Castration -- statement from the Council for ethics. (2001). Norsk Veterinaertidsskrift 113(10):
634-637. ISSN: 0029-2773.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N81
Descriptors: animal behavior, animal welfare, castration,
legislation, pets, professional ethics
When should bitches be neutered.
(2001). The Veterinary Record 148(16): 491-493. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: attitude of health personnel, dogs,
ovariectomy, age factors, postoperative complications
Alexander, S. and S. Shane (1994). Characteristics of animals adopted
from an animal control center whose owners complied with a spaying/neutering
program. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205:
472-476. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, dogs, ownership, pet adoption,
castration, ovariectomy, sex, age characteristics
Andersson, A. (2001). Castration and progestagen treatment of male
dogs, part 1. Svensk Veterinartidning 53(7): 385-389. ISSN: 0346-2250.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 SV23
Descriptors: adenoma, adverse effects, aggression,
aggressive behavior, castration, hernia, neoplasms, progestogens, reproductive
disorders, reviews, sex hormones, sexual dimorphism, skin diseases, treatment
Andersson, A. (2001). Castration and progestagen treatment of male
dogs, part 2. Svensk Veterinartidning 53(7): 391-397. ISSN: 0346-2250.
NAL Call Number: 41.9 SV23
Descriptors: aggressive behavior, castration, male
animals, medroxyprogesterone, potency, prostate
Andersson, A. and C. Linde Forsberg (2002). Castration and
progestagen treatment of male dogs, Part 1. The European Journal of
Companion Animal Practice 12(2): 173-177.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E8
Descriptors: activity, adenoma, adverse effects,
aggression, animal behavior, appetite, castration, clinical aspects,
cryptorchidism, epilepsy, hernia, hyperplasia, live weight, neoplasms,
progestogens, sex hormones, skin diseases, testes, therapy, urinary
incontinence
Andersson, A. and C. Linde Forsberg (2002). Castration and progestagen
treatment of male dogs, Part 2. The European Journal of Companion Animal
Practice 12(2): 178-185.
NAL Call Number: SF981.E8
Descriptors: adverse effects, animal behavior, castration,
clinical aspects, medroxyprogesterone, progestogens, sex hormones, therapy,
urination
Arnold, S., M. Hubler, M. Casal, G. Lott Stolz, B. Hauser, and P. Rusch
(1988). Transplantation von autologem Ovargewebe zur Verhinderung von
unerwunschten Kastrationsfolgen bei der Hundin (Uberprufung von Patienten
mehrere Jahre nach der Operation). [Transplantation of autologous ovarian
tissue to prevent side effects of spaying in bitches (survey of cases several
years after the operation)]. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde
130(7): 369-379. ISSN: 0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Descriptors: allografts, ovaries, transplantation,
complications, dogs
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English, French and
Italian.
Attia, K.A., A.A. Zaki, B.E. Eilts, D.L. Paccamonti, G. Hosgood, M.A.
Dietrich, D.W. Horohov, and D.C. Blouin (2000). Anti-sperm antibodies and
seminal characteristics after testicular biopsy or epididymal aspiration in
dogs. Theriogenology 53(6): 1355-1363. ISSN: 0093-691X.
NAL Call Number: QP251.A1T5
Descriptors: dogs, testes, biopsy, antibody formation,
antibodies, fine needle aspiration, epididymis, castration, spermatozoa,
motility, abnormalities, morphology
Backus, R., M. Kanchuk, and Q. Rogers (2003). Cholecystokinin (CCK)
release as indicated by plasma CCK concentrations is increased by gonadectomy
in male cats. FASEB Journal 17(4-5): Abstract No. 523-2. ISSN: 0892-6638.
NAL Call Number: QH301.F3
Descriptors: biochemistry and molecular biophysics,
gonadectomy techniques, therapeutic and prophylactic techniques, computer
techniques, cats
Baumans, V., G. Dijkstra, and C.J. Wensing (1982). The effect of
orchidectomy on gubernacular outgrowth and regression in the dog. International
Journal of Andrology 5(4): 387-400.
ISSN: 0105-6263.
NAL Call Number: QP251.I55
Abstract: To test whether the outgrowth and regression
of the gubernaculum testis and consequently testicular descent are testis
dependent, unilateral and bilateral orchidectomies were performed on foetal
dogs at 49 days post coitum (p.c.), and on newborns at day 0 and day 3 after
birth. Prior to these experiments the vascularisation of the testis, epididymis
and gubernaculum had been studied to develop a method of orchidectomy, in which
the vascularisation of the gubernaculum and epididymis was minimally damaged.
After bilateral orchidectomy at 49 days p.c., outgrowth of the gubernaculum
stopped completely, and the epididymis remained in its original abdominal
position. After bilateral orchidectomy at birth, the descent of the remaining
epididymis from an intra-abdominal to an extra-abdominal position was retarded,
due to retarded regression of the gubernaculum. Bilateral orchidectomy 3 days
after birth resulted in a slightly retarded gubernacular regression. After
unilateral orchidectomies the effects were similar but less pronounced. It was
concluded that the testis induces and maintains the outgrowth and initiates
regression of the gubernaculum, thereby regulating the process of testicular
descent. However, once the regression had started, it appeared to proceed more
or less autonomously.
Descriptors: castration, cell division, dogs, epididymis,
male genitalia, organ weight, pregnancy, testis
Bronson, R.T. (1981). Age at death of necropsied intact and neutered
cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 42(9): 1606-1608. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: castration veterinary, cat diseases
mortality, age factors, cats, hysterectomy veterinary, sex factors
Bronson, R.T. (1982). Variation in age at death of dogs of different
sexes and breeds. American Journal of Veterinary Research 43(11):
2057-2059. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: A retrospective study of necropsy data for
2,002 dogs showed that the mean age at death of neutered dogs of both sexes
exceeded that of intact dogs, but the differences were not significant. A wide
variation in mean age at death of 56 breeds and cross breeds, 3.0 to 9.9 years,
was found. This variation was not correlated with mean breed body weight. An
attempt was made to explain the variability by finding diseases to which dogs
of the short-lived breeds were particularly susceptible. This was not possible
in general, since the samples of each breed were small and the total number of
diseases from which they died so large. Dogs of long-lived breeds died of
diseases appropriate to their age, particularly cancer, 39% of the sample. In
the sample as a whole, cancer accounted for 20% of deaths at 5 years and
increased to and remained between 40% and 50% from 10 to 16 years of age.
Descriptors: dog diseases mortality, age factors,
castration veterinary, crosses, genetic, dogs, longevity, retrospective
studies, sex factors, species specificity
Burke, T.J. (1977). Fertility control in the cat. The
Veterinary Clinics of
NAL Call Number: SF601.V523
Descriptors: cats, castration, contraception, estrus,
hysterectomy, megestrol, nandrolone, vasectomy, endometritis
Cabannes, A., F. Lucchese, H. Pelse, N. Biesel, M. Eymonnot, and M.
Appriou (2000). Castration and feline borreliosis in Gironde. Revue de
Medecine Veterinaire 151(10): 949-954.
ISSN: 0035-1555.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R32
Descriptors: antibodies, castration, epidemiology, males,
females, borreliosis
Charpin, C., T.M. Zielonka, D. Charpin, J.L. Ansaldi, C. Allasia, and D.
Vervloet (1994). Effects of castration and testosterone on Fel dI production
by sebaceous glands of male cats: II-morphometric assessment. Clinical
and Experimental Allergy 24(12): 1174-1178.
ISSN: 0954-7894.
Descriptors: cats, allergens, Fel dI antigen, sebaceous
gland, males, cats
Chaumont, A.J. and J. Mehl (1972). Emasculation par un chien.
[Emasculation by a dog]. Medecine Legale et Dommage Corporel 5(2):
154. ISSN: 0025-679X.
Descriptors: bites and stings, adult, cadaver, castration,
dogs, forensic medicine, gastrointestinal hemorrhage mortality
Note: Language of text: French.
Chawla, S.K. and J.F. Reece (2002). Timing of oestrus and
reproductive behaviour in
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: prevention and control of dog diseases,
ovariectomy, India, population control, rabies, seasons, sexual behavior,
vaccination, females, dogs
Cowan, L..A., J.A. Barsanti, J. Brown, and A. Jain (1991). Effects of
bacterial infection and castration on prostatic tissue zinc concentration in
dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research 52(8): 1262-1264. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: prostatitis, castration, zinc, animal models,
dogs, body fluids, Escherichia coli
Cowan, L..A., J.A. Barsanti, W. Crowell, and J. Brown (1991). Effects
of castration on chronic bacterial prostatitis in dogs. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 199(3): 346-350. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: dogs, castration, prostatitis, Escherichia
coli, chronic infection
Davidson, D.L. (1998). Cat castrations and veterinary nurses. The
Veterinary Record 142(15): 406-407. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: animal technicians, animals, methods of
castration, methods, standards, veterinary, cats, professional competence,
veterinary medicine
Deen, A., Y. Jongsma-Biben, and R. van Gisbergen (2003). Honden
castreren in het buitenland. [Dog castration abroad]. Tijdschrift voor
Diergeneeskunde 128(3): 92. ISSN:
0040-7453.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 T431
Descriptors: dogs, economics and methods of castration,
female
Note: Language of text: Dutch.
Dorn, A.S., D.L. Bone, and J.R. Bellah (1985). Sex hormone-related
diseases treated surgically in male dogs. Modern Veterinary Practice
66(10): 727-733. ISSN: 0362-8140.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N812
Descriptors: sex differentiation disorders, endocrine
diseases, castration, male genital diseases, veterinary surgery, neoplasms,
dogs
Fettman, M.J., C.A. Stanton, L.L. Banks, D.W. Hamar, D.E. Johnson, R.L.
Hegstad, and S. Johnson (1997). Effects of neutering on bodyweight,
metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats. Research in
Veterinary Science 62(2): 131-136.
ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Few controlled studies have been made of the
possible mechanisms and physiological consequences of weight gain after cats
have been neutered. In this study, six male and six female cats were
gonadectomised and compared with five entire male and six entire female cats,
before they were neutered and one and three months later. The neutered males
gained significantly more weight (mean [SEM] per cent) than the entire males
(30.2 [5.2] v 11.8 [2.3]) and the entire females gained 40.0 (7.3) v 16.1 (3.3)
per cent, (P<0.05). The castrated males gained more weight as fat than the
sexually intact males (22.0 [3.3] v 8.8 [4.5] per cent, P<0.05). There was a
significant increase (P<0.05) in daily food intake after neutering. Spayed
females underwent a significant decrease in fasting metabolic rate (83.7 [5.5]
v 67.2 [2.3] kcal/kg bodyweight 0.75/day P<0.05). Gonadectomy had minimal
effects on serum thyroid hormone concentrations, the resting or fasting
metabolic rates in males, or on indices of glucose tolerance.
Descriptors: cats, castration, ovariectomy, bodyweight,
metabolism, glucose tolerance, sex differences, food intake, digestibility,
body composition, triacylglycerols, cholesterol, insulin
Flynn, M.F., E.M. Hardie, and P.J. Armstrong (1996). Effect of
ovariohysterectomy on maintenance energy requirement in cats. Journal of
the American Veterinary Medical Association 209(9): 1572-1581. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: cats, ovariectomized females, ovariectomy,
hysterectomy, energy requirements, prediction, body condition, weight control,
caloric intake, food intake
Fukuda, S. and H. Iida (2000). Effects of orchidectomy on bone
metabolism in beagle dogs. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
62(1): 69-73. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: The effects of orchidectomy on bone
metabolism in male beagle dogs were examined using twelve 2-year-old dogs that
were orchidectomized. The dogs' bilateral iliac bones, double-labeled with
tetracycline and calcein for the histomorphometry, were obtained from three
dogs prior to orchidectomy and at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months afterwards. The serum
biochemical constituents related to bone metabolism were examined before and
every month after orchidectomy. Between 1 and 6 months after orchidectomy, the
value of serum testosterone decreased (1 month), while the levels of
parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, total calcium, osteocalcin, and alkaline
phosphatase activity increased significantly, indicating a high bone turnover.
The mean trabecular thickness and the fraction of labeled osteoid surface
decreased significantly 3 months after orchidectomy, but other
histomorphometric parameters were unchanged. In the period 7-12 months after
orchidectomy, the parathyroid hormone level increased ever and above that of
the first 6-month period, while the levels of calcitonin, osteocalcin, alkaline
phosphatase activity, and phosphorus decreased. The bone volume, mean trabecular
thickness, and the fraction of labeled trabecular surface decreased
significantly compared with the pre-orchidectomy values. These findings
indicate an imbalance in bone metabolism (i.e. bone resorption > bone
formation). These results indicate that a loss of bone volume accompanied the
fall in sex hormone levels following orchidectomy and suggest that the
orchidectomized dog is available as an animal model for studying osteoporosis
caused by hypogonadism and the decline of sex functions in men.
Descriptors: animal model, bone remodeling, effects of
orchiectomy, testosterone, bone volume, sex hormones
Gerber, H.A., W. Jochle, and F.G. Sulman (1973). Control of
reproduction and of undesirable social and sexual behaviour in dogs and cats.
The Journal of Small Animal Practice 14(3): 151-158. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: animal behavior, cats, contraceptive agents,
dogs, estrus, progestins, reproduction, sexual behavior, social behavior
Gobello, C., H. Baschar, G. Castex, R.L. de la Sota, and R.G. Goya
(2001). Dioestrous ovariectomy: a model to study the role of progesterone in
the onset of canine pseudopregnancy. Journal of Reproduction and
Fertility Supplement 57: 55-60.
ISSN: 0449-3087.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 J8222 Suppl.
Abstract: It has been suggested that overt
pseudopregnancy in bitches is caused by an increase in the concentration of
serum prolactin as a result of an abrupt decrease in progesterone concentration
in the late luteal phase. This hypothesis was tested by using ovariectomy at
dioestrus as an experimental model. A total of 18 intact cross- and purebred
bitches were used. Eleven animals were ovariectomized (day 0) between day 25
and day 40 of the oestrous cycle, and seven intact bitches were used as controls.
Blood samples for determination of prolactin and progesterone concentrations
were collected on days -1, 1, 2, 3 and 7 in the ovariectomized group, and on
day 1 and day 7 in the control group. On day 7, the presence or absence of
overt pseudopregnancy was recorded. The four ovariectomized bitches with a
history of pseudopregnancy showed signs of overt pseudopregnancy (P < 0.01).
On day 7, progesterone concentrations were significantly higher in the control
than in the ovariectomized bitches (P < 0.01). The expected decrease in
serum progesterone concentration after ovariectomy was similar in
pseudopregnant bitches and non-pseudopregnant bitches. However, in
pseudopregnant bitches, but not in non-pseudopregnant bitches, there was a
marked increase (expressed as percentage change) in the concentration of
prolactin between day -1 and day 7 (P < 0.01). It was concluded that the
abrupt decrease in progesterone concentrations does not lead systematically to
pseudopregnancy. Only in bitches predisposed to pseudopregnancy would an abrupt
decrease in progesterone concentrations induce a substantial increase in
prolactin concentrations, which in turn would trigger the typical signs of
pseudopregnancy.
Descriptors: dogs, female, animal models, ovariectomy,
progesterone, prolactin, pseudopregnancy
Gourley, J. (1997). When to spay dogs and cats. The Veterinary
Record 140(4): 104. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: age, animals, methods of castration, cats,
dogs, sex maturation, prepubertal gonadectomy
Gregory, S.P., P.E. Holt, T.J. Parkinson, and C.M. Wathes (1999). Vaginal
position and length in the bitch: relationship to spaying and urinary
incontinence. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 40(4):
180-184. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: bitches, vagina, position, length,
ovariectomy, urinary incontinence, pressure, bodyweight
Guarneri Boe, M.A. and D. Lange (1995). When to neuter: the
controversy.
Descriptors: kittens, surgery, age, anesthesia,
postoperative complications, castration, cats
Descriptors: animals, domestic, castration, cats,
inbreeding, mortality, sex factors, age factors
Hansen, B.D., E.M. Hardie, and G.S. Carroll (1997). Physiological
measurements after ovariohysterectomy in dogs: what's normal? Applied
Animal Behaviour Science 51(1-2): 101-109.
ISSN: 0168-1591.
NAL Call Number: QL750.A6
Descriptors: ovariohysterectomy, pain, surgery, dogs,
oxymorphone, cortisol, stress
Harper, E.J., D.M. Stack, T.D.G. Watson, and G. Moxham (2001). Effects
of feeding regimens on bodyweight, composition and condition score in cats
following ovariohysterectomy. The Journal of Small Animal Practice
42(9): 433-438. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: animal feeding, body composition, body fat,
live weight, ovariectomy, veterinary surgery, cats
Hartmann, S. (2000). Einfluss des Alters und des Hodenstatus auf
periphere Blutkonzentrationen von Thyroxin, Thyreotropin, Cortisol,
Luteinisierungshormon, Testosteron und Ostradiol 17beta bei adulten Belgischen
und Deutschen Schaferhunden. [Influence of age and gonadal status on peripheral
blood concentrations of thyroxine, thyrotropin, cortisol, testosterone,
luteinizing hormone and oestradiol-17beta in adult Belgian and German shepherd
dogs]. Dissertation, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover:
Descriptors: age differences, castration, cryptorchidism,
estradiol, LH, testosterone, thyrotropin, thyroxine
Hawthorne, L. (2002).
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: genetics, philosophy and ethics,
reproduction, cloning, laboratory techniques, embryo assessment, spaying,
overpopulation
Hesta, A., J. Debraekeleer, G. Janssens, and R. de Wilde (2000). The
importance of diet adaptations after the sterilization and castration of the
cat. Vlaams Diergeneeskundig Tijdschrift 69(3): 175-180. ISSN: 0303-9021.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V84
Descriptors: castration, sterilization, pets, animal
feeding, hyperphagia, obesity
Hoenig, M. and D.C.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Descriptors: cats, gonadectomy, male animals, female
animals, hormones, fatty acids, obesity, diabetes, energy requirements,
glucose, sex differences, insulin, thyroxine
Houlton, J. and N. McGlennon (1992). Castration and physeal closure
in the cat. The Veterinary Record 131(20): 466-467. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: cats, castration, bone, bone mineralization,
delayed physeal closure, pilot study
Howe, L.M., M.R. Slater, H.W. Boothe, H.P. Hobson, T.W. Fossum, A.C.
Spann, and W.S. Wilkie (2000). Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at
an early age or traditional age in cats. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 217(11): 1661-1665. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term results and
complications of gonadectomy performed at an early age (prepubertal) or at the
traditional age in cats. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 263 cats from animal
shelters. PROCEDURE: Cats that underwent gonadectomy were allotted to 2 groups
on the basis of estimated age at surgery (traditional age, > or = 24 weeks
old; prepubertal, < 24 weeks old). Adoptive owner information was obtained
from shelter records, and telephone interviews were conducted with owners to
determine physical or behavioral problems observed in the cats after adoption.
Follow-up information was obtained from attending veterinarians for cats with
complex problems or when owners were uncertain regarding the exact nature of
their cat's problem. RESULTS: Compared with traditional-age gonadectomy,
prepubertal gonadectomy did not result in an increased incidence of infectious
disease, behavioral problems, or problems associated with any body system
during a median follow-up period of 37 months. Additionally, the rate of
retention in the original adoptive household was the same for cats that
underwent prepubertal gonadectomy as those that underwent traditional-age
gonadectomy. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Prepubertal gonadectomy may be
performed safely in cats without concern for increased incidence of physical or
behavioral problems for at least a 3-year period after gonadectomy.
Descriptors: prepubertal gonadectomy, cats, animal
welfare, animal behavior, age factors, follow-up studies
Howe, L.M., M.R. Slater, H.W. Boothe, H.P. Hobson, J.L. Holcom, and A.C.
Spann (2001). Long-term outcome of gonadectomy performed at an early age or
traditional age in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 218(2): 217-221. ISSN:
0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine long-term results and
complications of gonadectomy performed at an early age (prepubertal) or at the
traditional age in dogs. DESIGN: Cohort study. ANIMALS: 269 dogs from animal
shelters. PROCEDURE: Dogs that underwent gonadectomy were allotted to 2 groups
on the basis of estimated age at surgery (traditional age, > or =24 weeks
old; prepubertal, < 24 weeks old). Adoptive owner information was obtained
from shelter records, and telephone interviews were conducted with owners to
determine physical or behavioral problems observed in the dogs since adoption.
Follow-up information was obtained from attending veterinarians for dogs with
complex problems or when owners were uncertain regarding the exact nature of
their dog's problem. RESULTS: Prepubertal gonadectomy did not result in an
increased incidence of behavioral problems or problems associated with any body
system, compared with traditional-age gonadectomy, during a median follow-up
period of 48 months after gonadectomy. Rate of retention in the original
adoptive household was the same for dogs that underwent prepubertal gonadectomy
as those that underwent traditional-age gonadectomy. Infectious diseases,
however, were more common in dogs that underwent prepubertal gonadectomy.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: With the exception of infectious
diseases, prepubertal gonadectomy may be safely performed in dogs without
concern for increased incidence of physical or behavioral problems during at
least a 4-year period after gonadectomy.
Descriptors: animal behavior, early age gonadectomy,
ovariectomy, orchiectomy, dogs, animal shelter, questionnaire
Hubbard, J.I., B.I. Hyland, and N.E. Sirett (1990). Stimulation of
the LH release by naloxone in anaesthetized cats after ovariectomy. Neuroscience
Letters 108(3): 295-302. ISSN:
0304-3940.
NAL Call Number: QP351.N3
Abstract: The effect of intravenous injections or
infusions of the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone on the secretion of
luteinizing hormone (LH) was studied in 18 spayed cats anaesthetized with
Althesin. Effective injections significantly increased the LH concentration of
plasma samples (taken every 10-15 min and measured by radio-immunoassay) to a peak
20-30 min after injection. The concentration thereafter declined exponentially
(ke = 0.42), and, in 4/8 trials rose again significantly and declined again
without further injection. The threshold dose was between 0.4 and 0.5 mg/kg.
There did not appear to be a dose dependence of the effect above threshold.
Infusion of naloxone at levels up to 5 mg/kg/h was effective in producing a
pulsatile release of LH and repeated injections of threshold doses (0.5 mg/kg)
could produce a maintained plateau and pulsatile release at frequencies
comparable to pulse frequencies in vivo.
Descriptors: anesthesia, animal, cats, dose-response
relationship, female, luteinizing hormone, naloxone, ovariectomy
Hummer, R.L. (1975). Pets in today's society. American Journal
of Public Health 65(10): 1095-1098.
ISSN: 0090-0036.
NAL Call Number: 449.9 Am3J
Descriptors: domestic animals, cats, contraception, dogs,
population growth, sterilization, zoonoses
Jayaraman, K.S. (1991). Sterilized dogs, bulls will keep their libido.
Nature 352(6331): 97. ISSN:
0028-0836.
NAL Call Number: 472 N21
Descriptors: cattle, dogs,
Jochle, W. (1975). Hormones in canine gynecology. A review. Theriogenology
3(4): 152-165. ISSN: 0093-691X.
Descriptors: animals, chlormadinone acetate, chorionic
gonadotropin, diethylstilbestrol, dogs, embryo implantation, estrus, female,
follicle stimulating hormone, gonadotropins, hydroxyprogesterones, luteinizing
hormone, megestrol, norethindrone, pregnancy, progesterone
Jochle, W. (1976). Neuere Erkenntnisse über die
Fortpflanzungsbiologie von Hund und Katze: Konsequenzen für die
Ostruskontrolle, Konzeptionsverhütung, Abortauslösung und Therapie. [New
findings on the physiology of reproduction in the dog and cat: consequences for
the control of estrus, contraception abortion and therapy]. Deutsche
Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 83(12): 564-569. ISSN: 0341-6593.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 D482
Descriptors: spontaneous abortion, cats, contraception,
dogs, estrus, female, pregnancy, progestational hormones, drug effects on
reproduction
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Jochle, W. (1994). Neutralizacja hormonalna czy trzebienie
chirurgiczne suk i kotek? [Hormonal or surgical sterilization of bitches and
queens?]. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 50(11): 537-540. ISSN: 0025-8628.
Descriptors: pets, estrous cycle, reproductive physiology,
drug therapy, postoperative complications, sterilization, progestogens, cats,
dogs
Note: Language of text: Polish.
Jochle, W. (1989). Reproduction in the dog: reflections on past
neglect and its consequences for society. Perspectives in Biology and
Medicine 33(1): 66-69. ISSN:
0031-5982.
NAL Call Number: 442.8 P43
Descriptors: dogs, estrus, female, reproduction, social
control
Jochle, W. (1987). Zum Sexualzyklus der Hundin: Neuere Einsichten und
Konsequenzen fur Therapie und Fortpflanzungskontrolle. [The sexual cycle in the
bitch: recent insights and impact on therapy and reproduction control]. Tierärztliche
Praxis 15(3): 295-300. ISSN:
0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603.V4
Abstract: Present knowledge about the estrous cycle of
the bitch has been reviewed from a morphological, endocrinological and clinical
point of view. This cycle is truly biphasic, characterized by its slow motion.
It includes pregnancy or pseudopregnancy, and lactation. Corpus luteum function
and regression as well as endometrial recovery, following endometrial
desquamation at about day 100 of the cycle, are finalized at about days 140 to
150. Soon thereafter, subclinical preparations for the next proestrus can be
recognized. Prolactin seems to play an important role as a luteotrophic agent,
beginning at about day 30 to 35 of the cycle. Inhibition of prolactin secretion
can be used to induce abortion, or to inhibit lactation and to shorten the
cycle, or to treat clinical anestrus. Late metestrus and subclinical proestrus,
i.e. days 120 to 170 of the cycle, is the most suitable period of the cycle to
initiate suppression of the cycle, i.e. prevention of the next estrus, by using
progestins with the least tendency for side effects.
Descriptors: dogs, estrus synchronization, female,
implications for contraception
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Jochle, W. and A.C. Andersen (1977). The estrous cycle in the dog: a
review. Theriogenology 7(3): 113-140. ISSN: 0093-691X.
Descriptors: dog physiology, estrus, female, pregnancy
Kanchuk, M.L., R.C. Backus, C.C. Calvert, J.G. Morris, and Q.R. Rogers
(2002). Neutering induces changes in food intake, body weight, plasma
insulin and leptin concentrations in normal and lipoprotein lipase-deficient
male cats. Journal of Nutrition 132(6 Supplement S2):
1730S-1732S. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: nutrition, lipoprotein lipase deficiency,
metabolic disease, obesity, nutritional disease, neutering, body weight, food
intake
Kanchuk, M.L., R.C. Backus, C.C. Calvert, J.G. Morris, and Q.R. Rogers
(2003). Weight gain in gonadectomized normal and lipoprotein lipase-deficient
male domestic cats results from increased food intake and not decreased energy
expenditure. Journal of Nutrition 133(6): 1866-1874. ISSN: 0022-3166.
NAL Call Number: 389.8 J82
Descriptors: metabolism, nutrition, obesity, gonadectomy,
adiposity, energy expenditure, food intake, weight gain
Kato, G. (2001). Proposals for contraception and castration methods
in dogs and cats. Journal of Veterinary Medicine (
NAL Call Number: SF761 .Z4
Descriptors: castration, contraception, canine, feline,
reproduction, animal welfare
Kawakami, E., T. Tsutsui, M. Shimizu, H. Orima, M. Fujita, and A. Ogasa
(1995). Comparison of the effects of chlormadinone acetate-pellet
implantation and orchidectomy on benign prostatic hypertrophy in the dog. International
Journal of Andrology 18(5): 248-255.
ISSN: 0105-6263.
NAL Call Number: QP251.I55
Abstract: Five beagles out of 11 dogs aged 7-10 years
with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) were implanted subcutaneously with pellets
of the synthetic anti-androgen chlormadinone acetate (CMA) at a dose of 10
mg/kg bodyweight. The remaining six dogs (one beagle and five mongrel dogs)
underwent bilateral orchidectomy. Changes in prostatic volume, histological
findings in the prostate and the testis, and peripheral plasma levels of LH,
testosterone and oestradiol-17 beta (E2) were assessed up until 24 and 4 weeks
after CMA-implantation and orchidectomy, respectively. Measurements of the size
of the prostate and biopsies of the prostate were performed by laparotomy. Mean
prostatic volume had decreased to 71% and 41%, respectively, of its
pretreatment volume, by 4 weeks after CMA-implantation and orchidectomy, and
was 49% and 47%, respectively, of pretreatment volume at 12 and 24 weeks after
CMA-implantation. The clinical signs of BPH, e.g. haematuria, resolved within 2
weeks after either treatment. When the prostate was examined histologically 4
weeks after either treatment, hardly any evidence of active secretion (e.g.
glandular epithelium projecting markedly into the lumen), was observed in
CMA-implanted dogs, alveolar diameter and height of the glandular epithelium
had decreased markedly and the glandular lumen had become very small in the
orchidectomized dogs. By 12 weeks after CMA-implantation, degenerative and
atrophic glands were observed in the prostate nearly the same as at 4 weeks
after orchidectomy. In the testis the number of germ cells in the seminiferous
tubules decreased markedly after CMA-implantation. The mean level of plasma LH
at 4 weeks after orchidectomy had increased to 14.9 ng/ml, twice the value
before operation. The mean levels of plasma testosterone and E2 at 4 weeks
after CMA-implantation had decreased to 0.7 ng/ml and 9 pg/ml from 1.5 ng/ml
and 15 pg/ml, the values before treatment, respectively. CMA-implantation
resulted in poor semen quality. The results indicate that CMA-implantation at a
dose of 10 mg/kg results in the same prostate-shrinking effect as orchidectomy.
Descriptors: dogs, anti-androgen, oral contraceptives,
orchidectomy, comparison study, semen quality, prostate-shrinking effect, drug
implants
Kawakami, E., T. Tsutsui, Y. Yamada, A. Ogasa, and M. Yamauchi (1988). Spermatogenic
function and fertility on unilateral cryptorchid dogs after orchiopexy and
contralateral castration. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science
50(3): 754-762. ISSN: 0021-5295.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J27
Descriptors: dogs, cryptorchidism, surgical operations,
castration, spermatogenesis, fertility, testes
Kirkpatrick, J.F. and A.T. Rutberg (2001). Fertility control in
animals. In: D.S. Salem and A.N. Rowan (editors), State of the Animals
2001 Humane Society Press:
Descriptors: humane control of wildlife, local population
size, population control, fertility control, immunocontraception, porcine zona
pellucida vaccine, horses, deer, elephants, companion animals, ethics
Luder, S. and P. Lueps (2002). Hauskatzen beim Tierarzt:
veterinaermedizinische und zoologische Daten auf Grund einer Erhebung in einer
Praxis im Kanton Bern. [Domestic cats in a veterinary surgery: Not neglecting
the zoological point of view]. Mitteilungen der Naturforschenden
Gesellschaft in Bern 59: 61-77.
ISSN: 0077-6130.
Descriptors: cats, castration, veterinary surgery
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Mahlow, J.C. (1999). Estimation of the proportions of dogs and cats
that are surgically sterilized. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 215(5): 640-643.
ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine an estimate of the
proportions of dogs and cats in Texas that are surgically sterilized and
whether those proportions differed according to species and sex of the animal,
level of responsibility of the owner, or geographic location. DESIGN:
Cross-sectional study. ANIMALS: 43,831 dogs and cats > or = 6 months old.
PROCEDURE: Information on sterilization rates was provided by 14 licensing
agencies and 16 animal shelters in diverse regions of
Descriptors: gonadectomy, sterilization statistics, dogs,
cats, rural population, cross sectional study, owner responsibility, education
Martin, L., B. Siliart, H. Dumon, R. Backus, V. Biourge, and P. Nguyen
(2001). Leptin, body fat content and energy expenditure in intact and
gonadectomized adult cats: A preliminary study. Journal of Animal
Physiology and Animal Nutrition 85(7-8): 195-199. ISSN: 0044-3565.
NAL Call Number: 389.78 Z3
Descriptors: metabolism, nutrition, obesity, nutritional
disease, gonadectomy, body weight, energy expenditure
Martin, R.B., R.L. Butcher, L.L. Sherwood, P. Buckendahl, R.D. Boyd, D.
Farris, N. Sharkey, and G. Dannucci (1987). Effects of ovariectomy in beagle
dogs. Bone 8(1): 23-31. ISSN:
8756-3282.
NAL Call Number: RC930.B65
Abstract: Beagle dogs 3-7 years old were ovariectomized
(n = 9) or sham operated (n = 6) and followed for 48 weeks with measurements of
body weight, tibial shaft bone mineral content (BMC), and serum biochemistry.
Following killing, measurements were made of bone strength and
histomorphometry. Ovariectomy (OX) significantly reduced serum estrone and
estradiol concentrations and their variability from month to month. There was a
transient decrease in cortical BMC of the OX dogs during the first 12
postoperative weeks but no difference between the groups after 48 weeks. Serum
osteocalcin was elevated, but there was little effect on serum alkaline
phosphatase, Ca, P, or calcitonin. OX increased the number of tetracycline-labeled
osteons in cortical bone but reduced the percent trabecular surface labeled
with tetracycline. OX produced no significant changes in the composition of the
bones or loss of cortical area, but a statistically significant 15% trabecular
bone loss occurred in the spine. However, bone strength had not been
significantly affected at the time of sacrifice.
Descriptors: disease models, animal, dogs, osteoporosis,
ovariectomy, bone and bones analysis, calcium binding proteins, estradiol,
osteocalcin, progesterone
Maute, A.M., D.A. Koch, and P.M. Montavon (2001). Perineale Hernie
beim Hund - Colopexie, Vasopexie, Cystopexie und Kastration als Therapie der
Wahl bei 32 Hunden. [Perineal hernia in dogs -- colopexy, vasopexy, cystopexy
and castration as an alternative therapy in 32 dogs]. Schweizer Archiv fur
Tierheilkunde 143(7): 360-367. ISSN:
0036-7281.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 SCH9
Abstract: In 32 male dogs colopexy, vasopexy, cystopexy
and castration was performed for the treatment of perineal hernia. Recurrence
rate in this study is 22%, what is comparable to other studies using different
methods. The degree of severity and the number of complications is lower with
this technique than with others. Enlargement of the prostate was evident in 59%
and bladder retroflexion in 22% of the dogs. A celiotomy allows to recognize,
assess, reduce and fix displaced organs which is not possible by using other
methods. The aim is to regain the tubular structure of the ampulla recti and to
fix prostate and bladder cranioventrally to the pelvic entrance. The castration
performed at the same time causes the prostate gland to atrophy within 2-3
weeks, what makes the pelvic entrance even wider and the dogs return to normal
defecation.
Descriptors: hernia, perineum, surgery, treatment
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
McEntee, M.C. (2002). Reproductive oncology. Clinical
Techniques in Small Animal Practice 17(3): 133-149. ISSN: 1096-2867.
NAL Call Number: SF911.S45
Descriptors: reproductive system, tumor biology,
neoplastic disease, neutering, clinical techniques
Medleau, L., D.T. Crowe, and D.L. Dawe (1983). Effect of surgery on
the in vitro response of canine peripheral blood lymphocytes to
phytohemagglutinin. American Journal Of Veterinary Research 44(5):
859-860. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: The effects of surgery (ovario-hysterectomy)
and anesthesia on phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis were
studied in vitro in 12 dogs. Four dogs had depressed lymphocyte blastogenic
responses after surgery. This suppression was transient with normal blastogenic
responses occurring in cells from all dogs 24 hours after surgery. Seemingly,
T-lymphocyte function may be depressed, only transiently, after surgery.
Descriptors: anesthesia, antibody formation, castration,
dogs, female, hysterectomy, lymphocyte activation, phytohemagglutinins
Millis, D.L., J.G. Hauptman, and M. Richter (1992). Preoperative and
postoperative hemostatic profiles of dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Cornell
Veterinarian 82(4): 465-470. ISSN:
0010-8901.
Descriptors: dog diseases, surgical operations,
postoperative complications, hematology, ovariectomy, hysterectomy
Mojzisova, J., R. Hromada, I. Valocky, S. Paulik, V. Hipikova, V.
Bajova, S. Posivakova, and A. Bugarsky (2003). Effect of ovariohysterectomy
on canine postsurgical leukocyte function. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica
51(2): 219-227. ISSN: 0236-6290.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Ac83
Abstract: The effect of surgery on phagocytic activity
of blood leukocytes and mitogen-induced blastogenesis of lymphocytes was
studied in fourteen dogs. Simple ovariohysterectomy with anaesthesia induced by
ketamine and xylazine or by ketamine, xylazine and halothane caused a short
nonsignificant depression of phagocytic activity that persisted for four hours
after surgery. Ingestion capacity of leukocytes decreased significantly
immediately after surgery. Mitogen-induced blastogenesis of lymphocytes was
depressed significantly in the first 48 hours and despite partial recovery this
parameter did not reach the value of the control groups until the end of
observation (7 days). A more conspicuous decrease of blastogenic response of
blood lymphocytes to mitogens was found after the use of ketamine and xylazine
in a dose maintaining anaesthesia. Anaesthesia with ketamine and xylazine in
the lower dose and maintained with halothane resulted in a later improvement of
the blastogenic response of lymphocytes.
Descriptors: dissociative anesthetics, dogs, halothane,
hysterectomy, ketamine, leukocyte count, leukocytes, ovariectomy, phagocytosis,
xylazine
Muller, S.C., J.T. Hsieh, T.F. Lue, and E.A. Tanagho (1988). Castration
and erection. An animal study. European Urology 15(1-2):
118-124. ISSN: 0302-2838.
Abstract: Castrated dogs (n = 3) need a much higher
threshold level of energy to induce erection by electrical stimulation of the
cavernous nerve than noncastrated animals (n = 24). In addition the resulting
quality of erection, measured as maximal intracavernous pressure (pCC) versus
peak systolic blood pressure (BP), was weaker in castrated dogs (pCC = 57% of
BP on average) than in noncastrated dogs (pCC = 80% of BP on average). A high
venous outflow from the corpora cavernosa in castrated dogs can also explain
the shorter duration of erection. This experimental model excludes the
interference of subjective factors, such as erotic stimuli and libido on
erection, and it seems that androgen deficiency has a direct effect on the
neurophysiology of the erectile tissues resulting in a higher tonus of the
detumescence factors, which can be explained by an incomplete relaxation of the
sinusoidal smooth muscle.
Descriptors: androgens physiology, orchiectomy, penile
erection, penis physiology, dogs, electric stimulation
Nassar, R. and J.E. Mosier (1982). Feline population dynamics: a
study of the
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Analysis of the age-specific birth and
survival rates and the age distribution in the pet population of cats in
Descriptors: cats, castration veterinary,
Nassar, R., J.E. Mosier, and L.W. Williams (1984). Study of the
feline and canine populations in the greater
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Analysis of household dogs and cats, based on
age-distribution data and on age-specific birth and survival rates, as well as
on pet source, indicated that the dog and cat populations are stable and not
increasing in size (lambda congruent to 1). Roaming dogs and cats euthanatized
at the pound represented about 5.7% and 8.1% of the estimated dog and cat
populations, respectively. The death at the pound seems to be effective in
checking pet population growth. Among pets acquired, 84% were less than 1 year
of age for dogs as compared with 88% for cats. Breeders and pet shops supplied
about 7% of cats and 17% of dogs. About 10% of cats and 10% of dogs were
acquired at the pound, while 6.4% of dogs and 14% of cats were acquired as
stray. About 45% of dogs and 41% of cats were acquired from pet owners. Some
dogs (12.46%) and cats (12%) were imported from outside the
Descriptors: cats, dogs, age factors, animals, domestic,
castration, population control, population dynamics, questionnaire
Nomura, K. and T. Makino (1997). Effect of ovariectomy in the early
first half of the diestrus on induction or maintenance of canine deciduoma.
The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 59(3): 227-230. ISSN: 0916-7250.
NAL Call Number: SF604.J342
Abstract: The effect of ovariectomy in the early first
half of the diestrus was examined on the induction or maintenance of
suture-induced canine deciduoma. Ovariectomy immediately, or some days, after
the insertion of suture had no effect on the induction or maintenance of
deciduoma. Even when ovariectomy was performed within 4 days before insertion,
deciduoma could be induced in spite of there being no ovary. However, when
ovariectomy was done 4 or more days before suture insertion, the rate of
deciduoma was decreased or no deciduoma was induced. These results indicate
that the influence of the ovary on the endometrium may persist for at least 4
days after ovariectomy. Ovariectomy after the suture insertion had few effects.
It is suggested that canine uterine glands in the early first half of the
diestrus maintain a certain degree of self-proliferative ability even after
ovariectomy, and thus canine deciduoma is not as dependent on the ovary that of
the rodentia.
Descriptors: ovariectomy, body weight, cell division,
decidua, diestrus, laparotomy, ovary, female, suture techniques
Ozanne-Smith, J., K. Ashby, and V.Z. Stathakis (2001). Dog bite and
injury prevention--analysis, critical review, and research agenda. Injury
Prevention 7(4): 321-326. ISSN:
1353-8047.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To analyze Australian dog bite
injury data and make international comparisons; to review risk and protective
factors relating to the dog, injured person, and environment; and to recommend
action for prevention and research. METHODS: Australian dog bite injury data,
complemented by detailed Victorian and regional data from routine health
records and vital statistics, were analyzed to determine incidence, severity,
nature, circumstances, and trends. International comparison data were extracted
from published reports. Risk and protective factor studies were selected for
review from electronic and bibliographic searches where data were recent,
sample sizes substantial, and bias limited. RESULTS: The Australian dog bite
death rate (0.004/100,000) is lower than both the
Descriptors: animals,
Padley, R.J., D.B. Dixon, and W.J.R. Wu (2002). Effect of castration
on endothelin receptors. Clinical Science 103(Suppl. 48):
442S-445S. ISSN: 0143-5221.
Descriptors: endocrine system, prostate cancer, neoplastic
disease, reproductive system disease, male, urologic disease, castration,
surgical methods, hormone ablation therapy
Peters, M.A.J. and F.J.V. Sluijs (2002). Decision analysis tree for
deciding whether to remove an undescended testis from a young dog. The
Veterinary Record 150(13): 408-411.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dogs, testes, decision analysis, lifespan,
risk factors, postoperative complications, cryptorchidism, surgical operations
Philibert, J.C., P.W. Snyder, N. Glickman, L.T. Glickman, D.W. Knapp,
and D.J. Waters (2003). Influence of host factors on survival in dogs with
malignant mammary gland tumors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
17(1): 102-106. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J65
Descriptors: carcinoma, hormone secretion, mammary gland
neoplasms, metastasis, mortality, neoplasms, obesity, ovariectomy, survival,
dogs
Pinto, C.R.F., D.L. Paccamonti, and B. Partington (2001). Theriogenology
question of the month. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 219(10): 1343-1345.
ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: spermatic cord torsion, swollen testes,
orchiectomy, surgical method, ultrasonography
Power, S.C., K.E. Eggleton, A.J. Aaron, P.E. Holt, and P.J. Cripps
(1998). Urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence in the male dogs:
importance of bladder neck position, proximal urethral length and castration.
The Journal of Small Animal Practice 39(2): 69-72. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: dogs, urinary incontinence, sphincters,
bladder, urethra, length, position, size, prostate, castration, physiopathology
Renauld, A.,
NAL Call Number: QP1.A27
Abstract: Mongrel, male, fasted, unanesthetized dogs
under the following alternative treatments: 1) nil, 2) orchidectomy 4 months
before the study, 3) orchidectomy 10 months in advance, 4) orchidectomy like in
(3) followed by i.m. propylenglycol treatment, 0.05 ml/kg body wt./day, 15 days
(vehicle controls, and 5) testosterone hemisuccinate in propylenglycol, 0.75 mg
in 0.05 ml/kg body wt./day, for 15 days, were used in this study. Pancreas
slices of animals of every group were stained with immunoperoxidase. The
animals were fasted, anesthetized for pancreas removal. Pancreatic section mean
absorbance was estimated in a Zeiss cytospectrophotometer with a coupled
computer. Blood sugar (BS) and both serum, immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and
free fatty acids (FFA) were assayed in these.
Descriptors: animal, blood glucose, dogs, fatty acids,
insulin, orchiectomy, testosterone
Ridyard, A.E., E.A. Welsh, and D.A. Gunn Moore (2000). Successful
treatment of uterine torsion in a cat with severe metabolic and haemostatic
complications. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery 2(2):
115-119. ISSN: 1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985.J68
Abstract: A peri-parturient fifteen-month-old female
Maine Coon cat was presented with extreme weakness and depression, profound
hypovolaemia and hypothermia. Severe hyperkalaemia, hyponatraemia and anaemia
were detected. Disseminated intravascular coagulation was suspected due to
marked prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time. Uterine torsion
was diagnosed at exploratory laparotomy. The cat made a full recovery following
ovariohysterectomy and intensive supportive therapy.
Descriptors: cat diseases, pregnancy complications,
uterine diseases, cat diseases, cats, fetal death, hysterectomy, ovariectomy,
partial thromboplastin, pregnancy complications, torsion, uterine diseases
Santen, R.J., E. Samojlik, L. Demers, and E. Badder (1980). Adrenal
of male dog secretes androgens and estrogens. American Journal Of
Physiology 239(2): E109-E112. ISSN:
0002-9513.
NAL Call Number: 447.8 Am3
Abstract: In the absence of functioning gonads, the
adrenal is an important source of androgens and estrogens. In order to
precisely quantitate the adrenal secretion rates of the sex steroids, we
cannulated the adrenal veins and measured venous blood flow and arterial venous
steroid gradients in adult male beagle dogs under pentobarbital anesthesia.
Celite chromatography and specific radioimmunoassays were utilized to measure
steroid levels. During basal conditions, the adrenal produced larger amounts of
the androgens (667 ng/min of androstenedione, 5.45 ng/min of testosterone, and 3.43
ng/ min of dihydrotestosterone) than of the estrogens (1.245 ng/min of
estradiol and 0.239 ng/min of estrone. These secretion rates were 20- to
50,000-fold less than that of cortisol (12,360 ng/min). Studies were also
carried out during adrenal suppression with hydrocortisone to block ACTH
release and with the adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor, aminoglutethimide, plus
hydrocortisone. The secretion rates of each androgen measured fell during ACTH
inhibition. Significant suppression of estrone and estradiol, however, required
addition of aminoglutethimide. This study provides direct evidence that the
adrenal in the male dog can secrete estrogens, a previously controversial
issue.
Descriptors: adrenal glands, androstenediols,
androstenols, castration, dogs, drug therapy, estradiol, sex factors,
testosterone, estrogens
Scott, K.C., J.K. Levy, S.P. Gorman, and S.M. Newell (2002). Body
condition of feral cats and the effect of neutering. Journal of Applied
Animal Welfare Science 5(3): 203-213.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Considerable debate exists regarding the most
appropriate methods for controlling feral cat populations, both from humane and
logistical points of view. The physical condition of feral cats has not been
reported, and it is not known if these cats benefit from neutering. This study
investigates the body condition of feral cats by measuring body weight (BW),
body condition score (BCS; Burkholder, 2000; Laflamme, Kealy, & Schmidt,
1994), and falciform fat pad. The study includes lateral abdominal radiographs
taken at the time of neutering of 105 adult feral cats for measurement of
falciform fat pad depth and area. At that time we also assessed BW and BCS. One
year later we assessed the effects of neutering on body condition by evaluating
a subsample of 14 cats. At the time of surgery, the cats were lean but not
emaciated (BW 3.1 +/- 0.9 kg; BCS 4 +/- 1; based on a 1 to 9 scale ranging from
1 [emaciated] to 9 [grossly obese]). Falciform fat pad depth and area averaged 7.1
mm and 197.4 mm2, respectively, indicating a small amount of fat. Fourteen
cats, reevaluated 1 year after neutering, increased 260% + 90% in falciform fat
pad depth, 420% +/- 390% in fat pad area, 40% +/- 4% in BW, and 1 level in BCS
ranking (1 to 9 scale; all differences p <.001). Similar to confined
socialized cats, feral cats gained significant weight and body fat after
neutering.
Descriptors: feral cat population control, castration,
neutering, body condition score, adipose tissue, body weight
Shen, V., D.W. Dempster, R. Birchman, R.W.E. Mellish, E. Church, D.
Kohn, and R. Lindsay (1992). Lack of changes in histomorphometric, bone
mass, and biochemical parameters in ovariohysterectomized dogs. Bone
13(4): 311-316. ISSN: 8756-3282.
NAL Call Number: RC930.B65
Descriptors: osteopenia, ovaries, uterus, ablation,
effects on, bone mass, histomorphometry, dogs, animal models, osteoporosis
Shille, V.M. and G.H. Stabenfeldt (1980). Current concepts in
reproduction of the dog and cat. Advances in Veterinary Science and
Comparative Medicine 24: 211-243.
ISSN: 0065-3519.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Ad9
Descriptors: cats, dogs, contraception, estrus, artificial
insemination, reproduction, ovulation, sexual behavior
Shiroma, J.T., J.K. Gabriel, R.L. Carter, S.L. Scruggs, and P.W. Stubbs
(1999). Effect of reproductive status on feline renal size. Veterinary
Radiology and Ultrasound 40(3): 242-245.
ISSN: 1058-8183.
NAL Call Number: SF757.8.A4
Descriptors: cats, kidneys, length, width, radiography,
sex differences, normal values, castration, ovariectomized females, male
animals
Sinowatz, F. (1984). Fruehe Veraenderungen an der Prostata des Hundes
nach Kastration. Eine feinstrukturelle Untersuchung. [Early changes in the dog
prostate after castration. An ultrastructural study]. Acta Anatomica
120(3): 103-107. ISSN: 0001-5180.
NAL Call Number: 444.8 Ac8Z
Abstract: Using electron microscopic techniques the
prostate glands of male Beagle dogs were studied 3 days after castration. At
this time marked differences in the extent of alterations of the glandular
epithelium were observed: Whereas several acini showed only minor changes with
reduction of epithelial height and diminution of secretory granules, many acini
were severely affected with pronounced alteration of cellular structure and
accumulation of large lipid droplets. A constant feature was the stimulation of
the basal cells of the grandular epithelium. Additionally, in some areas of the
gland aggregations of stimulated basal cells forming an acinus-like structure
with a slit-like lumen were found. Our study shows that castration leads to
marked alterations of prostatic epithelium within a short time. Androgen
deprivation causes regressive changes of secretory epithelial cells, but
clearly stimulates the basal cell population.
Descriptors: dogs, epithelium, male, electron microscopy,
postoperative period, prostate, prostatectomy
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Sorenmo, K.U., F.S. Shofer, and M.H. Goldschmidt (2000). Effect of
spaying and timing of spaying on survival of dogs with mammary carcinoma. Journal
of Veterinary Internal Medicine 14(3): 266-270. ISSN: 0891-6640.
NAL Call Number: SF601.J65
Abstract: The risk of developing mammary gland tumors
in dogs is significantly decreased by ovariohysterectomy at an early age.
However, previous studies have not found a benefit to ovariohysterectomy
concurrent with tumor removal in dogs with established mammary gland tumors,
suggesting that the progression of these tumors is independent of continued
estrogen stimulation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of
spaying and of the timing of spaying on survival in dogs with mammary gland
carcinoma. Signalment, spay status and spay age, tumor characteristics,
treatment. survival, and cause of death of 137 dogs with mammary gland
carcinoma were analyzed. The dogs were classified into 3 groups according to
spay status and spay time: intact dogs, dogs spayed less than 2 years before
tumor surgery (SPAY 1), and dogs spayed more than 2 years before their tumor
surgery (SPAY 2). Dogs in the SPAY 1 group lived significantly longer than dogs
in SPAY 2 and intact dogs (median survival of 755 days, versus 301 and 286
days, respectively, P = .02 and .03). After adjusting for differences between
the spay groups with regard to age, histologic differentiation, and vascular
invasion, SPAY 1 dogs survived 45% longer compared to dogs that were either
intact or in the SPAY 2 group (RR = .55; 95% CI .32-.93; P = .03). This study
reveals ovariohysterectomy to be an effective adjunct to tumor removal in dogs
with mammary gland carcinoma and that the timing of ovariohysterectomy is
important in influencing survival.
Descriptors: dog diseases, hysterectomy, mammary
neoplasms, animal mortality, ovariectomy, disease progression, dogs, animal
surgery, epidemiology, retrospective studies, survival analysis, time factors
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Descriptors: veterinarians, small animal practice, cats,
dogs, castration, ovariectomy, age, surveys,
Tivers, M., T. Travis, and R. Windsor (2000). Survey
of neutering practices. The Veterinary Record 147(23): 667.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
Descriptors: orchiectomy,
ovariectomy, statistics, dogs, data collection
Zielonka, T.M., D. Charpin, P. Berbis, P. Luciani, D. Casanova, and D.
Vervloet (1994). Effects of castration and testosterone on Fel dI production
by sebaceous glands of male cats: I--Immunological assessment. Clinical
and Experimental Allergy 24(12): 1169-1173.
ISSN: 0954-7894.
Abstract: Fel dI is produced by salivary and sebaceous
glands. Hormonal control of sebum production is clearly established. The
influence of cat castration and supplementary treatment with testosterone on
the production of sebum and Fel dI in cat skin have been researched in this study.
On day 1, 12 male cats were anaesthetized and three skin areas carefully
shaven. Then the level of lipids on skin surface was measured by means of a
photometric method. Finally, the three areas of skin were washed with 5ml of
distilled water through a plastic cylinder. Fel dI collected in the washes was
measured with a two-site monoclonal antibody based ELISA. On day 2, six cats
were castrated, the other six were used as a control group. Two and 4 weeks
later, the levels of lipids and Fel dI in skin washes were measured again in
all cats. On day 30, the six castrated cats were injected intramuscularly with
prolonged-action testosterone. Two weeks later, quantification of lipids and
Fel dI in all animals was repeated. Sebum and Fel dI levels decreased in all
castrated animals. Injecting the castrated cats with testosterone led to a
significant increase in sebum and Fel dI production. Our findings indicate that
Fel dI production is influenced by the production of hormones.
Descriptors: allergens, animals, monoclonal antibodies,
castration, cats, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, glycoproteins, sebaceous
glands