2006 Annual Report 1.What major problem or issue is being resolved and how are you resolving it (summarize project aims and objectives)? How serious is the problem? Why does it matter? The Alaskan fishing industry produces over one million metric tons of by-product and waste annually. This material has potential value as a protein and natural products source but much by-product is not utilized. This project seeks to characterize the various fish processing by-products and existing secondary products and to develop new and higher valued ingredients for use in animal (agriculture and aquatic) feeds. Currently almost all of the fishery waste from large processors is converted to low value, high ash meal for sale abroad. Meal production is considered a cost of doing business and has not yet become recognized as a significant source of revenue. Much of the waste from smaller processors is disposed of by using the grind and dump method. Regulatory changes including those requiring 100 % utilization of cod and pollock make the development of best-use end products urgent. This project contributes to National Program 106, Aquaculture. 2.List by year the currently approved milestones (indicators of research progress) 2006 1. Develop new knowledge 1.1. Analyze by-product from flat, rock, cartilaginous fish 1.2. Analyze seasonal variation of the by-product stream 1.3. Characterize tissue and organ components 1.4. Characterize protein from organs and extracted proteins 1.5. Characterize lipid from organs and by-products 1.6. Characterize properties of hydrolysates 1.7. Characterize stick water properties 1.8 Value added salmon by-products 2. Examine processes and methods for analysis, collection & storage of raw materials 2.1. Evaluate raw material quality and its effect on meals and oils 2.2. Effects of storage time and temp. on by-product components 2.3. Evaluate changes in quality during storage of meals and oils 2.4. Evaluate stabilization and storage of by-products 3. Make new and improved ingredients & feeds from AK By-products 3.1. Aquaculture nutritional value of protein ingredients 3.2. Aquaculture nutritional value of lipid ingredients 3.3. Aquaculture palatability and attractant properties 3.4. Aquaculture growth promoters and immuno stimulants 3.5. Aquaculture feed binding ingredients 3.6. Quality and sensory attributes of fish and shellfish ingredients 3.7. Use of by-product ingredients in livestock feeds 3.8. Nutritional ingredients for pet foods 3.9. Develop and evaluate novel feed ingredients for ornamental fish 2007 1. Develop new knowledge 1.1. Analyze by-product from flat, rock, cartilaginous fish 1.2. Analyze seasonal variation of the by-product stream 1.3. Characterize tissue and organ components 1.4. Characterize protein from organs and extracted proteins 1.5. Characterize lipid from organs and by-products 1.6. Characterize properties of hydrolysates 1.7. Characterize stick water properties 1.8 Value added salmon by-products 2. Examine processes and methods for analysis, collection & storage of raw materials 2.1. Evaluate raw material quality and its effect on meals and oils 2.2. Effects of storage time and temp. on by-product components 2.3. Evaluate changes in quality during storage of meals and oils 2.4. Evaluate stabilization and storage of by-products 3. Make new and improved ingredients & feeds from AK By-products 3.1. Aquaculture nutritional value of protein ingredients 3.2. Aquaculture nutritional value of lipid ingredients 3.3. Aquaculture palatability and attractant properties 3.4. Aquaculture growth promoters and immuno stimulants 3.5. Aquaculture feed binding ingredients 3.6. Quality and sensory attributes of fish and shellfish ingredients 3.7. Use of by-product ingredients in livestock feeds 3.8. Nutritional ingredients for pet foods 3.9. Develop and evaluate novel feed ingredients for ornamental fish 2008 1. Develop new knowledge 1.1. Analyze by-product from flat, rock, cartilaginous fish 1.2. Analyze seasonal variation of the by-product stream 1.3. Characterize tissue and organ components 1.4. Characterize protein from organs and extracted proteins 1.5. Characterize lipid from organs and by-products 1.6. Characterize properties of hydrolysates 1.7. Characterize stick water properties 1.8 Value added salmon by-products 2. Examine processes and methods for analysis, collection & storage of raw materials 2.1. Evaluate raw material quality and its effect on meals and oils 2.2. Effects of storage time and temp. on by-product components 2.3. Evaluate changes in quality during storage of meals and oils 2.4. Evaluate stabilization and storage of by-products 3. Make new and improved ingredients & feeds from AK By-products 3.1. Aquaculture nutritional value of protein ingredients 3.2. Aquaculture nutritional value of lipid ingredients 3.3. Aquaculture palatability and attractant properties 3.4. Aquaculture growth promoters and immuno stimulants 3.5. Aquaculture feed binding ingredients 3.6. Quality and sensory attributes of fish and shellfish ingredients 3.7. Use of by-product ingredients in livestock feeds 3.8. Nutritional ingredients for pet foods 3.9. Develop and evaluate novel feed ingredients for ornamental fish 4a.List the single most significant research accomplishment during FY 2006. Milt and viscera meals from pollock and pink salmon: This research seeks to enhance the performance of soy-based diets by adding meals made from selected fish by-product components. Researchers at the University of Alaska Fairbanks in collaboration with scientist at the Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station in Idaho, the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii and ARS scientists in Fairbanks found that pollock viscera and salmon milt meal contain biologically-active components that stimulate growth of salmonids fed soybean meal-based diets. The study was a trout feeding trial in which meals made from different by-products including salmon gonad and pollock viscera were used with a soy protein diet. This demonstrates the validity of our project goal of developing high-value feed additives from seafood processing waste, although further work to refine and characterize the products is needed. This research addresses the Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture component of NP 106. 4b.List other significant research accomplishment(s), if any. Alaska pollock and salmon oils in shrimp diets: The results of an 8-week feeding trial indicated that Alaska pollock and salmon oils were able to replace menhaden oil in diets for shrimp. Scientists from the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii, and ARS scientists in Alaska collaborated to provide pollock and salmon oils that were used to replace menhaden oil for in a shrimp growth diets. After the eight week feeding trial, shrimp fed diets containing the Pollock and salmon oils had excellent growth, feed efficiency and survival. This finding will be useful to feed manufacturers who are looking for high quality replacements for standard sources of fish oil for aquaculture feeds. This research addresses the Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture component of NP 106. Salmon by-products increase use of soy-based aquaculture feeds: In Alaska, salmon livers and other viscera are not utilized in the production of human food and are often discarded. ARS scientists in Fairbanks in collaboration with researchers at the University of Alaska Fairbanks, Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station in Idaho and the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii, have developed industrial scale methods for processing these livers and have chemically characterized the resulting meals. The high cholesterol concentrations will be helpful in dietary formulations for shrimp and possibly as a feed ingredient for younger fish. This research addresses the Quality, Safety, and Variety of Aquaculture Products for Consumers and in addition, there has been significant interest from European feed manufacturers in these meals. This research addresses the Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture component of NP 106. Attractant properties of fish stickwater fractions for rainbow trout: Stickwater derived from the processing of fish by-products into fish meal contains all the soluble small molecules derived from the heads, viscera, flesh and skeletons of processed fish and may function as a palatability enhancer and an attractant in fish diets. Scientist from the Hagerman Fish Culture Experiment Station in Idaho, Universityh of Alaska Fairbanks, and ARS in Alaska collaborated to develop methodologies for drying stickwaters that have the potential be scaled to an industrial level. Stickwater fractions were tested as additives to high soybean-meal diets for rainbow trout that are known to lower feed intake by reducing feed palatability. None of the stickwater fractions improved feed intake or fish growth, in contrast to findings with fish hydrolysates. This research addresses the Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture component of NP 106. Attractant properties of hydrolysates from Alaska by-product for shrimp: Scientist from the Oceanic Institute in Hawaii, Universityh of Alaska Fairbanks, and ARS in Alaska collaborated on shrimp feeding studies and found protein hydrolysate meals made from by-products of the Alaskan fishing industry exhibited positive attractant properties in diets for shrimp. A series of diets containing the prepared protein hydrolysate ingredients were produced and for the shrimp trial. The voluntary consumption rates of the shrimp of all hydrolysates except one were significantly higher than the control. For most of the hydrolysates, the consumption rate was similar to that of menhaden fishmeal used in shrimp feeds. This finding is useful to feed manufacturers who are looking for alternatives to traditional sources of fishmeal. This research addresses the Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture component of NP 106. 4c.List significant activities that support special target populations. None. 4d.Progress report. None. 5.Describe the major accomplishments to date and their predicted or actual impact. The items below include those from the earlier project was completed in March 2005. A. NP 106 Aquaculture: Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture. The addition of stickwater to presscake, made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry, improved the nutritional quality of whitefish meals for rainbow trout, Pacific threadfin and Pacific white shrimp. B. NP 106 Aquaculture: Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture. Selected fishmeals made from by-products of the Alaska fish processing industry were screened for pesticides and PCBs, and they did not contain detectable levels. C. NP 106 Aquaculture: Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture. Alaska fish meals, made under standard conditions from the by-products of seafood processing, performed as well as or better than commercially available meals from whole industrial fish during shrimp and trout feeding trials. D. NP 106 Aquaculture: Sustainability and Environmental Compatibility of Aquaculture. Meals made from individual fish by-product tissues such as viscera, heads, and organs such as male gonads) can be used as minor ingredients to enhance the palatability, attraction and feed performance. 6.What science and/or technologies have been transferred and to whom? When is the science and/or technology likely to become available to the end-user (industry, farmer, other scientists)? What are the constraints, if known, to the adoption and durability of the technology products? The list below include those related to this earlier project completed in March 2005. A. Use of low-ash fish meal from Alaskan seafood processing waste is now being produced commercially and successfully marketed to the US trout feed manufacturing industry for use in low-pollution trout feeds. B. The importance of fish solubles derived from stickwater or the inclusion of stickwater (which is often discarded at present) in improving nutritional quality of fishmeal has been disseminated to industry. C. The high nutritional quality of Alaskan whitefish meals and salmon meals, established using scientific research trials in rainbow trout, Pacific threadfin and shrimp, has been disseminated to industry. D. The chemical characterization and physical properties of hydrolysates made from whitefish and salmon have been disseminated to industry. F. Chemical properties of oils derived from the production of fish meals from different species and production has been disseminated to industry and consultants. G. Meals derived from fractions of the waste stream–namely testes and livers have properties of interest to a number of European feed manufacturers. 7.List your most important publications in the popular press and presentations to organizations and articles written about your work. (NOTE: List your peer reviewed publications below). Bechtel PJ, Morey A, Plante S & Oliveira ACM. 2006. Chemical properties of Pacific Ocean perch (Sebastes alutus) by-products. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL. Bechtel PJ & Oliveira ACM. 2006. Characterization of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) liver and meal: A cholesterol rich feed ingredient. AQUA 2006. World Aquaculture Society Meeting. Florence, Italy. Bechtel PJ, Sathivel S & Oliveira ACM. 2005. Extracting high quality protein from salmon byproducts using new high pH methodology. Arctic Science Conference. September. Kodiak, AK. Bechtel PJ, Wiklund E, Finstad G & Oliveira ACM. 2006. Lipid composition of meat from free-ranging reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) or reindeer fed soybean meal or fishmeal-based rations. Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting. Orlando, FL. Chantarachoti J, Bechtel PJ, Oliveira ACM & Sathivel S. 2005. Immature pollock roe: Chemical and nutritional properties. Arctic Science Conference. September. Kodiak, AK. Forster I, Plante S, Smiley S, Oliveira ACM & Bechtel PJ. 2006. The effectiveness of byproducts of Alaska fishing industry in diets for Pacific threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis. Aquaculture America. Las Vegas, NV. Morey A, Oliveira ACM, Bechtel PJ & Himelbloom B. 2005. Characteristics of lipids from heads, and headed and gutted spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias). Arctic Science Conference. September. Kodiak, AK. Oliveira A., Stone D, Plante S, Smiley S, Bechtel PJ, & Hardy,RW. 2006. Fish oils from Alaskan seafood processing by-products: an un-exploited sustainable resource for aquaculture feeds. World Aquaculture Society Meeting, Florence, Italy. Reppond K, Oliveira ACM & Bechtel PJ. 2006. Recovery and characterization of lipids from enzymatic digestion of fish eye tissue. 57th Pacific Fisheries Technologists Meeting. Anchorage, AK. Sathivel S & Bechtel PJ. 2006. Properties of salmon fish meal. Aquaculture America, Las Vegas, NV. Sathivel S, Bechtel PJ & Smiley S. 2006. Functional Properties of Alaska Salmon Meal. World Aqauculture Society Meeting. Florence, Italy. Sathivel,S & Bechtel PJ. 2005. Comparison of functional and nutritional properties of arrowtooth flounder protein powders made using three methods. 2005 Arctic Science Conference. Sept. 27-29, 2005, Kodiak, AK. Sathivel S. 2005. Thermal and flow properties of Fish Oils. American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) Annual Meeting, Cincinnati, OH. Smiley S. 2005. Investigation of Ichthyophonus in Alaskan Whitefish. AAAS Arctic Division Annual Meeting, Kodiak, AK. Smiley S, Bechtel PJ, Hardy R, Oliveira,ACM, Plante S, Subramaniam S, & Stone D. 2006. Chemical and Nutritional Characteristics of Novel Fish Meals made from the Alaska Seafood Processing Waste Stream. World Aquaculture Society Meeting, Florence, Italy. Smiley S, Oliveira ACM, Stone DAJ, Plante S, Bechtel PJ & Hardy, RW. 2006. Lipids and contaminants in fish oils from Alaska seafood processing byproducts. 57th Pacific Fisheries Technologists Meeting. Anchorage, AK. Stone D, Oliveira A, Smiley S, Bechtel,PJ & Hardy RW. 2006. Phase feeding freshwater produced rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with canola oil and Alaskan pollock fish oil. United States Trout Farmers Association Annual Meeting at the World Aquaculture Society Meeting, Aquaculture America Aquaculture America, Las Vegas, NV.