Appropriations Subcommittees

Export-Import Bank:

• The Administration is requesting $633 million for Export-Import Bank's loan and guarantee programs and $65 million for the bank's operations in FY 2002.
• These funds will assist American businesses in sustaining U.S. jobs by increasing exports, thus stimulating economic growth and job creation in the United States.
• The FY 2002 request proposes a 25 percent decrease in the bank's program resources, in part to reflect lower estimates of international lending risk. Within this level, Export-Import Bank will continue to serve exporters facing subsidized competition, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises.
• The increase for administrative expenses will, among other things, enable the bank to modernize its computer infrastructure to provide better service to the exporting community.

• In FY 2002, OPIC-generated revenue from its private sector users and other sources will allow OPIC to make a contribution of approximately $251 million in net negative budget authority to the International Affairs budget.
• The Administration is requesting the authority for OPIC to spend $38.6 million for administrative expenses. In keeping with OPIC's mandate to operate on a self-sustaining basis, this funding will come from OPIC user fees and earned income.
• The Administration is not requesting credit funding for OPIC in FY 2002. OPIC anticipates that sufficient unobligated amounts from the corporation's FY 2001 appropriation of two-year funds will remain available to support new direct loans and loan guarantees in FY 2002.
• In FY 2002, OPIC will continue to support the Administration's priorities for investment in such areas as Southeast Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa, Central America, the Caribbean, the Middle East, and the Caspian region. OPIC will continue also to emphasize activities and products that increase participation in its programs by American small businesses.
• Since 1971, OPIC has supported $138 billion worth of investments, generating over $63 billion in U.S. exports and creating or supporting nearly 250,000 American jobs.

• The Administration is requesting $50 million in FY 2002 for the Trade and Development Agency.
• TDA assists in the creation of jobs for Americans by helping U.S. companies pursue overseas business opportunities. Through the funding of feasibility studies, orientation visits, specialized training grants, business workshops, and various forms of technical assistance, TDA helps American businesses compete for infrastructure and industrial projects in emerging markets.
• The FY 2002 budget request will enable TDA to continue to strengthen its core regional programs and help U.S. firms compete against heavily subsidized foreign competition. In particular, TDA has witnessed impressive growth in demand for its Asian, Eastern European, and African programs. While meeting this increased demand, TDA's FY 2002 program priorities include expanding its High Tech Initiative in the areas of financial services technologies and emergency management.
• Every dollar TDA invests is associated with $40 in U.S. exports, estimated to total close to $17 billion since the agency was established in 1980.

Strategic Orientation and New Spheres of Emphasis:

• The President's FY 2002 budget marks the beginning of a new strategic orientation to ensure that USAID's long-term development assistance and humanitarian/disaster relief programs better respond to U.S. national interests, while doing business differently. This new business model builds a real partnership between the public and private sectors and begins a change in the corporate culture.
• USAID will become much more a coordinating and integrating institution to enhance the participation and impact of the private corporate sector, non-governmental organizations, the higher education community, and foundations in overseas development efforts.
• Under this new paradigm USAID will focus on leveraging resources and altering management and procurement practices and measuring results.
• The Administration believes some budget adjustments from those proposed last year are needed especially in the DA account. These adjustments, while not large, are considered the minimum essential for USAID to fulfill successfully its responsibilities as a key partner in the execution of U.S. foreign policy.
• Using the Development Credit Program, USAID will mobilize considerable local private capital for investment in U.S. development objectives. These risk-sharing partnerships with private financial institutions will allow USAID to maximize the impact of its development resources.
• Activities will be aggregated into three spheres of emphasis. These are: (1) Global Health; (2) Economic Growth and Agriculture; and (3) Conflict Prevention and Developmental Relief. By aggregating current programs into spheres of activities that are mutually reinforcing, USAID will be able to utilize resources and describe its programs more effectively.
• In addition, USAID has identified $160 million in the FY 2002 request - $110 million from Development Assistance (DA), $25 million from the Child Survival and Disease Programs Fund (CSD), and $25 million from International Disaster Assistance (IDA) - to be used to stimulate movement towards the new strategic orientation while still consistent with the authorized intention of the appropriated accounts.
• These funds will be used to implement new models of development that engage key stakeholders, including the for-profit private sector, non-governmental organizations, the higher education community, and foundations. The specific allocation of these monies is notional at this juncture, but they will be important supplemental program resources in the three spheres of emphasis.
• The three spheres of emphasis in USAID's new Strategic Orientation are discussed below to support the overall program level of $3.4 billion. This includes the USAID program accounts at $2.586 billion and P.L. 480 Title II at $835 million to show the synergy. These are all supported by USAID's Operating Expenses request, which is in addition to the overall program level.

• Under this sphere of emphasis, USAID groups its programs related to health, family planning, and many of the related transnational issues confronting the United States. This includes a major initiative for HIV/AIDS; more traditional child survival programs; programs for malaria, TB, and microbial diseases; and family planning. These programs are funded from the CSD account with the exception of family planning, which is currently DA-funded.
• The FY 2002 request for Global Health is $1.276 billion, compared to an equivalent figure of $1.259 billion in FY 2001 (both include $110 million for UNICEF).
• The request for HIV/AIDS funding has increased from $299 million in FY 2001 to $329 million in FY 2002 to better address this major public health issue.
• The remaining $947 million is proposed for child survival and other health activities, to be used to support efforts to improve maternal and child health and nutrition, reduce infant and child mortality, including $110 million for UNICEF and $425 million for family planning, which includes funding from other appropriated accounts.

• The restructuring of activities under this sphere of emphasis is intended to achieve better integration by the host of players who contribute toward creating long-term viable economies. Activities and proposed funding from DA and CSD include the productive sectors like agriculture; the environment and energy; human capacity development (including an increase in basic education from $103 million to $123 million); micro-enterprise and improvement in business, trade, and investment climate.

• Given the rising number of collapsed states and internal conflicts in the post-Cold War period, some of which have become focal points of American foreign policy, USAID will undertake a major new conflict prevention, management, and resolution initiative.
• This initiative will integrate the existing portfolio of USAID democracy programs with new approaches to anticipating crisis, conflict mediation programs at the community level, and programs that address the economic causes of conflict.
• These new approaches will necessarily involve strategic alliances with institutions such as the U.S. Institute of Peace, the U.S. military, indigenous religious institutions dedicated to conflict prevention and resolution, and PVOs with conflict management expertise. There will be continuing close coordination with the U.S. foreign affairs community, especially the Department of State, in this area.
• The request for FY 2002 is $1.217 billion, compared to an equivalent figure of $1.181 billion in FY 2001 (both include P.L. 480 Title II at $835 million).
• International Disaster Assistance base funding increases from $165 million in FY 2001 to $200 million in FY 2002 in recognition of the increased demands generated by complex emergencies and natural disasters.
• The request includes Transition Initiatives funding of $50 million to meet challenges in conflict-prone countries and those making the recovery from crisis.
• Democracy and Local Government funding continues at $132 million.

• While the three spheres of program emphasis embodied in USAID's new Strategic Orientation are a valuable way to focus, manage, and report on programs, they do not correspond neatly to the five program accounts for which the agency is currently responsible.
• The spheres of emphasis discussed above will be funded by the following five program accounts: Child Survival and Disease Programs Fund; Development Assistance; International Disaster Assistance; Transition Initiatives; and the Development Credit Program, which is funded mainly through transfers from the other accounts. In addition, USAID administers P.L. 480 Title II Food for Peace programs.

• The FY 2002 request is $1.011 billion, compared to an equivalent figure of $961 million in FY 2001 (both include $110 million for UNICEF).
• This account includes funding for HIV/AIDS at $329 million; basic education at $110 million (with an additional $13 million from DA); and support for child survival and other health activities.

• The Administration's FY 2002 request is $1.325 billion, compared to an equivalent figure of $1.302 billion in FY 2001 (both years include $28 million for the Inter-American and African Development Foundations).
• This account includes funding for agriculture, micro-enterprise and improvement in business trade and investment climate activities, environment, human capacity development, and family planning.

• The FY 2002 request of $200 million supports emergency relief and transitional activities provided in response to natural and manmade disasters and other emergencies often accompanied by the displacement of large numbers of people.

• The FY 2002 request of $50 million supports programs administered by USAID's Office of Transition Initiatives. The office addresses the opportunities and challenges facing conflict-prone countries and those making the transition from the initial crisis stage of a complex emergency to a more stable political and economic situation.

• For FY 2002, the Administration is requesting transfer authority of up to $25 million from USAID program accounts for the newly consolidated Development Credit Authority. This brings together various separate USAID credit programs under one credit umbrella.
• The change will allow USAID to use credit as a flexible development tool for a wide range of development purposes and will increase the flow of funds to urban credit and micro and small enterprise development programs.
• In addition, $7.5 million is requested for administrative costs for the consolidated authority. It is envisioned that all future agency credit activities will be carried out under the reforms embodied in DCP regulations and the Federal Credit Reform Act of 1992. This program augments grant assistance by mobilizing private capital in developing countries for sustainable development projects. DCP is not intended for sovereign risk activities.

• The FY 2002 request of $549 million will provide resources needed to maintain current staffing levels associated with USAID's presence in key developing countries, continue to build the agency's information technology and financial management capabilities, and strengthen staff capabilities with training.
• These funds cover the salaries, benefits, and other administrative costs associated with USAID programs worldwide, including those managed by USAID and financed through Development Assistance, the Child Survival and Disease Programs Fund, the Economic Support Fund, the Support for East European Democracy Act, the Freedom Support Act, and P.L. 480 Title II Food for Peace programs.
• The request includes $7.5 million for facility security where USAID is not co-located with embassies. There is also a request of $50 million for co-located USAID facilities included in the State Department's Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance request.
• In addition, $32 million is requested, as a separate appropriation, for USAID's Office of the Inspector General.

Economic Support Fund (ESF) (including International Fund for Ireland):

• The FY 2002 ESF request of $2.289 billion supports the economic and political foreign policy interests of the United States. Highlights of the FY 2002 request include:
• Near East - $1.682 billion to continue restructuring assistance levels in the Middle East and promote regional stability and a comprehensive peace between Israel and her neighbors. Funding includes $720 million for Israel, $655 million for Egypt, $150 million for Jordan, and $75 million for the West Bank and Gaza. In addition, the FY 2002 request provides funding for the Iraqi opposition and for programs that support U.S. efforts to strengthen regional cooperation, promote democracy and civil society, and encourage economic growth and integration through increased trade and market-oriented reforms.
• Europe - $39.6 million, including $15 million for Cyprus and $19.6 million for the International Fund for Ireland, as well as $5 million for the third and final year of a program to bring youths from Northern Ireland and designated disadvantaged areas to the United States as outlined in the Irish Peace Process Cultural and Training Program Act of 1998.
• Western Hemisphere - $170.5 million, including $54.5 million for democratic institution building and economic growth programs in Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Venezuela, and Panama under an Andean regional initiative (see Andean Counterdrug Initiative, page 22); $21 million for earthquake assistance in El Salvador; $5 million for Cuban democracy programs; $11 million for Eastern Caribbean stabilization; $35 million for humanitarian NGOs in Haiti; $10 million for reform in Mexico; $10 million for Administration of Justice throughout the region; $15 million to support the Ecuador/Peru border and Guatemala peace processes; and $9 million for other regional democracy-building programs.
• Africa - $105.5 million, including $25 million to assist Nigeria in rebuilding its democratic institutions; $20 million to support countries in transition, especially those countries emerging from conflict; $15 million to support the Education for Development and Democracy in Africa program, with an emphasis on girls' education; $15 million for regional initiatives, including democracy programs; $10 million for the Africa Great Lakes Initiative designed to build credible and impartial civilian and military justice systems in the region; $9 million for Sierra Leone to help fund a special court and rebuild infrastructure; $2.5 million for Ethiopia/Eritrea to assist in efforts to recover from the war; $2 million to strengthen civil society and lay the foundation for political institutions, democratic reform, and good government in Angola; and other programs designed to foster African integration into the global economy, enhance the safety and reliability of air transport on the continent, and support conflict management and prevention.
• East Asia - $169.75 million, including $50 million to support democratic and economic strengthening in Indonesia; $25 million for East Timor's transition to independence; $25 million for humanitarian, justice, and democracy programs in Cambodia; $15 million for anti-corruption and peace-promoting programs in the Philippines; $14 million for South Pacific Fisheries Treaty commitments; $12 million for democracy and free market support in Mongolia; $5 million for Rule of Law programs in China; and other programs that support democracy promotion, regional environmental initiatives, regional women's issues, and economic technical assistance.
• South Asia - $30 million, including $7 million to fund programs in India to promote judicial reform and rule of law and address the growing problem of trafficking and forced labor of women and children; $7 million in Pakistan to help restore democratic institutions and build civil society; $3 million each in Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, and Nepal to help combat child labor and violence against women and promote democracy and judicial reform, human rights commissions, and civil society participation in local and national government; and $7 million to fund programs to promote regional energy cooperation and use of clean energy technologies, help eliminate cross-border trafficking in women and children, and fund projects promoting cross-border confidence-building measures between the civil societies of India and Pakistan and among elements of societies struggling with strife in Afghanistan, Nepal, and Sri Lanka.
• Environmental Diplomacy - $4 million for environmental diplomacy activities. These funds will be used for targeted activities in support of ongoing international negotiations on global environmental issues including climate change; biodiversity; the production, use, and trade of hazardous chemicals; and numerous bilateral and regional fisheries and oceans negotiations. Funds will also be used to support regional cooperation efforts and respond to emerging environmental crises and priorities.
• Human Rights and Democracy Funds - $13.5 million to respond to emergencies to prevent or forestall further human rights abuses; to exploit unanticipated opportunities to promote democracy; to help establish institutions that serve human rights and democracy efforts, especially those that address concerns raised in the Human Rights Reports; and to support multilateral initiatives that respond to human rights or democratization opportunities.
• Innovative Partnerships to Eliminate Sweatshops - $5 million to continue funding for NGOs, labor unions, and corporate groups to support the promotion of core labor standards, model business principles, and monitoring of labor conditions. The program is targeted at eliminating sweatshop conditions in overseas factories that produce or sell consumer goods for the American market.
• Policy Initiatives - $69 million designated for policy initiatives of the new Administration.

• The Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act is the foundation for U.S. assistance to Eastern Europe and the Baltic States. SEED is a transitional program designed to assist those countries through their difficult passage to democracy and a market economy. The FY 2002 SEED request is $610 million.
• For FY 2002, the SEED request includes $145 million for the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. These funds will be used in both the Republics of Serbia and Montenegro to support economic reform and promote democracy and civil society by assisting judicial reform, independent media, NGOs, and local government. In Southern Serbia, continued support is needed for community development projects designed to reduce ethnic tensions.
• The request for Kosovo is $120 million. These funds will further implementation of UNSC 1244 by supporting security (including the U.S. contingent to UNMIK police), democratization, and respect for human rights and rule of law. The United States is completing its emergency assistance programs and is now focusing on longer-term development goals such as building transparent economic and political institutions and a strong private sector.
• The increase for Macedonia to $45 million will help the government move more rapidly in bringing the benefits of democracy to all of the country's citizens. Funds will target efforts to decentralize the government and allow a broader range of Macedonians to play a direct role in building their society. Economic programs will promote a strengthened private sector to extend prosperity to the wider populace. Finally, additional resources will support ongoing programs that promote inter-ethnic harmony and strengthen the fabric of civil society.
• Funding for the Bosnia-Herzegovina program is $65 million, down from $100 million in FY 1999 and $78.8 million in FY 2000. This decrease reflects progress on the political commitments under the Dayton Peace Accords and the fact that Bosnians are taking on a greater role in managing their own affairs. The remaining reconstruction effort will focus on encouraging returns of dispersed minorities, which have increased in recent years.
• Eight of the 15 original SEED countries have graduated, and USAID missions there have been closed. Regional funding, at reduced levels, continues for Northern Tier countries to help ensure the success of their transitions and to meet limited special or emergency needs.
• In Southeast Europe, SEED-funded regional programs help build stability by fostering cooperation among neighboring countries in key areas such as good governance and anti-corruption, the fight against organized crime and smuggling, and developing cross-border solutions for energy, transportation, and pollution.

• The FY 2002 request for the FREEDOM Support Act (FSA) for the New Independent States (NIS) totals $808 million.
• This request sets aside funding in the regional account to support a settlement of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. These funds will enable the U.S. to contribute to post-settlement reconstruction in Azerbaijan and Armenia as part of a coordinated international donor effort.
• This budget directs a larger share of funds than last year towards promoting change at the grassroots of NIS societies, by supporting exchanges that bring NIS citizens - including large numbers of young people - to the United States for first-hand exposure to our system; strengthening NGOs; increasing Internet access; and aiding pro-reform regional and local governments. With freedom of the press under threat in most countries of the region, emphasis will be placed on programs that support the independence and viability of the media. Support will also be continued for law enforcement cooperation to combat organized crime and corruption.
• Several of the NIS are now experiencing economic growth for the first time. To help sustain this growth, FSA programs will support small and medium-sized private businesses through training, exchanges, and greater access to credit. Technical assistance to central governments will be limited, focusing on those countries that show the greatest commitment to economic reform. In Russia, Kazakhstan, and Ukraine, funds will support initiatives designed to facilitate growth in pro-reform regions. Programs will also support U.S. investment and trade throughout the NIS.
• FSA programs will address some of the most serious socio-economic problems in the NIS, particularly in the fields of health, nuclear safety, and the environment. Health programs will include hospital partnerships and efforts to combat infectious diseases and improve maternal health. Resources devoted to humanitarian assistance will help mitigate the suffering caused by poverty, natural disasters, and regional conflicts.
• The potential proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) remains a significant threat in the NIS. To address this threat, the request funds several programs aimed at channeling WMD expertise in the direction of civilian research and development of new technologies.
• The FSA-funded Export Control and Border Security Program will continue to strengthen the ability of NIS countries to prevent illegal cross-border movements of narcotics, arms, and WMD materials. This program also enhances regional stability by helping several countries in the region better maintain their territorial integrity in the face of terrorist threats and border zone conflicts. FSA funds will also facilitate the removal of Russian troops and military equipment from Moldova and Georgia.

Note /1 - Reflected in USAID Development Assistance totals.

Peace Corps:

• The FY 2002 budget request provides $275 million for the Peace Corps. The increase of $10.6 million will enable the Peace Corps to maintain enhanced security measures for overseas staff and volunteers and to complete information technology initiatives in support of volunteers.
• The Peace Corps will have more than 7,000 volunteers addressing a variety of problems in the areas of agriculture, education, environment, small business, and health, including a multi-faceted initiative to address the global HIV/AIDS epidemic.
• The Peace Corps contributes to U.S. foreign policy goals by promoting mutual understanding between Americans and the people of developing nations, while providing technical assistance. The agency also responds to humanitarian crises and natural disasters through its Crisis Corps program.

• The request for IAF of $12 million in the USAID Development Assistance account will support grants to self-help organizations in Latin America and the Caribbean. IAF funds local development projects in health, education, housing, environment, and economic opportunity.

• The request for ADF of $16 million in the USAID Development Assistance account will foster self-help and self-reliance at the community level to alleviate poverty and promote sustainable development in Africa. The ADF has a unique role among U.S. Government agencies in developing micro and small enterprises, fostering grassroots trade and investment, improving community-based resource management, and strengthening civil society in Africa.

Note /1 - Includes $156 million for countries covered by ACI in FY 2002.
Note /2 - Includes $154 million for countries covered by ACI in FY 2002.

International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE):

• The FY 2002 request includes $217 million for base programs of the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement (INL).
• The request provides $162 million to support counter-narcotics programs outside of the Andean region. These INL programs will grow 30 percent worldwide. They include regional programs for Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East; participation in the UN Drug Control Program and other international organizations' counter-narcotics efforts; and increased support for drug awareness and demand reduction.
• The request also provides $55 million for programs to counter transnational crime, including trafficking in women and children - an increase of 22 percent. These programs include establishing a center to counter international migrant smuggling/trafficking in persons; continuing support of a Civilian Police Contingent for deployment as part of international relief efforts in post-conflict situations; an African regional anti-crime program, focused particularly on Nigeria and South Africa; and support to five International Law Enforcement Academies.

• As part of an overall Andean regional initiative, the FY 2002 request includes $731 million for ACI, a multi-year counterdrug assistance effort designed to sustain and expand programs funded by the Plan Colombia emergency supplemental.
• ACI differs from Plan Colombia in several respects. ACI triples - to 45 percent - the share of counter-narcotics assistance going to countries other than Colombia. ACI increases to 40 percent the amount of INCLE funding going to social and economic programs, exclusive of other economic assistance accounts. Finally, ACI funding will be augmented from other accounts to support reforms directed toward strengthening democracy and economic growth.
• FY 2002 funding for ACI includes:

Note /1 - Primarily for interdiction, although also available for institutional development, to the extent feasible.

• Combined with Plan Colombia, ACI will make a significant, immediate impact on the flow of narcotics out of the Andes. The Administration's performance goals specifically include: (1) achieving a 30 percent reduction in Colombian coca production between CY 2000 and the end of CY 2002; and (2) eliminating all illicit coca production in Bolivia by the end of CY 2002.
• ACI will support Colombia's push into the former coca-growing sanctuaries in Putumayo by backing joint operations between the Amy's new, air mobile counter-narcotics (CN) brigade and the Colombian National Police's anti-narcotics unit (DIRAN). It will also support alternative development and assistance to internally displaced persons, maritime and aerial interdiction, the Colombian National Police's aerial eradication program with additional spray aircraft, and human rights and judicial reform in Colombia.
• Additional support for the Andean regional initiative is being provided through Economic Support Funds and Foreign Military Financing. Development Assistance and Child Survival and Diseases accounts will also support this initiative.

• The FY 2002 request for MRA is $715 million.
• The request includes $509 million for Overseas Assistance. This amount will support the protection of refugees and conflict victims, the provision of basic needs to sustain their life and health, and the resolution of refugee problems through durable solutions. It will also provide funding for the focused "Up to Standards" initiative targeted on health and health-related problems that appear to have the greatest impact on refugee mortality/morbidity rates.
• The FY 2002 request for Refugee Admissions is $130 million. This $20 million increase over the FY 2001 level reflects a grant increase in the Reception and Placement program and the fact that $14.7 million appropriated in FY 2000 was available for Admissions in FY 2001.
• The request for refugees to Israel is $60 million - the same amount appropriated in FY 2002, prior to the rescission.
• The request for Administrative Expenses is $16 million - an increase of $1.5 million from the FY 2001 level. This level will support the full-year salaries and operating costs associated with a staff of 110 positions. The increase includes funds to cover full-year support costs of several refugee coordinator positions to be established at the end of FY 2001.

• The FY 2002 request is $15 million to replenish the U.S. Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund.
• This request will preserve the President's ability to respond to unforeseen and urgent refugee and migration needs worldwide.

• The Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs account provides resources to support security-related foreign policy objectives. The FY 2002 request includes a total of $332 million for this account, including:

• $14 million for the Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund (NDF), a contingency rapid-reaction fund which can meet unanticipated challenges and disperse funds quickly in support of urgent nonproliferation objectives.

• $17 million for Export Control Assistance designed to provide training and equipment to establish or enhance export control systems. Funds support programs in Russia and the NIS, Central and Eastern Europe, and key transit states worldwide.
• $37 million for the Science Centers to prevent former Soviet weapons experts in Russia, Ukraine, and the other NIS countries from emigrating to proliferant states by financing civilian research. It has redirected tens of thousands of NIS WMD/missile scientists to peaceful pursuits and remains a key component of U.S. nonproliferation policy.
• $49 million for voluntary contributions to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to support effective implementation of strengthened nuclear safeguards measures and growth in the area of nuclear inspections. The $2 million increase will fund safeguards technology development relevant to verifying North Korea's initial nuclear inventory.
• $20 million for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Preparatory Commission to pay the U.S. share of costs for the ongoing work of the Provisional Technical Secretariat, including development and implementation of the international monitoring system (IMS) to detect nuclear explosions.
• $95 million for the U.S. contribution to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) for administrative costs and heavy fuel oil (HFO) purchases in FY 2002. KEDO is responsible for implementing elements of the Agreed Framework between the United States and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK) by financing and constructing light water reactors in North Korea and by providing annual shipments of heavy fuel oil to the DPRK until completion of the first light water reactor. The requested increase reflects a near doubling of the price of HFO on world markets.
• $38 million for the Anti-Terrorism Assistance (ATA) program to meet the widening and continuing terrorist threat. Funds will support ongoing core ATA programs, develop new courses (including a new cyberterrorism course), increase training to select Balkan and Central Asian states, and initiate an energy security-related training program in the Caspian region. The request also includes $2 million to continue the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Preparedness Program, which is designed to help foreign government officials and "first responders" manage terrorist incidents involving weapons of mass destruction. Funds will support policy workshops with senior host government officials and "first responder" training for hazardous material personnel, paramedics, and other security personnel who would be on the front lines dealing with an actual incident.
• $4 million for the Terrorist Interdiction Program to support the third year of a multi-pronged border security program designed to assist selected vulnerable countries in stopping terrorists from crossing their borders or using their territory as transit points or staging areas for attacks. Funds will support installation of an integrated personal identification database system and associated training for about five countries in East Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. A small amount of funds will also help upgrade INTERPOL's communications system to complement the database network.
• $16 million contribution toward the incremental cost of holding in the Netherlands the trial for the 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland.
• $40 million for the Humanitarian Demining program, which supports a wide range of humanitarian mine action initiatives in nearly 40 countries around the globe. The program's emphasis is on mine clearance, surveys, and mine awareness, although some funds are provided for training and special projects that indirectly benefit mine-affected nations.
• $2 million to support the second year of the Small Arms Destruction initiative, which is designed to eliminate stockpiles of excess small arms and light weapons left over from Cold War and post-Cold War conflicts, particularly in Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

Treasury Technical Assistance:

• The FY 2002 request of $6 million for the Treasury International Affairs Technical Assistance program will support Treasury advisors providing financial policy and management advice to a select group of countries in need of economic development and whose governments are committed to institutional reform. This technical assistance contributes to the stability of the global financial system and serves U.S. development objectives.
• Treasury advisors work on a resident or intermittent basis with senior Ministry of Finance, Central Bank, or related agency counterparts in one of five core areas of government policy and management in which Treasury has specialized expertise. These areas are budget policy and administration, financial institution policy and regulation, government debt issuance and management, financial crimes law enforcement, and tax policy and administration.

• For FY 2002, the Administration is requesting $224 million for the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Trust Fund to provide multilateral debt relief. This fund helps regional multilateral development banks, such as the African Development Bank and Inter-American Development Bank, meet their costs of HIPC debt reduction.
• In 1999, the United States committed to a $600 million contribution to the HIPC Trust Fund. In FY 2001, $360 million was appropriated for this purpose. The FY 2002 request of $224 million, combined with $16 million in previously appropriated but unexpended debt account balances, will fulfill the U.S. commitment in full and leverage participation from others.
• For FY 2002, the Administration is not requesting any funding to provide bilateral debt relief under the Tropical Forest Conservation Act of 1998 (TFCA). However, the request does include authority to transfer up to $13 million from USAID's Development Assistance account for debt relief under this program. The Administration may also request use under TFCA of carryover funds from the Debt Restructuring account.

International Military Education and Training (IMET):

• The Administration is requesting $65 million for IMET in FY 2002.
• IMET encourages mutually beneficial relations and increased understanding between the U.S. and foreign militaries to help create a more stable and secure world community. Through more frequent and wide-ranging contacts, IMET promotes a shared set of values and a common approach to conflict resolution.
• The increase over the FY 2001 level will allow additional personnel to enroll in courses offered on professional military education; military operations, with such subjects as tactics, strategy, and logistics; and technical training, such as aircraft maintenance. Approximately 2,000 courses are available for over 9,000 students at 150 military schools and installations.
• In addition, special courses - known as Expanded IMET (E-IMET) - are designed to promote greater respect for and understanding of the principle of civilian control of the military, democratic values, and military justice systems that protect internationally recognized human rights.

• The Administration is requesting $3.674 billion for FMF in FY 2002, including:
• $3.4 billion for Israel, Egypt, and Jordan military assistance programs.
• $39 million to support NATO's newest members - Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic - and $97.5 million to strengthen cooperation with Partnership for Peace (PfP) partners in Central Europe, the Baltics, and the New Independent States. Requested funds will help support new and ongoing programs to help meet Membership Action Plan goals and objectives and enhance interoperability with NATO.
• $22 million for the East Asia and Pacific region. The majority of these funds will support a multi-year FMF program for the armed forces of the Philippines to sustain crucial military capabilities while promoting clear and positive action to correct significant budgetary and logistical deficiencies. Other funds for this region include continued funding to provide Mongolia robust communications equipment to help respond to security threats along its border and $1 million to help support a new East Timor Defense Force.
• $18 million for countries in the Western Hemisphere to help support the capabilities of militaries engaged in drug interdiction, search and rescue, and anti-smuggling operations, and help sustain small professional forces essential to regional peace and security. Funds will also aid in increasing the capabilities of key countries that participate in worldwide peacekeeping operations such as Chile, Argentina, Bolivia, and Uruguay, and provide assistance to help Andean and Central American countries counter the "spill-over" security problems caused by the effective implementation of Plan Colombia.
• $19 million for the Africa region. These funds will aid in the reform and modernization efforts of the Nigerian military, enhancing its role in Nigeria's transition to democracy and supporting participation in UN peacekeeping operations. Funds will also support South African airlift capabilities and military reform efforts. The Africa Regional Stability account consolidates regional African requirements that will permit greater flexibility to respond to developing situations in countries such as Ethiopia and Eritrea and selectively support militaries that are willing to support humanitarian and peacekeeping operations.
• $8 million for the Enhanced International Peacekeeping Initiative to provide assistance to key countries to improve their peacekeeping capabilities with an emphasis on peacekeeping doctrine and education, training, and communications systems. This program will create a bigger pool of potential peacekeepers, thereby reducing dependence on U.S. forces.
• $10 million designated for Policy Initiatives of the new Administration.
• $35 million for Department of Defense (DoD) costs for the successful administration of global grant military assistance programs. The $2.2 million increase above the FY 2001 level is needed to cover costs in support of security assistance offices overseas.

• The Administration is requesting $150 million for PKO in FY 2002.
• PKO funds are designed to advance international support for voluntary multinational efforts in conflict resolution, including support for international missions in response to crises around the world. These funds promote involvement of regional organizations and help leverage support for multinational efforts where no formal cost-sharing mechanisms exist. The budget includes:
• $20 million for the African Crisis Response Initiative, which represents final funding for this multi-year program.
• $54.6 million for Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) peacekeeping activities in the Balkans and OSCE preventive diplomacy missions elsewhere in Europe and the NIS.
• $16.4 million to continue the Administration's commitment to the Multinational Force and Observers (MFO) in the Sinai.
• $8 million to continue support for U.S. Civilian Police (CIVPOL) assigned to the UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) mission.
• $51 million for Africa Regional Peacekeeping Operations, an account that consolidates numerous peacekeeping needs on the African continent. These include assisting ECOWAS and other African countries that are committed to providing peacekeeping troops in support of the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) and supporting the Joint Military Commission's (JMC) efforts in maintaining the peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Organization of African Unity's (OAU) efforts in support of military observers in Ethiopia and Eritrea.

Note /1 - IFAD funding for FY 2001 was appropriated, and in FY 2002 is requested, under International Financial Institutions. UNICEF funding included in USAID Child Survival and Diseases account.

Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs):

• The FY 2002 request provides $1.210 billion for scheduled annual U.S. commitments to MDBs. The banks lend to and invest in developing economies and private sector enterprises in countries where risks are too high for private financing alone and where leverage is needed to spur private financing.
• Bank policies and lending programs reflect U.S. priorities in promoting growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. These include financial sector reforms, anti-corruption measures, core labor standards practices, private sector development, and environmental resources management.
• The Global Environment Facility provides grants and arranges financing for projects that address environmental management problems with global implications in developing countries.
• MDBs support U.S. foreign policy initiatives in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, Latin America, Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
• At the end of FY 1997, U.S. arrears to the MDBs totaled $862 million. But by the end of FY 1999, arrears were reduced to $335.3 million. FY 2000 and FY 2001 appropriations resulted in overall arrears increasing to their current level of $498.6 million. Since the Administration is not requesting any funding for arrears in FY 2002, it is important that the regular commitment request be fully funded in order to avoid any further increases in arrears.

• The FY 2002 request of $186 million provides U.S. voluntary contributions to international organizations and programs to help address global challenges through international cooperation.
• The total includes funding for the UN Development Program that coordinates UN development assistance to build countries' indigenous capacities to achieve sustainable development ($87.1 million); the UN Population Fund that provides critical population assistance to developing countries and countries with economies in transition ($25 million); and the World Trade Organization ($1 million), supporting technical assistance and capacity building related to the world trading system.
• The request also includes $25 million for a contribution to the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund that helps developing countries use substitutes for ozone layer-depleting substances; $10.75 for the UN Environment Program (UNEP Fund/UNEP-related); and other contributions to international conservation programs addressing issues such as international forest loss and biological diversity.
• Funds will be also be used to promote democracy and provide humanitarian assistance worldwide. Specifically, they will provide U.S. contributions to UN voluntary funds for torture victims and human rights; to the Organization of American States (OAS), supporting development assistance and efforts to strengthen democracy in the hemisphere; and to the World Food Program ($5.4 million).

DEPARTMENTS OF COMMERCE, JUSTICE, AND STATE,
THE JUDICIARY, AND RELATED AGENCIES (CJS)

I. Department of State

A. Administration of Foreign Affairs

State Programs

Diplomatic and Consular Programs (D&CP):

• The FY 2002 request for D&CP, the State Department's chief operating account, totals $3.705 billion.
• This account funds the diplomatic activities and programs that constitute the first line of defense against threats to the security and prosperity of the American people. Together with Machine Readable Visa and other fees, it supports the salaries, operating expenses, and infrastructure required to carry out U.S. foreign policy.
• The FY 2002 request provides $3.217 billion in D&CP for ongoing operations - a net increase of $459.3 million over the FY 2001 level. Increased funding will enable the State Department to make critical improvements in diplomatic readiness, particularly in human resources and overseas infrastructure.
• The United States must have the right people in the right place at the right time with the right skills to advance national interests effectively. To meet this requirement, the State Department will implement a strategy to recruit, hire, train, and deploy the additional professionals needed around the world. With new D&CP funding in FY 2002 of $134.5 million, the State Department will add 360 professionals and create a work environment that will help attract and retain talent in a highly competitive economy.
• The United States requires a strong and secure diplomatic platform to support the work of more than 30 Federal agencies at 257 posts overseas. With new D&CP funding of $78 million, the State Department will restore infrastructure and address deferred maintenance. In FY 2002 the Department will replace a third of its obsolete equipment and unreliable vehicles; increase training, essential service contracts, and Foreign National employee wages; and begin consolidating overseas financial functions in the Charleston Financial Services Center.
• The D&CP ongoing budget also includes new base funding of $102.7 million for the operating and maintenance costs of information technology investments. These costs have been carried by the IRM Central Fund, using two thirds of its resources for maintenance rather than modernization.
• An increase of $17 million will support priority foreign policy initiatives. These include projects in the areas of intelligence and research (especially on counterterrorism) and arms control and international security (meeting nonproliferation, disarmament, and verification obligations).
• The FY 2002 request also provides $487.7 million in D&CP for Worldwide Security Upgrades - an increase of $78.6 million over last year.
• This funding includes $349.3 million to sustain security programs begun with the FY 1999 emergency supplemental, such as worldwide guard protection, physical security equipment and technical support, information/systems security, and personnel and training.
• Worldwide Security Upgrades also includes $74 million to help continue the perimeter security enhancement program for 232 posts; $47.3 million to improve technical, counterintelligence, and domestic programs; and $17.1 million to add 186 security professionals.

• The FY 2002 request provides $210 million for the Capital Investment Fund, the State Department's principal central funding for information technology (IT). The request represents an increase of $113.2 million over the FY 2001 level.
• Together with an estimated $63 million in Expedited Passport fees, this request finances the IRM Central Fund to permit vital IT investments and enable more effective interaction and information sharing among agencies in the foreign affairs community.
• Funding for the IRM Central Fund will provide $236.9 million for IT infrastructure. A key initiative will extend classified connectivity to every post that requires it, adding new posts and replacing obsolete equipment that posts are still using for classified operations. Another priority initiative will expand desktop access to the Internet for State Department employees around the world through full deployment of OpenNet Plus, an intranet for sensitive but unclassified e-mail plus Internet access.
• Funding will also provide $26.2 million for IT applications and software that directly support foreign affairs activities and $9.9 million for IT training of systems managers and users.
• This request makes the IRM Central Fund a true investment fund, shifting all IT operating and maintenance funding to D&CP.

Embassy Security, Construction, and Maintenance (ESCM):

• The FY 2002 request for ESCM is $1.291 billion. This total - an increase of $213.4 million over the FY 2001 level - reflects the Administration's continuing commitment to protect U.S. Government personnel serving abroad, improve the security posture of facilities overseas, and correct serious deficiencies in the State Department's overseas infrastructure.
• For the ongoing ESCM budget, the Administration is requesting $475 million. This budget includes maintenance and repairs at overseas posts, facility rehabilitation projects, construction security, renovation of the Harry S Truman Building, all activities associated with leasing overseas properties, administration of the overseas buildings program, and construction of a classified annex in Bogota, Colombia.
• In Worldwide Security Upgrades, the Administration is requesting $665 million for capital projects. This request will continue the program of relocating posts at highest risk begun with the FY 1999 emergency security supplemental.
• Funding will be used for the design and/or construction of about seven new embassies or consulates. Possible sites include Beijing, China; Cape Town, South Africa; Conakry, Guinea; Damascus, Syria; Harare, Zimbabwe; Medan, Indonesia; Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Sao Paulo, Brazil; Tashkent, Uzbekistan; and Tbilisi, Georgia.
• Capital projects funding will also be used to acquire sites at five to ten other posts for which design/construction funding will be sought in the outyears and to construct Marine Security Guard quarters at posts with new diplomatic compounds. Funding includes $50 million for construction of new on-compound facilities for USAID.
• In Worldwide Security Upgrades, the Administration is also requesting $150.9 million to strengthen perimeter security at 28 additional vulnerable posts and meet recurring security support costs associated with the emergency supplemental.

Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs (ECE):

• The FY 2002 request of $242 million for ECE will fund some of the U.S. Government's most effective international exchanges.
• Authorized by the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961

• The request provides $140.3 million for Academic Programs. These include the

• The request also provides $72.6 million for Professional and Cultural Exchanges. These include the International Visitor Program, which supports travel to the United States by current and emerging leaders to obtain firsthand knowledge of American politics and values, and the Citizen Exchange Program, which partners with U.S. non-profit organizations to support professional, cultural, and grassroots community exchanges.
• The total request for ECE represents an increase of $10.4 million over the FY 2001 level. While most of this increase is needed to cover built-in requirements (particularly federal pay raises), $2.2 million will provide program enhancements for Fulbright, International Visitors, Citizen Exchanges, and global academic programs (including university partnerships, English teaching, and overseas educational advising).

Note /1 - Mandatory funding.

Office of the Inspector General (OIG):

• The FY 2002 request of $29.3 million will support the activities of the Office of the Inspector General, including audits, investigations, and inspections of worldwide operations and programs of the Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors. These OIG activities assist in improving the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of operations, as well as detecting and preventing fraud, waste, and mismanagement.

• The FY 2002 request of $9 million will reimburse diplomatic and consular personnel in part for officially representing the United States abroad and before international organizations. The increase of $2.5 million over the FY 2001 level begins to restore the buying power that has been lost in this account over the past twelve years.

• The FY 2002 request of $10 million in two-year funds will provide extraordinary protection for international organizations and foreign missions and officials in the United States. The decrease of $5.4 million from FY 2001 reflects the absence of one-time costs related to the World Trade Organization Ministerial in Seattle and the Millennium Celebration at the United Nations.

• The FY 2002 request of $15.5 million increases support for the EDCS account by $10 million over the FY 2001 level to help meet emergency requirements in the conduct of foreign affairs.
• Funding for this no-year account will cover the evacuation of American officials and their families from areas of political unrest or natural disaster. It will also pay rewards for information concerning international terrorism, narco-terrorism, and war crimes.

• At $17 million, the FY 2002 request will fund the contract with AIT for economic and commercial services, cultural and information programs, and travel documents and services for Americans and the people on Taiwan.

• The requested funding of $1.2 million will help provide emergency loans to assist destitute Americans abroad who have no other source of funds to return to the United States. These include travelers without money because of theft, illness, or accident, as well as Americans residing abroad caught in disasters or needing to escape abusive situations.

Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA):

• The FY 2002 request for CIPA totals $844.1 million. It represents the U.S. share of the expenses of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations and provides for full funding of projected FY 2002 operations.
• The request funds U.S. assessed contributions to continuing UN operations in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, East Timor, the Golan Heights, Lebanon, Cyprus, Georgia, Western Sahara, Iraq/Kuwait, Sierra Leone, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Ethiopia/Eritrea. It also includes funding for the War Crimes Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda.
• UN peacekeeping operations serve the national interests of the United States by helping to support new democracies, lower the global tide of refugees, reduce the likelihood of unsanctioned interventions, and prevent small conflicts from growing into larger wars.
• Acting through the United Nations allows the United States to share the risks and costs of responding to international crises. Funding the U.S. share of assessed UN peacekeeping budgets ensures continued American leadership in shaping the international community's response to developments that threaten international peace and security.
• The Administration requests that 15 percent of these funds be appropriated as "two-year funds" because of the unpredictability of the requirements in this account and the nature of multi-year operations with mandates overlapping the U.S. fiscal year.

• The FY 2002 request for CIO totals $878.8 million. It provides full funding of U.S. assessments, consistent with U.S. statutory restrictions, to 44 international organizations.
• The request recognizes U.S. international obligations and reflects the President's commitment to maintain the financial stability of the United Nations and other international organizations.
• The international organizations funded by the CIO appropriation further U.S. economic, political, social, and cultural interests. In addition to the United Nations, they include the World Health Organization, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the International Atomic Energy Agency, and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
• Membership in international organizations benefits the United States by building coalitions and pursuing multilateral programs which advance U.S. interests. These include promoting economic growth through market economies; settling disputes peacefully; encouraging non-proliferation, nuclear safeguards, arms control, and disarmament; adopting international standards to facilitate international trade, telecommunications, transportation, environmental protection, and scientific exchange; and strengthening international cooperation in agriculture and health.

C. Related Appropriations

Note /1 - Reflected in Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs totals in FY 2001 and FY 2002.

The Asia Foundation:

• The Asia Foundation is a non-governmental grant-making organization with a sustained presence in Asia and the Pacific. Its programs complement official efforts to advance U.S. interests in the region.
• Through its network of 14 small field offices, the foundation supports local groups and hands-on programs that build democratic institutions and leadership, develop non-governmental and regional organizations, and advance the rule of law and human rights.
• The FY 2002 budget request of $9.25 million will enable The Asia Foundation to help develop stronger and more effective open market economies and support the adoption of sound governance practices on which the region's long-term economic recovery depends.

• The Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange Between East and West was established by Congress in 1960. Located in Hawaii, it promotes better relations and understanding between the United States and nearly 60 nations of Asia and the Pacific through research, study, and training.
• The FY 2002 budget request of $13.5 million will assist the East-West Center's continuing programs to maximize regional cooperation and minimize conflict. The center is part of the overall U.S. public diplomacy effort directed toward a region with more than 50 percent of the world's population.

• The Dante B. Fascell North-South Center, a private non-profit institution affiliated with the University of Miami, promotes better relations among the United States, Canada, and the nations of Latin America and the Caribbean. It is a national and regional source of information and analysis, serving as a catalyst for change.
• In FY 2002, the Administration is requesting $1.4 million for the North-South Center in the Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs account (ECE). Funding will support programs that advance long-term U.S. interests and address multilateral needs, including strengthening democracy and encouraging open markets in the hemisphere.

• The National Endowment for Democracy is a private non-profit organization created in 1983 to strengthen democratic institutions and processes around the world. NED makes grants to numerous U.S. organizations for programs in such areas as labor, open markets, political party development, human rights, rule of law, and independent media.
• The FY 2002 budget request of $31 million will help expand important democracy-building programs in Africa, the Middle East, the NIS, and Latin America. Funding will also support countries in transition, strengthen civil society, assist democratic activists in authoritarian countries, encourage free market reforms, and develop regional networks.

• The Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program promotes international understanding by bringing rising leaders to the United States, and sending their American counterparts abroad, on custom-designed professional programs.
• The Israeli Arab Scholarship Program fosters mutual understanding by enabling Arab citizens of Israel to study and conduct research in the United States.
• The two programs are supported by interest and earnings from their respective trust funds.

International Broadcasting Operations (IBO):

• The FY 2002 request of $428.2 million for International Broadcasting Operations will provide funding to continue U.S. Government non-military international broadcasting operations consolidated by the International Broadcasting Act of 1994. These operations are under the auspices of the independent Broadcasting Board of Governors and include the International Broadcasting Bureau (IBB), the Voice of America (VOA), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), and Radio Free Asia (RFA).
• The IBO request will enable IBB, RFE/RL, and RFA to continue base level operations, including salary and inflation increases. The request includes an additional $5 million to enhance VOA broadcasting to the Middle East, with a focus on diversifying both programming and transmission media.

• The FY 2002 request of $24.9 million funds base level operations for both Radio Marti and TV Marti, including salary and inflation increases. The request includes full funding to support OCB transmission requirements in FY 2002.

• The FY 2002 request of $16.9 million for Broadcasting Capital Improvements will enhance program delivery and technical support and fund maintenance repairs and improvements to the worldwide network, including funding for new medium wave transmitters to provide broader coverage to the Middle East.

Note /1 - Reflected in D&CP totals in FY 2000 and FY 2001.

International Trade Commission (ITC):

• The International Trade Commission is an independent, nonpartisan, Federal agency with a wide range of trade-related mandates. The ITC makes determinations with respect to unfair trade practices in import trade, as well as import injury and intellectual property-based investigations. It also exercises broad investigative powers on matters of trade, conducts economic research and fact-finding investigations of trade issues, and provides technical information and advice on trade matters to Congress and the Administration.
• At $51.4 million, the FY 2002 request for the ITC will fund activities related to these mandates.

• The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission adjudicates the claims of American nationals (individuals and corporations) arising out of the nationalization, expropriation, or other taking of their property by foreign governments, pursuant to the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949 and other statutes.
• The FY 2002 budget request of $1.1 million will enable the commission to continue providing technical assistance to the Departments of State and the Treasury and to the public in connection with international and war claims programs.

P.L. 480 Title II:

• Title II of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (Public Law 480) is requested by the Department of Agriculture and administered by USAID.
• The FY 2002 budget requests $835 million for Title II.
• Through this title, the United States provides resources to private voluntary organizations and the World Food Program to help improve the food security of needy people through the direct distribution of agricultural commodities or the use of local currencies generated by the sale of these commodities in the recipient country.
• Title II also provides U.S. food assistance in response to emergencies and disasters around the world.

United States Institute of Peace:

• The United States Institute of Peace was established by Congress to help strengthen the nation's capacity to promote peaceful resolution of international conflicts.
• Program activity includes policy assessments for the executive and legislative branches, conflict resolution training for foreign affairs professionals, facilitation of dialogues among parties to conflicts, summer institutes and educational materials for teachers at high school and undergraduate levels, grants and fellowships, publications, a research library, a national student essay contest, and other programs to increase public understanding of the nature of international conflicts.
• The FY 2002 request of $15.2 million will enable the institute to maintain its current programs, including its emphasis on reconciliation in the Balkans and Middle East.

Economic Support Fund (ESF)
Assistance for Eastern Europe and the Baltic States (SEED)
Assistance for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (FREEDOM Support Act, or FSA)
International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE)
Nonproliferation, Anti-Terrorism, Demining, and Related Programs (NADR)
International Military Education and Training (IMET)
Foreign Military Financing (FMF)
Peacekeeping Operations (PKO)
International Organizations and Programs (IO&P)
Contributions for International Peacekeeping Activities (CIPA)
Contributions to International Organizations (CIO)

[end]