Chapter II

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Figure 1. Locations for the 31 gaps and 9 forest sites surveyed for environmental and vegetative characteristics. Open circles represent new gaps, light gray circles recruiting gaps, dark gray circles growing gaps and dark circles intact forest sites. Insert of Midstream location.

Figure 2. Frequency distribution of canopy gap area (sensu Runkle 1982) and expanded gap area (sensu Runkle) for lightning-formed gaps in the mangrove forest of Everglades National Park.

Figure 3. Frequency distribution of expanded gap area for all lightning-initiated canopy gaps surveyed (n=75) and the subset of gaps in which vegetation sampling occurred (n=31).

Figure 4. Frequency distribution of the eccentricity of canopy gap area and expanded gap area for lightning-initiated gaps. A value of 1.0 indicates a circular formation and values greater than 1.5 indicate elongated elliptical form.

Figure 5. Expanded gap size (new gaps, n=10) versus canopy openness.

Figure 6. Percent transmittance of total photosynthically active radiation (PAR) as it relates to relative gap fullness (RGF) (n=16).

Figure 7. Mean crab burrows per m² by river location and forest stage.

Figure 8. Percent relative abundance of adults, saplings, seedlings, and propagules for gaps of differing successional stages and surrounding intact forest. Relative abundance sum to 100 % within a forest stage.

Figure 9. Percent relative abundance of the four life-history stages by species for each gap successional stage and the surrounding intact forest.

Figure 10. Mean seedling and initial sapling (0.3 to 2.0 m) height by forest stage and species. A. germinans, thick solid line; L. racemosa, dash line; and R. mangle, thin solid line.

Figure 11. Frequency of seedlings and saplings per 1 m² by size class summed for all species and for R. mangle, A. germinans, and L. racemosa separately. New, recruiting, growing gaps and intact forest sites. Note the change in the frequency scale for A. germinans, and L. racemosa.

Chapter III

Figure 1. Location of three sites on the lower Shark River, Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. Open circles represent new gaps, gray circles growing gaps and dark circles are intact forest locations. More detailed view is shown in insert of Site 2.

Figure 2. Height of live and dead seedlings in new gaps, growing gaps and forest sites.

Figure 3. Elongation rate for R. mangle seedlings in new gaps, growing gaps and forest sites

Chapter IV

Figure 1. Location of three sites on the lower Shark River, Everglades National Park, Florida, USA. Open circles represent new gaps, gray circles growing gaps and dark circles are intact forest locations. More detailed view shown in insert of Site 2.

Figure 2. Profile of the substrate showing Deep and Shallow-RSETs and the relative depths of each benchmark. (Adapted from Cahoon et al. 2002b with permission of the author). Drawing at 1:24 scale.

Figure 3. The interaction effects of time by site on mean soil shear strength and soil compaction across forest stage.

Figure 4. The absolute soil surface elevation (mean ± 1 SE) for the three forest stages (New, recovering, forest) at three sites (1,2,3). Accretion dotted line, Original soil surface solid line, surface elevation of Shallow-RSET dashed line, surface elevation of entire soil profile dot dash line (Deep-RSET).

Chapter V

Figure 1. Profile of the substrate showing Original, Deep, and Shallow-RSETs, groundwater well and relative depth of each benchmark at Shark River mangrove site. (Adapted from Cahoon et al. 2002b with permission of the author). Drawing at 1:24 scale.

Figure 2. Hydrograph of (A) Daily averaged Shark River stage, (B) Hourly Shark River stage interval from December 13, 2002 to January 9, 2003, (C) Daily averaged groundwater piezometric head pressure and (D) Hourly groundwater.

Figure 3. Mean absolute soil surface elevation (±1SD) for (A) Accretion, (B) Shallow-RSET, (C) Original-SET, and (D) Deep-RSET.

Figure 4. Mean (±1SD) rate of change for the three Shallow-RSETs and the rate of change in river stage (A), three Original-SETs and rate of change in groundwater piezometric head (B), and three Deep-RSETs and rate of change in groundwater piezometric head (C).

Figure 5. Mean (±1SD) Absolute change in thickness of the (A) entire profile, (B) shallow zone, (C) middle zone, and (D) bottom zone.

Figure 6. Actual soil surface elevation of the Original SET (mm) versus calculated soil surface elevation (mm) (proportion of the Deep-RSET). Dark solid line represents 1:1 ratio. n = 36.