Title to map published in Congressional Report depicting work of Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS in conducting deep sea soundings for a telegraphic cable survey. This map is very modern in appearance and was among the first to depict individual stand-alone seamounts.

Three-dimensional image of Monterey Canyon, termed a "gully" in this image. This image is the first attempt to depict a 3-dimensional view of a submarine canyon and incorporated soundings from the Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Fish Commission. This highly simplistic view was constructed from relatively sparse soundings and does not capture the complexity of the canyon system.

Portion of map in Congressional Report depicting work of Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS in conducting deep sea soundings for a telegraphic cable survey. This map is very modern in appearance and was among the first to depict individual stand-alone seamounts.

Portion of map in Congressional Report depicting work of Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS in conducting deep sea soundings for a telegraphic cable survey. This map is very modern in appearance and was among the first to depict individual stand-alone seamounts.

Portion of map in Congressional Report depicting work of Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS in conducting deep sea soundings for a telegraphic cable survey. This map is very modern in appearance and was among the first to depict individual stand-alone seamounts.

Frontispiece to : "Natural History of the European Seas" by Edward Forbes ( posthumously) and edited by Robert Godwin-Austen. Forbes' initials are in the lower right of this whimsical cartoon depicting deep sea dredging for marine fauna.

Title page of Edwards Forbes' paper concerning a dredging expedition in the Aegean Sea. Forbes set forth the concept that no life existed below 300 fathoms inspiring numerous pioneeer oceanographers to devise means to prove him wrong. In: The Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for the year 1843. NOAA Central Library Journal collection.

End page of Edward Forbes' paper in which he challenges the scientific community to seek new knowledge of the sea and lays the groundwork for government support of oceanography. In: The Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for the year 1843. NOAA Central Library Journal collection.

End page of Edward Forbes' paper in which he challenges the scientific community to seek new knowledge of the sea and lays the groundwork for government support of oceanography. In: The Annual Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for the year 1843. NOAA Central Library Journal collection.

The United States Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS. In: Bulletin of the United States Fish Commission for 1896. P. 259. NOAA Central Library Call No. SH11 .A25.

Diagram depicting depth of water as related to angle and scope of dredge rope for operations conducted off the United States Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS . Cut 68 in: "Deep-sea exploration : A General Description of the Steamer ALBATROSS, Her Appliances and Methods," by Zera L. Tanner. 1897. NOAA Central Library Call No. VM453 .T36 1897 .

Sigsbee Sounding Machine mounted on the stern of the United States Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS. End plate of : "Deep-sea exploration : A General Description of the Steamer Albatross, Her Appliances and Methods," by Zera L. Tanner. 1897. NOAA Central Library Call No. VM453 .T36 1897 .

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

Results of first deepsea dredging cruise conducted by the Commissioner of Fisheries off the Coast Survey Steamer A. D. BACHE. The results of this first deep sea work by the forerunner of today's NMFS was published in: "Report on the Dredgings in the Region of St. George's Banks, in 1872" by S. I. Smith and O. Harger. Trans. of the Connecticut Academy, Vol. III., Part I, 1874.

United States Coast Survey Steamer BIBB at Dry Tortugas, Florida. At this time, the BIBB was engaged in conducting dredging work south of the Florida Keys under the direction of Louis F. de Pourtales who discovered life below 300 fathoms.

A crewman operates a light-registering fathometer while wearing a home-designed U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey logo embossed work shirt.

The first map demonstrating the continuity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge median rift valley as published in: "The Floors of the Oceans. I. The North Atlantic," by Bruce C. Heezen, Marie Tharp, and Maurice Ewing. 1959. Plate 20. NOAA Central Library Call No. G83. H43 1959. Vol. 1.

3-Dimensional image of Monterey Canyon system, Pioneer and Guide Seamounts, and approximately 9,000 square nautical miles of continental slope area. This image was derived from approximately 4,000,000 soundings acquired by the NOAA Exclusiv e Economic Zone Mapping Project. At the time this was made, it was the largest computer-generated 3-D view of the seafloor ever generated by multi-beam data.

3-Dimensional image of Monterey Canyon system, Pioneer and Guide Seamounts, and approximately 9,000 square nautical miles of continental slope area. This image was derived from approximately 4,000,000 soundings acquired by the NOAA Exclusiv e Economic Zone Mapping Project. At the time this was made, it was the largest computer-generated 3-D view of the seafloor ever generated by multi-beam data.

3-Dimensional image of Monterey Canyon system, Pioneer and Guide Seamounts, and approximately 9,000 square nautical miles of continental slope area. This image was derived from approximately 4,000,000 soundings acquired by the NOAA Exclusiv e Economic Zone Mapping Project. At the time this was made, it was the largest computer-generated 3-D view of the seafloor ever generated by multi-beam data.

A huge wave in a cyclone experienced on board the HIRONDELLE in 1887. In: Richard, J., 1907, "L'Oceanographie," p. 152. Paris, Vuibert & Nony Editeurs. Library Call Number 525.8 R51.

Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Chief Oceanographer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, explaining the operation of the Nansen Bottle to Ceylonese scientists visiting the C&GS Ship PIONEER during the International Indian Ocean Expedition.

Dr. Robert Dietz of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography discussing scientifi c findings of the International Indian Ocean Expedition on board the USC&GS Ship PIONEER at Colombo, Ceylon. Dr. Dietz coined the term "sea-floor spreading" a few years earlier to describe the process of seafloor accretion at active oceanic ridges.

Dr. Francis P. Shepard, the "father of marine geology," discussing scientific findings of the International Indian Ocean Expedition with a Ceylonese colleague at a meeting hosted by the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science.

Dr. Francis P. Shepard, the "father of marine geology," discussing scientific findings of the International Indian Ocean Expedition with a Ceylonese colleague at a meeting hosted by the Ceylon Association for the Advancement of Science.

Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Chief Oceanographer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and chief scientist aboard the USC&GS Ship PIONEER during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, explains scientific apparatus to visiting newsmen at Colombo, Ceylon.

Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Chief Oceanographer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and chief scientist aboard the USC&GS Ship PIONEER during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, discussing bottom sampling while holding a large manganese nodule.

Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Chief Oceanographer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey, and chief scientist aboard the USC&GS Ship PIONEER during the International Indian Ocean Expedition, discussing depth sounding instruments with the press aboard the Coast and Geodetic Survey Ship PIONEER at Colombo, Ceylon.

Dr. Francis P. Shepard, the "father of marine geology," discussing scientific findings of the International Indian Ocean Expedition on board the Coast and Geodetic Survey Ship PIONEER at a press conference in Colombo, Ceylon. Looking on were Dr. Robert Dietz, an early pioneer in plate tectonic theory, and Dr. Harris B. Stewart, Chief Oceanographer of the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

The schooner E. W. SCRIPPS, observed offshore from the Scripps Institution of Oceanography during a biological experiment.

Map of "Geology of the Sea Bottom in the Approaches to New York Bay." This map depicts the upper reaches of Hudson Canyon and the remnants of a valley in continental shelf. This early physiographic map was published in the Coast and Geodetic Survey Annual Report for 1884, Appendix 13, p. 438. It was drawn by Adolph Lindenkohl and is the earliest published map of a submarine canyon.

A first contoured map of the Astoria Canyon complex off the entrance to the Columbia River. In: Francis P. Shepard, "Submarine Valleys." The Geographical Review, Volume XXIII, 1933, p. 86.

Profiles of the Aleutian Trench compiled by Harold W. Murray of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and published in the "Bulletin of the Geological Society of America," Vol. 56, p. 771. Soundings for making these profiles were acquired between 1925 and 1939 by following systematic tracklines from the U. S. West Coast to the Aleutians for hydrographic surveying operations.

"The Aleutian Trench" compiled by Harold W. Murray of the Coast and Geodetic Survey and published in the "Bulletin of the Geological Society of America," Vol. 56, p. 757-782, Plate I. Soundings for making these profiles were acquired between 1925 and 1939 by following systematic tracklines from the U. S. West Coast to the Aleutians for hydrographic surveying operations.

"Distribution of Earthquakes" as published in the "Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, p. 93, May, 1936. Captain Nicholas Heck of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey noted that earthquakes were associated with the Mid- Atlantic Ridge in his accompanying paper. Heck first produced a world seismicity map showing the activity on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 1932.

"A New Map of Earthquake Distribution", by Captain Nicholas Heck, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. In: The Geographical Review, Vol. XXV, 1935. Pp. 125-130. Heck noted for the first time that earthquakes were associated with the Mid- Atlantic Ridge in his accompanying paper. Heck first produced a world seismicity map showing the activity on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in 1932.

A model of the seafloor approximately 400 miles north of the Azores. This model was produced by Captain Marvin Paulson of the Coast and Geodetic Survey Ship EXPLORER in 1963. The EXPLORER was engaged in cable surveys between Norfolk , Virginia, and Brest, France at the time.

A German map of the seafloor in the equatorial western Pacific. Uses the term "graben" for modern day "trench." This map was included in: "Das Deutsche Kolonialreich," by Hans Meyer, 1909. Vol II, p. 496. Library Call Number: Cfd M612 d

A German map of the seafloor in the equatorial western Pacific. Uses the term "graben" for modern day "trench." This map was included in: "Das Deutsche Kolonialreich," by Hans Meyer, 1909. Vol II, p. 496. Library Call Number: Cfd M612 d

Bathymetric map of the United States continental shelf and slope off the New York Bight area. This map was derived from Coast and Geodetic Survey soundings and was published in the 1970's.

A plaster 3-D model of the Bowers Ridge and Basin. This feature is located north of the Aleutian Islands in the Bering Sea. This model was constructed by hand in 1967.

An early published diagram of the principle of echo-sounding. Published in Special Publication No. 3 of the International Hydrographic Bureau, October 1924 . This is among the earliest of published diagrams of the echo-sounding principle.

Preparing to launch a microbe sampler from the sounding platform. In: Richard, J., 1907, "L'Oceanographie," p. 258. Paris, Vuibert & Nony Editeurs. Library Call Number 525.8 R51.

The microbe sampler has disappeared into the sea. A complete view of the sounding platform. Richard, J., 1907, "L'Oceanographie," p. 258. Paris, Vuibert & Nony Editeurs. Library Call Number 525.8 R51.