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7. REFERENCES CITED
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Abernathy, A., editor. 1989. Description of the Mid-Atlantic environ1ment. Unpubl. rep. Herndon, VA: U.S. Dep. Inter., Miner. Manage. Serv.; 167 p. + apps.

Able, K.W.; Fahay, M.P. 1998. The first year of life in estuarine fishes in the Middle Atlantic Bight. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press; 342 p.

Able, K.W.; Muzeni, A.M. 2002. An evaluation of the impact of mobile fishing gear on tilefish (Lopholatilus chamaeleonticeps) habitat: review of archived video images from submersibles. Final rep. Tuckerton, NJ: Rutgers Univ., Inst. Mar. Coast. Sci.; 28 p.

Almeida, F.; Arlen, L.; Auster, P.; Cross, J.; Lindholm, J.; Link, J.; Packer, D.; Paulson, A.; Reid, R.; Valentine, P. 2000. The effects of marine protected areas on fish and benthic fauna: the Georges Bank Closed Area II example. Poster presented at: Am. Fish. Soc. 130th Annu. Meet.; St. Louis, MO; August 20-24, 2000.

[ASMFC] Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 1999a. Amendment #1 to the interstate fishery management plan for Atlantic sea herring. Atl. States Mar. Fish. Comm. Fish. Manage. Rep. 33.

[ASMFC] Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 1999b. Atlantic menhaden stock assessment report for peer review. Atl. States Mar. Fish. Comm. Fish. Stock Assess. Rep. 99-01 (suppl.); 146 p.

[ASMFC] Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2000. American lobster stock assessment report for peer review. Atl. States Mar. Fish. Comm. Fish. Stock Assess. Rep. 00-01 (suppl.); 532 p.

[ASMFC] Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2004. Amendment #1 to the interstate fishery management plan for northern shrimp. Atl. States Mar. Fish. Comm. Fish. Manage. Rep. 42.

Auster, P.J. 1998. A conceptual model of the impacts of fishing gear on the integrity of fish habitats. Conserv. Biol. 12:1198-1203.

Auster, P.J. 2005. Are deep-water corals important habitat for fishes? In: Freiwald, A.; Roberts, J.M., eds. Cold-water corals and ecosystems. Berlin, Germany: Springer; p. 747-760.

Auster, P.J.; Joy, K.; Valentine, P.C. 2001. Fish species and community distributions as proxies for seafloor habitat distributions: the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary example (Northwest Atlantic, Gulf of Maine). Environ. Biol. Fishes 60:331-346.

Auster, P.J.; Langton, R.W. 1999. The effects of fishing on fish habitat. In: Benaka, L., ed. Fish habitat: essential fish habitat and rehabilitation. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 22:150-187.

Auster, P.J.; Lindholm, J.; Schaub, S.; Funnel, G.; Kaufman, L.S.; Valentine, P.C. 2003. Use of sand wave habitats by silver hake. J. Fish Biol. 62:143-152.

Auster, P.J.; Lindholm, J.; Valentine, P.C. 2003. Variation in habitat use by juvenile Acadian redfish (Sebastes fasciatus). Environ. Biol. Fishes 68:381-389.

Auster, P.J.; Malatesta, R.J.; Donaldson, C.L.S. 1997. Distributional responses to small-scale habitat variability by early juvenile silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis. Environ. Biol. Fishes 50:195-200.

Auster, P.J. Malatesta, R.J.; Langton, R.W.; Watling, L.; Valentine, P.C.; Donaldson, C.L.S.; Langton, E.W.; Shepard, A.N.; Babb, I.G. 1996. The impacts of mobile fishing gear on seafloor habitats in the Gulf of Maine (Northwest Atlantic): implications for conservation of fish populations. Rev. Fish. Sci. 4:185-202.

Auster, P.J.; Malatesta, R.J.; LaRosa, S.C. 1995. Patterns of microhabitat utilization by mobile megafauna on the Southern New England (USA) continental shelf and slope. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 127:77-85.

Auster, P.J.; Malatesta, R.J.; LaRosa, S.C; Cooper, R.A.; Stewart, L.L. 1991. Microhabitat utilization by the megafaunal assemblage at a low relief outer continental shelf site -- Middle Atlantic Bight, USA. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 11:59-69.

Backus, R.H., editor. 1987. Georges Bank. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 593 p.

Ball, B.; Munday, B.; Tuck, I. 2000. Effects of otter trawling on the benthos and environment in muddy sediments. In: Kaiser, M.J.; de Groot, S.J., eds. The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science; p. 69-82.

Beardsley, R.C. Butman, B.; Geyer, W.R.; Smith, P. 1996. Physical oceanography of the Gulf of Maine: an update. In: Wallace, G.T.; Braasch, E.F., eds. Proceedings of the Gulf of Maine Ecosystem Dynamics Scientific Symposium and Workshop. Reg. Assoc. Res. Gulf Maine Rep. 97-1:39-52.

Bergman, M.J.N.; Santbrink, J.W., van. 2000. Fishing mortality of populations of megafauna in sandy sediments. In: Kaiser, M.J.; de Groot, S.J., eds. The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science; p. 49-68.

Black, K.P.; Parry, G.D. 1994. Sediment transport rates and sediment disturbance due to scallop dredging in Port Phillip Bay. Mem. Queensl. Mus. 36:327-341.

Black, K.P.; Parry, G.D. 1999. Entrainment, dispersal, and settlement of scallop dredge sediment plumes: field measurements and numerical modeling. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56:2271-2281.

Boesch, D.F. 1979. Benthic ecological studies: macrobenthos. Chapter 6 in: Middle Atlantic outer continental shelf environmental studies. Final rep. Bur. Land Manage. Contract No. AA550-CT6062; 301 p.

Borg, A.A.; Pihl, L.; Wennhage, H. 1997. Habitat choice by juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.) on sandy soft bottoms with different vegetation types. Helgol. Meeresunters 51:197-212.

Bradshaw, C.; Veale, L.O.; Brand, A.R. 2002. The role of scallop-dredge disturbance in long-term changes in Irish Sea benthic communities: a re-analysis of an historical dataset. J. Sea Res. 47:161-184.

Bradshaw, C.; Veale, L.O.; Hill, A.A.; Brand, A.R. 2000. The effects of scallop dredging on gravelly seabed communities. In: Kaiser, M.J.; de Groot, S.J., eds. The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science; p. 83-104.

Bradshaw, C.; Veale, L.O.; Hill, A.A.; Brand, A.R. 2001. The effect of scallop dredging on Irish Sea benthos: experiments using a closed area. Hydrobiologia 465:129-138.

Brooks, D.A. 1996. Physical oceanography of the shelf and slope seas from Cape Hatteras to Georges Bank: a brief overview. In: Sherman, K.; Jaworski, N.A.; Smayda, T.J., eds. The Northeast Shelf Ecosystem -- assessment, sustainability, and management. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science; p. 47-75.

Brown, B. 1993. A classification system of marine and estuarine habitats in Maine: an ecosystem approach to habitats. Part I: Benthic habitats. Augusta, ME: Maine Nat. Areas Prog., Dep. Econ. Community Dev.; 51 p. + 1 app.

Brylinsky, M.; Gibson, J.; Gordon, D.C., Jr. 1994. Impacts of flounder trawls on the intertidal habitat and community of the Minas Basin, Bay of Fundy. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 51:650-661.

Burgess, G.H. 2002. Spiny dogfishes. Family Squalidae. In: Collette, B.B.; Klein-MacPhee, G., eds. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 48-57.

Butcher, T.; Matthews, J.; Glaister, J.; Hamer, G. 1981. Study suggests scallop dredges causing few problems in Jervis Bay. Aust. Fish. 40:9-12.

Butman, V.; Noble, M.; Moody, J. 1982. Observations of near-bottom currents at the shelf break near Wilmington Canyon in the Mid-Atlantic outer continental shelf area: results of 1978-1979 field seasons. Final rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Rep. 3-1-3-58.

Caddy, J.F. 1968. Underwater observations on scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) behavior and drag efficiency. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 25:2123-2141.

Caddy, J.F. 1973. Underwater observations on tracks of dredges and trawls and some effects of dredging on a scallop ground. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30:173-180.

Cahoon, L.B. 1999. The role of benthic microalgae in neritic ecosystems. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 37:47-86.

Cargnelli, L.M.; Griesbach, S.J.; Berrien, P.L.; Morse, W.W.; Johnson, D.L. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-128; 31 p.

Cargnelli, L.M.; Griesbach, S.J.; McBride, C.; Zetlin, C.A.; Morse, W.W. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: longfin inshore squid, Loligo pealeii, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-146; 27 p.

Cargnelli, L.M.; Griesbach, S.J.; Morse, W.W. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-125; 17 p.

Cargnelli, L.M.; Griesbach, S.J.; Packer, D.B.; Berrien, P.L.; Johnson, D.L.; Morse, W.W. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: pollock, Pollachius virens, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-131; 30 p.

Cargnelli, L.M.; Griesbach, S.J.; Packer, D.B.; Berrien, P.L.; Morse, W.W.; Johnson, D.L. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: witch flounder, Glyptocephalus cynoglossus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-139; 29 p.

Cargnelli, L.M.; Griesbach, S.J.; Packer, D.B.; Weissberger, E. 1999a. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic surfclam, Spisula solidissima, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-142; 13 p.

Cargnelli, L.M.; Griesbach, S.J.; Packer, D.B.; Weissberger, E. 1999b. Essential fish habitat source document: ocean quahog, Artica islandica, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-148; 12 p.

Carr, H.A.; Milliken, H. 1998. Conservation engineering: options to minimize fishing's impacts to the sea floor. In: Dorsey, E.M.; Pederson, J., eds. Effects of fishing gear on the sea floor of New England. MIT Sea Grant Pub. 98-4:100-103.

Caruso, J.H. 2002. Goosefishes or monkfishes. Family Lophiidae. In: Collette, B.B.; Klein-MacPhee, G., eds. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 264-270.

Chang, S.; Berrien, P.L.; Johnson, D.L.; Morse, W.W. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-137; 32 p.

Chang, S.; Berrien, P.L.; Johnson, D.L.; Zetlin, C.A. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: offshore hake, Merluccius albidus, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-130; 24 p.

Chang, S.; Morse, W.W.; Berrien, P.L. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: white hake, Urophycis tenuis, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-136; 23 p.

Charton, J.A.G.; Ruzafa, A.P. 1998. Correlation between habitat structure and a rocky reef fish assemblage in the southwest Mediterranean. Mar. Ecol. 19:111-128.

Churchill, J.H. 1989. The effect of commercial trawling on substrate resuspension and transport over the Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf. Cont. Shelf Res. 9(9):841-865.

Collette, B.B ; Klein-MacPhee, G., editors. 2002. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; 748 p.

Collie, J.S.; Escanero, G.A.; Valentine, P.C. 1997. Effects of bottom fishing on the benthic megafauna of Georges Bank. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 155:159-172.

Collie, J.S.; Hall, S.J.; Kaiser, M.J.; Poiners, I.R. 2000. A quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthos. J. Anim. Ecol. 69:785-798.

Colvocoresses, J.A.; Musick, J.A. 1984. Species associations and community composition of Middle Atlantic Bight continental shelf demersal fishes. Fish. Bull. (Wash. D.C.) 82:295-313.

Cook, S.K. 1988. Physical oceanography of the Middle Atlantic Bight. In: Pacheco, A.L., ed. Characterization of the Middle Atlantic water management unit of the Northeast regional action plan. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/NEC-56:1-50.

Cooper, R.A.; Valentine, P.C.; Uzmann, J.R.; Slater, R.A. 1987. Submarine canyons. In: Backus, R.H., ed. Georges Bank. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; p. 52-63.

Cowardin, L.M.; Carter, V.; Golet, F.C.; LaRoe, E.T. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. FWS/OBS-79/31; 103 p.

Creaser, E.P., Jr.; Clifford, D.A.; Hogan, M.J.; Sampson, D.B. 1983. A commercial sampling program for sandworms, Nereis virens Sars, and bloodworms, Glycera dibranchiata Ehrens, harvested along the Maine tidal coast. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-767; 56 p.

Currie, D.R.; Parry, G.D. 1996. Effects of scallop dredging on a soft sediment community: a large-scale experimental study. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 134:131-150.

Currie, D.R.; Parry, G.D. 1999a. Changes to benthic communities over 20 years in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 38:36- 43.

Currie, D.R.; Parry, G.D. 1999b. Impacts and efficiency of scallop dredging on different soft substrates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 56:539-550.

Dayton, P.K.; Thrush, S.; Coleman, F.C. 2002. Ecological effects of fishing in marine ecosystems of the United States. Arlington, VA: Pew Oceans Commission; 44 p.

DeAlteris, J. 1998. Training manual: fisheries science and technology. Unpubl. rep. Kingston, RI: Univ. Rhode Island, Dep. Fish.; 34 p.

DeAlteris, J.; Skrobe, L.; Lipsky, C. 1999. The significance of seabed disturbance by mobile fishing gear relative to natural processes: a case study in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. In: Benaka, L., ed. Fish habitat: essential fish habitat and rehabilitation. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 22:224-237.

[DFO] Department of Fisheries and Oceans. 1993. Seabed disturbances from fishing activities. Unpubl. rep. Dartmouth, NS: Dep. Fish. Oceans, Scotia-Fundy Reg., Ind. Serv. Native Fish. Br.; 4 p.

Dolah, R.F., van; Wendt, P.H.; Nicholson, N. 1987. Effects of a research trawl on a hard-bottom assemblage of sponges and corals. Fish. Res. 5:39-54.

Dorsey, E.M. 1998. Geological overview of the sea floor of New England. In: Dorsey, E.M.; Pederson, J., eds. Effects of fishing gear on the sea floor of New England. MIT Sea Grant Pub. 98-4:8-14.

Drabsch, S.L.; Tanner, J.E.; Connell, S.D. 2001. Limited infaunal response to experimental trawling in previously untrawled areas. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58:1261-1271.

Eleftheriou, A.; Robertson, M.R. 1992. The effects of experimental scallop dredging on the fauna and physical environment of a shallow sandy community. Neth. J. Sea Res. 30:289-299.

Engel, J.; Kvitek, R. 1998. Effects of otter trawling on a benthic community in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Conserv. Biol. 12:1204-1214.

Eno, N.C.; MacDonald, D.S.; Kinnear, J.A.M.; Amos, S.C.; Chapman, C.J.; Clark, R.A.; Bunker, F.P.D.; Munro, C. 2001. Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 58:11-20.

Everhart, W.H.; Youngs, W.D. 1981. Principles of fishery science. 2nd ed. Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press; 349 p.

Fahay, M.P.; Berrien, P.L.; Johnson, D.L.; Morse, W.W. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-124; 41 p.

Fonseca, M.S.; Thayer, G.W.; Chester, A.J.; Foltz, C. 1984. Impact of scallop harvesting on eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows: implications for management. N. Am. J. Fish. Manage. 4:286-293.

Fraser, S.; Gotceitas, V.; Brown, J.A. 1996. Interactions between age-classes of Atlantic cod and their distribution among bottom substrates. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 53:305-314.

Freese, L.; Auster, P.J.; Heifetz, J.; Wing, B.L. 1999. Effects of trawling on seafloor habitat and associated invertebrate taxa in the Gulf of Alaska. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 182:119-126.

Frid, C.L.J.; Clark, R.A.; Hall, J.A. 1999. Long-term changes in the benthos on a heavily fished ground of the NE coast of England. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 188:13-29.

Gabriel, W. 1992. Persistence of demersal fish assemblages between Cape Hatteras and Nova Scotia, Northwest Atlantic. J. Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 14:29-46.

Gerstner, C.L. 1998. Use of substratum ripples for flow refuging by Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Environ. Biol. Fishes 51:455-460.

Gerstner, C.L.; Webb, P.W. 1998. The station-holding performance of the plaice Pleuronectes platessa on artificial substratum ripples. Can. J. Zool. 76:260-268.

Gibbs, P.J.; Collins, A.J.; Collett, L.C. 1980. Effect of otter prawn trawling on the macrobenthos of a sandy substratum in a New South Wales estuary. Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 31:509-516.

Gilkinson, K.; Paulin, M.; Hurley, S.; Schwinghamer, P. 1998. Impacts of trawl door scouring on infaunal bivalves: results of a physical trawl door model/dense sand interaction. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 224:291-312.

Godcharles, M.F. 1971. A study of the effects of a commercial hydraulic clam dredge on benthic communities in estuarine areas. Fla. Dep. Nat. Resour. Mar. Res. Lab. Tech. Ser. 64.

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Gotceitas, V.; Fraser, S.; Brown, J.A. 1995. Habitat use by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the presence of an actively foraging and non-foraging predator. Mar. Biol. 123:421-430.

Gotceitas, V.; Fraser, S.; Brown, J.A. 1997. Use of eelgrass beds (Zostera marina) by juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54:1306-1319.

Gregory, R.S.; Anderson, J.T. 1997. Substrate selection and use of protective cover by juvenile Atlantic cod Gadus morhua in inshore waters of Newfoundland. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 146:9-20.

Guthrie, J.F.; Lewis, C.W. 1982. The clam-kicking fishery of North Carolina. Mar. Fish. Rev. 44:16-21.

Hall, S.J.; Basford, D.J.; Robertson, M.R. 1990. The impact of hydraulic dredging for razor clams Ensis sp. on an infaunal community. Neth. J. Sea Res. 27:119-125.

Hall, S.J.; Harding, M. 1997. Physical disturbance and marine benthic communities: the effects of mechanical harvesting of cockles on non-target benthic infauna. J. Appl. Ecol. 34:497-517.

Hall, S.J.; Robertson, M.R.; Basford, D.J.; Heaney, S.D. 1993. The possible effects of fishing disturbance in the northern North Sea: an analysis of spatial patterns in community structure around a wreck. Neth. J. Sea Res. 31:201-208.

Hall-Spencer, J.M.; Moore, P.G. 2000a. Impact of scallop dredging on maerl grounds. In: Kaiser, M.J.; de Groot, S.J., eds. The effects of fishing on non-target species and habitats. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science; p. 83-104.

Hall-Spencer, J.M.; Moore, P.G. 2000b. Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl habitats. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 57:1407-1415.

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Hayes, M.L. 1983. Active fish capture methods. In: Nielson, L.A.; Johnson, D.L., eds. Fisheries techniques. Bethesda, MD: Am. Fish. Soc.; p. 123-145.

Hecker, B. 1990. Variation in megafaunal assemblages on the continental margin south of New England. Deep-Sea Res. 37:37-57.

Hecker, B. 2001. Polygons BH1-4 (Veatch, Hydrographer, Oceanographer and Lydonia Canyons). In: Azimi, S., ed. Priority ocean areas for protection in the Mid-Atlantic. Washington, DC: Natural Resources Defense Council; p. 32-36.

Hecker, B.; Blechschmidt, G. 1979. Epifauna of the northeastern U.S. continental margin. In: Hecker, B.; Blechschmidt, G.; Gibson, P., eds. Appendix A (Epifaunal zonation and community structure in three Mid- and North Atlantic canyons) of: Final report of canyon assessment studies in the Mid- and North Atlantic areas of the U.S. outer continental shelf. Washington, DC: U.S. Dep. Inter., Bur. Land Manage.

Hecker, B.; Logan, D.T.; Gandarillas, F.E.; Gibson, P.R. 1983. Megafaunal assemblages in canyon and slope habitats. Chapter I in: Final report of canyon and slope processes study. Vol. III. Washington, DC: U.S. Dep., Miner. Manage. Serv.

Hill, A.S.; Veale, L.O.; Pennington, D.; Whyte, S.G.; Brand, A.R.; Hartnoll, R.G. 1999. Changes in Irish Sea benthos: possible effects of 40 years of dredging. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 48:739-750.

Howe, A.B.; Correia, S.J.; Currier, T.P.; King, J.; Johnston, R. 2000. Spatial distribution of ages 0 and 1 Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off eastern Massachusetts coast, 1978-1999, relative to "Habitat Area of Particular Concern." Newburyport, MA: New Engl. Fish. Manage. Counc.; 25 p.

Howell, P.T.; Molnar, D.R.; Harris, R.B. 1999. Juvenile winter flounder distribution by habitat type. Estuaries 22:1090-1095.

Hubert, W.A. 1983. Passive capture techniques. In: Nielson, L.A.; Johnson, D.L., eds. Fisheries techniques. Bethesda, MD: Am. Fish. Soc.; p. 95-122.

Isakkson, I.; Pihl, L.; Montfrans, J., van. 1994. Eutrophication-related changes in macrovegetation and foraging of young cod (Gadus morhua L.): a mesocosm experiment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 177:203-217.

Jennings, S.; Kaiser, M.J. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34:201-352.

Johnson, D.L.; Morse, W.W.; Berrien, P.L.; Vitaliano, J.J. 1999. Essential fish habitat source document: yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea, life history and habitat characteristics. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NE-140; 29 p.

Johnson, K. 2002. A review of national and international literature on the effects of fishing on benthic habitats. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/SPO-57; 72 p.

Kaiser, M.J.; Edwards, D.B.; Spencer, B.E. 1996. Infaunal community changes as a result of commercial clam cultivation and harvesting. Aquat. Living Resour. 9:57-63.

Kaiser, M.J.; Hill, A.S.; Ramsay, K.; Spencer, B.E.; Brand, A.R.; Veale, L.O.; Pruden, K.; Rees, E.I.S.; Munday, B.W.; Ball, B.; Hawkins, S.J. 1996. Benthic disturbance by fishing gear in the Irish Sea: a comparison of beam trawling and scallop dredging. Aquat. Conserv.: Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 6:269-285.

Kaiser, M.J.; Ramsay, K.; Richardson, C.A.; Spence, F.E.; Brand, A.R. 2000. Chronic fishing disturbance has changed shelf sea benthic community structure. J. Anim. Ecol. 69:494-503.

Kaiser, M.J.; Rogers, S.I.; Ellis, J.R. 1999. Importance of benthic habitat complexity for demersal fish assemblages. In: Benaka, L., ed. Fish habitat: essential fish habitat and rehabilitation. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 22:212-223.

Kaiser, M.J.; Spencer, B.E.; Hart, P.J. 2000. Fishing-gear restrictions and conservation of benthic habitat complexity. Conserv. Biol. 14:1512-1525.

Keats, D.W.; Steele, S.H.; South, G.R. 1987. The role of fleshy macroalgae in the ecology of juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.) in inshore waters off eastern Newfoundland. Can. J. Zool. 65:49-53.

Kelley, J.T. 1998. Mapping the surficial geology of the western Gulf of Maine. In: Dorsey, E.M.; Pederson, J., eds. Effects of fishing gear on the sea floor of New England. MIT Sea Grant Pub. 98-4:15-19.

Kenchington, E.L.R.; Prena, J.; Gilkinson, K.D.; Gordon, D.C., Jr.; MacIssace, K.; Bourbonnais, C.; Schwinghamer, P.J.; Rowell, T.W.; McKeown, D.L.; Vass, W.P. 2001. Effects of experimental otter trawling on the macrofauna of a sandy bottom ecosystem on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 58:1043-1057.

Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002a. Cods. Family Gadidae. In: Collette, B.B.; Klein-MacPhee, G., eds. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 223-261.

Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002b. Family Scophthalmidae. In: Collette, B.B.; Klein-MacPhee, G., eds. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 547-550.

Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002c. Porgies. Family Sparidae. In: Collette, B.B.; Klein-MacPhee, G., eds. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 429-435.

Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002d. Righteye Flounders. Family Pleuronictidae. In: Collette, B.B.; Klein-MacPhee, G., eds. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 560-587.

Klein-MacPhee, G. 2002e. Sea Basses. Family Serranidae. In: Collette, B.B.; Klein-MacPhee, G., eds. Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press; p. 391-395.

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