In 1999 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated that approximately 4.5 billion pounds (active ingredient) of pesticides were used annually in the United States. The EPA registers about 620 active ingredients and these are used in formulations for over 20,000 commercial products. With the reduction in use of organochlorine compounds such as DDT, Dieldrin and Endrin to control pests on crops there has been a shift towards use of relatively short-lived organophosphate and carbamate compounds. Estimates of annual bird deaths have been as high as 67 million birds (National Audubon Society 1997). Pesticides registered by EPA under the Federal Insecticide Fungicides and Rodenticide Act, even when used according to label instruction, routinely cause fish and wildlife mortality. Approximately 40 compounds are known to have caused significant fish and wildlife die offs. Not surprisingly, the Geological Survey National Water Quality Assessment program, found that more than 90 percent of water and fish samples in all streams contain pesticides. For specific information on pesticides and toxicity profiles we recommend visiting two different web sites: http://www.cerc.usgs.gov/data/acute/multiselect.asp and http://ace.ace.orst.edu/info/extoxnet/ghindex.html The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service policy is to minimize the use of pesticides and to apply Integrated Pest Management practices wherever possible. Because the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service uses insecticides, herbicides and fungicides on national wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries, Pesticide Use Proposals that describe the target pest, crop, method of control, chemicals applied, rates of application, area being treated, sensitive habitats and best management practices are required. At hatcheries and refuges, the common chemicals used are formaldehyde for control of fish diseases and herbicides such as Glyphosate to control weeds. Evaluation of the chemical impact to Federally threatened and endangered species in the project area is required for each application.