Worker Health Chartbook 2004

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1		Figure 1-31 Distribution of employed workers and injury and illness cases with days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for nearly 40% of all occupational injuries and illnesses, well above the percentage of employed workers they represent (15.4%). (Sources: BLS [2001]; BLS [2003c].)
2		Figure 2-7 Distribution and number of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Technical, sales, and administrative support along with managerial and professional specialty occupations constituted 63.5% of anxiety, stress, and neurotic disorder cases in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003a].)
3		Figure 2-24 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries by occupation, 2002. In 2002, the majority of fatal injuries (55.2% or 2,999 cases) occurred among two occupational groups: operators, fabricators, and laborers (34.9% or 1,895 cases) and precision production, craft, and repair workers (20.3% or 1,104 cases). (Source: BLS [2003].)
4		Figure 2-43 Distribution of MSD cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for 40.8% of all MSD cases involving days away from work in 2001. Comparisons between MSD cases and nonfatal injuries and illnesses by occupational groups indicate only small differences. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
5		Figure 2-51 Distribution and number of CTS cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. In 2001, the majority of CTS cases requiring days away from work (18,952 cases or 70.9%) occurred among two occupational groups: operators, fabricators, and laborers and technical, sales, and administrative support workers. Precision production, craft, and repair workers constituted 15.6% (4,172) of the overall CTS cases. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003b].)
6		Figure 2-54 Number of CTS cases in California by occupation, 1998-2000. For each year during this period, technical, sales, and administrative support occupations consistently accounted for a disproportionately large number of CTS cases in California-nearly three times the number accounted for by other occupations. The number of CTS cases decreased during this period for four of the seven occupational groups. (Source: Harrison and Flattery [2002a].)
7		Figure 2-66 Distribution and number of tendonitis cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers represented 47.1% of tendonitis cases in 2001. Two other occupations accounted for nearly 39% of the cases: technical, sales, and administrative support (20.8%); and precision production, craft, and repair (18.0%). (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003c].)
8		Figure 2-86 Distribution of amputation cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for more than 75% of all amputations in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers (55.1%) and precision production, craft, and repair (23%). The same two occupational groups accounted for more than half (57.8%) of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
9		Figure 2-95 Distribution of back injury cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups (operators, fabricators, and laborers and service workers) accounted for 58.0% of all back injury cases in 2001 and 56.9% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
10		Figure 2-104 Distribution of bruise and contusion cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (60.5%) of all bruise and contusion cases in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers (42% of bruise and contusion cases versus 39.5% of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses) and service (18.5% of bruise and contusion cases versus 17.4% of all nonfatal injuries and illnesses). Overall, the distributions by occupational group were comparable for bruise and contusion cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
11		Figure 2-115 Distribution of heat burn and scald cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Service occupations accounted for nearly half (47.6%) of all heat burn and scald cases compared with 17.4% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases in 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for another 25.1% of heat, burn, and scald cases and for 39.5% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
12		Figure 2-124 Distribution of cut and laceration cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (67.2%) of cut and laceration cases in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers (40% versus 39.5% for all nonfatal injuries and illnesses) and precision production, craft, and repair (27.2%, versus 18.3% for all nonfatal injuries and illnesses). (Source: BLS [2003a].)
13		Figure 2-135 Distribution of fracture cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (63.9%) of all fracture cases in 2001: operators, fabricators, and laborers and precision production, craft, and repair. These two groups accounted for 57.8% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
14		Figure 2-144 Distribution of sprain, strain, and tear cases and all nonfatal injury and illness cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Two occupational groups accounted for the majority (57.6%) of all sprain, strain, and tear cases: operators, fabricators, and laborers and service workers. These two groups accounted for 56.9% of all nonfatal injury and illness cases. (Source: BLS [2003a].)
15		Figure 2-162 Distribution and number of WRA cases for all four SENSOR reporting States (California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey) by occupation, 1993-1999. Operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for the largest proportion of WRA cases (32.9%), followed by managerial and professional specialty occupations (20.2%). (Sources: Harrison and Flattery [2002b]; Tumpowsky and Davis [2002]; Rosenman et al. [2002a]; Valiante and Schill [2002a]; Filios [2002a].)
16		Figure 2-180 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for byssinosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Significant byssinosis PMRs were associated with a single industry-yarn, thread, and fabric mills. Among occupations, elevated byssinosis PMRs were associated with miscellaneous textile machine operators, industrial machine repairers, and winding and twisting machine operators. (Note: The figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on five or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
17		Figure 2-185 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for CWP in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Among industries, coal mining and metal mining were associated with elevated CWP mortality during 1990-1999. Among occupations, the three highest significant PMRs were associated with mining. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
18		Figure 2-188 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for unspecified/other pneumoconiosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. Coal and metal mining industries were associated with elevated mortality from unspecified/other pneumoconiosis (as these industries were also associated with high CWP mortality). In addition, the glass and glass products industry had a significantly high PMR. Among occupations, mining machine operators and supervisors, extractive occupations were associated with the highest PMRs, followed by welders and cutters and electricians. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
19		Figure 2-190 Distribution and number of silicosis cases for all three reporting SENSOR States (Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio) by occupation, 1993-1997. The largest proportion of silicosis cases (67.4%) occurred among operators, fabricators, and laborers during 1993-1997. (Sources: Rosenman et al. [2002b]; Socie and Migliozzi [2002]; Valiante and Schill [2002b]; Filios [2002b].)
20		Figure 2-194 PMRs and 95% confidence intervals for silicosis in U.S. residents aged 15 or older by industry and occupation, adjusted for age, race, and sex, 1990-1999. During 1990-1999, metal mining was associated with the highest significant silicosis PMR among industries. Among occupations, miscellaneous metal and plastic processing machine operators had the highest silicosis PMR. (Note: This figure presents the highest significant PMRs based on 10 or more deaths.) (Source: NIOSH [2002f].)
21		Figure 2-214 Distribution and number of dermatitis cases involving days away from work in private industry by occupation, 2001. Operators, fabricators, and laborers along with service workers constituted more than half (56.0%) of the 4,701 dermatitis cases reported in 2001. (Sources: BLS [2003a,b]; Booth-Jones et al. [2003d].)
22		Figure 4-3 Number of full-time equivalent workers at surface work locations by type of employer, 1992 and 2002. From 1992 to 2002, overall employment at surface mining work locations decreased by 8.5%, from 237,300 to 217,000. At surface locations, the number of metal operator workers decreased 44%, the number of coal operator workers decreased 28%, and the number of nonmetal operator workers decreased 21%. The number employed at surface operations increased for stone operator workers, sand and gravel operator workers, and independent contractor workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
23		Figure 4-4 Number of full-time equivalent workers at underground work locations by type of employer, 1992 and 2002. From 1992 to 2002, the number of full-time equivalent workers at underground locations declined by 34% (from 69,300 to 46,000). The number of workers in coal operations declined 38% but still accounted for 77% of underground employment during this period. The number of metal and nonmetal operator workers also declined, whereas the number increased for stone operator workers and metal/nonmetal-independent contractor workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
24		Figure 4-5 Number and average annual rate of fatal occupational injuries in coal and metal/nonmetal mining for each 5-year period during 1966-2000, including factors affecting reductions in these injuries. The Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969 was passed soon after 78 coal miners died in 1968 during an underground explosion in the Consol No. 9 Mine at Farmington, West Virginia. Numbers and rates of fatal injuries in coal mining declined steadily after passage of the 1969 Act. During the most recent 5-year period (1996-2000), the fatal injury rate for coal mining was at its lowest-33 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers. The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (which included metal/nonmetal mining) was passed a few years after 91 miners lost their lives in a 1972 underground mine fire at the Sunshine Silver Mine. The fatal occupational injury rate for metal/nonmetal mining declined to its lowest rate (25.3 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers) in 1991-1995. During 1996-2000, this rate increased to 27.1 fatalities per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers. Safety and health legislation has been an important factor in reducing fatal occupational injury rates over the past three decades. However, other critical factors include improvements in mining technology such as roof bolting to prevent roof cave-ins, dust suppression and ventilation techniques, and use of noncombustible materials to prevent explosions and fires. Despite large declines in the numbers and rates of fatal injuries to miners, mining continues to be one of the most hazardous occupations. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003a].)
25		Figure 4-6 Rates of fatal mining injuries by type of employer and commodity, 1993-1997 and 1998-2002. For these two periods, the 5-year average rate of fatal mining injuries declined from 30.2 per 100,000 full-time equivalent workers (1993-1997) to 27.7 (1998-2002). Most of this decline was due to decreases in the rates of fatal mining injuries among independent contractor workers, stone operator workers, and nonmetal operator workers. Increased rates occurred among sand and gravel operator workers and metal operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
26		Figure 4-9 Rate of lost-workday injuries for surface mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. From 1993 to 2002, the rate of lost-workday injuries declined overall for operator workers in all commodities and for metal/nonmetal-independent contractor workers. Throughout this 10-year period, the highest rates of lost-workday injuries were consistently observed for stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
27		Figure 4-10 Rate of lost-workday injuries for underground mining operations by type of employer and commodity, 1993-2002. During 1993-2002, underground coal operator workers and underground coal-independent contractor workers consistently had the highest rates of lost-workday injuries. Although marked by slight increases and decreases during this 10-year period, lost-workday injury rates for underground nonmetal operator workers and underground stone operator workers have remained relatively constant. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
28		Figure 4-12 Distribution of lost-workday injuries by age of worker and type of employer and commodity, 2002. The proportion of injured workers above age 44 at the time of injury was highest among coal and metal operator workers and lowest among coal-independent contractor workers. Conversely, the proportion of injured workers under age 25 was highest among coal-independent contractor workers, sand and gravel operator workers, and stone operator workers. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
29		Figure 4-13 Number of lost-workday injuries by sex of worker and type of employer and commodity, 2002. In 2002, only 2% (190) of all nonfatally injured mine workers were female, whereas 14.6% of the entire mining workforce was female (Chapter 1, Table 1-4). The highest proportion of female workers with lost-workday injuries was reported by metal operators (6%), and the lowest proportion was reported by metal/nonmetal-independent contractors (1%) and coal operators (2%). (Note: Percentages shown within the bars represent the proportion of male workers with lost-workday injuries.) (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
30		Figure 4-15 Distribution of lost-workday injuries among miners by type of employer and commodity and years of total mining experience, 2002. In 2002, the proportion of workers with lost-workday injuries was highest among coal operator workers with more than 5 years of experience, and lowest among coal operator workers with less than 1 year of experience. Of the mine workers with less than 1 year of mining experience, independent contractor workers had the highest proportions of lost-workday injuries. These differences must be interpreted with caution, since years of mining experience were not reported for 10% of cases. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)
31		Figure 4-16 Number of nonfatal injury and illness cases in metal/nonmetal mines by years of total mining experience for 1991-1995 and 1996-2000: (A) mine operator cases, and (B) independent contractor cases. During 1991-2000, the role of total mining experience was fairly consistent and stable over time among mine operator worker cases of nonfatal injury or illness in metal/nonmetal mines. The number of cases was characteristically reduced during the second year of experience and followed by an upsurge for the next 3 to 4 years. A steady decline thereafter suggests that experience continually reduces risk for miners. The later period (1996-2000) showed some improvement over the early period (1991-1995). Metal/nonmetal-independent contractor cases showed a similar pattern, but with higher case counts for the least experienced miners. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003b].)
32		Figure 4-17 Number of injury and illness cases in coal mines by years of total mining experience for 1991-1995 and 1996-2000: (A) mine operator cases, and (B) independent contractor cases. Coal mining showed a distinctly different pattern from metal/nonmetal mining for 1991-2000. Mine operators reported increasing numbers of cases with increasing years of mining experience up until 20-24.9 years. As with metal/nonmetal mining, a dramatic drop in overall case count occurred for coal miners between the early and late 1990s. The shift in the experience group with the highest case count may reflect the aging of the mining workforce. The role of experience among independent contractor workers was similar but more pronounced for new miners. Note that case counts alone may be misleading. Incidence rates (cases per 100 full-time equivalent workers) may show different patterns, but they could not be developed because employment by years of experience was not available. (Sources: MSHA [2002]; NIOSH [2003b].)
33		Figure 5-9 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 17 and younger by occupation, 1992-2002. Work in farming, forestry, and fishing accounted for 289 or 42.3% of all fatal occupational injuries among youths aged 17 and younger during 1992-2002. Youths employed as operators, fabricators, and laborers accounted for 195 or 28.6% of the fatal injuries. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
34		Figure 5-16 Distribution and number of occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 16-19 in private industry by occupation, 2001. BLS estimates that 44,249 cases of occupational injury and illness involving days away from work occurred among workers aged 16-19 during 2001. The highest proportions of these cases occurred in operators, fabricators, and laborers (37.4% or 16,566 cases) and service (30.8% or 13,640). (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
35		Figure 5-25 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older by occupation, 1992-2002. Two groups accounted for slightly more than half of fatal occupational injuries among workers aged 55 and older: operators, fabricators, and laborers (4,075 or 28.0%) and farming, forestry, and fishing (3,880 or 26.7%). Three occupations each accounted for approximately 13% of the fatal injuries: managerial and professional specialty; technical, sales, and administrative support; and precision production, craft, and repair. (Source: BLS [2003d].)
36		Figure 5-30 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among workers aged 55 and older in private industry by occupation, 2001. The distribution of cases by occupation for workers aged 55 and older shows the highest proportions of cases among operators, fabricators, and laborers aged 55-64 (34.8% or 47,095 cases) and those aged 65 and older (31.5% or 7,704 cases). Service has the next highest proportions of cases for workers aged 55-64 (20.3% or 27,438 cases) and those aged 65 and older (28.7% or 7,012 cases). (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
37		Figure 5-36 Distribution and number of fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers by occupation, 1992-2002. During this period, three occupational groups accounted for nearly 77% of all fatal occupational injuries among Hispanic workers: operators, fabricators, and laborers (41.4% or 3,128 cases), precision production, craft, and repair occupations (19.9% or 1,504 cases), and farming, forestry, and fishing (16.2% or 1,225 cases). (Source: BLS [2003d].)
38		Figure 5-42 Distribution and number of nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses involving days away from work among Hispanic workers in private industry by occupation, 2001. Among Hispanic workers, the distribution of nonfatal occupational injury and illness cases involving days away from work by occupation shows the highest proportion of cases (43.5% or 83,319 cases) among operators, fabricators, and laborers. Service and precision production, craft, and repair accounted for 17.3% (33,140 cases) and 17.1% (32,816 cases), respectively. (Sources: BLS [2003b,c].)
39		Table 1-3 Number of employed workers by major occupational group and percentage of female, black, and Hispanic workers, 2001. Two occupational groups (managerial and professional specialty; and technical, sales, and administrative support) employed 60% of all workers (or 80.9 million workers). Female workers accounted for nearly half (46.6%) of all employed workers and more than half of workers in technical, sales, and administrative support (63.7%) and in service occupations (60.4%). Black workers accounted for 11.3% of all workers, and service occupations had the greatest proportion of black workers (17.9%). Hispanic workers accounted for 10.3% of all workers, and farming, forestry, and fishing had the greatest proportion of Hispanic workers (21.5%). (Source: BLS [2001].)
40		Table 4-1 Number and 5-year average rate of fatal mining injuries by type of employer and commodity at various work locations, 1998-2002. Underground mines posed the greatest risk of fatal injury to mine workers during 1998-2002. At these mines, the highest fatal injury rates were among metal mine operator workers and all independent contractor workers. At surface locations, the highest fatal injury rate was at the dredge. All 11 fatalities at the dredge occurred at sand and gravel mines. Within each commodity, fatal injury rates were highest for independent contractor workers at two metal/nonmetal surface locations: strip/open pit/quarry and mills. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003].)
41		Table 4-2 Number and 5-year average rate of lost-workday injuries by type of employer and commodity at various work locations, 1998-2002. During 1998-2002, both the highest numbers and rates of lost-workday injuries occurred in the underground work areas of underground mines. Within underground work areas, the highest rates were observed for coal mine operator and coal mine contractor workers, who together accounted for 88% (17,260) of all the lost-workday injuries in underground work areas. Within surface locations, the highest injury rates were in stone and nonmetal dredge locations. High numbers and rates of injuries were also experienced by stone mine operator workers at both surface production areas and processing (mill) work areas. (Sources: MSHA [2003]; NIOSH [2003a].)

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