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Table
2. Main industries and activities around the world in which
silica exposure has been reported
|
Industry
or activity
|
Operations
and tasks
|
Source
materials
|
Agriculture |
Plowing,
harvesting, using machinery, burning agricultural waste, processing
agricultural products |
Soil |
Mining
and related milling operations |
Most
occupations (underground, surface, mill) and mines (metal and nonmetal,
coal), rock drilling, dredging |
Ores,
associated rock |
Quarrying
and related milling operations |
Crushing
stone, sand and gravel processing, stone monument cutting and abrasive
blasting, slate work (e.g., pencil manufacturing), diatomite calcination |
Sandstone,
granite, flint, sand, gravel, slate, diatomaceous earth |
Construction |
Abrasive
blasting of structures and buildings, highway and tunnel construction,
excavation and earth moving and digging, masonry, concrete work, demolition,
dry sweeping and brushing, pressurized air blowing, jack hammering,
laying railroad track, removing rust or paint, sanding and scaling,
replacement of asphalt roofing, and hauling, pouring, mixing, or dumping
silica-containing materials |
Sand,
concrete, rock, soil, mortar, plaster, shingles |
Glass,
including fiberglass |
Raw
material processing, refractory installation and repair |
Sand,
crushed quartz, refractory materials |
Cement |
Raw
material processing |
Clay,
sand, limestone, diatomaceous earth |
Abrasives |
Silicon
carbide production, abrasive products fabrication |
Sand,
tripoli, sandstone |
Ceramics,
including bricks, tiles, sanitary ware, porcelain, pottery, refractories,
vitreous enamels |
Mixing,
molding, glaze or enamel spraying, finishing, sculpting, firing |
Clay,
shale, flint, sand, quartzite, diatomaceous earth |
Iron
and steel mills |
Refractory
preparation and furnace repair |
Refractory
material |
Silicon
and ferro-silicon foundries (ferrous and nonferrous) |
Raw
materials handling, casting, molding and shaking out, abrasive blasting,
fettling, furnace installation and repair |
Sand,
refractory material |
Metal
products, including structural metal, machinery, transportation equipment |
Abrasive
blasting |
Sand |
Shipbuilding
and repair |
Abrasive
blasting |
Sand |
Rubber
and plastics |
Raw
materials handling |
Fillers
(tripoli, diatomaceous earth) |
Paint |
Raw
materials handling, site preparation |
Fillers
(tripoli, diatomaceous earth, silica flour) |
Soaps
and cosmetics |
Manufacturing
or occupational use of abrasive soaps and scouring powders |
Silica
flour |
Roofing
asphalt felt |
Filling
and granule application |
Sand
and aggregate, diatomaceous earth |
Agricultural
chemicals |
Raw
material crushing, handling, bagging; or dumping products or raw materials |
Phosphate
ores and rock |
Jewelry |
Cutting,
grinding, polishing, buffing, etching, engraving, casting, chipping,
sharpening, sculpting |
Semiprecious
gems or stones, abrasives, glass |
Arts,
crafts, sculpture |
Pottery
firing, ceramics, clay mixing, kiln repairs, abrasive blasting, sand
blasting, engraving, cutting, grinding, polishing, buffing, etching,
casting, chipping, sharpening, sculpting |
Clays,
glazes, bricks, stones, rocks, minerals, sand, silica flour |
Dental
material |
Sand
blasting, polishing |
Sand,
abrasives |
Boiler
scaling |
Coal-fired
boilers |
Ash
and concretions |
Automobile
repair |
Abrasive
blasting, sanding, removing paint and rust |
Sand,
metals, priming putty |
Sources:
IARC [1987; 1997], NIOSH [1979a; 1983a,b; 1996b], DOL, NIOSH [1997],
Fulekar and Alam Khan [1995], Jain et al. [1977], Corn [1980], Webster
[1982], Froines et al. [1986], Davis [1996], Weill et al. [1994],
Lucas and Salisbury [1992], Pike [1992], McCunney et al. [1987], Fairfax
[1998]. |
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