2): p. 155-177. ill; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Australia; Sewage effluent; Waste disposal; Application to land; Irrigation; Forest trees; Soils; Nutrients; Biomass accumulation 98 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 On the origin of saline soils at Blackspring Ridge, Alberta, Canada. Stein, R.; Schwartz, F.W. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Sep. Journal of hydrology v. 117 (1/4): p. 99-131; 1990 Sep. Literature review. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alberta; Soil salinity; Saline soils; Salts in soil; Salinization; Geology; Physiographic features; Groundwater flow; High water tables; Hydraulic conductivity; Stable isotopes; Chemistry; Electrical conductivity; Evaporation; Transport processes; Surface water; Literature reviews Abstract: Problems of soil salinity occur at Blackspring Ridge, Alberta, in four different settings. The most seriously affected area is at the base of the ridge where salinity appears as severe salt crusting on the surface, salt-tolerant vegetation, and areas of poor or no crop production. Blackspring Ridge is a structural bedrock high that is underlain by Upper Cretaceous sediment of the Horseshoe Canyon Formation. Bedrock is overlain by fluvial, glacial, lacustrine, and aeolian sediment. Piezometric data indicate that groundwater is recharged on and along the upper flanks of Blackspring Ridge and discharges in southern parts of a lacustrine plain that surrounds the ridge. Hydraulic conductivity data, water-level fluctuations, stable isotopes, and hydrochemical data indicate that the fractured near- surface bedrock and overlying thin-drift sediment constitute a zone of active groundwater flow within which salts are generated and transported. Water discharging from this shallow system evaporates and forms saline areas at the base of the ridge. The most seriously affected areas on the lacustrine plain coincide with places where the water table is less than 1.5 m from the ground surface. A high water table occurs locally because of the changing topology of geologic units, and lows in the topographic surface that focus groundwater and surface water flows. Some proportion of the shallow groundwater salinized by evaporation is also transported down the flow system where it mixes with unevaporated water. Surface water, from snowmelt and precipitation events, dissolves salt that was deposited at the surface by evaporating groundwater and redistributes the salt to areas of lower elevation. 99 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 Optimal reservoir operation for irrigation of multiple crops. Vedula, S.; Mujumdar, P.P. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1992 Jan. Water resources research v. 28 (1): p. 1-9; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Karnataka; Multiple cropping; Water reservoirs; Irrigation requirements; Irrigation scheduling; Water availability; Water allocation; Crop growth stage; Water use efficiency; Decision making; Mathematical models Abstract: A model for the optimal operating policy of a reservoir for irrigation under a multiple crops scenario using stochastic dynamic programming (SDP) is developed. Intraseasonal periods smaller than the crop growth stage durations form the decision intervals of the model to facilitate irrigation decisions in real situations. Reservoir storage, inflow to the reservoir, and the soil moisture in the irrigated area are treated as state variables. An optimal allocation process is incorporated in the model to determine the allocations to individual crops when a competition for water exists among them. The model also serves as an irrigation scheduling model in that at any given intraseason period it specifies whether irrigation is needed and, if it is, the amount of irrigation to be applied to each crop. The impact on crop yield due to water deficit and the effect of soil moisture dynamics on crop water requirements are taken into account. A linear root growth of the crop is assumed until the end of the vegetative stage, beyond which the root depth is assumed to be constant. The applicability of the model is demonstrated through a case study of an existing reservoir in India. 100 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66 Performance evaluation and control in water delivery decision- making processes: Who cares?. Nijman, C.M. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1992. Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v. 6 (2): p. 85-112; 1992. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sri lanka; Irrigation systems; Decision making; Performance appraisals 101 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Physicochemical treatment of tropical wastewaters: production of microbiologically safe effluents for unrestricted crop irrigation. Gambrill, M.P.; Mara, D.D.; Silva, S.A. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1449-1458; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Brazil; Households; Waste water; Stabilizing; Ponds; Waste water treatment; Technology; Effluents; Microbiology; Health; Safety; Water reuse; Irrigation water 102 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Planning and implementation of water reuse projects. Asano, T. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 1-10; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Waste water treatment; Costs; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Planning; Constraints; Water; Resources; Water supply; Groundwater recharge; Urban areas 103 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Planning for reuse. Developing a strategy for the Northern Territory, Australia. Burgess, M.D. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 31-43; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Australian northern territory; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Economic analysis; Environmental impact; Planning; Waste disposal; Drinking water; Water resources 104 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Preliminary analysis of water and solute movement beneath a coniferous hillslope in Mid-Wales, U.K. Chappell, N.A.; Ternan, J.L.; Williams, A.G.; Reynolds, B. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Aug. Journal of hydrology v. 116 (1/4): p. 201-215. maps; 1990 Aug. Special issue: Transfer of elements through the hydrological cycle / C. Neal and M. Hornung, guest editors. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Wales; Soil water; Streams; Hill land; Coniferous forests; Solutes; Sulfates; Nitrate; Aluminum; Hydrogen ions; Recharge; Ion transport; Water quality; Storms; Runoff; Movement in soil Abstract: Streams draining coniferous forests are often loaded with solutes such as hydrogen ion, sulphate, nitrate and aluminium. As a result, fish populations can be reduced and water quality may fall below recommended potable standards. The transport of ions into water-courses is governed by the movement of water. Within most temperate and tropical areas the stream discharge and chemistry, during periods of rapid runoff, is dominated by the exfiltration of water and solutes from stream-side soils. The movement of water to stream-side or 'riparian' areas remains, however, an enigma. This paper attempts to explain how the riparian area might be rapidly recharged during storm events. Two analytical techniques, the free-surface method and tangent-continuity method, are applied to hydrological properties monitored on a steep coniferous hillslope, during a selected storm event. Comparison of the ionic concentrations of waters within each component of the hydrological system, is used to verify the hydrological analysis. Perched water-tables developed within the basal zones of the O/Ah and Eag soil horizons of the steep podzolic hillslope, during all major storm events. Most of the rapid response within the riparian zone could be explained by lateral flow in these near-surface soil horizons, particularly in the saturated basal zones. This pathway is corroborated by the similarity of riparian zone and near-surface (or topsoil) chemistries. Relatively low concentrations of monomeric aluminium and relatively high concentrations of chloride, sodium and hydrogen ion were observed within these zones, compared with the subsoil (Bsl and B/C) horizons. 105 NAL Call. No.: 420 F662 Preliminary population assessment of Psychoda alternata (Diptera: Psychodidae) in soil irrigated with wastewater for turf cultivation. Ali, A.; Kok-Yokomi, M.L. Winter Haven, Fla. : Florida Entomological Society; 1991 Dec. Florida entomologist v. 74 (4): p. 591-596; 1991 Dec. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Florida; Psychoda alternata; Population density; Sewage; Soil insects; Waste water; Irrigated conditions; Lawns and turf; Farm workers; Insect pests 106 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Principles of evaluation of soil water residence time using queueing disciplines with water budget data (Theoretical background--I). Gamble, B.F.; Eckstein, Y.; Edwards, W.M. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Feb. Journal of hydrology v. 113 (1/4): p. 1-25; 1990 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ohio; Soil water; Soil water movement; Water budget; Catchment hydrology; Reservoirs; Recharge; Discharge; Storage; Models; Computer software Abstract: Soil water residence time is an important aspect of soil hydrology. It is an important factor affecting the chemical composition of water in the soil. Water that makes up recharge and discharge to and from a hydrologic reservoir can be considered to consist of individual increments of water called fluid elements. Queueing disciplines can be used to describe the order in which the fluid elements move through the reservoir. Possible queueing disciplines that can be related to soil water movement are last-in-first-out (LIFO), first-in-first-out (FIFO), and a combination of LIFO and FIFO. When water budget records are available, the queueing disciplines can be used as models to allow the calculation of residence time estimates. Computer algorithms have been written for the purpose of making estimates of soil water residence times in a weighable monolith lysimeter. 107 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Public health concerns in wastewater reuse. Cooper, R.C. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 55-65; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Waste water; Water use; Water resources; Irrigation water; Groundwater; Recharge; Drinking water; Public health; Health protection; Water pollution 108 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Quality criteria for reclaimed water. Crook, J. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 109-121; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: U.S.A.; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water quality; Quality standards; Microbiology; Chemicals; Public health; Health protection; Guidelines; Who 109 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Quantification of postsettlement deposition in a northwestern Illinois sediment basin. Kreznor, W.R.; Olson, K.R.; Johnson, D.L.; Jones, R.L. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1990 Sep. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 54 (5): p. 1393-1401. maps; 1990 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Geological sedimentation; Quantitative techniques; Soil; Aggregates; Particle size distribution; Slopes; Erosion; Basin irrigation Abstract: The purpose of this study was to quantify the postsettlement deposition in a 24 900-m2 (2.49-ha) sediment basin with a single outlet in a 105 4O0-m2 (10.54-ha) watershed and estimate the sediment delivery to a first-order stream in northwestern Illinois. Methods included direct measurements of the eroded sediment deposited in the sediment basin. Buried A horizons (dated using fly ash as a time marker) identify the presettlement (approximately 1854) surface, which was overlain by as much as 116 cm of sediment. Volume of the sediment within the basin was calculated at 11 394 m3 with a weight of 16 480 Mg. The modern soils of the sediment basin were characterized, classified, and the spatial variability of the sedimentation process was examined. Based on representative measurements of postsettlement sediment delivery obtained from research of drainage basins having similar size or soil characteristics, it was inferred that 20 975 Mg of sediment was delivered to the stream with a total of 37 455 Mg of soil being removed from the watershed hillslopes as a result of accelerated soil erosion. The measured rate of postsettlement sediment accumulation has been approximately 0.34 cm yr-1. Based on the tightly packed deposits, redeposition probably occurred as over land flow during storm events, rather than as overland flow occurring after a rainfall or as rain-splash transport. However, machinery traffic and cultivation could have contributed to the high soil bulk density. Intensive cultivation, biotic activity, and freeze-thaw are probably responsible for destroying any evidence of stratification. 110 NAL Call. No.: KF26.E559 1990d Reclamation Wastewater and Groundwater Study Act and Reclamation Projects Authorization and Adjustment Act of 1990 hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, on S. 2657 ... H.R. 2567 ... September 27, 1990. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power Washington [D.C.] : U.S. G.P.O. : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., Congressional Sales Office, U.S. G.P.O.,; 1991; Y 4.En 2:S.hrg.101-1181. iii, 72 p. : ill., maps ; 24 cm. (S. hrg. ; 101-1181). Distributed to some depository libraries in microfiche. Language: English Descriptors: Water resources development; Water reuse; Irrigation laws 111 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 Redistribution of water and solute following infiltration from a surface drip source. Clothier, B.; Sauer, T.; Scotter, D. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Aug. Water resources research v. 27 (8): p. 2091-2097; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Trickle irrigation; Soil water movement; Redistribution; Infiltration; Solutes; Transport processes; Sandy soils; Silt loam soils Abstract: Laboratory, observations of the redistribution of water and solute, following one-dimensional and three- dimensional constant flux infiltration, reveal distinctly different paterns of water and chemical transport. The geometry-induced enhancement of capillarity, over gravity in three dimensions is thought responsible for the rapid attainment during redistribution of a near-constant water content, some radial distance r around the dripper. This renders simple the prediction of the maximum radial extent of convective solute redistribution, r . Nevertheless, molecular diffusion about r is the dominant mode of solute transport during the weak convective redistribution in three dimensions. 112 NAL Call. No.: 464.8 P56 Relationship between amount of Phytophthora parasitica added to field soil and the development of root rot in processing tomatoes. Neher, D.; Duniway, J.M. St. Paul, Minn. : American Phytopathological Society; 1991 Oct. Phytopathology v. 81 (10): p. 1124-1129; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica; Root rots; Epidemiology; Inoculum density; Pathogenicity; Crop yield; Yield losses; Agricultural soils; Roots; Crop growth stage; Seasonal variation Abstract: Field plots in which Phytophthora parasitica was not detected initially were planted to processing tomatoes, and the soil was infested 35 or 45 days after planting in 1987 and 1988, respectively, to give average maximum levels of 1-2, 3-4, 7-28, and 29-65 colony-forming units of P. parasitica per gram of soil. Inoculum levels in the four treatments were significantly different when averaged across time between infestation and crop maturity, and disease incidence and severity increased significantly with increasing inoculum levels. For example, final incidences of plants with shoot symptoms were 1.5, 6.4, 14.0, and 24.4% and 0.4, 15.4, 30.2, and 52.3% for the zero, low, intermediate, and high inoculum treatments in 1987 and 1988, respectively. Yield was reduced significantly (20%) only at the highest inoculum level in 1987. However, moderately severe symptoms frequently developed on roots and shoots with low to high levels of inoculum without causing yield losses in both years. Extending furrow irriations from 4 to 24 h in duration did not significantly affect disease incidence or severity. Crop growth, phenology, and leaf water potentials were not affected significantly by the inoculum or irrigation treatments. The results suggest that development of Phytophthora root rot symptoms on processing tomatoes depended on the inoculum level applied to soil early in the cropping season. 113 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Relationships between groundwater contamination and major-ion chemistry in a Karst Aquifer. Scanlon, B.R. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Nov. Journal of hydrology v. 119 (1/4): p. 271-291; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Kentucky; Aquifers; Groundwater pollution; Microbial contamination; Nitrates; Land use; Soil organic matter; Fertilizers; Septic tank effluent; Rural areas; Wells; Springs; Water quality; Chemical analysis; Calcium; Magnesium; Sodium carbonate; Sodium chloride; Temporal variation; Seasonal fluctuations Abstract: Groundwater contamination was examined within a rural setting of the Inner Bluegrass Karst Region of central Kentucky where potential contaminant sources include soil- organic matter, organic and inorganic fertilizer, and septic- tank effluent. To evaluate controls on groundwater contamination, data on nitrate concentrations and indicator bacteria in water from wells and springs were compared with physical and chemical attributes of the groundwater system. Bacterial densities greater than the recommended limit were found in all springs and approximately half of the wells, whereas nitrate concentrations > 45 mg 1-1 were restricted to 20% of the springs and 10% of the wells. Nitrate concentrations varied markedly in closely spaced wells and springs, which indicates that land use is not the primary control on groundwater contamination. Groundwater contamination is related to the distribution of chemical water types in the study area. All Ca subtype water was contaminated with nitrate and bacteria. Ca subtype water occurs in the shallow, rapidly circulating groundwater zone, which is most susceptible to contamination. The similarity in nitrate concentrations between local springs, major springs, and wells that contain Ca subtype water indicates that the occurrence of large conduits is not the main control on nitrate and bacterial contamination of groundwater. Temporal fluctuations in nitrate concentrations of Ca subtype water are attributed to seasonal fluctuations in recharge and in plant growth. Ca- Mg water subtype was generally not contaminated, and Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl water types were not contaminated. Ca-Mg water subtype, and Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl water types are associated with longer residence times and reducing conditions, which allow bacterial die-off and denitrification, respectively. Differences in residence time and reducing conditions among the chemical water types and subtypes are attributed to variations in rock permeability and to the occurrence of horizontal 114 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Residual faecal contamination on effluent-irrigated lettuces. Vaz da Costa-Vargas, S.M.; Mara, D.D.; Vargas-Lopez, C.E. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 89-94; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Portugal; Lactuca sativa; Irrigated stands; Septic tank effluent; Sprinkler irrigation; Crops; Contamination; Fecal flora; Decontamination; Irrigation water; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Public health; Health protection; Quality standards 115 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Reuse of wastewater from meat processing plants for agricultural and forestry irrigation. Russell, J.M.; Cooper, R.N.; Lindsey, S.B. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 277-286; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Zealand; Meat and livestock industry; Industrial wastes; Chemical composition; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Irrigated pastures; Forestry; Groundwater pollution; Nitrates 116 NAL Call. No.: S592.7.A1S6 Review of some case studies on the abundance and on the hydraulic efficiency of earthworm channels in Czechoslovak soils, with reference to the subsurface pipe drainage. Urbanek, J.; Dolezal, F. Exeter : Pergamon Press; 1992 Dec. Soil biology and biochemistry v. 24 (12): p. 1563-1571; 1992 Dec. In the special issue ISEE 4. Proceedings of the "4th International Symposium on Earthworm Ecology," June 11-15, 1990, Avignon, France / edited by A. Kretzschmar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Czechoslovakia; Earthworms; Earthworm channels; Agricultural soils; Hydraulic conductivity; Permeability; Macropores; Drainage; Infiltration; Case studies; Reviews Abstract: During the last 22 yr, 16 case studies were performed on different agricultural soils, both arable and grasslands, in different zones of Czechoslovakia, in order to evaluate the hydrological role of soil macropores, including earthworm channels. The abundance and hydraulic efficiency of the channels are presented, related to the site, depth and size of the channels. The positive influence of earthworms upon the preservation of high permeability in drain trench backfills was demonstrated quantitatively, both by infiltration experiments and by casting the channels with gypsum. Additional semiquantitative estimates of the variance of channel abundance, water retention capability and discharge of water through the channels are also presented. 117 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Role of groundwater recharge in treatment and storage of wastewater for reuse. Bouwer, H. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 295-302; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Waste water treatment; Water storage; Water quality; Requirements; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Irrigated stands; Vegetables; Microbial contamination; Pathogens; Groundwater recharge; Application to land; Aquifers; Public health; Health protection; Drinking water 118 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 The role of wastewater reclamation and reuse in the USA. Asano, T.; Tchobanoglous, G. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2049-2059; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Health protection; Water resources; Water management 119 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Salinity, nitrate, and water in rangeland and terraced wheatland above saline seeps. Berg, W.A.; Naney, J.W.; Smith, S.J. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Jan. Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (1): p. 8-11; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Triticum aestivum; Nitrates; Percolation; Slopes; Soil salinity; Soil water; Solubility; Water table; Water erosion; Erosion control; Farmland; Plains; Rangelands Abstract: Saline seeps have emerged over the past 20 yr in some Southern Plains soils cropped annually to winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Saline seep development is a cumulative process associated with percolation of small increments of water over many years through saline strata in recharge areas to build up water tables over less-permeable strata in lower slope positions. In this study soluble salt, nitrate, and water content were determined in Woodward soils (coarse silty, mixed, thermic Typic Ustochrepts) to a depth of 3 m in terraced farmland and in adjacent native rangeland upslope from saline seeps. Significantly (P<0.05) more soluble salt was present in the surface 3 m of rangeland than in adjacent farmland. No difference (P>.05) was found in soluble salt content in farmland between terraces as compared to soluble salt in terrace channels. Greater amounts (P<0.05) of nitrate and water were in the 3-m profiles under farmland than under native range. The soluble salt profiles indicate more water has percolated through the farmland than the rangeland. The implication is cultivated land, both in terrace channels and between terraces, is contributing salt and water to saline seep. An alternative explanation is terrace channels are the major recharge areas and lateral flow of this water leaches salt from farmland between the terraces. 120 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Salt distribution and hardpans at dryland saline seeps in southern Alberta. Sommerfeldt, T.G.; Chang, C.; Lamond, B.J. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1990 Jan. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 54 (1): p. 136-138; 1990 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Alberta; Saline soils; Salts in soil; Pans; Calcium sulfate; Calcium carbonate; Brown chernozemic soils; Soil depth Abstract: Hardpans at 30- to 60-cm depth were found at three dryland saline-seep sites in southern Alberta. The soils were sampled for analyses at 0.3-m depth intervals to 1.2 m along two parallel transects across the sites. Of the acid- extractable salts, CaCO3 was the most abundant. Shallow hardpans were found only in the saline, waterlogged, CO3-rich soil in the discharge areas, generally at the depth where the 1:25 acid-extractable Ca and CO3 contents exceeded 0.6 mol kg-1 of soil. Similar contents were also found in the recharge areas, where there was no detectable hardpan. Conditions in the discharge areas apparently were suitable for the precipitation and cementation necessary to form the hardpans. Further research is needed to characterize the hardpans and to study conditions, mechanisms, and causes for their formation and their relationships with saline seeps. 121 NAL Call. No.: QD1.A45 Sampling groundwater in a northeastern U.S. watershed. Pionke, H.B.; Urban, J.B.; Gburek, W.J.; Rogowski, A.S.; Schnabel, R.R. Washington, D.C. : The Society; 1991. ACS Symposium series - American Chemical Society (465): p. 222-241; 1991. In the series analytic: Groundwater residue sampling design / edited by R.G. Nash and A.R. Leslie. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Northeastern states of U.S.A.; Groundwater; Agricultural chemicals; Nitrates; Water pollution; Sampling; Watersheds Abstract: The sampling of groundwater, particularly for nitrates, is examined in a flow system and watershed context. A groundwater flow dominated watershed located in east-central Pennsylvania provides an example and basis for this analysis. Groundwater sampling is also viewed from a groundwater recharge (percolate) and discharge (streamflow) perspective. Some spatial and timing controls are described and examined in terms of where and when to sample. 122 NAL Call. No.: S539.5.A77 Sand culture of vegetables using recirculated aquacultural effluents. McMurtry, M.R.; Nelson, P.V.; Sanders, D.C.; Hodges, L. New York, N.Y. : Springer; 1990. Applied agricultural research v. 5 (4): p. 280-284. ill; 1990. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Phaseolus vulgaris; Cucumis sativus; Lycopersicon esculentum; Tilapia aurea; Sandy loam soils; Culture media; Vegetables; Aquaculture; Effluents; Greenhouse culture; Drainage; Fish ponds Abstract: Fish production and biofiltration provided by sand- cultured vegetable crops were linked in a closed system of recirculating water. Blue tilapia (Sarotherodon aureus L.) were stocked as mixed-sex fingerlings at a density of 1.68 kg.m-3 (0.105 lb.ft-3). Fish were fed a commercial chow. Greenhouse-grown bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were irrigated with water drawn from the bottom of the tilapia tank for 30 minutes every three hours during the daylight hours. Drainage from the 0.5 m (1.64 ft) deep sand beds was returned to the fish tank. Each crop was also grown in a sandy loam soil. Feeding 1 kg (2.20 lb) of fish food produced an increase of 0.76 kg (1.68 lb) fish and 1.66 kg (3.66 lb) of vegetables. Both water quality and nutrient content were adequate for tilapia and plant growth in sand culture with no supplemental fertilization. The feasibility of an integrated, recirculatory system for concurrent production of vegetables and fish with no additional fertilizer application was demonstrated. 123 NAL Call. No.: TD478.D4 Satellite wastewater reclamation plants: how to get what you bargin for. McHaney, S.X. Amsterdam : Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V.; 1992 Oct. Desalination v. 88 (1/3): p. 215-223; 1992 Oct. Proceedings of the NWSIA 1992 Biennial Conference on "Desalting and Recycling: Meeting Today's Water Challenges," August 23-27, 1992, Newport Beach, California. Volume 2. Language: English Descriptors: California; Urban areas; Waste water; Reclamation; Utilization; Irrigation water; Lawns and turf; Landscape; Public parks; Golf courses 124 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 The second Las Cruces Trench experiment: experimental results and two-dimensional flow predictions. Hills, R.G.; Wierenga, P.J.; Hudson, D.B.; Kirkland, M.R. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Oct. Water resources research v. 27 (10): p. 2707-2718; 1991 Oct. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: New Mexico; Soil water; Water flow; Tritium; Bromide; Solutes; Transport processes; Infiltration; Redistribution; Semiarid soils; Soil variability; Measurement; Deterministic models; Prediction Abstract: As part of a comprehensive field study designed to provide data to test stochastic and deterministic models of water flow and contaminant transport in the vadose zone, several trench experiments were performed in the semiarid region of southern New Mexico. The first trench experiment is discussed by Wierenga et al. (this issue). During the second trench experiment, a 1.2 m wide by 12 m long area on the north side of and parallel to a 26.4 m long by 4.8 m wide by 6 m deep trench was irrigated with water containing tracers using a carefully controlled drip irrigation system. The irrigated area was heavily instrumented with tensiometers and neutron probe access tubes to monitor water movement, and with suction samplers to monitor solute transport. Water containing tritium and bromide was applied during the first 11.5 days of the study. Thereafter, water was applied without tracers for an additional 64 days. Both water movement and tracer movement were monitored in the subsoil during infiltration and redistribution. The experimental results indicate that water and bromide moved fairly uniformly during infiltration and the bromide moved ahead of the tritium due to anion exclusion during redistribution. Comparisons between measurements and predictions made with a two-dimensional model show qualitative agreement for two of the three water content measurement planes. Model predictions of tritium and bromide transport were not as satisfactory. Measurements of both tritium and bromide show localized areas of high relative concentrations and a large downward motion of bromide relative to tritium during redistribution. While the simple deterministic model does show larger downward motions for bromide than for tritium during redistribution, it does not predict the high concentrations of solute observed during infiltration, nor can it predict the heterogeneous behavior observed for tritium during infiltration and for bromide during redistribution. 125 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Selenate reduction in an alluvial soil. Sposito, G.; Yang, A.; Neal, R.H.; Mackzum, A. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Nov. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (6): p. 1597-1602; 1991 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Alluvial soils; Agricultural soils; Selenium; Movement in soil; Water pollution; Drainage water; Contamination; Transformation; Reduction; Redox reactions; Solubility; Adsorption; Transport processes; Thermodynamics; Kinetics; Redox potential; Soil ph; Soil water regimes; Nitrate; Nitrites; Manganese; Oxygen; Physicochemical properties; Biological activity in soil; Soil bacteria Abstract: Recent studies of the mobility and solubility of Se in western San Joaquin Valley soils suggest that this potentially hazardous element can be managed by controlling its oxidation-reduction reactions. The soluble species, SeO4, which is highly mobile and toxic, can, in principle, be reduced to SeO3, which is strongly adsorbed, or to organoselenium species, which may volatilize under suitable conditions. Chemical thermodynamics predicts that the reduction sequence in soils should be: NO3 leads to SeO4 leads to MnO2 at pH > 5. The objective of this study was to establish the position of SeO4 in the kinetic reduction sequence for a representative western San Joaquin Valley soil incubated in suspension with its own saturation extract. In a series of replications of an incubation experiment, it was observed that native NO3 (plus NO2) concentrations became undetectable after 100 h in the soil suspension without O2 supply. Soluble Se, either added as Na2SeO4 or indigenous to the soil disappeared after 50 to 200 h. Native soluble Mn began to rise after 50 h and showed a sharp increase after 100 h of incubation. Retardation of SeO4 reduction in the presence of added NO3 was noted. The results indicated that, at native levels of NO3, effective microbial catalysis of SeO4 reduction occurred in the soil under the conditions of the experiments, in agreement with the recent isolation of bacterial species that can respire SeO4 while oxidizing organic acids typical of suboxic soil environments. 126 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Selenium mobility and distribution in irrigated and nonirrigated alluvial soils. Fio, J.L.; Fujii, R.; Deverel, S.J. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Sep. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (5): p. 1313-1320; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Selenium; Salts in soil; Movement in soil; Alluvial soils; Irrigated soils; Alkaline soils; Solutes; Transport processes; Adsorption; Desorption; Irrigation; Drainage; Irrigation water; Drainage water; Dispersion; Mathematical models; Dissolving; Leaching; Groundwater; Oxidation; Saturated conditions; Spatial distribution; Soil depth; Gypsum; Hysteresis; Time lag; Physicochemical properties Abstract: Dissolution and leaching of soil salts by irrigation water is a primary source of Se to shallow groundwater in the western San Joaquin Valley, California. In this study, the mobility and distribution of selenite and selenate in soils with different irrigation and drainage histories was evaluated using sorption experiments and an advection-dispersion model. The sorption studies showed that selenate (15-12 400 micrograms Se L-1) is not adsorbed to soil whereas selenite (10-5000 micrograms Se L-1) is rapidly adsorbed. The time lag between adsorption and desorption of selenite is considerable, indicating a dependence of reaction rate on reaction direction (hysteresis). Selenite adsorption and desorption isotherms were different, and both were described with the Freundlich equation. Model results and chemical analyses of extracts from the soil samples showed that selenite is resistant to leaching and therefore can represent a potential long-term source of Se to groundwater. In contrast, selenate behaves as a conservative constituent under alkaline and oxidized conditions and is easily leached from soil. 127 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 A semidiscrete model for water and solute movement in tile- drained soils. 2. Field validation and applications. Kamra, S.K.; Singh, S.R.; Rao, K.V.G.K.; Van Genuchten, M.T. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1991 Sep. Water resources research v. 27 (9): p. 2449-2456; 1991 Sep. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: India; Drainage water; Solutes; Movement in soil; Tile drainage; Subsurface drainage; Depth; Spacing; Soil salinity; Water table; Effluents; Water quality; Aquifers; Simulation; Prediction; Mathematical models Abstract: An exact-in-time two-dimensional finite element model for simulating convective-dispersive solute transport in a tile-drained field is validated against observed data from a subsurface drainage experiment. The model is capable of predicting the long-term effects of different irrigation and drainage practices on the salt distribution in an artificially drained soil-aquifer system. The model was used to predict transient changes in the salinity of the soil, the shallow groundwater table, and the drain effluent. Results are also presented on the effects of imposing alternative drain spacing-depth combinations, initial groundwater salinities, solute distribution coefficients, and different types of layering of the aquifer, on the computed salinity distributions in the unsaturated zone, the groundwater, and the drain effluent. 128 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Sequential batch-fed effluent storage reservoirs: a new concept of wastewater treatment prior to unrestricted crop irrigation. Mara, D.D.; Pearson, H.W. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 26 (7/8): p. 1459-1464; 1992. In the series analytic: Water Quality International '92. Part 4 / edited by M. Suzuki, et al. Proceedings of the Sixtennth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control, held May 24-30, 1992, Washington, D.C. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Effluents; Storage; Reservoirs; Water reuse; Irrigation water 129 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Significance and current status of wastewater reuse in Sicily. Croce, F.; Dardanoni, L. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 45-54; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Sicily; Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water resources; Water pollution; Water conservation; Fresh water; Deficiency; Saline water; Desalinization; Public health; Health protection; Drinking water 130 NAL Call. No.: S671.J68 Simplified methods for estimation of mean daily discharge at confluences and regulators in tidal rivers for adequate water management. Development of flow estimation method for tidal river basin using mean daily water stage in the delta area of the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. II. Shioda, K.; Iwasaki, K.; Khao-Uppatum, V. Tokyo : Japanese Society of Irrigation, Drainage, and Reclamation Engineering; 1992 Aug. Journal of irrigation engineering and rural planning (23): p. 6-22; 1992 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Thailand; Water management; Rivers; Stream flow; Irrigation systems; Simulation models; Estimation; Methodology; Deltas 131 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 W295 Simulating physical processes and economic behavior in saline, irrigated agriculture: model development. Lefkoff, L.J.; Gorelick, S.M. Washington, D.C. : American Geophysical Union; 1990 Jul. Water resources research v. 26 (7): p. 1359-1369. maps; 1990 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Colorado; Irrigation water; Saline water; Streams; Aquifers; Water use; Profits; Costs; Decision making; Crop mixtures; Zea mays; Medicago sativa; Crop yield; Simulation models; Regressions Abstract: A model of an irrigated, saline stream-aquifer system is constructed to simulate economic, agronomic, and hydrologic processes. The model is applied to a section of the Arkansas Valley in southeastern Colorado and is used to examine the effect of crop-mixing strategies on long-term profits. Mixing in excess of crop rotation requirements provides an index of farmers' willingness to exchange some profit for a reduction in the risk of short-term loss. The model contains three components. The economic component simulates water use decisions that maximize annual profit for each farm, The hydrologic component simulates salt transport by employing regression equations that predict changes in groundwater salinity as a function of hydrologic conditions and water use decisions. The agronomic component approximates changes in corn and alfalfa production in response to the depth and salinity of irrigation applications. Results from the entire economic-hydrologic-agronomic model are consistent with the few historical observations available for the site. 132 NAL Call. No.: 56.8 C162 Soil and sweet cherry responses to irrigation with wastewater. Neilsen, G.H.; Stevenson, D.S.; Fitzpatrick, J.J.; Brownlee, C.H. Ottawa : Agricultural Institute of Canada; 1991 Feb. Canadian journal of soil science v. 71 (1): p. 31-41; 1991 Feb. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Prunus avium; Sandy soils; Irrigation water; Waste water; Waste utilization; Nitrogen fertilizers; Soil ph; Electrical conductivity; Foliar nutrition; Nutrient uptake 133 NAL Call. No.: TD930.A32 Soil denitrification rates at wastewater irrigation sites receiving primary-treated and anaerobically treated meat- processing effluent. Russel, J.M.; Cooper, R.N.; Lindsey, S.B. Essex : Elsevier Science Publishers; 1993. Bioresource technology v. 43 (1): p. 41-46; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Meat and livestock industry; Effluents; Anaerobic treatment; Waste water; Irrigation; Soil; Denitrification 134 NAL Call. No.: 292.8 J82 Solute and heat transport experiments for estimating recharge rate. Taniguchi, M.; Sharma, M.L. Amsterdam : Elsevier Scientific Publishers, B.V.; 1990 Nov. Journal of hydrology v. 119 (1/4): p. 57-69; 1990 Nov. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Soil water content; Sand; Loam soils; Water flow; Infiltration; Transport processes; Solutes; Tracers; Heat; Recharge; Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity; Saturation; Saturated conditions; Soil temperature; Soil depth; Specific heat Abstract: In order to examine the relationship between mobile water content and water flux during infiltration, laboratory experiments were conducted for simultaneous transport of solute (bromide) and heat using columns of two soils, Bassendean sand and Collie loam. Within a limited water flux range, for the same flux the mobile water fraction was lower for the sand than for the loam. The mobile fraction of soil water increased with increasing water flux for sand but was relatively constant for loam. These results have significant implications in field estimations of deep drainage (recharge rate) using tracer techniques, and also in the development of empirical expressions for the relationship between unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and the effective saturation of specific soils. Estimates of water flux based on the analysis of soil temperature changes agreed well with those based on the solute tracer. This agreement was closest when water flux using solute was calculated using the mobile water content, and the heat capacity for the temperature method was calculated using the total water content. 135 NAL Call. No.: TD172.J6 Some changes in nitrate, calcium, and other ions in water as they penetrate soil layers. Itoyama, T.; Yokose, H. New York, N.Y. : Marcel Dekker; 1993. Journal of environmental science and health : Part A : Environmental science and engineering v. A28 (1): p. 235-255; 1993. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Japan; Waste water; Water quality; Forest soils; Sloping land; Nitrates; Calcium; Silica; Sprinkler irrigation; Irrigation scheduling; Drainage water; Recovery; Water flow; Soil chemistry; Soil physical properties; Surface layers; Subsurface layers 136 NAL Call. No.: 57.8 C734 Source reduction for wastewater. Kourik, R. Emmaus, Pa. : J.G. Press; 1990 Jan. BioCycle v. 31 (1): p. 35; 1990 Jan. Language: English Descriptors: California; Waste waters; Waste utilization; Subsurface irrigation 137 NAL Call. No.: GB701.W375 no.90-4006 Sources and distribution of nitrate in ground water at a farmed field irrigated with sewage treatment-plant effluent, Tallahassee, Florida. Berndt, Marian P. Tallahassee (Fla.),Geological Survey (U.S.) Tallahassee, Fla. : Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey ; Denver, Colo. : U.S. Geological Survey, Books and Open-File Reports [distributor],; 1990; I 19.42/4:90-4006. v, 33 p. : ill., maps ; 28 cm. (Water-resources investigations report ; 90-4006). Includes bibliographical references (p. 31-33). Language: English; English Descriptors: Water, Underground; Florida; Tallahassee; Quality; Sewage sludge as fertilizer; Environmental aspects; Florida; Tallahassee; Nitrates 138 NAL Call. No.: 56.9 SO3 Spatial scale dependence of in situ solute transport. Van Wesenbeeck, I.J.; Kachanoski, R.G. Madison, Wis. : The Society; 1991 Jan. Soil Science Society of America journal v. 55 (1): p. 3-7; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Ontario; Soil water movement; Soil water; Potassium chloride; Solutes; Tracers; Soil solution; Transport processes; Spatial variation; Horizons; Methodology; Field experimentation; Agricultural soils; Forest soils Abstract: In field solute-transport experiments, two spatial scales of the continuum of the dispersion process have been measured: local scale and field scale. The objective of this experiment was to develop a method for measuring in situ the transition from the local scale to the field scale during unsaturated flow conditions. The spatial variability of in situ solute dispersion was examined in two field sites. Soil- solution samplers were installed in a transect at a 0.4-m depth and 0.2-m spacing in both a cultivated and never- cultivated (forested) site. A pulse of KCl was applied to both sites under conditions of constant surface flux density of water, which was applied using a trickle irrigation system. The variance of solute travel time, V2(t), at different spatial scales was calculated from moment analysis of breakthrough curves (BTC) obtained by averaging local BTC across different spatial scales. The scale dependence of V2(t) indicated scales of at least 2.8 and 3.8 m were needed to reach an effective far field variance for the forested and cultivated sites, respectively. The larger scale in the cultivated site was due to an increase in horizontal correlation length scales of soil properties caused by tillage mixing. The scale dependence of V2(t) can be used to determine the minimum plot size necessary to include all major horizontal variations in solute travel time, which can then be compared with spatial distributions of soil properties affecting transport. 139 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66 A study of water distribution from a branch to distributary canals: A case study of Gugera Branch, Punjab, Pakistan. Bhutta, M.N.; Latif, M.; Kijne, J.W. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 Aug. Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v. 5 (3): p. 229-247; 1991 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Pakistan punjab; Irrigation systems; Management; Water distribution; Canals; Design; Discharge; Regulation; Gates; Site selection 140 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM3PS (IR) Subsurface microirrigation with effluent. Oron, G.; DeMalach, J.; Hoffman, Z.; Cibotaru, R. New York, N.Y. : American Society of Civil Engineers; 1991 Jan. Journal of irrigation and drainage engineering v. 117 (1): p. 25-36; 1991 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Gossypium hirsutum; Zea mays; Triticum aestivum; Pisum sativum; Trickle irrigation; Subsurface irrigation; Emitters; Sewage effluent; Waste water; Nutrient content; Crop yield; Productivity; Semiarid zones; Arid zones 141 NAL Call. No.: TC801.I66 Testing and statistical analysis of the performance of a pipe drainage system: a case study in North-eastern Italy. Borin, M.; Berti, A. Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1991 May. Irrigation and drainage systems : an international journal v. 5 (2): p. 165-182; 1991 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Italy; Pipe drainage; Systems; Discharge; Water table; Depth; Samples; Size; Case studies 142 NAL Call. No.: QR1.L47 Thermophilic campylobacters in two sewage treatment plants in Libya. Betaieb, M.; Jones, K. Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1990 Aug. Letters in applied microbiology v. 11 (2): p. 93-95; 1990 Aug. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Libya; Campylobacter; Thermophilic bacteria; Sewage effluent; Irrigation water; Waste water treatment; Chlorine; Disinfection; Sewage sludge; Drying; Anaerobic digesters; Disease control; Waterborne diseases 143 NAL Call. No.: 81 SO12 Tomato fruit yields and quality under water deficit and salinity. Mitchell, J.P.; Shennan, C.; Grattan, S.R.; May, D.M. Alexandria, Va. : The Society; 1991 Mar. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science v. 116 (2): p. 215-221; 1991 Mar. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Lycopersicon esculentum; Irrigated conditions; Water deficit; Saline water; Yield response functions; Crop quality Abstract: Effects of deficit irrigation and irrigation with saline drainage water on processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. UC82B) yields, fruit quality, and fruit tissue constituents were investigated in two field experiments. Deficit irrigation reduced fruit water accumulation and fresh fruit yield, but increased fruit soluble solids levels and led to higher concentrations of hexoses, citric acid, and potassium. Irrigation with saline water had no effect on total fresh fruit yield or hexose concentration, but slightly reduced fruit water content, which contributed to increased inorganic ion concentrations. Fruit set and marketable soluble solids (marketable red fruit yield X percent soluble solids) were generally unaffected by either irrigation practice. Water deficit and salinity increased starch concentration during early fruit development, but, at maturity, concentrations were reduced to < 1%, regardless of treatment. Higher fruit acid concentrations resulted from water deficit irrigation and from irrigation with saline water relative to the control in one year out of two. These results support the contention that deficit irrigation and irrigation with saline drainage water may be feasible crop water management options for producing high quality field-grown processing tomatoes without major yield reductions. Appropriate long-term strategies are needed to deal with the potential hazards of periodic increases in soil salinity associated with use of saline drainage water for irrigation. 144 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 Transport and prediction of sulfate in agricultural runoff. Sharpley, A.N.; Smith, S.J.; Jones, O.R.; Berg, W.A.; Coleman, G.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1991 Apr. Journal of environmental quality v. 20 (2): p. 415-420; 1991 Apr. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Texas; Watersheds; Sulfates; Runoff; Transport processes; Leaching; Ground cover; Kinetics; Desorption; Ph; Land management Abstract: The measurement and simulation of sulfate-S (SO4-S) mobility in agricultural watersheds is necessary to evaluate the effect of management practices on associated crop S deficiencies, enhanced leaching loss of nutrient cations, and acidification of percolation waters. The concentrations and amounts of SO4-S in runoff from six grassed and 13 cropped watersheds in the Southern Plains were, thus, measured over a 4-yr period. Sulfate-S transport in runoff was predicted using an equation describing the kinetics of SO4-S desorption from soil and compared with measured values. No SO4-S was added to any of the watersheds directly as S fertilizer or indirectly in N or P fertilizer material. No difference (at 5% level) in SO4-S concentration in runoff from grassed (mean annual value of 12.6 mg L-1) and cropped (mean annual value of 11.0 mg L-1) watersheds was observed. Differences in amounts (0.2-18.9 kg ha-1 yr-1) were a function of runoff volume as influenced by land management. A general trend of increasing SO4-S concentration in runoff with decreasing pH was observed, which may be a function of S dry deposition and soil and crop conditions. Measured and predicted SO4-S concentrations in runoff for individual events were not significantly different (at 5% level), with an average predictive standard error of 1.6 mg L-1 for all watersheds, representing 17% of the measured concentration. The equation may, thus, provide a predictive tool in agronomic and environmental studies of SO4- S movement in agricultural watersheds. 145 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Transport comparison of technical grade and starch- encapsulated atrazine. Gish, T.J.; Schoppet, M.J.; Helling, C.S.; Shirmohammadi, A.; Schreiber, M.M.; Wing, R.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1991 Jul. Transactions of the ASAE v. 34 (4): p. 1738-1744; 1991 Jul. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Atrazine; Encapsulation; Groundwater; Leaching; Movement in soil; Starch; Trickle irrigation; Water pollution Abstract: The feasibility of using starch-encapsulated atrazine to minimize convective transport under conditions favoring preferential flow was evaluated. Forty small, undisturbed, soil columns (45 cm2 X 3 cm) were removed from an established no-tillage management site and randomly grouped into one of five atrazine treatments: 1) technical grade; 2) borate process, starch-encapsulated; 3) jet-cooked, pearl starch-encapsulated; 4) jet-cooked, waxy starch-encapsulated; and 5) untreated control. Columns were drip-irrigated at the rate of 2.5 cm every three days. Highest atrazine levels, 1.30 mg L-1, were observed in the effluent from columns receiving technical-grade atrazine after the first irrigation (2.3 pore volumes), even though piston flow theory indicated that atrazine should not have appeared before 21.9 pore volumes. Computer simulations using the general convection-dispersion equation with first-order dissipation and linear adsorption also significantly underpredicted atrazine mobility. All encapsulated formulations, relative to technical-grade, revealed significantly lower initial atrazine levels in the effluent. Cumulative effluent concentrations indicate that after 16.1 pore volumes, 35, 10, 3, and < 1% of the available atrazine had been leached from the technical-grade, borate, pearl, and waxy starch formulations, respectively. 146 NAL Call. No.: QH540.J6 The transport of bioavailable phosphorus in agricultural runoff. Sharpley, A.N.; Smith, S.J.; Jones, O.R.; Berg, W.A.; Coleman, G.A. Madison, Wis. : American Society of Agronomy; 1992 Jan. Journal of environmental quality v. 21 (1): p. 30-35; 1992 Jan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Oklahoma; Texas; Phosphorus; Runoff; Watersheds; Farmland; Bioavailability; Phosphorus fertilizers; Tillage; Minimum tillage; No-tillage; Rotations; Fallow; Stubble mulching; Triticum aestivum; Grasses; Arachis hypogaea; Sorghum bicolor; Losses from soil systems Abstract: Bioavailable P (BAP) in agricultural runoff represents P potentially available for algal uptake and consists of soluble P (SP) and a variable portion of particulate P (PP). Evaluation of the impact of agricultural management on BAP in runoff will aid assessment of the resultant biological productivity of receiving water bodies. Soluble P, PP, and bioavailable PP (BPP) (estimated by NaOH extraction) were determined over a 5-yr period in runoff from 20 unfertilized and fertilized, grassed, and cropped watersheds in the Southern Plains. Soluble P, BPP, and BAP loss in runoff was reduced by practices minimizing erosion and runoff, with respective mean annual amounts ranging from 237 to 122, 1559 to 54, and 1796 to 176 g P ha-1 yr-1 (for peanut- sorghum [Arachis hypogaea L.-Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and native grass watersheds, respectively). However, as vegetative cover improved, BAP (SP plus BPP) comprised a larger portion of total P (TP) loss (29% for peanut-sorghum and 88% for native grass). This results from an increasing contribution to BAP of SP (13% for peanut-sorghum and 69% for native grass watersheds) and BPP to PP (26% for peanut-sorghum and 69% for native grass watersheds). Clearly, P bioavailability is a dynamic function of physiochemical processes controlling erosion, particle size enrichment, P desorption-dissolution reactions, and plant residue breakdown, in addition to soil and fertilizer P management. Hence, the change in trophic state of a water body may not be adequately reflected by TP inputs only. To more reliably evaluate the biological response of a water body to agricultural P inputs, particularly from conservation tillage practices, it may be necessary to determine BAP in runoff. 147 NAL Call. No.: QK71.P83 Treated sewage effluent for irrigation. Tarbox, G.L. Jr Wayne, Pa. : The Association; 1990 Jul. The Public garden : journal of the American Association of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta v. 5 (3): p. 19. ill; 1990 Jul. Language: English Descriptors: South Carolina; Public gardens; Water reuse; Sewage effluent; Waste water treatment; Irrigation water; Case studies 148 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Treatment of wastewater from the textile industry. Nicolaou, M.; Hadjivassilis, I. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1992. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 25 (1): p. 31-35; 1992. Paper presented at the "International Specialized Conference," November 20-22, 1990, Nicosia, Cyprus. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Cyprus; Textile industry; Waste water treatment; Chemical treatment; Coagulation; Chemical precipitation; Activated sludge; Irrigation water; Water reuse 149 NAL Call. No.: 10 OU8 The urban water cycle, including wastewater use in agriculture. Pescod, M.B. Oxon : C.A.B. International; 1992 Dec. Outlook on agriculture v. 21 (4): p. 263-270. ill; 1992 Dec. Special issue: Focus on water. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Waste water; Water resources; Health hazards; Irrigation; Rural areas; Urban areas 150 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Wastewater disposal by sub-surface trickle irrigation. Oron, G.; DeMalach, Y.; Hoffman, Z.; Keren, Y.; Hartman, H.; Plazner, N. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2149-2158; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Disposal; Irrigation water; Zea mays; Sweetcorn; Trickle irrigation; Crop yield 151 NAL Call. No.: aZ5071.N3 Wastewater irrigation, January 1987 - April 1990. Schneider, K. Beltsville, Md. : The Library; 1990 Aug. Quick bibliography series - U.S. Department of Agriculure, National Agricultural Library (U.S.). (90-64): 16 p.; 1990 Aug. Updates QB 88-55. Bibliography. Language: English Descriptors: Waste water; Irrigation; Bibliographies 152 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Wastewater reclamation and water resources management. Shelef, G. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 251-265; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Israel; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water resources; Water quality; Requirements; Economic evaluation 153 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Wastewater reuse case studies in the Middle East. Banks, P.A. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2141-2148; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Middle east; Waste water; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Water quality; Quality standards; Waste water treatment; Case studies 154 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Wastewater reuse for irrigation in the Near East Region. Arar, A. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 23 (10/12): p. 2127-2134; 1991. Paper presented at the "Fifteenth Biennial Conference of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control," July 29- August 3, 1990, Kyoto, Japan. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Middle east; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Irrigation water; Public health; Health protection 155 NAL Call. No.: TD420.A1P7 Wastewater treatment and reuse aspects of Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Lansdell, M.; Carbonell, L.M. Oxford : Pergamon Press; 1991. Water science and technology : a journal of the International Association on Water Pollution Research and Control v. 24 (9): p. 19-30; 1991. In the series analytic: Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse/edited by R. Mujeriego and T. Asano. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Wastewate Reclamation and Reuse, September 24-26, 1991, Costa Brava, Spain. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Venezuela; Waste water treatment; Water reuse; Lakes; Irrigation water; Drinking water; Water resources; Water quality 156 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Water requirement and crop coefficient for processing tomatoes. Andre, R.G.B.; Churataa-Masca, M.G.C. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1992 Jan. Acta horticulturae (301): p. 165-169; 1992 Jan. Paper presented at the "Fourth International Symposium on Processin g Tomatoes," February 18-21, 1991, Mendoza, Argentina. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Lycopersicon esculentum; Water requirements 157 NAL Call. No.: 290.9 AM32T Water table management practice effects on water quality. Wright, J.A.; Shirmohammadi, A.; Magette, W.L.; Fouss, J.L.; Bengtson, R.L.; Parsons, J.E. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers; 1992 May. Transactions of the ASAE v. 35 (3): p. 823-831; 1992 May. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: Water management; Water quality; Water table; Drainage; Hydrology; Simulation models; Subsurface irrigation Abstract: Impacts of water table management (WTM) practices on water quality were modeled using a linked version of CREAMS and DRAINMOD (Parsons and Skaggs, 1988). The CREAMS denitrification component and the linked DRAINMOD-CREAMS model were modified to simulate daily hydrology (runoff, infiltration, evaporation, and soil moisture content), erosion, and nutrient processes for different WTM conditions. Measured data from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, were used to validate the linked model, and then controlled drainage- subirrigation (CD-SI) was simulated to investigate the effects of different WTM systems on runoff, erosion, and nitrogen losses. Results of the study indicated that the linked models performed better than the original CREAMS model in predicting runoff, infiltration, soil moisture content, and erosion, and that the modified linked model performed better than both CREAMS and the original linked model in predicting nitrogen losses from the study site. Results also showed that the CD-SI system simulated by the modified DRAINMOD-CREAMS model predicted increased denitrification and lowered nitrate leaching, unlike the original version. This study concluded that the CD-SI system may be used as a BMP to reduce nitrogen leaching to shallow groundwater systems for areas with high water table conditions. 158 NAL Call. No.: 80 AC82 Water-fertilizer management of processing tomatoes. Phene, C.J.; Hutmacher, R.B.; Davis, K.R.; McCormick, R.L. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science; 1990 Aug. Acta horticulturae (277): p. 137-143; 1990 Aug. Paper presented at the "Third International Symposium on Processing Tomatoes," November 29-December 2, 1989, Avignon, France. Includes references. Language: English Descriptors: California; Lycopersicon esculentum; Trickle irrigation; Evapotranspiration; Nitrogen fertilizers; Phosphorus fertilizers; Potassium fertilizers; Water use efficiency; Crop yield Abstract: Water and fertility management of processing tomatoes were studied with high frequency subsurface drip (SSD), high frequency surface drip (HFSD) and low frequency surface drip (LFSD). In 1984 and 1985, N, and N + P were injected uniformly through the drip systems, respectively. In 1987 N + K were injected uniformly through the drip systems, and the subtreatments were 0, 15, and 30 mg/l P injected daily in the irrigation water. The yields for all main treatments increased with injected P (1985) and K 1987. The SDS out- yielded the HFSD and LFSD in 1985 and 1987 when P was injected with the irrigation water but was not different in 1984 when only N was injected. AUTHOR INDEX Akhter, M.S. 9 Alberts, E.E. 78 Ali, A. 105 Allender, E.B. 24 Amiel, A.J. 29, 30 Andre, R.G.B. 156 Arar, A. 154 Artiola, J.F. 22, 77, 96 Asano, T. 48, 92, 102, 118 Assaf, R. 20 Ayres, R.M. 18 Azov, Y. 14, 47, 89, 90 Badawy, A.S. 15 Baker, P.A. 24 Banks, P.A. 153 Bar-Yosef, B. 49 Barnes, C.J. 39 Bartle, G.A 31 Bartle, G.A. 12 Bartone, C.R. 67 Ben-Harim, I. 14 Bengtson, R.L. 38, 157 Berg, W.A. 119, 144, 146 Bergstrom, L. 87 Berkowitz, B. 66 Bernaldez, F.G. 32 Berndt, Marian P. 137 Berti, A. 141 Betaieb, M. 95, 142 Bhutta, M.N. 5, 139 Bingham, G.E. 26 Blaskett, M.J. 68 Boardman, R. 68 Bollich, P.K. 38 Borin, M. 141 Bouwer, H. 1, 55, 117 Bravdo, B.A. 20 Briccoli-Bati, C. 40, 51 Brissaud, F. 62 Brownlee, C.H. 132 Burgess, M.D. 103 Bustamante, I. de 74 Carbonell, L.M. 155 Carlson, M. 93 Carroll, M.J. 94 Caswell, M. 41 Chambers, L.A. 39 Chang, C. 120 Chang, L.J. 2, 79 Chappell, N.A. 104 Churataa-Masca, M.G.C. 156 Cibotaru, R. 140 Clothier, B. 111 Coleman, G.A. 144, 146 Cooper, R.C. 107 Cooper, R.N. 115, 133 Cort, R.P. 92 Corwin, D.L. 52 Croce, F. 8, 129 Crook, J. 108 D'Itri, F.M. 76 Dardanoni, L. 129 Davis, K.R. 158 DeMalach, J. 140 DeMalach, Y. 33, 45, 150 Deming, E.J. 3 Denver, J.M. 57 Destouni, G. 4 Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit, International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage, Deutscher Verband fur Wasserwirschaft und Kulturbau 81 Deverel, S.J. 56, 126 Di Giovacchino, L. 51 Dik, P.E. 87 Dolezal, F. 116 Duniway, J.M. 60, 112 Eckstein, Y. 106 Edwards, W.M. 106 El Atfy, H. 28 El Gamaal, H. 28 Essery, C.I. 10 Exner, M.E. 43 Farrington, P. 12, 31 Fazeli, M.S. 35 Feagley, S.E. 38 Feigenbaum, Sala 34 Feigin, A. 73 Fio, J.L. 56, 126 Fitzpatrick, J.J. 132 Flexer, A. 66 Flinn, D.W. 97 Forden, W.Y. 71 Fouss, J.L. 157 Frank, K.D. 78 Frankenberger, W.T. Jr 88 Fujii, R. 126 Gamble, B.F. 106 Gambrill, M.P. 101 Gburek, W.J. 121 Geological Survey (U.S.) 25 Gerba, C.P. 15 German, E. R. 37d Gish, T.J. 145 Gomez, I. 65 Gorelick, S.M. 131 Grattan, S.R. 143 Hadjivassilis, I. 21, 148 Hanks, R.J. 26 Harivandi, A. 46 Hartling, E.C. 91 Hartman, H. 150 Hayes, A.R. 70, 71 Helling, C.S. 145 Hillman, T.J. 97 Hills, R.G. 75, 124 Hodges, L. 122 Hoffman, Z. 33, 45, 140, 150 Holtzclaw, K.M. 11 Hopmans, P. 97 Howard, H.D. 80 Howard, H.F. 69 Hudson, D.B. 75, 124 Hutmacher, R.B. 158 Itoyama, T. 135 Iwasaki, K. 130 Jaques, R.S. 92 Jarvis, N.J. 87 Jaynes, D.B. 50 Jeyapaul, G. 61 Johnson, D.L. 109 Jones, K. 95, 142 Jones, O.R. 144, 146 Jones, R.L. 109 Joseph, C. 62 Juanico, M. 14, 89, 90 Kachanoski, R.G. 138 Kamra, S.K. 127 Kanarek, A. 90 Kandil, H. 85p Kannan, K. 36, 63, 64 Kargbo, D. 19 Karioun, A. 7 Kato, M. 76 Keren, Y. 150 Khao-Uppatum, V. 130 Kijne, J.W. 5, 139 Kirkland, M.R. 124 Kirkpatrick, W.R. 92 Knudsen, D. 19 Kok-Yokomi, M.L. 105 Koo, R.C.J. 13, 42 Kopec, D.M. 71 Kott, Y. 16 Kourik, R. 136 Kreznor, W.R. 109 Kronfeld, J. 66 Lamond, B.J. 120 Lansdell, M. 155 Latif, M. 139 Lee, D.L. 18 Lefkoff, L.J. 131 Leong, L.Y.C. 48 Levin, I. 20 Lichtenberg, E. 41 Lico, Michael S. 25 Lindsey, S.B. 115, 133 Lindstrand, O. 29 Linscombe, S.D. 38 Logasundari, S. 61 Lombardo, N. 40, 51 MacDonald, D.V. 23 Mackzum, A. 125 MacLeod, J. 17 Madany, I.M. 9 Magaritz, M. 29, 30 Magette, W.L. 157 Malek, E.� 26 Mancino, C.F. 70, 71, 72 Manickavel, K. 61 Manor, Y. 33, 45 Mara, D.D. 7, 18, 101, 114, 128 Marsilio, V. 51 Martens, D.A. 88 Martin, G.E. 43 Martinez, A. 32 Mataix, J. 65 May, D.M. 143 McCormick, R.L. 158 McCurdy, G.D. 26 McHaney, S.X. 123 McMurtry, M.R. 84, 122 Milburn, P. 17 Miller, C.T. 85 Mills, S.W. 7 Mitchell, J.P. 143 Monte, H.M. do 44 Moravek, M.G. 78 Mote, C.R. 3 Mourik, E. van 28 Mujeriego, R. 54 Mujumdar, P.P. 99 Murashima, K. 83 Muthanna, L. 35 Naney, J.W. 119 Narkis, N. 16 Nash, A. 84 Navarro-Pedreno, J. 65 Neal, R.H. 125 Neher, D. 112 Neilsen, G.H. 132 Nelson, P.V. 84, 122 Nicolaou, M. 148 Niedrum, S.B. 7 Nijman, C.M. 100 Oblisami, G. 36, 63, 64 Ogino, Y. 83 Oliveri, R.L. 8 Olson, K.R. 109 Oron, G. 33, 45, 140, 150 Oyama, G. 76 Paliwal, K. 61 Parlange, J.Y. 82 Parlange, M.B. 82 Parsons, J.E. 157 Pearson, H.W. 128 Pepper, I.L. 22, 70, 71, 72, 77 Pescod, M.B. 149 Petrovic, A.M. 94 Phene, C.J. 158 Pionke, H.B. 121 Plazner, N. 150 Pollara, J.R. 8 Poppe, R.E. 80 Potgieter, L.N.D. 3 Priel, M. 90 Rajamanickam, C. 61 Rao Bhamidimarri, S.M. 6 Rao, K.V.G.K. 127 Ravina, I. 73 Reedy Creek Improvement District (Fla.),Geological Survey (U.S.) 37 Restrepo-Bardon, M. 62 Rey Benayas, J.M. 32 Reynolds, B. 104 Rhoades, J.D. 52 Rigby, M.G. 48 Ristaino, J.B. 60 Rogowski, A.S. 121 Ronen, D. 29, 30 Rose, C.W. 82 Rose, J.B. 15 Rosenthal, E. 66 Russel, J.M. 133 Russell, J.M. 115 Sakaji, R.H. 48 Sala, L. 54 Salama, R.B. 12, 31 Sanders, D.C. 84, 122 Sathyanarayan, S. 35 Satish, P.N. 35 Sauer, T. 111 Scanlon, B.R. 113 Schepers, J.S. 78 Schnabel, R.R. 121 Schneider, K. 151 Schoppet, M.J. 145 Schrale, G. 68 Schreiber, M.M. 145 Schwartz, F.W. 98 Scotter, D. 111 Shalhevet, Joseph 73 Sharma, M.L. 134 Sharpley, A.N. 144, 146 Sheikh, B. 92 Shelef, G. 14, 47, 89, 90, 152 Shennan, C. 143 Shioda, K. 130 Shirmohammadi, A. 145, 157 Shuval, H.I. 27, 58 Sigua, G.C. 38 Silva, S.A. 18, 101 Simunek, J. 86 Singh, S.R. 127 Skaggs, R.W. 85 Skopp, J. 19 Smith, S.J. 119, 144, 146 Snow, D.D. 43 Solinas, M. 51 Sommerfeldt, T.G. 120 Soulie, M. 62 Sousa, M.S. 44 Spalding, R.F. 43 Sparks, Donald L. 34 Sposito, G. 11, 125 Stagnitti, F. 82 Steenhuis, T.S. 82 Stein, R. 98 Stevenson, D.S. 132 Stewart, H.T.L. 97 Stott, R. 18 Strauss, M. 59 Suarez, D.L. 86 Tallahassee (Fla.),Geological Survey (U.S.) 137 Tanigawa, T. 83 Taniguchi, M. 134 Tarbox, G.L. Jr 147 Tchobanoglous, G. 118 Teltsch, B. 14 Ternan, J.L. 104 Thellier, C. 11 Thoma, K. 24 Torregrossa, M.V. 8 United States-Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund 34 United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. Subcommittee on Water and Power 110 Unruh, R.R. 80 Urban, J.B. 121 Urbanek, J. 116 Ushikubo, A. 76 Valentino, L. 8 Van Genuchten, M.T. 127 Van Wesenbeeck, I.J. 138 Varadarajan, K. 61 Vargas-Lopez, C.E. 114 Vaz da Costa-Vargas, S.M. 114 Vedula, S. 99 Von Bernuth, R.D. 3 Waggoner, B.L. 52 Wallender, W.W. 53 Wasson, R.J. 39 Watson, G.D. 12, 31 Weinberger, G. 66 Wells, M.C. 30 Whalen, S.A. 2, 79 Wierenga, P.J. 75, 124 Wilcock, D.N. 10 Williams, A.G. 104 Williams, B.G. 39 Wing, R.E. 145 Wright, J.A. 157 Xanthoulis, D. 53 Yabe, K. 83 Yang, A. 125 Yang, P.Y. 2, 79 Yokose, H. 135 Yoshimura, M. 76 Zekri, M. 13, 42 Zilberman, D. 41 SUBJECT INDEX Activated sludge 15, 21, 148 Adsorption 125, 126 Aeration 2, 69, 76 Aerobic treatment 2, 79 Aggregates 88, 109 Agricultural chemicals 57, 121 Agricultural land 43, 64, 83 Agricultural production 59 Agricultural soils 4, 50, 56, 112, 116, 125, 138 Alberta 98, 120 Alfalfa 88 Algae 7, 69 Algorithms 85 Alkaline soils 126 Alluvial soils 125, 126 Almonds 65 Aluminum 104 Ammonia 76 Ammonium nitrogen 76 Anaerobic conditions 76, 79 Anaerobic digesters 142 Anaerobic treatment 2, 133 Analytical methods 39 Animal models 3 Animal wastes 76 Application rates 20, 71, 77 Application to land 24, 68, 70, 71, 74, 76, 97, 117 Aquaculture 59, 67, 122 Aquatic weeds 69 Aquifers 12, 29, 30, 31, 37, 39, 66, 113, 117, 127, 131 Arachis hypogaea 146 Arid regions 70 Arid zones 140 Arizona 22, 55, 70, 71, 72, 77, 96 Ascaridia galli 18 Ascaris lumbRicoides 18 Atrazine 145 Australia 39, 97 Australian northern territory 103 Automatic irrigation systems 20 Bacteria 45, 92 Bahrain 9 Barley straw 88 Basin irrigation 109 Beta-fructofuranosidase 64 Bibliographies 151 Bioavailability 146 Biodegradation 29 Biofilms 23 Biological activity in soil 125 Biological oxygen demand 76 Biological techniques 14 Biological treatment 76 Biomass 20 Biomass accumulation 97 Bioreactors 23 Blood picture 61 Botulism 69 Brazil 18, 101 British Columbia 93 Bromacil 50 Bromide 124 Brown chernozemic soils 120 Bulk density 88 Byproducts 65 Calcareous soils 65 Calcium 65, 84, 113, 135 Calcium carbonate 120 Calcium sulfate 120 Calculation 83 California 11, 23, 41, 48, 53, 56, 60, 88, 91, 92, 123, 125, 126, 136, 143, 158 Campylobacter 142 Canals 5, 139 Cannery wastes 53 Capacity 14 Capillary rise 11 Carbon 29, 43, 77 Carbon dioxide 12, 36, 86 Case studies 7, 116, 141, 147, 153 Catchment hydrology 82, 106 Cations 74 Cellulase 64 Channels 5 Chemical analysis 9, 113 Chemical composition 12, 66, 115 Chemical oxygen demand 76 Chemical precipitation 148 Chemical treatment 148 Chemicals 108 Chemistry 98 Chloride 43 Chlorides 87 Chlorine 92, 142 Citrus 20, 42 Citrus sinensis 13 Clay loam soils 22 Clay soils 87 Clones 93 Coagulation 148 Cocos nucifera 35 Coliform bacteria 95 Colorado 131 Comparisons 16 Computer programming 80 Computer software 106 Concentration 14 Coniferous forests 104 Connecticut 82 Constraints 102 Construction 62 Contaminants 30 Contamination 3, 30, 45, 114, 125 Control methods 14, 27 Copper 72 Cost analysis 2, 79 Costs 23, 54, 102, 131 Cotton 41 Counting 45 Crop establishment 71 Crop growth stage 99, 112 Crop management 17 Crop mixtures 131 Crop production 40, 49, 78 Crop quality 42, 44, 71, 143 Crop yield 20, 44, 112, 131, 140, 150, 158 Crops 45, 114 Cucumis sativus 122 Cultivation 38 Culture media 122 Cynodon dactylon 71, 72 Cyprus 21, 148 Czechoslovakia 116 Dairy cows 61 Dairy industry 21 Dams 31 Decision making 99, 100, 131 Decomposition 36 Decontamination 114 Deficiency 129 Delaware 57 Deltas 130 Denitrification 22, 23, 43, 76, 133 Depletion 32 Depth 127, 141 Desalinization 129 Desert soils �22, 77 Design 23, 24, 53, 79, 83, 139 Desorption 126, 144 Deterministic models 75, 124 Developing countries 27 Differentiation 39 Diffusion 19 Diffusion models 87 Diffusivity 19 Discharge 5, 17, 28, 31, 32, 83, 106, 139, 141 Disease control 142 Disease models 3 Disease transmission 3 Disinfectants 16 Disinfection 16, 142 Dispersion 126 Disposal 39, 150 Dissolved oxygen 76 Dissolving 29, 126 Distribution 30 Drain pipes 28 Drainage 17, 41, 116, 122, 126, 157 Drainage channels 83 Drainage water 12, 28, 56, 125, 126, 127, 135 Drained conditions 85 Drinking water 43, 103, 107, 117, 129, 155 Drying 142 Earthworm channels 116 Earthworms 116 Economic analysis 103 Economic evaluation 152 Efficiency 79 Effluents 7, 16, 23, 29, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47, 69, 76, 84, 89, 90, 101, 122, 127, 128, 133 Egypt 28 Electrical conductivity 70, 72, 98, 132 Emitters 140 Encapsulation 145 Enterobacteriaceae 95 Enterovirus 15, 48 Environmental aspects 137 Environmental impact 32, 78, 103 Environmental policy 41 Enzyme activity 64 Epidemiology 112 Equations 94 Erosion 109 Erosion control 119 Estimation 130 Eucalyptus 24 Evaluation 48 Evaporation 10, 12, 82, 98 Evapotranspiration 10, 26, 158 Exchangeable cations 11 Exchangeable sodium 11, 70 Experimental design 17p Fallow 146 Farm inputs 41 Farm management 41 Farm workers 105 Farmland 41, 119, 146 Fecal flora 114 Fertigation 20, 30, 45, 49, 74 Fertilizer requirement determination 49 Fertilizer technology 49 Fertilizers 20, 40, 65, 113 Fertirrigation 36 Field capacity 19 Field experimentation 138 Fields 38 Filters 69 Filtration 14 Fish culture 84 Fish ponds 122 Flood irrigation 38, 50 Flooded rice 38 Florida 13, 42, 105, 137, 137 Flow 12 Flow to drains 56 Fluids 49 Foliar diagnosis 42 Foliar nutrition 132 Food composition 65 Food contamination 92 Food crops 33 Forest plantations 24, 93 Forest soils 135, 138 Forest trees 97 Forestry 115 France 62 Fresh water 129 Freshwater fishes 14 Fruits 20 Furrow irrigation 22, 60, 77, 96 Furrows 53 Gaging 81 Gates 139 Geochemistry 12, 56 Geological sedimentation 109 Geology 98 Geomorphology 31� Gibbsite 12 Golf courses 54, 123 Gossypium 47, 96 Gossypium hirsutum 22, 140 Grasses 146 Greenhouse culture 122 Ground cover 144 Groundwater 12, 29, 30, 31, 39, 43, 52, 56, 57, 66, 78, 91, 107, 121, 126, 145 Groundwater extraction 32 Groundwater flow 31, 56, 66, 98 Groundwater level 31, 66 Groundwater pollution 113, 115 Groundwater recharge 9, 23, 31, 32, 43, 55, 66, 102, 117 Growth 93 Guidelines 27, 59, 108 Gypsum 126 Hawaii 2, 79 Health 101 Health hazards 15, 27, 46, 149 Health protection 7, 27, 54, 55, 58, 59, 107, 108, 114, 117, 118, 129, 154 Heat 134 Heat flow 10, 86 Heavy metals 35, 92 Helminths 27 Hematology 61 Herbicide residues 50 High water tables 98 Hill land 104 Historical records 58 Horizons 138 Households 33, 101 Human diseases 3, 8 Hybrids 93 Hydraulic conductivity 87, 98, 116 Hydraulics 2, 28 Hydrogen ions 104 Hydrography 81 Hydrological factors 32 Hydrology 56, 157 Hysteresis 126 India 127 Indicators 48 Industrial wastes 6, 21, 24, 115 Infection 3 Infestation 18 Infiltration 53, 62, 75, 88, 111, 116, 124, 134 Innovation adoption 41 Inoculum density 112 Insect pests 105 Installation 23 Installations 79 Ion transport 104 Ions 12, 66 Iron 72 Irrigated conditions 56, 78, 88, 105, 143 Irrigated farming 41 Irrigated pastures 61, 115 Irrigated soils 29, 68, 126 Irrigated stands 26, 114, 117 Irrigation 3, 13, 24, 25, 35, 42, 44, 46, 64, 65, 69, 76, 80, 84, 93, 94, 97, 126, 133, 149, 151 Irrigation laws 110 Irrigation requirements 20, 99 Irrigation scheduling 19, 99, 135 Irrigation systems 5, 83, 100, 130, 139 Irrigation water 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 23, 26, 27, 33, 39, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49, 51, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 67, 70, 71, 72, 89, 90, 92, 95, 101, 102, 103, 107, 108, 114, 115, 117, 118, 123, 126, 128, 129, 131, 132, 142, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155 Israel 14, 16, 27, 29, 30, 33, 45, 47, 66, 89, 90, 128, 140, 150, 152 Italy 51, 141 Japan 76, 83, 135 Kaolinite 12 Karnataka 35, 99 Kentucky 113 Kinetics 125, 144 Kraft mill effluent 63 Laboratory tests 11 Lactuca sativa 18, 114 Lagoons 2, 44 Lakes 155 Land management 31, 144 Land use 113 Landscape 32, 46, 123 Landscape gardening 62 Landscaping 9 Lawns and turf 3, 15, 46, 62, 70, 72, 105, 123 Leachates 70 Leaching 11, 50, 77, 78, 87, 96, 126, 144, 145 Leaf water potential 94 Leakage 12 Leaves 94 Libya 95, 142 Liquid fertilizers 49 Liquid wastes 77 Literature reviews 98 Loam soils 134 Lolium perenne 71 Losses from soil systems 96, 146 Louisiana 38 Lycopersicon esculentum 60, 84, 112, 122, 143, 156, 158 Macropore flow 87 Macropores 116 Magnesium 65, 84, 113 Maintenance 54 Malus pumila 20 Man 59 Management 49, 83, 139 Manganese 72, 125 Mathematical models 49, 50, 52, 82, 85, 86, 87, 99, 126, 127 Matric potential 20 Measurement 10, 124 Meat and livestock industry 6, 115, 133 Medicago sativa 26, 131 Metal tolerance 35 Metals 30 Methodology 130, 138 Microbial activities 36, 88 Microbial contamination 7, 27, 54, 90, 95, 113, 117 Microbiology 63, 101, 108 Middle east 153, 154 Mineral content 38 Mineral nutrition 42 Mineralization 77 Minimum tillage 146 Models 106 Monitoring 39, 49, 89, 90 Morocco 7 Movement in soil 49, 50, 104, 125, 126, 127, 145 Multiple cropping 99 Nebraska 43, 78 New Mexico 75, 124 New Zealand 6, 115 Nitrate 104, 125 Nitrate nitrogen 43, 76, 78, 96 Nitrates 22, 113, 115, 119, 121, 135, 137 Nitrites 76, 125 Nitrogen 43, 49, 65, 76, 77, 84, 94 Nitrogen fertilizers 71, 78, 132, 158 Nitrogen fixing bacteria 95 No-tillage 146 Northeastern states of U.S.A. 121 Northern ireland 10 Nutrient availability 20, 84, 94 Nutrient content 38, 140 Nutrient excesses 71 Nutrient requirements 49 Nutrient uptake 19, 49, 84, 132 Nutrients 97 Ohio 106 Oklahoma 80, 119, 144, 146 Olea europaea 40, 51 Olive oil 40, 51 Ontario 138 Operation 54 Oreochromis mossambicus 84 Organic amendments 88 Organic compounds 2 Organic farming 6 Organic fertilizers 6, 7 Osmotic pressure 94 Oxidation 126 Oxidation ditches 76 Oxygen 125 Pakistan punjab 5, 139 Pans 120 Paper mill sludge 35, 64 Particle size 96 Particle size distribution 109 Particles 14 Pathogenicity 112 Pathogens 8, 69, 92, 117 Percolation 62, 119 Performance 23, 28, 79 Performance appraisals 100 Permeability 116 Persistence 43 Pesticide residues 38 Ph 49, 66, 144 Phaseolus vulgaris 122 Phosphorus 19, 65, 72, 76, 84, 146 Phosphorus fertilizers 146, 158 Physicochemical properties 54, 125, 126 Physiographic features 98 Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica 60, 112 Pigs 3 Pipe drainage 141 Pisum sativum 140 Plains 119 Plankton 14 Planning 102, 103 Plant composition 35 Plant height 93 Plant nutrition 13, 49 Plant water relations 4 Plants, Effect of pollution on 37 Poa pratensis 94 Pollutants 29 Pollution 41 Polysaccharides 88 Ponds 7, 27, 62, 69, 101 Population density 105 Populus canadensis 74 Populus deltoides 93 Populus nigra 93 Populus trichocarpa 93 Porcine enterovirus 3 Porosity 87 Portugal 44, 114 Potassium 19, 65, 72, 74, 84, 94 Potassium chloride 138 Potassium content 34 Potassium fertilizers 158 Poultry manure 88 Prediction 75, 82, 85, 86, 87, 124, 127 Pretreatment 2, 79 Price policy 41 Processing 40, 51 Production 86 Productivity 140 Profiles 12, 60 Profitability 41 Profits 131 Programs 89 Projects 23 Protozoa 69 Prunus avium 132 Psychoda alternata 105 Public gardens 147 Public health 7, 27, 54, 59, 107, 108, 114, 117, 129, 154 Public parks 123 Pulp mill effluent 36 Pumps 69 Quality 47, 137 Quality controls 89 Quality standards 1, 27, 108, 114, 153 Quantitative analysis 56 Quantitative techniques 109 Radiocarbon dating 66 Rain 12 Rangelands� 119 Recharge 104, 106, 107, 134 Reclamation 48, 90, 123 Recovery 135 Redistribution 111, 124 Redox potential 125 Redox reactions 125 Reduction 125 Refuse 1, 16, 44, 48, 92 Regressions 131 Regulation 139 Regulations 48, 58, 76 Relative humidity 19 Remote control 80 Removal 2, 79 Requirements 14, 54, 117, 152 Reservoirs 106, 128 Resources 102 Respiration 86 Respiration rate 88 Retention 2 Reviews 116 Rhizobiaceae 63 Risk 3 Rivers 130 Root rots 60, 112 Root systems 20, 49 Roots 20, 22, 112 Rotations 146 Runoff 82, 104, 144, 146 Rural areas 113, 149 Safety 101 Saline soils 98, 120 Saline water 11, 26, 39, 65, 129, 131, 143 Salinity 12, 28, 31, 39, 49, 56 Salinization 98 Salt water intrusion 66 Salts 12 Salts in soil 98, 120, 126 Samples 141 Sampling 57, 121 Sand 134 Sandy loam soils 122 Sandy soils 111, 132 Saturated conditions 126, 134 Saturated hydraulic conductivity 75, 82 Saturation 134 Saturation extract 11 Seasonal fluctuations 113 Seasonal variation 112 Sediment 38 Seedling emergence 71 Seepage 82 Selenium 56, 125, 126 Semiarid soils 75, 124 Semiarid zones 140 Sensors 20 Septic tank effluent 113, 114 Sewage 61, 105 Sewage effluent 15, 30, 55, 70, 71, 72, 93, 95, 97, 140, 142, 147 Sewage effluent disposal 61, 68, 95 Sewage irrigation 34, 73 Sewage sludge 43, 65, 77, 88, 96, 142 Sewage sludge as fertilizer 137 Sicily 8, 129 Silica 135 Silt loam soils 111 Simulation 85, 127 Simulation models 4, 5, 41, 86, 130, 131, 157 Site selection 139 Size 20, 141 Slopes 82, 109, 119 Sloping land 135 Sludges 22 Sodium 65, 69, 72, 74 Sodium carbonate 113 Sodium chloride 113 Soil 45, 109, 133 Soil amendments 22, 51, 63, 96 Soil bacteria 72, 125 Soil biology 36, 63, 86 Soil chemistry 63, 72, 86, 88, 135 Soil density 88 Soil depth 4, 11, 60, 82, 120, 126, 134 Soil fertility 36, 51, 72 Soil fungi 60, 63 Soil injection 43 Soil insects 105 Soil organic matter 72, 77, 88, 113 Soil ph 70, 72, 125, 132 Soil physical properties 82, 88, 135 Soil physics 87 Soil pollution 8, 24, 29, 92 Soil pore system 19 Soil salinity 11, 98, 119, 127 Soil solution 19, 49, 138 Soil temperature 134 Soil texture 4 Soil treatment 88 Soil variability 75, 124 Soil water 42, 75, 82, 88, 96, 104, 106, 119, 124, 138 Soil water balance 82, 85 Soil water content 19, 49, 88, 134 Soil water movement 4, 106, 111, 138 Soil water regimes 125 Soils 34, 97 Solid wastes 2 Solubility 119, 125 Solutes 4, 19, 52, 56, 75, 85, 87, 96, 104, 111, 124, 126, 127, 134, 138 Sorghum 53 Sorghum bicolor 146 South australia 24, 68 South Carolina 147 Spacing 127 Spain 32, 54, 74 Spatial distribution 31, 49, 86, 126 Spatial variation 138 Specific heat 134 Springs 113 Sprinkler irrigation 18, 33, 37, 45, 114, 135 Sri lanka 100 Stability 88 Stabilization 27 Stabilizing 7, 62, 101 Stable isotopes 43, 66, 98 Starch 145 Stomatal resistance 94 Storage 106, 128 Storms 104 Stream flow 130 Streams 12, 31, 104, 131 Stubble mulching 146 Subsurface drainage 28, 127 Subsurface irrigation 136, 140, 157 Subsurface layers 135 Sugar factory waste 2 Sugar industry 79 Sugarcane 2, 79 Sulfates 104, 144 Sulfur 84 Surface irrigation 53 Surface layers 135 Surface water 5, 12, 38, 98 Survival 15 Sweetcorn 45, 150 Systems 24, 90, 141 Tallahassee 137, 137 Tamil nadu 36, 61, 63 Technology 6, 101 Temperate climate 10 Temperate zones 17 Temperature 66, 76 Temporal variation 49, 113 Texas 144, 146 Textile industry 148 Thailand 130 Thermodynamics 125 Thermophilic bacteria 142 Tides 81 Tilapia aurea 122 Tile drainage 17, 127 Tillage 146 Time �2 Time lag 126 Tomatoes 53, 65 Topsoil 87 Toxicity 61 Trace elements 84 Tracers 134, 138 Transformation 125 Transient flow 4 Transpiration 12 Transport processes 4, 19, 49, 50, 52, 75, 85, 86, 98, 111, 124, 125, 126, 134, 138, 144 Treatment 9, 55 Trickle irrigation 2, 14, 20, 33, 41, 45, 49, 79, 111, 140, 145, 150, 158 Triticum 66 Triticum aestivum 119, 140, 146 Tritium 124 Turgor 94 U.S.A. 58, 108 Underground storage 90 Unsaturated flow 85 Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity 134 Upland areas 31 Uptake 35 Urban areas 102, 123, 149 Utah 26 Utilization 23, 123 Vegetables 117, 122 Venezuela 155 Viruses 45, 92 Vitis vinifera 20 Volume 93 Wales 104 Washing 79 Waste disposal 26, 45, 53, 77, 97, 103 Waste disposal sites 24 Waste treatment 6, 16, 45 Waste utilization 59, 70, 71, 72, 76, 132, 136 Waste water 3, 9, 13, 24, 26, 29, 39, 40, 42, 51, 53, 58, 59, 67, 72, 76, 80, 93, 101, 105, 107, 123, 129, 132, 133, 135, 140, 149, 151, 153 Waste water disposal 36 Waste water treatment 1, 2, 7, 8, 14, 18, 21, 23, 27, 33, 35, 44, 46, 47, 54, 59, 62, 68, 74, 79, 89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 101, 102, 103, 108, 114, 117, 118, 128, 142, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155 Waste waters 136 Wastes 59 Water 25, 44, 102 Water allocation 5, 99 Water availability 19, 20, 94, 99 Water balance 10 Water budget 106 Water conservation 41, 42, 129 Water costs 41 Water deficit 143 Water distribution 5, 139 Water erosion 119 Water filters 69 Water flow 75, 82, 86, 124, 134, 135 Water holding capacity 82 Water management 38, 52, 78, 118, 130, 157 Water policy 5 Water pollution 14, 15, 27, 29, 43, 77, 107, 121, 125, 129, 145 Water purification 27, 74 Water quality 1, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25, 27, 31, 33, 37, 38, 46, 52, 54, 56, 57, 70, 76, 78, 85, 90, 104, 108, 113, 117, 127, 135, 152, 153, 155, 157 Water requirements 156 Water reservoirs 95, 99 Water resources 54, 103, 107, 118, 129, 149, 152, 155 Water resources development 110 Water reuse 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, 21, 27, 33, 37, 44, 45, 48, 54, 55, 58, 59, 62, 67, 79, 89, 90, 91, 101, 102, 103, 108, 110, 114, 115, 117, 118, 128, 129, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154, 155 Water storage 117 Water supply 102 Water table 10, 32, 85, 119, 127, 141, 157 Water uptake 19, 60 Water use 5, 107, 131 Water use efficiency 99, 158 Water yield 82 Water, Underground 137 Waterborne diseases 142 Waterfowlx 69 Watershed management 31 Watersheds 12, 31, 82, 83, 121, 144, 146 Weathering 12 Weed control 69 Wells 66, 113 Western australia 12, 31 Wetlands 32 Wetting front 75 Who 27, 108 Yield losses 112 Yield response functions 7, 92, 143 Yield targets 78 Zea mays 19, 45, 78, 131, 140, 150 Zinc 72