The thin layer of soil at the surface of the earth functions as the central resource to sustain life. Soil management determines plant productivity which in turn supports animal productivity. Soils also remove impurities to benefit water and air quality. It is imperative that a balance be reached between the short-term use of the soil and long-term sustainability of this critical resource. Protecting, preserving and enhancing the soil resource is a key element of this National Program. Soil management practices need to be developed to overcome limitations to productivity while maintaining or enhancing environmental quality. Tools need to be developed to assess the overall quality of a soil to determine the effectiveness and sustainability of soil management practices. An overall understanding of physical, chemical and biological properties and processes will allow management of the soil resource to ensure sustainable food, feed and fiber production throughout the nation and the world.