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| 1 |  | Figure 1-1 Distribution of the civilian labor force by age, 1980-2000 and projected to 2010. Since 1980, the age distribution of the labor force has shifted. By 2010, middle and older age groups in the labor force will outnumber younger workers. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Fullerton and Toossi [2001].)
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| 2 |  | Figure 1-2 Distribution of the civilian labor force by sex, 1980-2000 and projected to 2010. The labor force participation of male workers is projected to decrease from 57% in 1980 to 52% in 2010. Corresponding increases are shown for female workers, who are projected to account for 48% of the labor force in 2010. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Fullerton and Toossi [2001].)
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| 3 |  | Figure 1-3 Distribution of the civilian labor force by race, 1980-2000 and projected to 2010. The labor force participation of black workers and Asian and other workers has increased since 1980, with black workers projected to account for 12.7% of the labor force and Asian and other workers for 6.1% by 2010. Corresponding decreases are shown for white workers, whose labor force participation is projected to decline to 81.2% by 2010. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Fullerton and Toossi [2001].)
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| 4 |  | Figure 1-4 Distribution of the civilian labor force by Hispanic and non-Hispanic ethnicity, 1980-2000 and projected to 2010. The percentage of Hispanic workers is projected to more than double during this period, increasing from 5.7% in 1980 to 13.3% in 2010. Corresponding decreases are shown for non-Hispanic white workers and other than Hispanic workers. (Sources: BLS [2002a]; Fullerton and Toossi [2001].)
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| 5 |  | Figure 1-9 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries, 1992-2002. The fatal occupational injury rate has varied from 5.3 per 100,000 workers in 1994 (6,632 fatal injuries) to 4.0 in 2002 (5,524 fatal injuries). Since 1993, the trend in rates reflects a steady decline. (Note: Charts using data for calendar year from the CFOI exclude deaths from the September 11 terrorist attacks.) (Source: BLS [2003a].)
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| 6 |  | Figure 1-11 Incidence rates of occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry by case type, 1973-2001. The private-industry sector reported 5.2 million nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses during 2001, corresponding with an overall rate of 5.7 cases per 100 full-time workers. Approximately 2.6 million were lost-workday cases requiring recuperation away from work or restricted duties at work. The total occupational injury and illness incidence rate continues to decline. This trend is reflected in the private-sector data reported to BLS since 1973. (Note: Lost-workday cases include cases with days away from work and cases with restricted work activity only-that is, cases in which workers report to their jobs for limited duty. See Appendix B for details about case types.) (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 7 |  | Figure 1-12 Number of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases with days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The number of injuries and illnesses resulting in time away from work continues to decline. The 1.54 million cases in 2001 represent a decrease of 34% since 1992. Over the same period, the goods-producing segment of private industry experienced a 38.7% decrease, which is notably greater than the 31.1% decrease recorded for the service-producing segment of the private sector. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 8 |  | Figure 1-13 Incidence rates for lost-workday cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry, 1973-2001. Since 1973, the incidence rate for lost-workday cases has varied from 4.3 per 100 full-time workers in 1979 to 2.8 cases per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Lost-workday case rates have been declining since 1990, with a strong contribution from decreases in cases with days away from work. The decline is offset by increases in restricted work activity cases, which have increased steadily since 1987. These cases include those with shortened workdays, temporary job changes, or temporary restrictions of job duties. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 9 |  | Figure 1-16 Incidence rates for nonfatal occupational injuries in private industry by establishment size, 2001. By establishment size, nonfatal occupational injury rates varied from 7.1 to 2.0 per 100 full-time workers. Incidence rates were higher for establishments employing 50-249 workers than for smaller or larger establishments. This pattern did not hold for all industries. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 10 |  | Figure 1-17 Incidence rates of injuries and illnesses in six major industry sectors, 1992-2001. Overall, incidence rates declined for each of the selected industry sectors during 1992-2001. The highest rates occurred within durable goods manufacturing, construction, and nondurable goods manufacturing. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 11 |  | Figure 1-22 Number of illness cases in private industry by type of illness, 1972-2001. Since 1972, BLS data illustrate significant variation in the number of reported illness cases. From 1972 to 1982, the number of illness cases declined gradually from 210,500 to 105,600. This number increased and peaked sharply in 1994 at 514,700 cases. The number of cases declined steadily to 333,800 in 2001. Disorders associated with repeated trauma declined for 7 consecutive years dating from 1995. About 216,400 cases were reported in 2001, compared with a high of 332,100 cases in 1994. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 12 |  | Figure 1-23 Incidence rates of occupational illness in private industry by illness category, 1984-2001. Since first reporting illness category rates in 1984, BLS has tracked the steep increase in overall illness rates that began in the mid-1980s and peaked in 1994. The overall pattern reflects the trends for disorders associated with repeated trauma. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 13 |  | Figure 1-24 Incidence rates of occupational illness in private industry by illness category other than disorders associated with repeated trauma, 1984-2001. Rates for other categories of illness were smaller than for disorders associated with repeated trauma. These diseases and disorders represent approximately one-third of all reported occupational illnesses. Skin diseases or disorders have consistently accounted for 12%-14% of all occupational illness cases, with rates ranging from 8.2 to 4.3 per 10,000 full-time workers between 1992 and 2001. (Source: BLS [2002b].)
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| 14 |  | Figure 1-32 Number of occupational injuries and illnesses with days away from work in private industry for selected occupations, 1992-2001. In 1992, nonconstruction laborers suffered more injuries than any other occupational group. From 1993 to 2001, truck drivers suffered the most injuries involving time away from work. (Source: BLS [2003c].)
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| 15 |  | Figure 2-1 Number of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, the annual number of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work ranged from a high of 7,603 cases in 1993 to a low of 4,409 in 1998. Numbers declined 8.6% between 1992 and 2001-from 6,189 to 5,659 cases. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 16 |  | Figure 2-2 Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work declined 25% between 1992 and 2001-from 0.8 to 0.6 per 10,000 full-time workers. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 17 |  | Figure 2-4 Distribution of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry by sex, 1992-2001. Female workers accounted for the majority of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases during 1992-2001-from a low of 58.4% in 1992 to a high of 71.2% in 1995. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003a].)
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| 18 |  | Figure 2-9 Annual rates of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for these disorders declined 25% in the private sector during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector except retail trade. Finance, insurance, and real estate had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 42.1% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 19 |  | Figure 2-10 Estimated number of occupational hepatitis B infections among U.S. health care workers, 1983-1999. Hepatitis B infections include symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. The National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) indicates a 96% decline in hepatitis B viral infections among health care workers over a 17-year period-from nearly 11,000 cases in 1983 to fewer than 400 in 1999. (Note: In the mid-1980s, health care facilities began adopting recommended universal precautions against exposure to body fluids. These were followed in 1992 with the OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard [29 CFR* 1910.1030], which required employers to offer hepatitis B vaccinations to exposed workers.) (Source: CDC [2002a].)
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| 20 |  | Figure 2-11 Incidence rates of hepatitis B infection per 100,000 U.S. health care workers, 1993-1999. The incidence rate (rate of new infections) of hepatitis B infections generally declined about 60% from 1993 to 1999 among U.S. health care workers. These infections include both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases. (Source: CDC [2002a].)
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| 21 |  | Figure 2-15 Numbers and rates of traumatic occupational fatalities, 1980-2000. (All data for 1980-2000 exclude New York City.) The numbers of traumatic occupational fatalities decreased 33% during 1980-2000, from 7,343 fatalities in 1980 to 4,956 in 2000. During this period, the average annual rate for traumatic occupational fatalities decreased 50%-from 7.4 per 100,000 civilian workers in 1980 to 3.7 in 2000. (Source: NIOSH [2003].)
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| 22 |  | Figure 2-16 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries, 1992-2002. A total of 5,524 fatal occupational injuries were recorded in 2002. During 1992-2002, fatality rates declined from 5.2 per 100,000 workers to 4.0. (Source: BLS [2003].)
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| 23 |  | Figure 2-22 Annual rates of fatal occupational injuries by race, 1980-2000. (All data for 1980-2000 exclude New York City.) In general, fatal occupational injury rates decreased for all races during 1980-2000. From 1991 through 1994, the rates for other races increased because of changes in methods for coding race information. Before 1998, black workers had slightly higher fatal occupational injury rates than white workers. But after 1998, the rates for white workers were slightly higher than those for black workers and for workers of all other races. (Source: NIOSH [2003].)
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| 24 |  | Figure 2-23 Annual rates of fatal occupational injuries by leading cause, 1980-1998. (All data for 1998 exclude New York State.) During 1980-1998, fatal occupational injury rates declined for the six leading causes of death, though not always consistently. During this period, deaths due to motor vehicle incidents had the highest rates. Deaths due to machines had the second highest rate until 1990, when they were surpassed by deaths due to homicides. For 1998, the rates of death for homicides and falls were second highest, followed closely by the rate for machine-related deaths. (Source: NIOSH [2001].)
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| 25 |  | Figure 2-28 Numbers of fatal occupational injuries associated with the three most frequent fatal occupational events, 1992-2002. In 2002, fatal occupational highway injuries declined slightly from 2001 (2.6% or 37 cases), accounting for 1,372 fatal injuries. Falls showed the greatest decline from 2001 (11.9% or 96 cases). Fatal occupational highway injuries and fatal falls increased 19% during 1992-2002. Job-related homicides decreased 42% during the same period. (Source: BLS [2003].)
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| 26 |  | Figure 2-33 Average State prevalence rates for adults aged 16 and older with elevated BLLs, ABLES States, 1994-2001. For 1994-2001, ABLES States reported declines in the mean annual State prevalence rates for adults with BLLs of 25 µg/dL or greater and 40 µg/dL or greater. For 1998-2001, the 4-year mean State prevalence rate for adults with BLLs of 25 µg/dL or greater was 13.4 per 100,000 employed workers-a decline from the rate of 15.2 per 100,000 employed workers reported for 1994-1997. For adults with BLLs of 40 µg/dL or greater, the 4-year mean State prevalence rate for 1998-2001 was 2.9 per 100,000 employed workers-a decline from 3.9 per 100,000 employed for 1994-1997. (Sources: NIOSH [2002c]; CDC [2002d].)
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| 27 |  | Figure 2-35 Number of MSD cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The number of MSD cases declined from 784,145 in 1992 to 522,528 in 2001. As a percentage of all nonfatal injury and illness cases, MSD cases remained relatively stable between 1992 and 2001, ranging from a low of 33.6% in 1992 to a high of 34.0% in 2001. (Source: BLS [2003c].)
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| 28 |  | Figure 2-45 Number of CTS cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of CTS cases involving days away from work declined 18.9% during this period-from 33,042 cases in 1992 to 26,794 cases in 2001. CTS cases reached a high of 41,019 cases in 1993. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 29 |  | Figure 2-46 Annual rates of CTS cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of CTS cases involving days away from work declined 30.2% during this period-from 4.3 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 3.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 30 |  | Figure 2-53 Annual rates of CTS cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate declined 30.2% during 1992-2001. Rates declined for each industry sector except wholesale trade. During this 10-year period, manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors and experienced a 33% rate reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)
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| 31 |  | Figure 2-55 Number of CTS cases in California by type of job activity, 1998-2000. Among the cases sampled, computing (data entry) activities consistently accounted for nearly half of all CTS cases in California for each of the 3 years during 1998-2000. Cases involved with reaching and twisting, computing (customer service), and handwriting increased from 1998 to 2000. (Source: Harrison and Flattery [2002a].)
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| 32 |  | Figure 2-56 Number of disorders associated with repeated trauma in private industry, 1972-2001. Repeated trauma disorders ranged from a low of 20,200 cases in 1978 to a high of approximately 332,100 cases in 1994. In 2001, BLS reported 216,400 repeated trauma disorder cases-nearly 65% of all nonfatal occupational illness cases in 2001, and a decrease of 42% from the 1994 rate. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 33 |  | Figure 2-57 Incidence rates of disorders associated with repeated trauma in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported increasing rates for repeated trauma disorders-from 5.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1984 to 41.1 in 1994. BLS reported a rate of 23.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 34 |  | Figure 2-60 Number of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of tendonitis cases involving days away from work declined 44.3% during this period, from 25,353 cases in 1992 to 14,124 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 35 |  | Figure 2-61 Annual rate of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of private-sector tendonitis cases involving days away from work declined 51.5% during this period-from 3.3 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 1.6 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 36 |  | Figure 2-63 Distribution of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry by sex, 1992-2001. Female workers accounted for the majority of tendonitis cases during 1992-2001. Over the decade, women represented 54.8% to 62.3% of the cases. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003c].)
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| 37 |  | Figure 2-68 Annual rates of tendonitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of tendonitis cases declined 51.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. Rates declined among most industry sectors except for mining and transportation and public utilities. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates of tendonitis than other industry sectors and experienced a 59% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
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| 38 |  | Figure 2-69 Number of occupational injury cases by type of case in private industry, 1976-2001. The number of total recordable occupational injuries reached a high of 6.4 million cases in 1990 then declined to a low of 4.9 million in 2001. Injury cases with restricted work activity only increased steadily after 1976, reaching a high of 944,100 cases in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 39 |  | Figure 2-70 Incidence rates of injury cases by type of case in private industry, 1976-2001. The incidence rate for total recordable occupational injuries reached a high of 9.2 cases per 100 full-time workers in 1979 then declined to a low of 5.4 per 100 full-time workers in 2001. Injury rates for cases with restricted work activity only increased steadily from a rate of 0.2 per 100 full-time workers in 1976 to 1.0 in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 40 |  | Figure 2-75 Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. Incidence rates of total occupational injury cases declined for each major industry sector during 1976-2001. With the general decline in rates, the high-to-low rate ratio narrowed from 7.9 in 1976 to 5.2 in 2001. Two industry sectors (construction and manufacturing) had consistently higher rates than most other sectors during the 25-year period. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 41 |  | Figure 2-76 Incidence rates of lost-workday injury cases by private industry sector, 1976-2001. The incidence rates for recordable lost-workday injuries varied among industry sectors, with the high-to-low rate ratio narrowing from 8.1 in 1976 to 6.0 in 2001. Three industry sectors (construction, manufacturing, and transportation and public utilities) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during 1976-2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 42 |  | Figure 2-77 Incidence rates of injury cases with restricted work activity only by private industry sector, 1992-2001. During this 10-year period, the incidence rate for cases of restricted work activity only increased for each major industry sector. The highest rates were reported for manufacturing, ranging from a low of 1.5 per 100 full-time workers in 1992 to a high of 2.1 in 1998 and 2000. The lowest rates (0.1 to 0.2 per 100 full-time workers) were reported for finance, insurance, and real estate. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 43 |  | Figure 2-78 Number of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of amputation cases involving days away from work declined 30.3% during this period, from a high of 12,352 cases in 1992 to 8,612 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 44 |  | Figure 2-79 Annual rates of amputation cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of amputation cases involving days away from work declined 37.5% in the private sector-from a high of 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 1.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 45 |  | Figure 2-88 Annual rates of amputation cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of amputations declined 37.5% in the private sector during 1992-2001. During this period, rates declined for each of the major industry sectors. Manufacturing had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during the 10-year period and experienced a 26.5% reduction. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 46 |  | Figure 2-89 Number of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of back injury cases involving days away from work declined 43% during this 10-year period-from 653,385 cases in 1992 to 372,683 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 47 |  | Figure 2-90 Annual rates of back injury cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of back injury cases involving days away from work declined 52% during this 10-year period-from 85.4 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 41.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 48 |  | Figure 2-97 Annual rates of back injury cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for back injuries involving days away from work declined 52% during 1992-2001, and similar reductions occurred in each of the major industry sectors. Two industry sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced 36.1% and 52.7% rate reductions, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 49 |  | Figure 2-98 Number of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work declined 38.8% during 1992-2001, from 222,650 cases in 1992 to 136,361 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 50 |  | Figure 2-99 Annual rates of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work declined 48.5% during 1992-2001, from 29.1 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 15.0 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 51 |  | Figure 2-106 Annual rate of bruise and contusion cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The private-sector annual rate of bruise and contusion cases declined 48% during 1992-2001, and rate reductions were reported for each of the major industry sectors. Four industry sectors (transportation and public utilities, construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 35%, 49%, 50%, and 31%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 52 |  | Figure 2-107 Number of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work declined 38.9% during this 10-year period, from a high of 41,032 cases in 1992 to 25,078 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 53 |  | Figure 2-108 Annual rates of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work declined 48.1% during 1992-2001, from a high of 5.4 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 2.8 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 54 |  | Figure 2-117 Annual rates of heat burn and scald cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of heat burn and scald cases declined by nearly half (48.1%) during 1992-2001, and rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (retail trade, construction, and manufacturing) had higher rates than the other sectors and experienced rate reductions of 50%, 37.5%, and 50%, respectively, during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 55 |  | Figure 2-118 Number of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work declined 33.9% during 1992-2001, from 173,573 cases in 1992 to 114,791 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 56 |  | Figure 2-119 Annual rates of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work declined 44.5% during 1992-2001, from 22.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 12.6 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 57 |  | Figure 2-126 Annual rates of cut and laceration cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of cut and laceration cases declined 44.5% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each major industry sector. Two sectors (construction and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period and experienced rate reductions of 26.3% and 41.2%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 58 |  | Figure 2-127 Number of fracture cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of fracture cases involving days away from work in 2001 declined 24.7% during 1992-2001, from 143,627 cases in 1992 to 108,127 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 59 |  | Figure 2-128 Annual rates of fracture cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of fracture cases involving days away from work declined 36.7% during 1992-2001, from 18.8 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 11.9 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 60 |  | Figure 2-137 Annual rates of fracture cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate of fracture cases in the private sector declined 36.7% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred among each of the major industry sectors. Three sectors (construction, mining, and agriculture, forestry, and fishing) had higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 38.9%, 35.5%, and 33.6%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 61 |  | Figure 2-138 Number of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work declined 34.5% during 1992-2001, from 1,022,746 cases in 1992 to 669,889 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 62 |  | Figure 2-139 Annual rates of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work declined 44.9% during 1992-2001, from 133.7 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 73.7 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 63 |  | Figure 2-146 Annual rates of sprain, strain, and tear cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for sprain, strain, and tear cases declined 44.9% during 1992-2001. Rate reductions occurred for each major industry sector. Two sectors (transportation and public utilities and construction) had consistently higher rates than other industry sectors during this 10-year period. They experienced rate reductions of 41.5% and 30.4%, respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 64 |  | Figure 2-147 Number of occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry, 1972-2001. The number of BLS-estimated disorders due to physical agents ranged from a high of approximately 30,100 cases in 1972 to a low of 8,300 cases in 1982. In 2001, BLS reported 14,600 cases. The pattern of increases and decreases after 1984 seems to parallel disorders associated with repeated trauma, though at substantially lower orders of magnitude. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 65 |  | Figure 2-148 Incidence rates for occupational disorders due to physical agents in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported rates of disorders due to physical agents ranging from 1.3 to 2.9 per 10,000 full-time workers during 1984-2001. The rate was 1.6 per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001. Disorders due to physical agents accounted for approximately 4% of all reported illness cases. The pattern of rate increases and decreases after 1984 seems to parallel disorders associated with repeated trauma. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 66 |  | Figure 2-151 Number of occupational poisoning cases in private industry, 1972-2001. During 1972-2001, occupational poisonings peaked at 7,400 cases in 1974, declined to 3,000 cases in 1983, peaked again in 1993 at 7,600 cases, then declined to 2,800 cases in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 67 |  | Figure 2-152 Annual rates of occupational poisoning in private industry, 1984-2001. BLS reported poisoning rates ranging from a high of 1.0 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to a low of 0.3 in 2001. Occupational poisonings have low rates and generally account for only about 1% of all illnesses. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 68 |  | Figure 2-165 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with hypersensitivity pneumonitis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1979-1999. The annual number of hypersensitivity pneumonitis deaths generally increased during 1979-1999, from fewer than 15 per year in 1979 to 57 in 1999. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis was designated as the underlying cause of death in at least half of deaths associated with hypersensitivity pneumonitis for every year except 1982. (Source: NIOSH [2002e].)
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| 69 |  | Figure 2-172 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. During 1968-1999, deaths from asbestosis increased over time, whereas deaths from CWP decreased. Deaths from all pneumoconioses are shown at the top of each stacked bar. The bars slightly overstate the numbers because a small fraction of deaths was associated with more than one type of pneumoconiosis. (Note: Byssinosis data were not available before 1979. Also note that the sum of deaths for various types of pneumoconiosis (N=123,091) exceeds the total number of pneumoconiosis deaths (N=121,982) because some decedents had more than one type of pneumoconiosis recorded on their death certificates.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
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| 70 |  | Figure 2-175 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with asbestosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of asbestosis deaths increased from 77 in 1968 to 1,265 in 1999. During this period, asbestosis was listed each year as the underlying cause in nearly a third of all asbestosis deaths. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
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| 71 |  | Figure 2-178 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with byssinosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1979-1999. The number of byssinosis deaths was fewer than 20 for each year between 1979 and 1999. During this period, byssinosis was listed as the underlying cause in 50% of the byssinosis deaths. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
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| 72 |  | Figure 2-181 Prevalence of CWXSP-examined miners with CWP category 1/0 or greater by tenure in underground coal mining, 1970-1999. During 1970-1999, the prevalence of CWP category 1/0 or greater decreased among all tenure groups toward the prevalence of the baseline tenure group (0-9 years in underground coal mining). (Source: NIOSH [2002g].)
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| 73 |  | Figure 2-182 Prevalence of CWXSP-examined miners with CWP category 2/1 or greater by tenure in underground coal mining, 1970-1999. During 1970-1999, the prevalence of CWP category 2/1 or greater decreased among all tenure groups toward the prevalence of the baseline tenure group (0-9 years in underground coal mining). (Source: NIOSH [2002g].)
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| 74 |  | Figure 2-183 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with CWP recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of CWP deaths experienced a long-term decline during 1968-1999, from more than 2,500 deaths per year in the early 1970s and 1980s to fewer than 1,500 in the late 1990s. Although the annual number of deaths declined steadily after 1982, the proportion of deaths with CWP listed as the underlying cause on the death certificate remained fairly constant, hovering around 37% from 1980 to 1999. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
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| 75 |  | Figure 2-186 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with unspecified/other pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of unspecified/other pneumoconiosis deaths declined sharply from a high of 1,524 in 1972 to fewer than 400 per year in 1983 and thereafter. The proportion of these deaths in which unspecified/other pneumoconiosis was listed as the underlying cause hovered around 34%. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
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| 76 |  | Figure 2-192 Number of deaths of U.S. residents aged 15 or older with silicosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. The number of silicosis deaths declined sharply from 1,157 deaths in 1968 to 187 deaths in 1990. Silicosis was listed as the underlying cause of death in nearly half of all silicosis deaths from 1990 to 1999. (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
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| 77 |  | Figure 2-195 Number of cases of dust diseases of the lungs in private industry, 1972-2001. During 1972-2001, the number of BLS-estimated dust diseases of the lungs ranged from a low of approximately 1,000 cases in 1975 to a high of 3,500 cases in 1996. BLS reported 1,300 cases in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 78 |  | Figure 2-196 Incidence rates of dust diseases of the lungs in private industry, 1984-2001. During 1984-2001, BLS reported incidence rates of dust diseases of the lungs ranging from a high of 0.5 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1986 and in 1987 to a low of 0.1 in 2001. The overall trend during this period was downward. Dust diseases of the lungs are the least prevalent of the illness conditions, accounting for approximately 1% of all reported illness cases. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 79 |  | Figure 2-199 Number of cases of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry, 1972-2001. During 1972-2001, the number of BLS-estimated cases of occupational respiratory conditions due to toxic agents ranged from a low of approximately 7,900 cases in 1983 to a high of 25,300 cases in 1994. BLS reported 14,500 cases in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 80 |  | Figure 2-200 Incidence rates of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents in private industry, 1984-2001. During 1984-2001, BLS reported relatively low rates of respiratory conditions due to toxic agents. The highest rate (3.1 per 10,000 full-time workers) was reported for 1992-1994, and the lowest rate (1.6) was reported for 1984 and 2000-2001. Respiratory conditions due to toxic agents accounted for approximately 4%-5% of all reported illness cases. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 81 |  | Figure 2-203 Incidence rates of TB in health care workers, 1994-2000. The TB incidence rate in health care workers declined from 5.4 per 100,000 workers in 1994 to 3.7 in 2000. (Note: The TB incidence rate for each year was computed using the number of health care workers as the denominator. This number was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau's Current Population Survey for each year.) (Source: CDC [2002c].)
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| 82 |  | Figure 2-204 Number of skin diseases and disorders in private industry, 1972-2001. The number of skin diseases and disorders peaked at 89,400 cases in 1974 then declined steadily to a low of 39,500 in 1983. Cases increased to 65,700 in 1994 then declined steadily to 38,900 in 2001. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 83 |  | Figure 2-205 Incidence rates of skin diseases and disorders in private industry, 1984-2001. Rates of skin diseases and disorders increased from 6.3 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in 1984 to 8.2 in 1992. Rates remained elevated through 1995 then declined to 4.3 cases per 10,000 full-time workers in 2001-the lowest rate ever reported by BLS. (Source: BLS [2002].)
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| 84 |  | Figure 2-208 Number of dermatitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual number of dermatitis cases involving days away from work declined significantly (50.1%) during 1992-2001, from 9,452 cases in 1992 to 4,714 cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 85 |  | Figure 2-209 Annual rates of dermatitis cases involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. The annual rate of private-sector dermatitis cases involving days away from work declined 58.3% during 1992-2001, from 1.2 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 0.5 in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 86 |  | Figure 2-216 Annual rates of dermatitis cases involving days away from work by private industry sector, 1992-2001. The annual rate for dermatitis cases in the private sector declined 58.3% during 1992-2001, and rates declined for each industry sector. Agriculture had consistently higher rates of dermatitis cases than other industry sectors and experienced a 78% rate reduction during this 10-year period. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b].)
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| 87 |  | Figure 3-1 Fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing and the private sector, 1992-2002. Fatal occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry ranged from 864 (16.2% of the total) in 1993 to 720 (13.5%) in 2000. (Sources: BLS [2003]; Myers [2003].)
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| 88 |  | Figure 3-2 Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry and the private sector, 1992-2002. Annual rates of fatal occupational injury in agriculture, forestry, and fishing ranged from 26.5 per 100,000 employed workers in 1993 to 21.3 in 2000. The rates during 1992-2002 were 3.9 to 5.4 times the private-sector rates. Both agriculture, forestry, and fishing and the private sector show declining rates of fatal occupational injuries since 1993. (Sources: BLS [2003]; Myers [2003].)
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| 89 |  | Figure 3-13 Number of occupational injuries in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (excluding farms with fewer than 11 employees), 1981-2001. The number of occupational injuries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing slowly increased from 83,300 injuries in 1982 to 115,400 in 1995. An estimated 104,400 nonfatal occupational injuries occurred in this industry in 2001. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Myers [2002].)
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| 90 |  | Figure 3-14 Occupational injury rates in the agriculture, forestry, and fishing industry (excluding farms with fewer than 11 employees) and the private sector, 1981-2001. Occupational injury rates in agriculture, forestry, and fishing declined from 11.7 per 100 full-time workers in 1981 to 6.8 in 2000. The rate increased slightly in 2001 to 7.0 per 100 full-time workers. Injury rates for agriculture consistently exceeded comparable rates in the private sector. (Note: Data before 1992 include fatalities.) (Sources: BLS [2002c]; Myers [2002].)
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| 91 |  | Figure 4-2 Incidence rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses in private industry and in high-risk industrial sectors, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, the rates of total recordable injuries and illnesses in construction and agriculture exceeded those for all private industry by an average of 37% and 22%, respectively. However, the rates all decreased by similar percentages during this period-36% for all private industry, 40% for construction, and 37% for agriculture, forestry, and fishing. (Source: BLS [2002a].)
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| 92 |  | Figure 4-5 Number and average annual rate of fatal occupational injuries in coal and metal/nonmetal mining for each 5-year period during 1966-2000, including factors affecting reductions in these injuries. The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 was passed soon after 78 coal miners died in 1968 during an underground explosion in the Consol No. 9 Mine at Farmington, West Virginia. Numbers and rates of fatal injuries in coal mining declined steadily after passage of the 1969 Act. During the most recent 5-year period (1996-2000), the fatal injury rate for coal mining was at its lowest-33 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers.
The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (which included metal/nonmetal mining) was passed a few years after 91 miners lost their lives in a 1972 underground mine fire at the Sunshine Silver Mine. The fatal occupational injury rate for metal/nonmetal mining declined to its lowest rate (25.3 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers) in 1991-1995. During 1996-2000, this rate increased to 27.1 fatalities per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers.
Safety and health legislation has been an important factor in reducing fatal occupational injury rates over the past three decades. However, other critical factors include improvements in mining technology such as roof bolting to prevent roof cave-ins, dust suppression and ventilation techniques, and use of noncombustible materials to prevent explosions and fires. Despite large declines in the numbers and rates of fatal injuries to miners, mining continues to be one of the most hazardous occupations. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003a].)
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| 93 |  | Figure 4-9 Rate of lost-workday injuries for surface mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. From 1993 to 2002, the rate of lost-workday injuries declined overall for operator workers in all commodities and for metal/nonmetal-independent contractor workers. Throughout this 10-year period, the highest rates of lost-workday injuries were consistently observed for stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
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| 94 |  | Figure 4-10 Rate of lost-workday injuries for underground mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. During 1993-2002, underground coal operator workers and underground coal-independent contractor workers consistently had the highest rates of lost-workday injuries. Although marked by slight increases and decreases during this 10-year period, lost-workday injury rates for underground nonmetal operator workers and underground stone operator workers have remained relatively constant. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
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| 95 |  | Figure 4-19 Numbers of deaths, crude mortality rates, and age-adjusted mortality rates for U.S. residents aged 15 or older with coal workers' pneumoconiosis recorded as an underlying or contributing cause on the death certificate, 1968-1999. After passage of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, an increase occurred in the number and rate of deaths reported with coal workers' pneumoconiosis (black lung) recorded on the death certificate. The number and rate of these deaths were at their lowest in 1999, the last year for which data are currently available. The number decreased from 2,870 in 1972 to 1,003 in 1999. In 1972, the crude and age-adjusted mortality rates were 18.9 and 21.2 per million population, respectively. Both rates declined to 4.7 per million in 1999. (Note: Age-adjusted mortality rates are standardized to the year 2000 standard population.) (Sources: NCHS [2002]; NIOSH [2002].)
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| 96 |  | Figure 4-22 Fatal occupational injury rates among Hispanic and non-Hispanic workers in the construction industry, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic construction workers increased from 108 in 1992 to 281 in 2001. Since 1992, Hispanic construction workers have had markedly higher fatal occupational injury rates than their non-Hispanic counterparts. In 2001 (the most recent year measured), the rate of work-related deaths from construction injuries for Hispanics was 19.5 per 100,000 full-time workers-62.5% higher than the rate of 12.0 for non-Hispanic construction workers. During 1990-2001, Hispanic employment in the U.S. construction industry increased greatly, from 649,800 in 1990 to 1.5 million (or 15.6% of the construction workforce) in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 97 |  | Figure 4-29 Fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for brickmasons were generally lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 6.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 to 15.2 in 1995. BLS reported 145 fatal occupational injuries among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 14 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 98 |  | Figure 4-30 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for brickmasons and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were generally lower for brickmasons than for all construction workers. Rates for brickmasons showed a downward trend from a 424 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 201 in 2001. BLS reported 36,172 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among brickmasons during this 10-year period-an average of 3,617 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 99 |  | Figure 4-31 Fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for carpenters were parallel to and consistently lower than rates for all construction workers. Rates for carpenters varied within a narrow range, from 8.9 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 6.7 in 2000. BLS reported 848 fatal occupational injuries among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 85 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 100 |  | Figure 4-32 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for carpenters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were slightly higher for carpenters than for all construction workers, but they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for carpenters showed a downward trend, from 489 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 313 in 2001. BLS reported 285,705 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among carpenters during this 10-year period-an average of 28,570 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 101 |  | Figure 4-33 Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for drywall installers were consistently lower than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Except for 1992, the rates for drywall installers varied within a narrow range, from 6.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 to 3.4 in 1998. BLS reported 80 fatal occupational injuries among drywall installers during this 10-year period-an average of 10 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 102 |  | Figure 4-34 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for drywall installers showed a downward trend during 1992-2001, from 720 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 259 in 2000. BLS reported 43,575 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction workers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,357 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 103 |  | Figure 4-35 Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for electricians during 1992-2001 were comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, from 18.3 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1995 to 9.0 in 2000. BLS reported 671 fatal occupational injuries among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 67 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 104 |  | Figure 4-36 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for electricians were slightly higher but comparable with those for all construction workers. Rates for electricians showed a downward trend, from 522 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 246 in 2001. BLS reported 142,811 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among electricians during this 10-year period-an average of 14,281 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 105 |  | Figure 4-37 Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (4.8-10.5 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 147.6 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 60.0 in 2000. BLS reported 424 fatal occupational injuries among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 42 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 106 |  | Figure 4-38 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for ironworkers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.7-3.9 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for ironworkers showed a downward trend, from 1,750 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 550 in 1997. The 2001 rate of 752 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 57% decrease from the 1992 rate of nonfatal injury and illness for ironworkers. BLS reported 40,173 cases of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among ironworkers during this 10-year period-an average of 4,017 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 107 |  | Figure 4-39 Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were substantially greater (2.5-3.4 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Between 1992 and 1997, rates increased from 36.8 per 100,000 full-time workers to 47.3, then decreased to a low of 30.8 in 2000. BLS reported 2,873 fatal occupational injuries among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 287 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 108 |  | Figure 4-40 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for construction laborers during 1992-2001 were consistently greater (1.8-2.7 times greater) than those for all construction workers. Rates for construction laborers showed a downward trend, from 1,330 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 512 in 2001. The 2001 rate represents a 62% decrease from the 1992 rate. BLS reported 467,258 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among construction laborers during this 10-year period-an average of 46,726 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 109 |  | Figure 4-41 Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for operating engineers during 1992-2001 exceeded those for all construction workers except during 1995. Rates for operating engineers showed an increasing trend, varying between 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers and 23.0 (compared with 12.4 and 14.8 per 100,000 full-time workers for all construction workers). BLS reported 342 fatal occupational injuries among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 34 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 110 |  | Figure 4-42 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for operating engineers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were lower for operating engineers than for all construction workers, but both rates were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for operating engineers showed a downward trend, from 581 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 162 in 2001. BLS reported 37,431 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among operating engineers during this 10-year period-an average of 3,743 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 111 |  | Figure 4-43 Fatal occupational injury rates for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for painters were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for painters showed an up-and-down decreasing pattern, varying from 12.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1996 to 7.9 in 1999. BLS reported 384 fatal occupational injuries among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 38 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 112 |  | Figure 4-44 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for painters were consistently lower (0.5 to 0.8 times lower) than those for all construction workers. Rates showed a downward trend, from 368 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 131 in 2001. The 2001 rate of 131 per 10,000 full-time workers represents a 64% decrease in rates since 1992. BLS reported 50,264 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among painters during this 10-year period-an average of 5,026 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 113 |  | Figure 4-45 Fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, fatal occupational injury rates for plumbers were lower than those for all construction workers. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 9.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 5.1 in 1998. BLS reported 284 fatal occupational injuries among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 28 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 114 |  | Figure 4-46 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for plumbers were slightly higher than those for all construction workers, though they were comparable in overall magnitude. Rates for plumbers showed a downward trend, from 504 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 326 in 1998. BLS reported 113,679 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among plumbers during this 10-year period-an average of 11,370 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 115 |  | Figure 4-47 Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for roofers were 1.6-2.8 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates followed an up-and-down increasing pattern, with a high of 41.2 per 100,000 full-time workers in 2001 and a low of 22.3 in 1998. BLS reported 569 fatal occupational injuries among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 57 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 116 |  | Figure 4-48 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for roofers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work were consistently greater for roofers (1.1-1.8 times greater) than for all construction workers. Rates for roofers showed a downward trend, from 838 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 325 in 1998. BLS reported 61,539 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among roofers during this 10-year period-an average of 6,154 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 117 |  | Figure 4-49 Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for truck drivers were 1.3-2.9 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for truck drivers showed a down-and-up pattern, with a low of 17.0 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1993 and a high of 39.2 in 1999. BLS reported 479 fatal occupational injuries among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 48 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 118 |  | Figure 4-50 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for truck drivers usually exceeded rates for all construction workers. Rates for truck drivers varied from 533 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 359 in 1998. BLS reported 57,999 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among truck drivers during this 10-year period-an average of 5,800 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 119 |  | Figure 4-51 Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. Fatal occupational injury rates for welders and cutters were 1.7-3.3 times greater than those for all construction workers during 1992-2001. Rates for welders and cutters showed an increasing trend, from 23.7 per 100,000 full-time workers in 1992 to 45.4 in 1997. The 2001 fatal injury rate of 39.9 per 100,000 full-time workers was 3 times the rate for all construction workers and represented a 68% increase from 1992. BLS reported 257 fatal occupational injuries among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 26 fatalities per year. (Sources: BLS [2002b,c]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Chowdhury and Dong [2003].)
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| 120 |  | Figure 4-52 Rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters and all construction workers, 1992-2001. During 1992-2001, rates of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work for welders and cutters show an overall decreasing trend, ranging from 573 per 10,000 full-time workers in 1994 to 171 in 2001. BLS reported 21,940 nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among welders and cutters during this 10-year period-an average of 2,194 nonfatal cases per year. (Sources: BLS [2002c; 2003b]; Pollack and Chowdhury [2001]; Dong et al. [2004].)
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| 121 |  | Figure 5-5 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 16-17 and 18-19, 1993-2002. Fatal occupational injury rates declined during this 10-year period from 2 to 1.1 per 100,000 employed workers aged 16-17 and from 3 to 2.2 per 100,000 employed workers aged 18-19. Fatal injury rates were higher each year for workers aged 18-19 compared with workers aged 16-17. The number of fatal injuries ranged from 32 in 1998 to 46 in 1999 for workers aged 16-17, and from 92 in 2002 to 137 in 1998 for workers aged 18-19. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1993-1995.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
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| 122 |  | Figure 5-7 Number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 and younger by sex of worker, 1992-2002. For this period, the total number of fatal occupational injuries for workers aged 17 and younger ranged from 41 in 2002 to 73 in 2000. Deaths among male workers predominated, accounting for 89% of the worker deaths reported in this age group during 1992-2002. (Note: Dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
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| 123 |  | Figure 5-12 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses among workers under age 14 involving days away from work in private industry, 1992-2001. Reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work are very rare among workers younger than 14. No cases are reported by BLS for 1997-2001, and relatively few cases are reported for 1992-1996. The highest estimated count of 91 cases was reported in 1992 (compared with an estimated 2.3 million for all age groups). (Note: Dash in parentheses indicates that no data were reported or that data do not meet BLS publication criteria.) (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
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| 124 |  | Figure 5-13 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 14-15 in private industry, 1992-2001. Among workers aged 14-15, reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work ranged from 1,476 in 1996 to 276 in 1998. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
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| 125 |  | Figure 5-14 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 16-19 in private industry, 1992-2001. Among workers aged 16-19, reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work ranged from 97,262 in 1994 to 44,535 in 2001. Overall, this age group accounts for 2.9% of all reported cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness. Data for 1992-2001 show a consistently decreasing trend in reported cases. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
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| 126 |  | Figure 5-22 Numbers and rates of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55-64 and older, 1992-2002. Rates of fatal occupational injuries among older workers declined during 1992-2002. For workers aged 55-64, rates varied from 8 per 100,000 workers in 1994 to 5 in 2002. The number of fatal occupational injuries ranged from 767 in 1992 to 875 in 1997. For workers aged 65 and older, rates declined from 15 per 100,000 workers in 1993 to 11.5 in 2002. The number of fatal occupational injuries in this group ranged from 467 in 1992 to 565 in 1999. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1992-1995.) (Source: BLS [2003d].)
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| 127 |  | Figure 5-23 Number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older by sex, 1992-2002. Male workers accounted for most fatal occupational injuries among older workers (94% during the 11-year period). From year to year, small differences occur in the number of fatal injuries among women, ranging from 67 in 1992 to 101 in 1995. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
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| 128 |  | Figure 5-28 Number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and older in private industry, 1992-2001. Recorded cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and over ranged from 148,249 cases in 1993 to 126,494 cases in 1996. The number of cases in 2001 (135,690 cases) is consistent with a slight increase in reported cases since 1996. Data for workers aged 65 and older show a similar pattern (a decrease in the first half of the decade followed by an increase in the second half), with numbers ranging from 17,664 in 1996 to 25,334 in 2000. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
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| 129 |  | Figure 5-33 Number and rate of fatal occupational injuries among employed Hispanic workers, 1992-2002. During the 11-year period 1992-2002, the number of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers ranged from 533 in 1992 to 895 in 2001. The fatal occupational injury rates varied from 5 to 6.0 per 100,000 employed workers during this 11-year period. (Note: BLS rounded rates to whole numbers for 1992-1995.) (Sources: BLS [2003a,d].)
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| 130 |  | Figure 5-35 Number of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers by sex, 1992-2002. In 2002, male workers accounted for about 94% of all fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers. During this period, fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic female workers ranged from 21 in 1992 to 54 in 2001. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
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| 131 |  | Figure 5-40 Annual number and percentage of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among Hispanic workers in private industry, 1992-2001. Cases of nonfatal occupational injury and illness with days away from work among Hispanic workers ranged from 198,022 in 1992 to 169,300 in 1996. The decrease for 1992-1996 contrasts with the increase for 1996-2001, when reported cases increased from 169,300 cases to 191,959. When presented as a percentage of all nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses with days away from work, the cases among Hispanic workers show a fairly consistent upward trend, from 8.5% in 1992 to 12.5% in 2001. (Sources: BLS 2003b,c].)
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