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Child and Adolescent Health
Selected U.S. National Research Findings
Below are selected national
women's health research findings and facts related to child and adolescent health. This information is selected text from articles or documents. Please
view the source documents below each bulleted section to determine the exact context.
For more resources on this topic, visit: Child and Adolescent Health: Women’s Health Topics A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/child.htm
LINKS ON THIS PAGE
Child and Adolescent Health: Asthma
Child and Adolescent Health: Birth Defects and
Developmental Disabilities
Child and Adolescent Health: Health Care
Child and Adolescent Health: Infants
Child and Adolescent Health: Injury
Child and Adolescent Health: Mental Health
Child and Adolescent Health: Overweight and Obesity
Child and Adolescent Health: Physical Activity
Child and Adolescent Health: Pregnancy and Reproductive Health
Child and Adolescent Health: Risk Behaviors
Child and Adolescent Health: Smoking and Tobacco
Child and Adolescent Health: Statistics (General)- includes multiple topics, behavioral risks, trends, and/or summary statistics
Child and Adolescent Health: Violence
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Asthma |
•
Boys were more likely than girls to have ever been diagnosed with asthma
(15% and 9%).
Source: Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children: National Health
Interview Survey, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_227.pdf
|
|
Child
and Adolescent Health: Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities |
| • Almost
5 million children 3-17 years of age (8%) had a learning disability; 10%
of boys had a learning disability compared with 6% of girls.
•
Four and one-half million children 3-17 years of age (7%) had Attention
Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Boys were more than twice as
likely as girls to have ADHD (10% and 4%).
Source: Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Children:
National Health Interview Survey, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_227.pdf
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Infants |
|
•
According to the
2004 National Immunization Survey, 71.5% of non-Hispanic white children
were ever breastfed compared with 50.1% of non-Hispanic black children.
•
Among those ever breastfed, 53.9% of non-Hispanic white and 43.2% of
non-Hispanic black children continued breastfeeding until at least age 6
months.
•
Disparities between black and white children existed within most
socioeconomic subgroups studied.
Source: Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in
Breastfeeding- United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5512a3.htm?s_cid=mm5512a3_e
|
| • A total of
225,534 infant deaths were reported in the United States during
1995-2002. •
During 1995-2002, infant mortality rates declined for all racial/ethnic
populations; however, the decrease for infants of American
Indian/Alaska Native mothers was not statistically significant.
• Little fluctuation
was noted in the relative differences in infant mortality rates between
different racial/ethnic populations.
• By race/ethnicity
of the mother, reported death totals were as follows: non-Hispanic
white, 110,982; non-Hispanic black, 65,339; Hispanic, 35,447;
Asian/Pacific Islander, 7,315; American Indian/Alaska Native, 2,915.
Source:
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality– United States,
1995-2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5422a1.htm
|
• The U.S. infant
mortality rate increased from 6.8 infant deaths per 1,000 live births
in 2001 to 7.0 in 2002, the first increase in more than 40 years.
• From 2001 to 2002 infant mortality rates increased for very low
birthweight infants as well as for preterm and very preterm infants.
• Although infant mortality rates for very low birthweight infants
increased, most of the increase in the infant mortality rate from 2001
to 2002 was due to a change in the distribution of births by
birthweight and, more specifically, to an increase in infants born
weighing less than 750 grams.
Source: Explaining
the 2001-02 Infant Mortality Increase: Data from the Linked
Birth/Infant Death Data Set
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_12.pdf
|
• The 2002 infant
mortality rate in the United States increased to 7.0 from the record
low in 2001 of 6.8 per 1,000 live births.
• Overall, 27,970 infants died in the first year of life in 2002,
compared with 27,523 in 2001.
• The three leading causes of infant death were congenital
malformations, low birthweight, and sudden infant death syndrome, which
together accounted for 45 percent of all infant deaths.
• Infant mortality rates were higher for infants whose mothers had no
prenatal care, were teenagers, had less education, or were unmarried.
• Between 2001 and 2002 the infant mortality rate among mothers who
smoked during pregnancy increased by 6 percent. In 2002 the rate among
smokers was 68 percent higher than for mothers who did not smoke during
pregnancy.
Source: Infant
Mortality Statistics from the 2002 Period Linked Birth/Infant Death
Data Set
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/04facts/infant.htm
|
| • Although infant mortality declined 45.2% for all races during 1980-2000, the decline
was greater for whites (47.7%) than for blacks (36.9%). • Although infant mortality
has decreased among all races during the past two decades, the overall black-white gap for infant mortality has widened.
Source: Infant Mortality and Low Birth Weight Among Black and White Infants- United
States, 1980-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5127a1.htm
|
| • Cities with the highest infant mortality rates (IMRs) tended to have a larger
proportion of black births (median: 57.1%, range: 36.8%-82.4%) and a smaller proportion of Hispanic births (median: 4.7%, range: 0.9%-33.5%);
Cities with the lowest infant mortality rates (IMRs) tended to have a smaller proportion of black births (median: 4.2%, range: 0.7%-25.0%) and
a larger proportion of Hispanic births (median: 42.7%, range: 7.1%-86.0%). •
Highest-quartile cities had more very low- and moderately low-birthweight infants, more births to teenage mothers, more late or absent
prenatal care, and more racial segregation.
• Cities with higher infant mortality rates (IMRs) were more commonly in the Midwest,
Southeast, and Northeast. Those with lower IMRs were clustered in the Pacific West and West Central regions.
Source: Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality Rates- 60 Largest U.S. Cities,
1995-1998
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5115a4.htm
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Injury |
| • In
2003, 22 percent of male high school students rarely or never used a
seat belt compared with 15 percent of female high school students.
•
The percent of high school students in grades 9–12 who rode with a
driver who had been drinking alcohol decreased from 40 percent to 30
percent between 1991 and 2003.
Source: Health, United States, 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm
|
• Death rates for all
[injury-related] causes were higher among American Indian/Alaska Native males than
females aged 19 and over; however, the difference was smaller for fire-related deaths.
Source: Injury Mortality
among American Indian and Alaska Native Children and Youth-
United States, 1989-1998
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5230a2.htm
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Mental Health |
•
Between 1993 and 2003 the percent of high school students who reported
attempting suicide (8–9 percent) and whose suicide attempts required
medical attention (just under 3 percent) remained fairly constant. Girls
were more likely than boys to consider or attempt suicide. However, in
2002 adolescent boys (15–19 years of age) were five times as likely to
die from suicide as were adolescent girls, in part reflecting their
choice of more lethal methods, such as firearms.
Source: Health, United States, 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm
|
• Overall, the prevalence of having felt sad or hopeless almost every day for >2
weeks was higher among female (35.5%) than male (21.9%) students.
• Overall, the prevalence of having considered attempting suicide was higher among female (21.3%) than male (12.8%) students.
Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, United States, 2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5302a1.htm
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Overweight and
Obesity |
| •
In 2003-04, 17.1% of children and adolescents 2-19 years
of age (over 12 and a half million) were overweight, and 32.2% of adults
(over 66 million) were obese. •
The prevalence of overweight in Mexican-American and
non-Hispanic black girls was higher than among non-Hispanic white girls.
•
Between 1999 and 2004, there was a significant increase
in the prevalence of overweight among girls (13.8% in 1999 to 16.0% in
2004.
Source: Obesity Still a Major Problem
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/06facts/obesity03_04.htm
|
• Overweight among
children and teenagers more than tripled between the 1960s and 2002.
Source: QuickStats:
Prevalence of Overweight among Children and Teenagers by Age Group
and Selected Period, United States, 1963-2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5408a6.htm
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Physical Activity |
|
•
In 2003, 67 percent of high school students reported regular physical
activity.
•
Seventy-three percent of male high school students and 60 percent of
female high school students reported regular physical activity.
•
Only 50 percent of non-Hispanic black female students were physically
active on a regular basis.
Source:
Health, United States, 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm
|
| • Among children aged 9-11 years, dance was among the three activities mentioned most
often by non-Hispanic black and white girls. • Baseball/softball was mentioned most
often by non-Hispanic white girls and boys aged 12-13.
• Concerns about neighborhood safety were reported more frequently for girls (17.6%) than
for boys (14.6%).
Source: Physical Activity Levels
among Children Aged 9-13 Years- United States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5233a1.htm
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Pregnancy and Reproductive
Health |
|
•
The birth rate for teenagers declined for the 12th
consecutive year in 2003, to 41.6 births per 1,000 women age 15–19
years, the lowest rate in more than six decades.
•
The birth rate for 15–17 year olds in 2003 was 42 percent lower than the
recent peak in 1991, and the birth rate for older teens 18–19 years of
age was 25 percent lower than in 1991.
Source: Health, United States, 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm
|
| • The percentage of
male teens who reported ever having sexual intercourse decreased
significantly for both younger (aged 15-17 years) and older (aged 18-19
years) teens from 1995 to 2002.
• Among females, the percentage who reported ever having sexual
intercourse declined significantly for those aged 15-17 years.
Source: QuickStats:
Percentage of Never-Married Teens Aged 15-19 Years Who Reported Ever
Having Sexual Intercourse, by Sex and by Age Group- United States,
1995 and 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5430a7.htm
|
| • An estimated
6,000 to 7,000 HIV-infected women give birth each year in the United
States, resulting in 280 to 370 new perinatal infections.
• Approximately 40% of mothers whose infants are perinatally infected
have no documentation of HIV status, despite recommendations that all
pregnant women be tested for HIV prenatally.
• About 40% of women
of childbearing age are unaware that treatment is available to prevent
perinatal transmission.
Source: Quick
Facts: Perinatal HIV/AIDS Prevention, April 2003-March 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/prev_prog/AHP/resources/ factsheets/ QF_Perinatal.htm
|
• Since 1990,
pregnancy rates have declined substantially for teenagers aged 15-17
years.
• From 1990 to 2000, the pregnancy rate [for teenagers] decreased 33%,
from 80.3 per 1,000 females to 53.5, a record low.
• The birth rate [for teenagers] declined 42%, from its peak at 38.6 in
1991 to 22.4 in 2003.
• The induced abortion rate [for teenagers] peaked in 1983 at 30.7 and
decreased by more than half to 14.5 by 2000.
Source: QuikStats -
Pregnancy, Birth, and Abortion Rates for Teenagers Aged 15–17 Years-
United States, 1976-2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5404a6.htm
|
• In 2002, about 47
percent of female teenagers (4.6 million), and about 46 percent of male
teenagers (4.7 million) had had sexual intercourse at least once.
• Teenagers showed increases in the use of contraceptives. About 3 out
of 4 teens used a method of contraception at their first intercourse.
• About 91 percent of males and 83 percent of females used a method at
their last (most recent) sex.
Source: Teenagers
in the United States: Sexual Activity, Contraceptive Use, and
Childbearing, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_23/sr23_024.pdf
|
• In 2002, 7,315
females aged 10–14 years delivered a live birth in 2002.
• The rate of births to 10–14 year olds was 0.7 per 1,000 in 2002, half
of the rate during 1989–94.
• Large declines in young teenage childbearing were seen among all
racial and ethnic subgroups, as well as almost all States.
• These young mothers were least likely to receive timely prenatal care
compared with mothers of older age groups.
• Compared with infants of mothers aged 20–39 years, infants of the
youngest mothers experienced almost twice the rates of preterm delivery
(21.3 percent) and low birthweight (12.6 percent).
Source: Births to
10–14 Year-Old Mothers, 1990–2002: Trends and Health Outcomes
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr53/nvsr53_07.pdf
|
• According to analyses of state-specific trends in maternal smoking during 1990-2002,
whereas participating areas observed a significant decline in maternal smoking during the surveillance period, 10 states reported recent
increases in smoking by pregnant teens.
Source: Smoking during Pregnancy- United States, 1990-2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5339a1.htm
|
• During 1991-2001, the prevalence of sexual experience decreased 16% among high school
students, and logistic regression analysis indicated a significant linear decrease overall and among female, male, 10th-grade, 11th-grade,
12th-grade, black, and white students.
• During 1991-2001, the prevalence of multiple sex partners decreased 24% but did not show a significant linear decrease among female,
9th-grade, 10th-grade, or Hispanic students.
• Among 9th-grade students, a significant quadratic trend was detected, indicating that the prevalence of alcohol or drug use before last
sexual intercourse increased during 1991-1997 and then decreased. Prevalence of alcohol or drug use before last sexual intercourse did not
show a significant linear increase among female, 10th-grade, or white students.
Source: Trends in Sexual Risk Behaviors
among High School Students - United States,
1991-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5138a2.htm
|
• Birth rates for teenagers 15-19 years declined significantly in all States, the Virgin
Islands, and Guam between 1991 and 2000. Declines by State ranged from 12 to 39 percent.
• In 2000, birth rates for teenagers 15-19 ranged from 23.4 per 1,000 in New Hampshire to 72.0 in Mississippi. Although not directly
comparable, because it is a city, the highest rate was for the District of Columbia at 80.7.
Source: Teenage Births in the United States: An Update of State Trends, 1991-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr50/nvsr50_09.pdf
|
• Teen birth rates declined significantly in all States over the past decade, with
declines of 11 to 36 percent reported.
• The 2000 teen birth rate (49 births per 1,000 women 15-19) is about half the peak rate recorded in 1957.
Source: Births to Teenagers in the United States, 1940-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr49/nvsr49_10.pdf
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Risk Behaviors |
• Comparison Summary of Health-Risk Behaviors of Males and Females, Grades 9-12, 2003 is
as follows:
|
|
|
| Behaviors that Contribute to Unintentional Injuries |
| Rarely or never wore seat belts when riding in a car
driven by someone else |
21.5 |
14.6 |
| Rode with a driver who had been drinking alcohol
(grade 11)1 |
30.3 |
30.7 |
| Drove a car or other vehicle > 1 times after
drinking alcohol1 |
15.0 |
8.9 |
| Behaviors that Contribute to Violence |
| Carried a weapon (e.g., a gun, knife, or club) on ≥ 1
days1 |
26.9 |
6.7 |
| Carried a weapon on school property on > 1 day1 |
8.9 |
3.1 |
| Been in a physical fight > 1 times2 |
40.5 |
25.1 |
| Forced sexual intercourse |
6.1 |
11.9 |
| Felt sad or hopeless almost every day for > 2
weeks2 |
21.9 |
35.5 |
| Had seriously considered attempting suicide2 |
12.8 |
21.3 |
| Had made a suicide plan2 |
14.1 |
18.9 |
| Had attempted suicide > 1 times2 |
5.4 |
11.5 |
| Tobacco and Other Drug Use |
| headers="header1"Had ever tried cigarette smoking (even one or two
puffs) |
58.7 |
58.1 |
| Currently smoke cigarettes1 |
21.8 |
21.9 |
| Ever used marijuana |
42.7 |
37.6 |
| Sexual Behaviors that Contribute to Unintended Pregnancy
& STDs |
| Sexual intercourse during their lifetime |
48.0 |
45.3 |
| Initiated sexual intercourse before age 13 years |
10.4 |
4.2 |
| Sexual intercourse during their lifetime with four or
more sex partners |
17.5 |
11.2 |
| Used a condom during last sexual intercourse3 |
68.8 |
57.4 |
| Used birth control pills before last sexual
intercourse3 |
13.1 |
20.6 |
| Dietary Behaviors and Physical Activity |
| At risk for becoming overweight4 |
15.2 |
14.4 |
| Overweight5 |
15.7 |
8.3 |
| Trying to lose weight1 |
29.1 |
59.3 |
| Ate five or more servings per day of fruits and
vegetables6 |
23.6 |
20.3 |
| Drank three or more glasses per day of milk6 |
22.7 |
11.2 |
| Exercised to lose weight or avoid gaining weight1 |
49.0 |
65.7 |
| Went without eating for 24 or more hours to lose
weight or avoid gaining weight1 |
8.5 |
18.3 |
| Took diet pills, powders, or liquids without a
doctor’s advice to lose weight or avoid gaining weight1 |
7.1 |
11.3 |
| Vomited or took laxatives to lose weight or avoid
gaining weight1 |
3.7 |
8.4 |
| Participated in vigorous physical activity6 |
70.0 |
55.0 |
| Participated in moderate physical activity6 |
27.2 |
22.1 |
| Participated in insufficient amount of physical
activity6 |
26.9 |
40.1 |
| Played on sports teams2 |
64.0 |
51.0 |
| Watched television for three or more hours per day |
39.3 |
37.0 |
1 During the 30 days preceding the survey
2 During the 12 months preceding the survey
3 Of students who had sexual intercourse during the past 3 months
4 Students who were at or above the 85th percentile but below the 95th percentile for body mass index by age and sex based on reference data
5 Students who were at or above the 95th percentile for body mass index by age and sex based on reference data
6 During the 7 days preceding the survey
Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, United States, 2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5302a1.htm
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Smoking and Tobacco |
| • During 2002-2004,
middle school students reported decreases in pipe use, seeing actors
using tobacco on television or in movies, and seeing advertisements for
tobacco products on the Internet.
• Among high school students, no changes were observed in the use of
tobacco or in access to tobacco products; however, seeing actors using
tobacco on television or in movies declined slightly, and seeing
advertisements for tobacco products on the Internet increased.
Source: Tobacco
Use, Access, and Exposure to Tobacco in Media among Middle and High
School Students- United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5412a1.htm
|
| • The prevalence of lifetime cigarette use was stable among high school students during
the 1990s. • The prevalence of both current and current frequent cigarette use
increased into the late 1990s.
• All three behaviors [lifetime cigarette use, current cigarette use, and current frequent
cigarette use] declined significantly by 2003.
• Among female students, the prevalence of current cigarette use peaked during 1997-1999
and then declined significantly to 21.9% in 2003.
• More white female students than black and Hispanic female students and more Hispanic
female than black female students reported current cigarette use.
Source: Cigarette Use
among High School Students- United States, 1991-2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5323a1.htm
|
• The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between sudden infant death
syndrome and maternal smoking during and after pregnancy.
Source: The Health Consequences of Smoking: 2004 Report of the Surgeon General
http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_2004/
|
| • During 2000-2002, cigarettes (22.9%) were the most commonly used product among middle
and high school students, with no difference by sex. Cigars (11.6%) were the second most common tobacco product, followed by smokeless tobacco
(6.1%), pipes (3.2%), kreteks (2.7%), and bidis (2.6%). • Males were more likely
than females to use all tobacco products except for cigarettes.
Source: Tobacco Use
among Middle and High School Students- United States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5245a2.htm
|
| • Despite the declines in cigarette smoking rates among high school students, 28.5% of
high school students are current smokers, and 13.8% are current frequent smokers. •
Among female students, the prevalence of current smoking peaked during 1997-1999 and then declined significantly by 2001.
• Among white female, black male, Hispanic, Hispanic female, Hispanic male, and 9th- and
11th-grade students, current smoking prevalence peaked by 1999 and then declined significantly by 2001.
• Among black female students, the prevalence of current smoking increased significantly
throughout the decade [1991-2001].
• Current smoking was significantly more likely to be reported by white and Hispanic
female students than by black female students, by white and Hispanic male students than by black male students, and by 12th-grade students
than by 9th- and 10th-grade students.
Source: Trends in Cigarette Smoking
among High School Students- United States, 1991-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5119a1.htm
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Statistics (General)
- includes multiple topics, behavioral risks, trends, and/or summary
statistics |
|
•
In 2003, limitation of activity due to chronic health conditions was
reported for 7 percent of children under the age of 18 years.
Source: Health, United States, 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/hus.htm
|
| • The proportion of children 4-35 months of age for whom breastfeeding was ever initiated
is higher (79%) among those children whose mothers had greater than a high school education than among those children whose mothers were high
school graduates (60% of these young children) or had less than a high school education (52%). • About 32% of children in households where the mother is Hispanic go to community health centers or public
clinics for care, compared with about 12% of children in households where the mother is white non-Hispanic.
• Approximately 55% of children 4-35 months of age have mothers who are employed either
part-time or full-time.
• Forty-six percent of children 4-35 months of age have mothers who received post high
school education. Thirty-four percent of these young children have mothers who are high school graduates only and 21% have mothers with less
than a high school education.
• Most children 4-35 months of age (69%) have mothers who are married. Twenty-two percent
of these young children have mothers who have never been married while about 9% have mothers who are divorced or separated.
Source: Summary Statistics from the National Survey of Early Childhood Health, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_15/sr15_003.pdf
|
|
Child and Adolescent Health: Violence |
• Overall, the prevalence of having been forced to have sexual intercourse
was higher among female (11.9%) than male (6.1%) students.
Source: Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance, United States, 2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5302a1.htm
|
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URL: http://www.cdc.gov/women/natstat/child.htm
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