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Table 3. Summary of other winter flounder diet studies for
the coastal Middle Atlantic Bight. (Major prey taxa ranked in relative
order of importance by: mean percent frequency of occurrence (FO), mean
percent contribution to total stomach content volume (TV), mean percent
contribution to total stomach content weight (TW), and mean percent contribution
to total stomach content dry weight (TDW), as available from each source.)
|
|
Source
|
Study Area
|
Year(s)
(month(s), season(s),
and/or frequency)
|
No. Examined
(size [TL cm]) or
age range, mean size)
|
Primary Prey in Order of Importance
by FO, IRI, TDW, TN, TV, and/or TW
|
| Linton (1921) |
Woods Hole, MA |
1915-16 (May-Nov) |
398 (2-22.5, ~8) |
TV -- amphipods, copepods, ostracods, isopods, and "shrimp." |
| Tressler and Bere (1938) |
Southern Long Island, NY |
1938 (Jul-Aug) |
120 (3-15) |
FO -- copepods, amphipods, nematodes, ostracods, polychaetes,
and isopods. |
| Smith (1950) |
Block Island Sound, RI |
1948-49 (seasonally) |
Unknown |
TW -- Leptocheirus pinguis, Unciola irrorata,
and Obelia sp. |
| Richards (1963) |
Long Island Sound - sandy site |
1956-57 (monthly) |
287 (4-17) |
FO? -- nemertean, Ampharete sp., L. pinguis, Neomysis, Nereis succinea, and hydroids. |
| Richards (1963) |
Long Island Sound - muddy site |
1956-57 (monthly) |
86 (8-16) |
FO? -- Nephtys incisa, L. pinguis, and Melinna cristata. |
| de Sylva et al. (1962) |
Delaware Bay shore |
1958 (bimonthly) |
95 (3-13) |
FO? -- polychaetes, detritus, Edotea sp., and
other isopods. |
| Pearcy (1962) |
Long Island Sound (Mystic River, CT) |
1958-59 (monthly) |
359 (1-16) |
TV (YOY) -- copepods to amphipods.
TV (ages 1+) -- amphipods to polychaetes. |
| Mulkana (1966) |
Coastal Rhode Island ponds and rivers |
1962 (Jul-Oct) |
124 (3-8) |
FO -- varies per estuary, mainly isopods (Edotea sp.),
tanaids (Leptochelia sp.), polychaetes (Nereis sp. and
spionids), and amphipods (Ampelisca sp. and Lembos sp.). |
| Lux et al. (1996) |
Woods Hole, MA |
Sep 1961 - Dec 1962 (weekly) |
1,248 (12-42, mostly 22-38) |
TW -- Nereis sp., Glycera sp., Capitella sp., Macoma sp., Solemya sp.,
softshell siphons, Pagurus sp., Crangon, and Ampelisca sp. |
| Frame (1974) |
Buzzards Bay, MA |
1968-69 (seasonally) |
176 (ages 1+) |
FO -- polychaetes, amphipods, and mollusks (Nucula
proxima, Tellina agilis, and Yoldia sp.). |
| Steimle (1985) |
New York Bight apex |
1969-70 (summer) |
196 (9-39, mostly 17-25) |
FO -- Pherusa affinis, Nephtys incisa,
amphipods, unidentified clam siphons, and isopods. |
| Festa (1979) |
Little Egg Harbor, NJ |
1972-77 (spring-fall) |
97 (3-21) |
TV -- Palaemonetes sp., polychaetes, clam siphons,
and nemerteans. |
| 45 (22-33) |
TV -- detritus, clam siphons, polychaetes, and Ampelisca sp. |
| Kurtz (1975) |
Southern Long Island (NY) bays |
Oct 1973 - Jun 1974 |
679 (13-28) |
TW -- polychaetes (sabellids and terebellids), amphipods,
and clam siphons. |
|
Allen et al. (1978) |
Hereford Inlet, NJ |
1973-77 (biweekly/monthly) |
106 (4-30) |
FO -- polychaetes, amphipods, bivalve mollusks, Crangon,
and isopods. |
| Steimle (unpubl. data) |
Raritan Bay, NJ (Strata 1-4) |
1976 (Mar-Jun ) |
84 (8-25) |
FO -- Asabellides oculata, spionid polychaetes,
hydroids, blue mussel spat, Glycera sp., and juvenile Ensis
directus. |
| Homer and Boynton (1978) |
Chesapeake Bay, MD |
1977 (May-Jun) |
168 (2-15) |
TW -- Scolecolepides viridis, Corophium lacustra,
softshells, Macoma sp., and Nereis succinea. |
| Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers (1980) |
Hudson River, NY |
1979-80 (seasonally) |
89 (mean = 170) |
TV -- polychaetes and clam siphons. |
| Worobec (1984) |
Charles Pond, RI |
1979-80 (spring-summer) |
181 (11-26) |
TDW -- detritus, polychaetes, nematodes, and amphipods. |
| Conover et al. (1985) |
Raritan Bay, NY |
1982 (monthly) |
409 (15-18) |
TW -- A. oculata, Gammarus sp., algae,
and other amphipods. |
| Steimle and Terranova (1991) |
New York Bight apex |
1982-85 (seasonally) |
389 (mean = ~26) |
FO -- Ceriantheopsis americanus, Pherusa affinis, Lumbrineris sp., and Nephtys sp. |
| Scarlett and Giust (1989) |
Manasquan River, NJ |
1984-86 (monthly) |
273 (11-40, mean = ~25) |
TV -- Nereis succinea, detritus, sand lance, clam
siphons, hydroids, Crangon, and polychaetes. |
| Scarlett (1986, 1988) |
Central New Jersey estuaries |
1985-87 (winter-spring, monthly) |
176 (12-37, means = 26-30) |
TV -- Nereis sp., detritus, Glycera sp., other polychaetes, hydroids, Cyathura sp.,
and clam siphons. |
| Steimle et al. (1994) |
New York Bight apex |
1986-89 (monthly) |
3,556 (18-30) |
TV -- P. affinis, Ceriantheopsis americanus, Nephtys incisa, and A. oculata. |
| Bharadwaj (1988) |
Narragansett Bay, RI |
1987 (Nov) |
266 (12-38) |
FO -- N. incisa, C. americanus, P.
affinis, and Nereis sp. |
| Carlson (1991) |
New Haven Harbor, CT |
Sep 1989 - Nov 1990 |
32 (10-15) |
TW -- hydroids, crustaceans, and polychaetes. |
| 65 (16-20) |
TW -- hydroids, snail feet, mysids, and polychaetes.
|
| 31 (21-25) |
TW -- Streblospio sp., hydroids, and Ampelisca sp. |
| 19 (26-29) |
TW -- Crangon, Ampelisca abdita, and
hydroids. |
| Timmons (1995) |
Rehoboth Bay, DE |
1994 (Aug) |
36 (mean = 10) |
TV -- polychaetes, detritus, and polychaete tubes. |
| Stehlik and Meise (2000) |
Navesink River and Sandy Hook Bay, NJ |
1996-98 (May, Jul, and Oct) |
1,399 (1.0-45.0, mean = 10) |
TV -- Ampelisca sp., softshell siphons, spionid
and other polychaetes, copepods, mysids, and Crangon. |
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