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Additional Sampling and Analysis Information
Systemic Agent: BENZENE

• AIR MATRIX
  Amagai T, Ohura T, Sugiyama T, Fusaya M, Matsushita H [2002]. Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of benzene and its alkyl derivatives in indoor and outdoor air in Fuji, Japan. J AOAC Int 85(1):203-211.
  
  Czaplicka M, Klejnowski K [2002]. Determination of volatile organic compounds in ambient air—comparison of methods. J Chromatogr A 976(1-2):369-376.
  
  Elke K, Jermann E, Begerow J, Dunemann L [1998]. Determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes in indoor air at environmental levels using diffusive samplers in combination with headspace solid-phase microextraction and high resolution gas chromatography—flame ionization detection. J Chromatogr A 826(2):191-200.
  
  Joos PE, Godoi AFL, De Jong R, de Zeeuw J, Van Grieken R [2003]. Trace analysis of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers in environmental samples by low-pressure gas chromatography—ion trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 985(1-2): 191-196.
  
  Kokosa JM, Przyjazny A [2003]. Headspace microdrop analysis—an alternative test method for gasoline diluent and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in used engine oils. J Chromatogr A 983(1-2):205-214.
  
  Leong ST, Laortanakul P [in press]. Indicators of benzene emissions and exposure in Bangkok street. Environ Res. Available online 3 April 2003.
  
  Ljungkvist GM, Nordlinder RG [1995]. A field method for sampling benzene in end-exhaled air. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 56(7):693-697.
  
  NIOSH [1994]. NMAM Method 1501 Hydrocarbons, aromatic. In: NIOSH Manual of analytical methods. 4th ed. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 94-113.
  
  OSHA [1980]. Benzene Method 12. Salt Lake City, UT: U.S. Department of Labor, Organic Methods Evaluation Branch, OSHA Analytical Laboratory.
  
  Saba A, Cuzzola A, Raffaelli A, Pucci S, Salvadori P [2001]. Determination of benzene at trace levels in air by a novel method based on solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15(24):2404-2408.
  
  Thomas TC, Hossain M, Richardson A, Biddle VL [1992]. A comparison of 4 prospective analytical methods for benzene analysis in jet fuel environments. Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 203:39-CHAS Part 1.
  
  Tsai PJ, Lee CC, Chen MR, Shih TS, Lai CH, Liou SH [2002]. Predicting the contents of BTEX and MTBE for the three types of tollbooth at a highway toll station via the direct and indirect approaches. Atmos Environ 36(39-40):5961-5969.
  
  Verma DK, Saunders GA, Cheng WK [2001]. A laboratory evaluation of the accuracy and precision of the photovac snapshot portable gas chromatograph and the Drager Chip Measurement System monitor for benzene in air measurements. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 16(8):832-840.
  
  Warneke C, van der Veen C, Luxembourg S, de Gouw JA, Kok A [2001]. Measurements of benzene and toluene in ambient air using proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry: calibration, humidity, dependence, and field intercomparison. Int J Mass Spec 207(3):167-182.
  
  

• OTHER
  No references were identified for this sampling matrix for this agent.
  
  

• SOIL MATRIX
  No references were identified for this sampling matrix for this agent.
  
  

• SURFACES
  McNeal TP, Nyman PJ, Diachenko GW, Hollifield HC [1993]. Survey of benzene in foods by using headspace concentration techniques and capillary gas chromatography. J AOAC Int 76(6):1213-1219.
  
  

• WATER
  Barary MH, Sabry SM, Wahbi AAM [1991]. Spectrophotometric determination of benzene in ethanol. J Clin Pharm Ther 16(20):111-116.
  
  EPA [1995]. Method 502.2: Volatile organic compounds in water by purge and trap capillary column gas chromatography with photoionization and electrolytic conductivity detectors in series. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. EPA National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL).
  
  Happel AM, Beckenbach E, Savalin L, Temko H, Rempel R, Dooher B, Rice D [1997]. Analysis of dissolved benzene plumes and methyl tertiary butyl ether plumes in ground water at leaking underground fuel tank luft sites. Abstract presented at the 213th National meeting of the American Chemical Society, April 13-17.
  
  Vogt F, Tacke M, Jakusch M, Mizaikoff B [2000]. A UV spectroscopic method for monitoring aromatic hydrocarbons dissolved in water. Anal Chim Acta 422(2):187-198.
  
  Wang Z, Li K, Fingas M, Sigouin L, Mnard L [2002]. Characterization and source identification of hydrocarbons in water samples using multiple analytical techniques. J Chromatogr A 971(1-2):173-184.