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The following table provides an historical perspective on biological control of weeds in California. It is based on information provided in Turner et al. 1992. Biological Approaches to Weed Management, pages 32 - 67, in T. Beall (Editor), Beyond Pesticides: Biological Approaches to Pest Management in California, University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication Number 21512.
| Weed |
Biocontrol Agent (type) |
Control Status |
Reference |
| musk thistle (Carduus nutans) |
Rhinocyllus conicus (beetle) |
Partial |
Andres & Rees, 1995 |
| Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus) |
Rhinocyllus conicus (beetle) |
Partial |
Goeden, 1995a |
| diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa) |
Urophora affinis (fly) |
Unknown |
Turner et al., 1995 |
| yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitalis) |
Bangasternus orientalis (beetle) |
Unknown |
Turner et al., 1995 |
| yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitalis) |
Eustenopus villosus (beetle) |
Unknown |
Turner et al., 1995 |
| yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitalis) |
Urophora sirunaseva (fly) |
Unknown |
Turner et al., 1995 |
| rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) |
Cystiphora schmidti (fly) |
Partial |
Supkoff et al., 1988 |
| rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) |
Eriophyes chondrillae (mite) |
Negligible |
Supkoff et al., 1988 |
| rush skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea) |
Puccinia chondrillina (fungus) |
Partial |
Supkoff et al., 1988 |
| Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) |
Urophora cardui (fly) |
Negligible |
Piper & Andres, 1995 |
| Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) |
Apion fuscirostre (beetle) |
Negligible |
Andres 1979 |
| Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) |
Leucoptera spartifoliella (moth) |
Negligible |
Andres 1979 |
| water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) |
Neochetina bruchi (beetle) |
Unknown |
|
| water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) |
Neochetina eichhorniae (beetle) |
Unknown |
|
| hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) |
Ctenopharyngodon idella (fish) |
Excellent |
Stocker & Hagstrom 1985 |
| Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum) |
Agrilus hyperici (beetle) |
Partial |
McCaffrey et al., 1995 |
| Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum) |
Chrysolina quadrigemina (beetle) |
Excellent |
Huffaker & Kennett 1959 |
| Klamath weed (Hypericum perforatum) |
Zeuxidiplosis giardi (fly) |
Negligible |
McCaffrey et al., 1995 |
| prickly pear (Opuntia littoralis) |
Dactylopius opuntiae (scale insect) |
Excellent |
Goeden et al., 1967 |
| prickly pear (Opuntia oricola) |
Dactylopius opuntiae (scale insect) |
Excellent |
Goeden et al., 1967 |
| Russian Thistle (Salsola australis) |
Colephora klimeschiella (moth) |
Negligible |
Goeden & Pemberton, 1995 |
| Russian Thistle (Salsola australis) |
Colephora parthenica (moth) |
Negligible |
Goeden & Pemberton, 1995 |
| Mediterranean sage (Salvia aethiopis) |
Phrydiuchus tau (beetle) |
Partial |
Andres et al., 1995 |
| tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) |
Longitarsus jacobaeae (beetle) |
Excellent |
Pemberton & Turner 1990 |
| tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) |
Pegohylemyia seneciella (fly) |
Unknown |
Frick 1969 |
| tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) |
Tyria jacobaeae (moth) |
Partial |
Pemberton & Turner 1990 |
| milk thistle (Silybum marianum) |
Rhinocyllus conicus (beetle) |
Negligible |
Goeden, 1995b |
| puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) |
Microlarinus lypriformis (beetle) |
Partial |
Maddox & Andres 1979 |
| puncturevine (Tribulus terrestris) |
Microlarinus lareynii (beetle) |
Partial |
Maddox & Andres 1979 |
| gorse (Ulex europaeus) |
Exapion ulicis (beetle) |
Unknown |
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References Cited
Andres, L. A. and N. E. Rees. 1995. Musk thistle. Carduus nutans L. (Asteraceae), pp. 248 - 251, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3361, 356 pp.
Andres, L. A., E. Coombs, and J. P. McCaffrey. 1995. Mediterranean sage Salvia aethiopis L. (Labiaatae), pp. 296 - 298, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3361, 356 pp.
Andres, L. A. 1979. Biological control -- will it solve the broom problem. Fremontia (October).
Frick, K. E. 1969. Tansy ragwort control, aided by the establishement of seedfly from Paris. California Agriculture 23: 10-11.
Goeden, R. D. 1995a. Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus L. (Asteraceae), pp. 242 - 244, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3361, 356 pp.
Goeden, R. D.. 1995b. Milk thistle, Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner. (Asteraceae), pp. 245 - 247, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3661, 356 pp.
Goeden, R. D. and R. W. Pemberton. 1995. Russian thistle, Salsola australis R. Brown (Chenopodiaceae), pp. 276 - 280, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3361, 356 pp.
Huffaker, C. B. and C. E. Kennett. 1959. A ten-year study of vegetation change associated with biological control of Klamath weed. J. Range Management 12: 69-82.
Maddox, D. M. and L. A. Andres. 1979. Status of puncturevine weevils and theri host plant in California. California Agriculutre 33: 7-9.
McCaffrey, J. P., C. L. Campbell, and L. A. Andres. 1995. St Johns-wort Hypericum perforatum L. (Clusiaceae), pp. 281-285, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3361, 356 pp.
Pemberton, R. W. and C. E. Turner. 1990. Biological control of Senecio jacobaea in northern California, an enduring success. Entomophaga 35: 71-77.
Piper, G. L. and L. A. Andres. 1995. Canada thistle. Cirsium arvense ( L.) Scop. (Asteraceae), pp. 233 - 236, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3361, 356 pp.
Stocker, R. K. and N. T. hagstrom. 1985. Control of submerged aquatic plants with triploid grass carp in southern California irrigation canals. Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. and Int. Symp. on Applied Lake and Watershed Management. Lake Geneva, WI.
Supkoff, D. M,, D. B. Joley, and J. J. Morois. 1988. Effect of introduced biological control organisms on the density of Chondrilla juncea in California. J. Applied Ecology 25: 1089-1095.
Turner, C. E., J. B. Johnson, and J. P. McCaffrey. 1995. Yellow starthistle, Centaurea solstitialis (Asteraceae), pp. 270-275, in J. R. Nechols, L. A. Andres, J. W. Beardsley, R. D. Goeden and C.G. Jackson (Editors) Biological control in the U.S. Western Region: accomplishments and benefits of Regional Research Project W-84, 1964-1989. Oakland : University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Publication 3361, 356 pp.
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