Ansah, O.B., O. Vainio, C. Hellsten, and M. Raekallio (2002). Postoperative
pain control in cats: clinical trials with medetomidine and butorphanol. Veterinary
Surgery 31(2): 99-103. ISSN:
0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911.V43
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the analgesic effects
of medetomidine (MED) and butorphanol (BTO) in cats after ovariohysterectomy.
STUDY DESIGN: A placebo-controlled, blinded monocenter clinical study. ANIMALS:
Healthy adult female client-owned cats. METHODS: Sixty-four cats weighing 3.15
+/- 0.6 kg, presented to the University of Helsinki's Small Animal Teaching
Hospital for routine elective ovariohysterectomy, received MED at 15 microg/kg
(n = 18), BTO at 0.1 mg/kg (n = 23), or saline (PL) (n = 23) intramuscularly
immediately after ovariohysterectomy. Level of pain perception, degree of
restlessness, and extent of sedation were scored subjectively before and at 30,
60, 90, and 120 minutes after test-drug administration. RESULTS: BTO provided
the best pain relief, followed by MED. Saline provided the least pain relief.
Both MED and BTO effectively and identically prevented postoperative
restlessness. MED and BTO produced an identical degree of sedation that was
better than the PL. CONCLUSIONS: Both MED (at 15 microg/kg) and BTO (at 0.1
mg/kg) prevent postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy. Clinical
Relevance-MED and BTO are useful for preventing postoperative pain in cats.
Descriptors: non-narcotic analgesics, opioid analgesics,
animals, butorphanol, cats, hysterectomy, veterinary, intramuscular injections,
medetomidine, pain measurement, postoperative pain
Balmer, T.V., D. Irvine, R.S. Jones, M.J. Roberts, L. Slingsby, P.M.
Taylor, A.E. Waterman, and C. Waters (1998). Comparison of carprofen and
pethidine as postoperative analgesics in the cat. The Journal of Small
Animal Practice 39(4): 158-164.
ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: The postoperative analgesia and sedation in
cats given carprofen (4.0 mg/kg bodyweight by subcutaneous injection
preoperatively) was compared to that in cats given pethidine (3.3 mg/kg
bodyweight by intramuscular injection postoperatively) in a controlled,
randomised, blinded, multicentre clinical trial. Further dosing with the particular
analgesic was allowed if a cat was exhibiting unacceptable pain. In total, 57
carprofen cases and 59 pethidine cases were evaluated. Significantly fewer cats
in the carprofen group required additional doses of analgesic, and mean pain
scores were significantly lower from four hours after ovariohysterectomy, and
at 18 to 24 hours after castration, compared to the pethidine group. In
conclusion, carprofen provided as good a level of postoperative analgesia as
pethidine, but of a longer duration (at least 24 hours) and was well tolerated.
It thus provides an option for 'pre-emptive analgesia' in cats about to undergo
surgery.
Descriptors: opioid analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents,
carbazoles, cats, comparative study, hysterectomy, veterinary, injections,
meperidine, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, pain measurement, prevention and control
of postoperative pain, premedication
Bednarski, R.M., L.S. Bednarski, and W.W. Muir (1984). Cost
comparison of anesthetic regimens in the dog and cat. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 185(8): 869-872. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Comparative costs of anesthetic regimens for
the dog and cat were calculated. Various combinations of currently popular
sedatives, tranquilizers, and anti-muscarinics (preanesthetic drugs), and
anesthetic induction and maintenance drugs were studied. The preanesthetic drug
affected overall anesthetic cost through its own cost, its effect on the amount
of anesthetic drug necessary for intubation, and its effect on the amount of
anesthetic necessary to maintain anesthesia. The combination of
acetylpromazine-thiamylal-halothane was the least expensive regimen for both
the dog and cat, whereas drug combinations that included isoflurane as the
maintenance drug were the most expensive. In the cat, induction of anesthesia
by use of N2O, O2, and halothane in a plexiglass chamber was more expensive
than by the use of thiamylal.
Descriptors: anesthesia, animal, castration, cats,
comparative study, costs and cost analysis, dogs, hysterectomy, preanesthetic
medication
Bednarski, R.M. and W.W. Muir (1991). Closed system delivery of
halothane and isoflurane with a vaporizer in the anesthetic circle. Veterinary
Surgery 20(5): 353-356. ISSN:
0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911.V43
Abstract: Forty-four healthy dogs undergoing elective
ovariohysterectomy were anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane delivered
with an in-circuit vaporizer with closed system flow rates or an out-of-circuit
vaporizer with semi-closed system flow rates. When dogs were anesthetized with
halothane, there were no differences in heart rate, blood pressure, body
temperature, respiratory rate, or lingual venous pH, PCO2, or PO2 during
induction and maintenance. Lingual venous PO2 was significantly less but still
within a clinically acceptable range when isoflurane was used in an in-circuit
vaporizer. Recovery times tended to be longer with in-circuit vaporizers. The
amount of anesthetic used was not affected by vaporizer location. In-circuit vaporizers
were suitable for delivery of halothane or isoflurane to healthy dogs.
Descriptors: acepromazine, aerosols, inhalation
anesthesia, dogs, halothane, heart rate, hysterectomy, isoflurane, nebulizers
and vaporizers, ovariectomy, respiration
Benson, G.J., T.L. Grubb, C. Neff-Davis, W.A. Olson, J.C. Thurmon, D.L.
Lindner, W.J. Tranquilli, and O. Vanio (2000). Perioperative stress response
in the dog: effect of pre-emptive administration of medetomidine. Veterinary
Surgery 29(1): 85-91. ISSN:
0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911.V43
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of
medetomidine on the stress response induced by ovariohysterectomy in
isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized study.
ANIMALS: Twelve healthy adult female purpose-bred dogs, weighing 16.8 to 25 kg.
METHODS: Two treatments were randomly administered to each of twelve dogs at
weekly intervals: (1) Saline injected IM followed in 15 minutes by isoflurane
anesthesia (ISO) induced by mask and maintained at an end-tidal concentration
of 1.8% for 60 minutes; and (2) Medetomidine, 15 ug/lkg IM followed in 15
minutes by isoflurane anesthesia (ISO&MED) induced by mask and maintained
at an end-tidal concentration of 1.0% for 60 minutes. One week after completion
of these two treatments, all dogs were ovariohysterectomized. six receiving
each treatment (SURG and SURG&MED). Central venous blood samples (10 mL)
were obtained immediately before medetomidine or saline (baseline) and at 30,
75, and 195 minutes and 24 hours after administration of medetomidine or saline
in ISO and ISO&MED. In SURG and SURG&MED, samples were obtained
immediately prior to injection of medetomidine or saline (baseline) and at 30
(before skin incision), 45 (after severence of the ovarian ligament), 75 (after
skin closure), 105 (30 minutes after skin closure, dog recovered and in sternal
recumbency), 135, 195, 375 minutes, and 24 hours after the initial sample.
Samples were analyzed for epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenocorticotrophic
hormone (ACTH), cortisol, insulin, and glucose. Data were analyzed by analysis
of variance and where significant differences were found, a least significant
difference test was applied. RESULTS: Premedication with medetomidine prevented
or delayed the stress response induced by ovariohysterectomy in
isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. CONCLUSIONS: The stress response induced by
ovariohysterectomy, although significant, is of short duration. Medetomidine
safely and effectively reduced surgically-induced stress responses. CLINICAL
RELEVANCE: Surgically induced stress responses can be obtunded or prevented by
administration of medetomidine.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, animals,
corticotropin, dogs, epinephrine, hypnotics and sedatives, hysterectomy,
intramuscular injections, isoflurane, medetomidine, ovariectomy, prevention and
control of stress
Brennan, T.J. (1999). Postoperative models of nociception. ILAR
Journal 40(3): 129-136. ISSN:
1084-2020.
NAL Call Number: QL55.A1I43
Abstract: Even though it is a costly, poorly understood
problem, very little effort has been dedicated toward research on the
mechanisms of acute postoperative pain. Presumably, if we learn more about the
etiology of acute incisional pain and the sensory processes that intensify pain
after surgery, new treatment methods can be advanced. Since the mid-1990s, our
group and others have developed and characterized models for postoperative
pain. In one model, a hind paw plantar incision is made. Persistent reduced
withdrawal thresholds to mechanical stimulis suggesting hyperalgesia are
present. No tonic or spontaneous pain is apparent, but diminished weight
bearing is noted on the incised hind paw. Pain-related behaviors remain
remarkable for several days and then gradually decrease. The model therefore
has similarities to the time course for pain in postoperative patients.
Ovariohysterectomy, a clinically relevant procedure, has been used to study
postoperative pain. Both rat and dog models have been studied, and a variety of
pain-related behaviors including pain at rest and wound sensitivity have been
examined. These models will improve our understanding of unique pain mechanisms
caused by particular injuries. As we understand postoperative pain and
determine the unique mechanisms for acute tissue injury pain, better treatments
will evolve and perioperative morbidity will decrease.
Descriptors: postoperative pain, models, sensory
processes, plantar incision, ovariohysterectomy, dog, rat, wound sensitivity,
pain related behaviors
Campbell, V.L., K.J. Drobatz, and S.Z. Perkowski (2003). Postoperative
hypoxemia and hypercarbia in healthy dogs undergoing routine ovariohysterectomy
or castration and receiving butorphanol or hydromorphone for analgesia. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 222(3): 330-336. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine frequency and
severity of postanesthetic hypoxemia and hypercarbia in healthy dogs undergoing
elective ovariohysterectomy or castration and given butorphanol or
hydromorphone for analgesia. DESIGN: Prospective trial. ANIMALS: 0 healthy dogs
weighing > 10 kg (22 lb). PROCEDURE: Dogs were anesthestized with
acepromazine, glycopyrrolate, thiopental, and isoflurane, and butorphanol (n =
10) or hydromorphone (10) was used for perioperative analgesia. Arterial blood
gas analyses were performed 10 and 30 minutes and 1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after
extubation. RESULTS: In dogs that received hydromorphone, mean PaCO2 was
significantly higher, compared with the preoperative value, 10 and 30 minutes
and 1, 2, and 3 hours after extubation. Mean PaCO2 was significantly higher in
dogs given hydromorphone rather than butorphanol 10 and 30 minutes and 1 and 2
hours after extubation. Mean PaO2 was significantly lower, compared with
preoperative values, 30 minutes and 1 and 2 hours after extubation in dogs
given hydromorphone and 30 minutes after extubation in dogs given butorphanol.
Mean PaO2 was significantly lower in dogs given hydromorphone rather than
butorphanol 1 hour after extubation. Four dogs had PaO2 < 80 mm Hg 1 or more
times after extubation. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest
that administration of hydromorphone to healthy dogs undergoing elective
ovariohysterectomy or castration may result in transient increases in PaCO2
postoperatively and that administration of hydromorphone or butorphanol may
result in transient decreases in PaO2. However, increases in PaCO2 and
decreases in PaO2 were mild, and mean PaCO2 and PaO2 remained within reference
limits.
Descriptors: analgesics, anoxemia, butorphanol,
hydromorphone, hypercapnia, postoperative complications, blood gas analysis,
dogs, hysterectomy, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, adverse effects
Caulkett, N., M. Read, D. Fowler, and C. Waldner (2003). A comparison
of the analgesic effects of butorphanol with those of meloxicam after elective
ovariohysterectomy in dogs. The Canadian Veterinary Journal: La Revue
Veterinaire Canadienne 44(7): 565-570.
ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Abstract: This study was designed to compare the
analgesic effects of butorphanol with those of meloxicam following
ovariohysterectomy. Fifteen dogs were premedicated with 0.05 mg/kg body weight
(BW) of acepromazine by intramuscular (IM) injection, plus 0.2 mg/kg BW of
meloxicam by subcutaneous (SC) injection. Fifteen dogs were premedicated with
0.05 mg/kg BW of Acepromazine, IM, plus 0.2 mg/kg BW of butorphanol, IM.
Anesthesia was induced with thiopental, and dogs were maintained on halothane.
All pain measurements were performed by 1 experienced individual, blinded to
treatment. Pain scores and visual analogue scales (VAS) were performed at 2, 3,
4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours postpremedication. An analgesiometer was used to
determine the pressure required to produce an active avoidance response to
pressure applied at the incision line. Pain scores, VAS, and analgesiometer
scores were analyzed by using a generalized estimating equations method. A
significance level of P < 0.05 was considered significant. Animals that received
meloxicam demonstrated significantly lower pain scores and VAS than did animals
that received butorphanol in the first 12 hours after surgery. Results of this
study suggest that meloxicam will produce better postoperative analgesia than
will butorphanol. Mucosal bleeding times were performed on cooperative animals
in the study group (11 butorphanol, 13 meloxicam). Bleeding times were
performed prior to premedication, 6 hours following premedication, and 24 hours
after premedication. The 6- and 24-hour readings were compared with baseline
bleeding times by using a paired t-test with a Bonferroni correction (a
significance level of P < 0.025). Bleeding times did not change
significantly over time.
Descriptors: analgesics, butorphanol, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
pain measurement, postoperative pain, dogs, meloxicam
Dobbins, S., N.O. Brown, and F.S. Shofer (2002). Comparison of the
effects of buprenorphine, oxymorphone hydrochloride, and ketoprofen for
postoperative analgesia after onychectomy or onychectomy and sterilization in
cats. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 38(6):
507-514. ISSN: 0587-2871.
NAL Call Number: SF601.A5
Abstract: In this prospective, randomized, blinded
study, 68 clinically healthy cats that had onychectomy (n = 20), onychectomy
and castration (n = 20), or onychectomy and ovariohysterectomy (n = 28) were
randomly assigned to one of four postoperative analgesic treatment groups:
buprenorphine (0.01 mg/kg body weight, intramuscularly [IM]), oxymorphone
hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg body weight, IM), ketoprofen (2 mg/kg body weight,
IM), and placebo (physiological saline). Sedation scores, visual analog pain
scores, cumulative pain scores, serum cortisol concentration, and appetite were
used to assess postoperative analgesic effect. Buprenorphine demonstrated the
highest efficacy with the lowest cumulative pain scores and serum cortisol
levels.
Descriptors: opioid analgesics, buprenorphine, castration,
cats, postoperative pain, pain measurement
Dobromylskyj, P. (1996). Cardiovascular changes associated with
anaesthesia induced by medetomidine combined with ketamine in cats. The
Journal of Small Animal Practice 37(4): 169-172. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: Fifteen cats had anaesthesia induced by
intramuscular injection of medetomidine combined with ketamine. By five minutes
after drug administration, heart rate had decreased by 31 per cent, respiratory
rate had decreased by 70 per cent and systolic blood pressure had increased by
69 per cent. Atipamezole administration was associated with a decrease in
systolic blood pressure and an increase in heart and respiratory rates. Time to
first head lift was eight minutes and to sternal recumbency 12 minutes after
atipamezole administration. Postoperative analgesia was provided by methadone,
administered when the cats adopted sternal recumbency.
Descriptors: anesthesia, dissociative anesthetics,
castration, blood pressure, cats, heart rate, drug combinations, hemodynamics,
imidazoles, ketamine, medetomidine
Dohoo, S.E. and I.R. Dohoo (1996). Factors influencing the
postoperative use of analgesics in dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians.
The Canadian Veterinary Journal: La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 37(9):
552-556. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R3224
Abstract: Four hundred and seventeen Canadian
veterinarians were surveyed to determine their postoperative use of analgesics
in dogs and cats following 6 categories of surgeries, and their opinion toward
pain perception and perceived complications associated with the postoperative
use of potent opioid analgesics. Three hundred and seventeen (76%) returned the
questionnaire. An analgesic user was defined as a veterinarian who administers
analgesics to at least 50% of dogs or 50% of cats following abdominal surgery,
excluding ovariohysterectomy. The veterinarians responding exhibited a bimodal
distribution of analgesic use, with 49.5% being defined as analgesic users.
These veterinarians tended to use analgesics in 100% of animals following
abdominal surgery. Veterinarians defined as analgesic nonusers rarely used
postoperative analgesics following any abdominal surgery. Pain perception was
defined as the average of pain rankings (on a scale of 1 to 10) following
abdominal surgery, or the value for dogs or cats if the veterinarian worked
with only 1 of the 2 species. Maximum concern about the risks associated with
the postoperative use of potent opioid agonists was defined as the highest
ranking assigned to any of the 7 risks evaluated in either dogs or cats.
Logistic regression analysis identified the pain perception score and the
maximum concern regarding the use of potent opioid agonists in the
postoperative period as the 2 factors that distinguished analgesic users from
analgesic nonusers. This model correctly classified 68% of veterinarians as
analgesic users or nonusers. Linear regression analysis identified gender and
the presence of an animal health technologist in the practice as the 2 factors
that influenced pain perception by veterinarians. Linear regression analysis
identified working with an animal health technologist, graduation within the past
10 years, and attendance at continuing education as factors that influenced
maximum concern about the postoperative use of opioid agonists.
Descriptors: abdominal surgery, analgesics, cats, dogs,
continuing medical education, pain measurement, postoperative pain,
questionnaires
Dohoo, S.E. and I.R. Dohoo (1996). Postoperative use of analgesics in
dogs and cats by Canadian veterinarians. The Canadian Veterinary
Journal: La Revue Veterinaire Canadienne 37(9): 546-551. ISSN: 0008-5286.
NAL Call Number:
41.8 R3224
Descriptors: postoperative use of analgesics, cats, dogs,
pain perception, orthopedic surgery, castration, opioid analgesics,
butorphanol, complications related to analgesics, survey, opinions of
veterinarians, Canada
Egger, C.M., L.E. Glerum, S.W. Allen, and M. Haag (2003). Plasma
fentanyl concentrations in awake cats and cats undergoing anesthesia and
ovariohysterectomy using transdermal administration. Veterinary
Anaesthesia and Analgesia 30(4): 229-236.
ISSN: 1467-2987.
NAL Call Number:
SF914.V47
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure the plasma fentanyl
concentrations achieved over time with transdermal fentanyl patches in awake
cats and cats undergoing anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy. STUDY DESIGN:
Randomized prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Twenty-four purpose-bred
cats. METHODS: Cats were randomly assigned to three groups for Part I of a
larger concurrent study. Group P received only a 25 micro g hour-1 transdermal
fentanyl patch. Group P/A received the patch and anesthesia. Group A received
only anesthesia. After a minimum 1-week washout period, the cats were randomly
reassigned to two groups for Part II of the larger study. Group P/A/O received
the patch, anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy. Group A/O received anesthesia and
ovariohysterectomy. Patches were left in place for 72 hours and plasma samples
were obtained for fentanyl analysis while the patches were in place, and for 8
hours after patch removal for cats in Group P, P/A, and P/A/O. RESULTS: The 25
micro g hour-1 transdermal fentanyl patches were well tolerated by the cats in
this study (mean body weight of 3.0 kg) and no overt adverse effects were
noted. Mean plasma fentanyl concentrations over time, mean plasma fentanyl
concentrations at specific times (8, 25, 49, and 73 hours after patch
placement), time to first detectable plasma fentanyl concentration, time to
reach maximum plasma fentanyl concentration, maximum plasma fentanyl
concentration, mean plasma fentanyl concentration from 8 to 73 hours,
elimination half-life, and total area under concentration (AUC) were not
statistically different among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: Halothane anesthesia and
anesthesia/ovariohysterectomy did not significantly alter the plasma fentanyl
concentrations achieved or pharmacokinetic parameters measured, when compared
with awake cats. There was a high degree of individual variability observed
both within and between groups of cats in parameters measured. CLINICAL
SIGNIFICANCE: The high degree of variability observed suggests that careful observation
of cats with fentanyl patches in place is required to assess efficacy and any
potential adverse effects. Anesthesia and anesthesia/ovariohysterectomy do not
appear to alter plasma fentanyl concentrations achieved by placement of a 25
micro g hour-1 transdermal fentanyl patch when compared to cats not undergoing
these procedures.
Descriptors: opioid analgesics, anesthesia, behavior,
cats, fentanyl, ovariectomy, prevention and control of pain, pain measurement
Faggella, A.M. and M.G. Aronsohn (1993). Anesthetic techniques for
neutering 6- to 14-week-old kittens. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 202(1): 56-62.
ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Forty-eight male and 48 female 6- to
14-week-old kittens were neutered by use of 4 anesthetic protocols.
Preanesthetic disposition, depth of sedation, loss of resistance to handling,
induction quality, induction time, sternal and stand times, and recovery
quality were evaluated. Analgesia and muscle relaxation without supplemental
inhalational anesthetics were evaluated in male kittens, and the time until
extubation was recorded in female kittens. Intramuscular administration of
tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ), midazolam/ketamine,
atropine/midazolam/ketamine/butorphanol (AMKB), and
atropine/midazolam/ketamine/oxymorphone (AMKO) produced rapid sedation and
smooth induction into anesthesia. In male kittens, there were no significant
differences in sedation, relaxation, induction time, or quality.
Tiletamine/zolazepam administration induced the best analgesia, and
midazolam/ketamine administration induced the least analgesia for castration.
The recovery time in male kittens was longest with TZ and shortest with the
opioid groups (AMKB, AMKO). In females, TZ produced significantly faster
induction times, but the degree of sedation and relaxation after administration
of injectable agents was not significantly different among the groups. More
females given TZ could be intubated without supplemental inhalational agents
than females in other groups. Extubation time was rapid in all groups, but the
times until sternal and standing were significantly longer, and recovery
quality was significantly poorer in females given TZ. In kittens given opioids,
reversal of the opioid did not shorten recovery time or improve recovery
quality.
Descriptors: analgesia, anesthesia, butorphanol,
castration, cats, drug combinations, drug effects on heart rate and
respiration, ketamine, midazolam, oxymorphone, preanesthetic medication,
tiletamine, zolazepam
Faggella, A.M. and M.G. Aronsohn (1994). Evaluation of anesthetic
protocols for neutering 6- to 14-week-old pups. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 205(2): 308-14. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: Ninety-nine 6- to 14-week-old pups were given
anesthetic agents according to 10 anesthetic protocols. Mean quality rating
scores were determined to compare anesthetic protocols. In male pups, IV
administration of propofol (6.5 mg/kg of body weight) 15 minutes after IM
administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg) and oxymorphone (0.22 mg/kg) provided
the best quality anesthesia. Intramuscular administration of midazolam (0.22
mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.44 mg/kg) instead of oxymorphone provided little
sedation, but induced good analgesia. Atropine/oxymorphone/midazolam/xylazine, atropine/butorphanol/midazolam/xylazine,
and tiletamine/zolazepam were unsatisfactory combinations for use in castration
of 6- to 14-week-old male pups. In female pups, IV administration of propofol
(3.4 mg/kg) 15 minutes after IM administration of atropine (0.04 mg/kg) and
oxymorphone (0.11 mg/kg) was the most effective anesthetic protocol.
Administration of the drugs according to this protocol enabled a pup to be
intubated. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. If inhalational
induction was preferred, IM administration of 13.2 mg of
tiletamine/zolazepam/kg, 0.04 mg of atropine/kg and 0.11 mg of oxymorphone/kg,
or 0.22 mg of midazolam/kg and 0.44 mg of butorphanol/kg may be used prior to
mask delivery of inhalational anesthetics. In female pups, it was not
advantageous to combine midazolam with oxymorphone, and use of high dosages of
oxymorphone (0.22 mg/kg) or midazolam/butorphanol provided little sedation.
Time of recovery after use of tiletamine/zolazepam was the longest for the
combinations used, but did not adversely affect pups. Male pups were castrated
via scrotal incisions, using hemostatic clips. Ovariohysterectomies were
performed via a ventral abdominal midline approach, using hemostatic clips for
ligation, five females developed signs of inflammation at the surgical site
within 1 to 2 weeks after surgical, and were treated conservatively with warm
compresses.
Descriptors: anesthesia, dogs, hysterectomy, orchiectomy,
ovariectomy, analgesia, adverse effects of anesthetics, muscle relaxation,
postoperative complications
Firth, A.M. and S.L. Haldane (1999). Development of a scale to
evaluate postoperative pain in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 214(5): 651-659.
ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To design and evaluate a scale for
measurement of postoperative pain in dogs. DESIGN: Randomized, blinded,
prospective study, with positive- and negative-control groups. ANIMALS: 36 dogs
undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomy and 12 dogs undergoing
general anesthesia without surgery. PROCEDURE: A pain assessment scale was
developed for dogs, which incorporated physiologic data (heart and respiratory
rates) and behavioral responses (response to palpation, activity, mental status,
posture, and vocalization). This pain scale was then applied to a study in
which dogs were allocated to 2 groups, depending on the type of medication
administered (acepromazine maleate only or acepromazine and butorphanol) before
induction of general anesthesia. The 36 dogs that had ovariohysterectomy were
allocated to 3 groups, members of which received butorphanol, carprofen, or no
analgesic after surgery. Dogs were scored for signs of pain and videotaped at
0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 18 hours after surgery by an assessor who was blinded
to the groups. Results were analyzed for significant differences in pain scores
for single categories and total pain scores among groups. Video segments were
scrambled and then scored by a second external assessor to test the
repeatability of the results, using the pain assessment scale. RESULTS: Mean
total pain scores were significantly different between the group of dogs that
underwent general anesthesia only and each group of dogs that underwent general
anesthesia and surgery. Pain scores for the analgesic-treatment groups
reflected the known onset and duration of action of the analgesic used.
Agreement between the internal and external assessors was excellent and
indicated high precision between the 2 assessors for the population of dogs as
a whole. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Behavioral and physiologic measurements can be
used reliably to evaluate degree of pain in dogs during the postoperative
period and their response to analgesics.
Descriptors: postoperative pain, pain measurement,
ovariohysterectomy, anesthesia, pain scale, behavioral measures, physiological
measures, dogs, heart rate, respiration, posture, vocalization, activity level
Forsyth, S.F., W.G. Guilford, and D.U. Pfeiffer (2000). Effect of
NSAID administration on creatinine clearance in healthy dogs undergoing
anaesthesia and surgery. The Journal of Small Animal Practice
41(12): 547-550. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: dogs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents,
ketoprofen, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, anesthesia, surgery,
hemorrhage, castration
Fox, S.M., D.J. Mellor, E.C. Firth, H. Hodge, and C.R. Lawoko (1994). Changes
in plasma cortisol concentrations before, during and after analgesia, anaesthesia
and anaesthesia plus ovariohysterectomy in bitches. Research in
Veterinary Science 57(1): 110-118.
ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Plasma cortisol concentrations were
determined before, during and after analgesia, anaesthesia and anaesthesia plus
ovariohysterectomy in six New Zealand border collie cross bitches. The
treatments were: control, analgesia with butorphanol, anaesthesia with
thiopentone sodium, halothane and oxygen and anaesthesia plus surgery. In
addition, each bitch was given an ACTH challenge. All the bitches showed
transient increases in plasma cortisol concentrations and the integrated
cortisol responses (calculated as the area under the cortisol curve above the
pre-treatment concentration) for 6.25 hours after treatment increased in the
order: control, anaesthesia, analgesia, surgery. The control group had
increased cortisol concentrations attributable to the excitement from handling.
The plasma cortisol concentrations of the group subjected to surgery were
greater than the other groups for at least 6.25 hours, with an approximately
four-fold increase above pre-treatment values, but they had returned to
pre-treatment levels after 24 hours.
Descriptors: analgesia, anesthesia, animal, dogs, blood
(BL), female, hydrocortisone, hysterectomy, ovariectomy
Fox, S.M., D.J. Mellor, C.R. Lawoko, H. Hodge, and E.C. Firth
(1998). Changes in plasma cortisol
concentrations in bitches in response to different combinations of halothane
and butorphanol, with or without ovariohysterectomy. Research in
Veterinary Science 65(2): 125-133.
ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Changes in plasma cortisol concentrations
were assessed in bitches in response to nine treatments: control, anaesthesia,
analgesia, analgesia followed by anaesthesia, anaesthesia followed by analgesia
at intubation, anaesthesia followed by analgesia at extubation, anaesthesia
plus surgery, analgesia followed by anaesthesia plus surgery, and anaesthesia
plus surgery followed by analgesia. The anaesthetic was halothane, the
analgesic was butorphanol (0.4 mg kg(-1)) and the surgery was
ovariohysterectomy. Blood samples, for plasma cortisol assays, were taken
regularly from before treatment for five hours and then again after 24 hours. A
small transient rise in plasma cortisol concentration in the control group was
attributed to mild distress associated with novel experiences. A more
pronounced and protracted rise in cortisol concentration in the analgesia group
was ascribed to a dysphoric state of bitches under the influence of the
agonist-antagonist butorphanol. Halothane anaesthesia alone resulted in no
change in plasma cortisol concentration. When butorphanol was given after
anaesthesia was induced or while the animal was still under the influence of
anaesthesia (immediately after tracheal extubation), there was no immediate
rise in plasma cortisol concentration and low concentrations were maintained
for up to 60 minutes after halothane withdrawal. A marked rise in plasma
cortisol concentration, which was sustained above pretreatment values for at
least five hours, occurred in all surgery groups. Giving intravenous
butorphanol 30 minutes prior to surgery had no effect on the surgically-induced
rise in plasma cortisol concentration and no effect on the postsurgical plasma
cortisol concentration. In contrast, butorphanol given at extubation did reduce
plasma cortisol concentrations during the postsurgical period. These
observations did not support the hypothesis that preoperative use of butorphanol
would reduce the cortisol response after surgery under halothane anaesthesia.
Descriptors: analgesia, anesthesia, animal, butorphanol,
dogs, female, halothane, hydrocortisone, hysterectomy, kinetics, ovariectomy
Fox, S.M., D.J. Mellor, K.J. Stafford, C.R. Lowoko, and H. Hodge
(2000). The effects of
ovariohysterectomy plus different combinations of halothane anaesthesia and
butorphanol analgesia on behaviour in the bitch. Research in Veterinary Science
68(3):265-274. ISSN: 0034-5288.
NAL Call Number:
41.8 R312
Abstract: One hundred and sixty-six behaviours were identified
as possible indices of post-operative pain-induced distress in the bitch. These
were assessed in bitches after treatment with different combinations of
halothane and butorphanol in the absence of surgery and following
ovariohysterectomy under halothane anaesthesia with or without butorphanol
analgesia given at different stages
during the operation. Behaviour was monitored while the bitches were alone
(non-interactive) and when routinely examined and handled prior to blood
sampling (interactive). Seventy-six of the 166 behaviours occurred so
infrequently (less than two occurrences per hour) as to be of no value as
indices. Non-interactive behaviours associated with surgery were a decrease in
normal speed cage circling and an increase in drawing the rear limbs up in the
pike position. The infrequent non-interactive behaviours of incision licking,
vomiting and flank gazing were considered to be expressions of pain caused by
ovariohysterectomy. During the post-surgical period, bitches given analgesic
moved less frequently than those not receiving analgesic. Vocalisation was
associated with dysphoria of analgesia rather than pain-induced distress. The
behaviour of bitches after ovariohysterectomy suggests that this is a painful
procedure which warrants analgesia.
Descriptors: opioid analgesics, inhalation anesthesia, animals,
behavior, butorphanol, female, dogs, drug combinations, halothane,
ovariohysterectomy
Franks, J.N., H.W. Boothe, L. Taylor, S. Geller, G.L. Carroll, V.
Cracas, and D.M. Boothe (2000). Evaluation of transdermal fentanyl patches
for analgesia in cats undergoing onychectomy. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 217(7): 1013-1018. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: surgery complications, castration,
onychectomy, ovariohysterectomy, heart rate, pain severity, respiratory rate
Gaynor, J.S., E.M. Wertz, L.M. Kesel, G.E. Baker, C. Cecchini, K. Rice,
and C.M. Mallinckrodt (1996). Effect of intravenous administration of fluids
on packed cell volume, blood pressure, and total protein and blood glucose
concentrations in healthy halothane-anesthetized dogs. Journal of the
American Veterinary Medical Association 208(12): 2013-2015. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE--To determine the effects of IV
administration of fluids on PCV, serum total protein and blood glucose
concentrations, and systolic arterial pressure in healthy anesthetized dogs
undergoing elective surgical procedures. DESIGN--Prospective, randomized
controlled trial. ANIMALS--70 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE--Dogs received
i.v. administration of 0, 5, 10, or 15 mL/kg of body weight/h of a polyionic
crystalloid solution or 5% dextrose in water. Blood samples were collected
before and after administration of medication, prior to anesthetic induction,
after anesthetic induction, at the end of the surgical procedure, and 2 hours
after surgery to determine PCV and serum total protein and blood glucose
concentrations. Blood pressure was measured before and after anesthetic
induction and at the end of the surgery. RESULTS--There were not any
significant differences in PCV, total protein concentration, or systolic
arterial pressure among treatment groups. Hyperglycemia developed in dogs
receiving 5% dextrose in water, but resolved 2 hours after discontinuing
administration of fluids. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS--Intravenous administration of
fluids may not be necessary to maintain normal blood pressure in young, healthy
dogs undergoing elective surgery.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, blood glucose, blood
pressure, dogs, halothane, fluid therapy, hysterectomy, ovariectomy,
orchiectomy
Glerum, L.E., C.M. Egger, S.W. Allen, and M. Haag (2001). Analgesic
effect of the transdermal fentanyl patch during and after feline
ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Surgery 30(4): 351-358. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911.V43
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of the
transdermal fentanyl patch in relieving perioperative pain and stress
associated with ovariohysterectomy in cats. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective
laboratory trial. ANIMALS: Twenty-four female, purpose-bred cats. METHODS: Each
cat was randomly assigned to groups 1-3. Group 1 received a 25-microg/h
transdermal fentanyl patch only. Group 2 received the patch and anesthesia.
Group 3 received anesthesia only. Patches were left in place for 72 hours.
Rectal temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, indirect blood pressure,
blood glucose, serum cortisol concentration, plasma fentanyl concentration,
pain score, and excitement/sedation score were monitored at prescribed
intervals over an 81-hour period. Cats from groups 1-3 were reassigned to
groups 4 and 5. Group 4 received the patch, anesthesia, and an
ovariohysterectomy. Group 5 received anesthesia and an ovariohysterectomy only.
The study period and monitored parameters were the same as for groups 1-3.
RESULTS: Serum cortisol concentrations were significantly lower in group 4 than
group 5 during the surgical and early postsurgical time periods. A similar
effect was noted in blood glucose concentrations during the surgical period.
Rectal temperature was significantly higher in group 2 when comparing all
anesthetized groups during the early postsurgical period. Pain scores were
significantly higher in groups 4 and 5 than in groups 2 and 3 during the early
postsurgical period. There was no significant difference in pain scores between
groups 4 and 5 during this period, however. CONCLUSIONS: The transdermal
fentanyl patch affects biochemical markers of perioperative pain and stress
associated with ovariohysterectomy in cats, attenuating rises in serum cortisol
and blood glucose concentrations during the surgical and early postsurgical
periods. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The transdermal fentanyl patch is effective in
alleviating perioperative pain and stress associated with ovariohysterectomy in
cats as evidenced by attenuated rises in cortisol and blood glucose
concentrations in cats that were operated on and treated with the patch.
Descriptors: analgesics, fentanyl patch, pain and stress,
ovariohysterectomy, cats, cortisol levels, blood glucose concentrations, pain
management
Grandy, I. and C. Dunlop (1991). Anesthesia of pups and kittens. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 198(7): 1244-1249. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: pups, kittens, anesthesia, anesthetics, age
differences, pharmacokinetics, respiratory system, cardiovascular system,
liver, kidneys, thermoregulation
Greene, S.A. (1995). Anesthetic considerations for surgery of the
reproductive system. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery (Small
Animal) 10(1): 2-7. ISSN: 0882-0511.
NAL Call Number: SF911.S45
Descriptors: anesthesia, cats, cesarean section, dogs,
hemodynamic processes, lung physiology, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, pregnancy,
female, male
Grimm, K.A., J.C. Thurmon, W.A. Olson, W.J. Tranquilli, and G.J. Benson
(1998). The pharmacodynamics of thiopental, medetomidine, butorphanol and
atropine in beagle dogs. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and
Therapeutics 21(2): 133-137. ISSN:
0140-7783.
NAL Call Number: SF915.J63
Descriptors: anesthesia, hemodynamic effects, castration,
blood pressure, dogs, medetomidine, thiopental, butorphanol, atropine
Hall, L.W., E. Lagerweij, A.M. Nolan, and J.W. Sear (1994). Effect of
medetomidine on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in dogs. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 55(1): 116-120. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: Pharmacokinetic variables of propofol were
investigated in 6 mixed-breed dogs, and the effect of medetomidine (10
micrograms/kg of body weight) on these kinetics was investigated using a
two-way crossover design. On 2 occasions, dogs received either a bolus dose of
propofol sufficient to allow endotracheal intubation, followed by an infusion
of propofol (0.4 mg/kg/min) for 120 minutes, or medetomidine (10 micrograms/kg,
IM), 15 minutes prior to induction of anesthesia as described, followed by
infusion of propofol (0.2 mg/kg/min). Dogs given medetomidine received
atipamezole (50 micrograms/kg, IM) at the end of the 120-minute propofol
infusion. Blood propofol concentration was measured, using high-performance
liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Mean elimination half-life,
blood clearance, mean residence time, and mean volume of distribution at steady
state, were 486.2 minutes, 34.4 ml/kg/min, 301.8 minutes, and 6.04 L/kg,
respectively, in the absence of medetomidine, and 136.9 minutes, 36.2
ml/kg/min, 215.1 minutes, and 3.38 L/kg, respectively, in the presence of
medetomidine. Mean time to walking without ataxia was 174 minutes in the
nonpremedicated dogs (with a median blood propofol concentration of 2.2
micrograms/ml) and was 160 minutes in the premedicated dogs in which median
blood propofol concentration was 1.03 microgram/ml.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha-antagonists, comparative
study, dogs, imidazoles, medetomidine, metabolic clearance rate, motor
activity, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, propofol
Hellebrekers, L.J. and R. Sap (1997). Medetomidine as a premedicant
for ketamine, propofol or fentanyl anaesthesia in dogs. The Veterinary
Record 140(21): 545-548. ISSN:
0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: This study evaluated the quality of
anaesthesia and the cardiorespiratory effects induced by the combination of
medetomidine with either ketamine, propofol or fentanyl. Medetomidine
premedication (1000 or 1500 micrograms/m2 body surface area) was followed by
intravenous induction of anaesthesia with ketamine (3.0 mg/kg), propofol (2.0
mg/kg) or fentanyl (2.0 micrograms/kg) in bitches undergoing elective
ovariohysterectomy. Anaesthesia was prolonged by incremental doses of the
induction agents as necessary. The mean (sem) overall doses (including
induction) were 0.09 (0.01) mg/kg/min for ketamine, 0.06 (0.01) mg/kg/min for
propofol and 0.07 (0.005) microgram/kg/min for fentanyl during procedures which
lasted 88 (6) minutes, 72 (3) minutes and 79 (7) minutes, respectively. At the
end of the procedure, medetomidine was antagonised with atipamezole. The
quality of anaesthesia, heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded
continuously and arterial blood gases were measured at intervals. At the end of
the procedure, the animals received 10 micrograms/kg buprenorphine intramuscularly
for postoperative analgesia. From the adequacy of anaesthesia, the lack of
significant adverse side effects and the reliable and rapid recovery it is
concluded that, in healthy dogs anaesthetised with ketamine or propofol,
medetomidine is a satisfactory sedative-analgesic premedicant. The differences
in haemodynamics and the quality of recovery suggest that the combination of
medetomidine with propofol provided the better quality anaesthesia. The
combination of medetomidine with fentanyl was unsuitable for obtaining surgical
anaesthesia in spontaneously breathing animals owing to the severity of the
respiratory depression at dosages needed for general anaesthesia.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha-agonists, dissociative
anesthetics, dogs, drug administration schedule, fentanyl, hemodynamics,
imidazoles, ketamine, medetomidine, ovariectomy, preanesthetic medication,
propofol
Hughes, J.M. (1998). Comparison of disposable circle and 'to-and-fro'
breathing systems during anaesthesia in dogs. The Journal of Small
Animal Practice 39(9): 416-420.
ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: Low-flow anaesthesia is beneficial in terms
of reducing atmospheric pollution with waste anaesthetics and improving
economy. This study compared a disposable circle and a 'to-and-fro' breathing
system at low fresh gas flows (10 ml/kg/minute) in 19 dogs undergoing
ovariohysterectomy. Ten dogs were assigned to the circle and nine to the
to-and-fro breathing system. Fractional inspired halothane, end-tidal carbon
dioxide and halothane were higher and mean blood pressure was lower in dogs
using the to-and-fro system, possibly indicating an increased anaesthetic depth
in this group. Use of both systems resulted in an elevated inspired carbon
dioxide level, although this was significantly lower in the circle system.
Further work will be required to determine the clinical relevance of this
difference and whether rebreathing can be eliminated by higher fresh gas flows.
The disposable circle studied may be used safely in dogs.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthesia, obstetrical anesthesia,
capnography, comparative study, dogs, halothane, heart rate, respiration
Joubert, K.E. (2000). Routine veterinary anaesthetic management
practices in South Africa. Journal of the South African Veterinary
Association 71(3): 166-172. ISSN:
0301-0732.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 So8
Abstract: A survey of the routine anaesthetic
management of dogs and cats during sterilisation by veterinarians in South
Africa was conducted. This report describes the premedication, induction and
maintenance agents most commonly used in dogs and cats. Information about
monitoring of patients during the procedure and who is responsible for
induction of anaesthesia and monitoring was obtained. Questionnaires were
analysed with regard to demographic data, practice size, continuing education,
the number of surgical procedures and sterilisations performed per week and an
estimate of yearly mortality. Acetylpromazine is the most commonly used
premedication in dogs and xylazine in cats. Thiopentone in dogs and
alphaxalone/alphadolone in cats were the induction agents most commonly used.
Alphaxalone/alphadolone in cats and halothane in dogs are the most commonly
used maintenance agents. Records of anaesthesia are poorly kept and monitoring
of patients is poorly performed. Respiratory rate is the parameter most
commonly monitored (90.7%), and in most cases is the sole parameter. On average
10.34 +/- 8.25 cats were operated per week, of which 5.45 +/- 5.60 were sterilised;
17.79 +/- 11.61 dogs were operated per week, of which 8.65 +/- 7.10 were
sterilised. In total, 190 patients died under anaesthesia, a mortality rate of
1:1,243. Just over 50% of practitioners had attended continuing education
courses during their careers.
Descriptors: anesthesia, cats, dogs, veterinary medicine,
mortality, statistics and numerical data, castration, education,
questionnaires, South Africa
Kim, D.H., M.J.You, S.H. Cho, S.H. Lee, S.O. Lee, I.B. Kim, and G.O.
Kwon (2001). Studies on canine electroacupuncture anaesthesia: 2.
Investigation of the effect of dorsal acupoints. Journal of Veterinary
Clinics 18(4): 311-314. ISSN:
1598-298X.
Descriptors: acupuncture, anesthesia, surgery
Ko, J.C., R.E. Mandsager, D.N. Lange, and S.M. Fox (2000). Cardiorespiratory
responses and plasma cortisol concentrations in dogs treated with medetomidine
before undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary
Medical Association 217(4): 509-514.
ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate effects of
medetomidine on anesthetic dose requirements, cardiorespiratory variables,
plasma cortisol concentrations, and behavioral pain scores in dogs undergoing
ovariohysterectomy. DESIGN: Randomized, prospective study. ANIMALS: 12 healthy
Walker-type hound dogs. PROCEDURE: Dogs received medetomidine (40 micrograms/kg
[18.2 micrograms/lb] of body weight, i.m.; n = 6) or saline (0.9% NaCl)
solution (1 ml, i.m.; 6) prior to anesthesia induction with thiopental;
thiopental dose needed for endotracheal intubation was compared between groups.
Ovariohysterectomy was performed during halothane anesthesia. Blood samples
were obtained at various times before drug administration until 300 minutes
after extubation. Various physiologic measurements and end-tidal halothane
concentrations were recorded. RESULTS: In medetomidine-treated dogs, heart rate
was significantly lower than in controls, and blood pressure did not change
significantly from baseline. Plasma cortisol concentrations did not increase
significantly until 60 minutes after extubation in medetomidine-treated dogs,
whereas values in control dogs were increased from time of surgery until the
end of the recording period. Control dogs had higher pain scores than treated
dogs from extubation until the end of the recording period. CONCLUSION AND
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of medetomidine reduced dose requirements
for thiopental and halothane and provided postoperative analgesia up to 90
minutes after extubation. Dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy by use of
thiopental induction and halothane anesthesia benefit from analgesia induced by
medetomidine administered prior to anesthesia induction. Additional analgesia
is appropriate 60 minutes after extubation.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha-agonists, non-narcotic
analgesics, anesthetics, blood pressure, body temperature, dogs, dose-response
relationship, halothane, heart rate, hydrocortisone, hysterectomy,
medetomidine, ovariectomy, postoperative pain, preanesthetic medication,
respiration, thiopental, time factors
Ko, J.C.H., J.C. Thurmon, G.J. Benson, and W.J. Tranquilli (1993). An
alternative drug combination for use in declawing and castrating cats. Veterinary
Medicine 88(11): 1061-1065. ISSN:
8750-7943.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 M69
Descriptors: cats, anesthesia, drug combinations,
anesthetics, intramuscular injection, castration, claws, surgical operations
Kovalev, M.I. (1979). Use of etaperazine. Veterinariia
(1): 71-72. ISSN: 0042-4846.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V6426
Descriptors: anesthetics, castration, animals, dose
response relationship, drug evaluation, perphenazine, time factors, male
Kumar, N., A. Kumar, and Bharat Singh (1990). Clinical and
physiological effects of ketamine with and without diazepam or meperidine
premedication in dogs. Indian Veterinary Journal 67(3):
242-246. ISSN: 0019-6479.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 IN2
Descriptors: anesthetics, diazepam, pethidine, atropine,
ketamine, dogs, veterinary surgeries, ovariohysterectomy
Kyles, A.E., E.M. Hardie, B.D. Hansen, and M.G. Papich (1998). Comparison
of transdermal fentanyl and intramuscular oxymorphone on post-operative
behaviour after ovariohysterectomy in dogs. Research in Veterinary
Science 65(3): 245-251. ISSN:
0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: The effects of transdermal fentanyl and i.m.
oxymorphone on behavioural and physiological responses, after
ovariohysterectomy in dogs, were investigated. The study involved three groups
of 10 dogs: fentanyl/surgery (FS), oxymorphone/surgery (OS), fentanyl/control
(FC). A transdermal fentanyl delivery system (50 microg hour(-1)) (FS and FC)
was applied 20 hours before surgery, or i.m. oxymorphone (OS) was administered.
After ovariohysterectomy (FS and OS) or anaesthesia alone (FC), dogs were
continuously videotaped for 24 hours and a standardised hourly interaction with
a handler performed. The videotapes were analysed, and interactive and
non-interactive behaviours evaluated. In addition, pain and sedation scores,
pulse and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, arterial blood pressure,
plasma cortisol and plasma fentanyl concentrations were measured. This study
showed that transdermal fentanyl and i.m. oxymorphone (0.05 mg kg(-1)) produced
comparable analgesic effects over a 24 hour recording period. I.m. oxymorphone
produced significantly more sedation and lower rectal temperatures than
transdermal fentanyl. There were no significant differences between groups in
respiratory and heart rates, and arterial blood pressures.
Descriptors: postoperative pain, pain score, respiration,
heart rate, cortisol, administration and dosage of fentanyl, animal behavior,
ovariohysterectomy, arterial blood pressure, dogs, oxymorphone
Lambardt, A. (1975). Akupunkturanalgesieversuche bei katzen. (Vorlaufige
Mitteilung). [Experimental acupuncture anaesthesia in the cat (preliminary
communication)]. Praktische Tierarzt 56(1): 33-36. ISSN: 0032-681X.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 P882
Descriptors: acupuncture, ovariectomy, caesarean section,
anesthesia, surgery, cats
Note: Language of
text: German; Summary in English.
Lascelles, B.D., P. Cripps, S. Mirchandani, and A.E. Waterman (1995). Carprofen
as an analgesic for postoperative pain in cats: dose titration and assessment
of efficacy in comparison to pethidine hydrochloride. The Journal of
Small Animal Practice 36(12): 535-541.
ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: The aim of this study was to titrate the
optimal dose of carprofen for single dose usage, for alleviating postoperative
pain, under a double-blind and randomised protocol, using both negative and
positive controls. Renal tolerance was assessed by screening plasma urea and
creatinine. Pre- and postoperative assessment of pain and sedation was made
using a dynamic and interactive visual analogue scoring system in 60 cats
undergoing ovariohysterectomy. The cats were randomly assigned to one of six
groups: (1) carprofen at 1.0 mg/kg subcutaneously (sc); (2) carprofen at 2.0 mg/kg
sc; (3) carprofen at 4.0 mg/kg sc; (4) pethidine at 5.0 mg/kg intramuscularly
(im), (5) pethidine at 10.0 mg/kg im: and (6) no analgesics (injection of
saline). All injections were given postoperatively on tracheal extubation and
administered in a double-blind manner. Assessments were made up to 20 hours
post extubation. Prior to induction and at 20 hours post extubation, blood
samples were taken for laboratory analysis of the urea and creatinine content
to check for any adverse effect on renal function. Cats given pethidine did not
appear more sedated than the groups receiving carprofen or saline. Cats
receiving carprofen were in less pain postoperatively overall, with 4.0 mg/kg
being the most effective dose rate (significantly better than the other doses
of carprofen at four and eight hours post extubation). The highest dose of
pethidine provided significantly better analgesia than the highest dose of
carprofen up to two hours post extubation, but from two to 20 hours post
extubation carprofen at 4.0 mg/kg provided significantly better analgesia than
the pethidine. None of the analgesic regimens appeared to affect renal function
adversely, as measured by urea and creatinine levels.
Descriptors: analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents, cats,
injections, carbazoles, meperidine, postoperative pain
Lascelles, B.D., P.J. Cripps, A. Jones, and A.E. Waterman (1997). Post-operative
central hypersensitivity and pain: the pre-emptive value of pethidine for
ovariohysterectomy. Pain: The Journal of the International Association
for the Study of Pain 73(3): 461-471.
ISSN: 0304-3959.
NAL Call Number: RB127.P34
Abstract: The effect of timing of analgesic drug
administration on the severity of post-operative pain was investigated in dogs
undergoing ovariohysterectomy using both subjective visual assessment scoring
systems (VAS) and objective mechanical nociceptive threshold measurements using
a novel handheld anti-nociceptiometric device. Forty dogs undergoing routine
elective ovariohysterectomy were included in a randomised and double-blind
study and assigned to one of three groups: (i) pre-operative analgesics; (ii)
post-operative analgesics; (iii) no analgesics (saline injections). The
analgesic used was pethidine (a short acting predominantly mu-opioid agonist),
at a dose of 5.0 mg/kg (intramuscular). The post-operative administration of
pethidine resulted in significantly higher sedation scores and significantly
lower pain scores in the early post-operative period, but the dogs given
pethidine pre-operatively had significantly lower pain scores than both the
other groups at 8, 12 and 20 h post-extubation (P < 0.01, ANOVA). Mechanical
thresholds measured at the distal tibia demonstrated the development of
allodynia at 12 and 20 h post-extubation, and this was significantly prevented
by the pre- (P < 0.01 at 12 h, P < 0.05 at 20 h, Kruskal-Wallis and post
hoc Dunn's), but not by the post-operative administration of pethidine.
Mechanical nociceptive thresholds measured at the ventral midline (site of
surgery) demonstrated post-operative hyperalgesia in all groups; this
hyperalgesia was least in the pre-operative pethidine group. In summary, this
study clearly shows pethidine to be an effective analgesic in dogs, albeit of
short duration of action, when administered post-operatively, and, importantly,
that it has a positive benefit in terms of post-operative outcome measures,
when administered pre-operatively, possibly as a result of blocking or
preventing the development of central sensitisation following surgical stimulation.
Descriptors: postoperative pain, ovariectomy, analgesics,
timing of analgesics, pain threshold, dogs, stress, pethidine, visual
assessment scoring system, anti-nociceptiometric device
Lascelles, B.D., P.J. Cripps, A. Jones, and A.E. Waterman-Pearson (1998).
Efficacy and kinetics of carprofen, administered preoperatively or
postoperatively, for the prevention of pain in dogs undergoing
ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Surgery 27(6): 568-582. ISSN: 0161-3499.
NAL Call Number: SF911.V43
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine what effect the
timing of carprofen administration has on the severity of postoperative pain in
dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy and to investigate the pharmacokinetics of
carprofen under these conditions. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized,
double-blind, clinical trial. ANIMALS: Sixty-two adult bitches weighing between
10 and 25 kgs, undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. METHODS: Examinations
were performed for 20 hours postoperatively using subjective visual assessment
scoring systems (DIVAS) and objective mechanical nociceptive threshold
measurements. Forty dogs were assigned to one of three groups: (1) preoperative
carprofen; (2) postoperative carprofen; and (3) no analgesics (saline
injections). The dose of carprofen was 4.0 mg/kg subcutaneously. In another 22
bitches, the pharmacokinetics of carprofen given preoperatively or
postoperatively at the same dose were examined. RESULTS: The dogs given
carprofen preoperatively had lower pain scores than the other groups, significantly
so at 2 hours postextubation (P < .01 and P < .05, Kruskal-Wallis and
post hoc Dunn's). Mechanical pain thresholds measured at the distal tibia
showed the development of hyperalgesia at 12 and 20 hours postextubation; this
was prevented by both the preoperative (P < .05 at 12 and 20 hours,
Kruskal-Wallis) and postoperative (P < .05 at 20 hours, Kruskal-Wallis)
administration of carprofen. Mechanical pain threshold testing at the wound
showed a significant analgesic effect of carprofen. Plasma concentrations of
carprofen were not directly related to analgesia; maximum plasma concentration,
the area under the curve to the last data point, and area under the first
moment curve up to the last data point were all significantly higher in the
dogs given carprofen postoperatively (P < .05, Mann-Whitney). CONCLUSION:
Preoperative administration of carprofen has a greater analgesic effect than
postoperative administration in the early postoperative period in dogs
undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Plasma levels of carprofen are not related to
the degree of analgesia achieved. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Carprofen provides
effective analgesia after canine ovariohysterectomy. The timing of analgesic
administration is important to optimize the control of postoperative pain.
Descriptors: postoperative pain, ovariohysterectomy,
anti-inflammatory agents, dogs, carbazoles, pain measurement, pain threshold,
analgesia, timing
Lascelles, B.D.X., C.A. Capner, and A.E. Waterman-Pearson (1999). Current
British veterinary attitudes to perioperative analgesia for cats and small
mammals. The Veterinary Record 145(21): 601-604. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: survey, questionnaire, perioperative
analgesia, pain, surgical procedures, ovariohysterectomy, orthopedic surgery,
laparotomy, castration, postoperative care
Lemke, K.A., C.L. Runyon, and B.S. Horney (2002). Effects of
preoperative administration of ketoprofen on anesthetic requirements and signs
of postoperative pain in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 221(9): 1268-1275. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: ketoprofen, pain score, dogs, gonadectomy,
anesthetic requirements, premedication, behavioral scores, activity levels,
pain measurement
Lemke, K.A., C.L. Runyon, and B.S. Horney (2002). Effects of
preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation,
buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs undergoing
elective ovariohysterectomy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical
Association 220(12): 1818-1822.
ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of
preoperative administration of ketoprofen on whole blood platelet aggregation,
buccal mucosal bleeding time, and hematologic indices in dogs after elective
ovariohysterectomy. DESIGN: Randomized, masked clinical trial. ANIMALS: 22
healthy dogs. PROCEDURE: 60 minutes before induction of anesthesia, 11 dogs
were given 0.9% NaCl solution (control), and 11 dogs were given ketoprofen (2
mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb], IM). Thirty minutes before induction of anesthesia,
glycopyrrolate (0.01mg/kg [0.005 mg/lb]), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg [0.02
mg/lb]), and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg 10.09 mg/lb]) were given IM to all dogs.
Anesthesia was induced with thiopental (5 to 10 mg/kg [2.3 to 4.5 mg/lb], IV)
and maintained with isoflurane (1 to 3%). Ovariohysterectomy was performed and
butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [0.05 mg/lb], IV) was given 15 minutes before completion
of surgery. Blood samples for measurement of variables were collected at
intervals before and after surgery. RESULTS: In dogs given ketoprofen, platelet
aggregation was decreased 95 +/- 10% and 80 +/- 35% (mean +/- SD) immediately
after surgery and 24 hours after surgery, respectively, compared with
preoperative values. At both times, mean values in dogs given ketoprofen
differed significantly from those in control dogs. Significant differences
between groups were not observed for mucosal bleeding time or hematologic
indices. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Preoperative administration of
ketoprofen inhibited platelet aggre gation but did not alter bleeding time.
Ketoprofen can be given before surgery to healthy dogs undergoing elective
ovariohysterectomy, provided that dogs are screened for potential bleeding
problems before surgery and monitored closely after surgery.
Descriptors: anti-inflammatory agents, bleeding time,
cyclooxygenase inhibitors, dogs, female, hysterectomy, ketoprofen, ovariectomy,
platelet aggregation, postoperative period, premedication, preoperative care,
time factors
Lerche, P., W.W. Muir, and T.L. Grubb (2002). Mask induction of
anaesthesia with isoflurane or sevoflurane in premedicated cats. The
Journal of Small Animal Practice 43(1): 12-15. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: A comparison was made of the time to and
quality of induction of anaesthesia when sevoflurane (n=14) or isoflurane
(n=14) was delivered by mask in premedicated healthy adult cats presented for
elective surgery. Times to induction and intubation were significantly shorter
with sevoflurane (210 +/- 57 seconds and 236 +/- 60 seconds, respectively) than
with isoflurane (264 +/- 75 seconds and 292 +/- 73 seconds). The quality of
induction was similar for both agents. Two cats in each group developed
opisthotonus of less than 45 seconds' duration. Both sevoflurane and isoflurane
produced mask induction of anaesthesia of a similar quality in this species.
Sevoflurane provided more rapid induction of anaesthesia and establishment of a
controlled airway than isoflurane.
Descriptors: acepromazine, inhalation anesthesia, cats,
heart rate, isoflurane, laryngeal masks, methyl ethers, orchiectomy,
ovariectomy, respiration
Lester, P.A., J.S. Gaynor, P.W. Hellyer, K. Mama, and A.E. Wagner
(2003). The sedative and behavioral effects of nalbuphine in dogs. Contemporary
Topics in Laboratory Animal Science 42(4): 27-31. ISSN: 1060-0558.
NAL Call Number: SF405.5.A23
Abstract: We compared the degree of sedation and
frequency and intensity of adverse behaviors in dogs associated with nalbuphine
when combined with acepromazine or xylazine compared with those of acepromazine
or xylazine alone. Twenty-four dogs (13 female, 11 male) undergoing routine
ovariohysterectomy or castration were randomly assigned to one of four groups.
Group NX received 0.5 mg/kg nalbuphine and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine subcutaneously
(s.c.). Group X received 0.5 mg/kg xylazine s.c. Group NA received 0.5 mg/kg nalbuphine
and 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine s.c. Group A received 0.05 mg/kg acepromazine s.c.
All dogs received 0.01 mg/kg glycopyrrolate s.c. All doses were administered
preoperatively. Preoperative resting measurements of heart rate, respiratory
rate, rectal temperature, and body weight were obtained. Sedation was scored
both inside and outside a kennel prior to drug administration and at 10, 20,
and 30 min after drug administration. Dogs were assessed for behavioral
responses (leg withdrawal, shivering, rigidity, orienting, panting, struggling,
vocalization, wide-eyed facial expression, breath holding, salivating, hiding,
biting, or requiring a muzzle) during three time periods: placing the dog on
the table, clipping and prepping of forelimb, and intravenous catheterization.
Postoperative recovery behaviors were scored. Expired halothane concentrations
were recorded at 15, 30, and 45 min postinduction. Significant differences
occurred in the level of sedation at 30 min between dogs receiving nalbuphine
and xylazine or xylazine only compared with dogs receiving acepromazine. There
was a significant difference in behavioral scores with respect to leg
withdrawal and orienting during clipping/prepping between dogs receiving
nalbuphine and xylazine compared with dogs receiving xylazine. The combination
of nalbuphine and xylazine is a useful premedicant which provided greater
sedation than acepromazine and reduced some anxiety behaviors more than did
xylazine alone. Nalbuphine is an inexpensive opioid and currently is not a
controlled substance in the U.S.
Descriptors: acepromazine, opioid analgesics, drug effects
on behavior, conscious sedation, glycopyrrolate, hypnotics and sedatives,
subcutaneous injections, nalbuphine, preanesthetic medication, xylazine
Lobetti, R. and N. Lambrechts (2000). Effects of general anesthesia
and surgery on renal function in healthy dogs. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 61(2): 121-124.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To evaluate renal function in
healthy dogs undergoing general anesthesia and ovariohysterectomy without
concurrent IV administration of fluids. ANIMALS: 35 healthy client-owned dogs.
PROCEDURE: Dogs were medicated with promazine hydrochloride (0.05 mg/kg of body
weight, SC) approximately 45 minutes before induction of anesthesia with
thiopental sodium (10 to 15 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained with 2%
halothane in oxygen. Ovariohysterectomies were performed by senior veterinary
students under the direct supervision of a veterinary surgeon. Renal function
was assessed (serum urea and creatinine concentrations, fractional clearance of
sodium, urine alkaline phosphatase [ALP] and gamma-glutamyltransferase [GGT]
activities, urine specific gravity, and enumeration of renal tubular epithelial
cells in urine sediment) prior to and 24 and 48 hours after surgery. RESULTS:
Duration of general anesthesia ranged from 80 to 310 minutes. Urine specific
gravity and ALP activity and serum urea and creatinine concentrations did not
change over time. Fractional clearance of sodium decreased 24 and 48 hours
after surgery, whereas urine GGT activity and the ratio of urine GGT activity
to urine creatinine concentration increased 24 hours after surgery, compared
with presurgery values. Renal tubular epithelial cells increased in number in
urine sediment from 11 of 35 (31.4%) dogs and 5 of 35 (14.3%) dogs 24 and 48
hours after surgery, respectively. However, this increase was not clinically
relevant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Intravenous administration of
fluids to healthy dogs undergoing general anesthesia and elective surgery may
not be necessary for maintenance of renal homeostasis.
Descriptors: general anesthesia, blood creatinine, dogs,
epithelial cells, female, hysterectomy, kidney function tests, ovariectomy,
promazine, reference values, thiopental, urea, gamma-glutamyltransferase
Lobetti, R.G. and K.E. Joubert (2000). Effect of administration of
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs before surgery on renal function in
clinically normal dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research
61(12): 1501-1507. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To investigate renal function in
clinically normal dogs undergoing general anesthesia for ovariohysterectomies
that received nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAID) before surgery.
ANIMALS: 40 clinically normal dogs. PROCEDURE: After induction of anesthesia,
dogs were given an analgesic. Renal function was assessed before surgery and 24
and 48 hours after surgery by means of serum urea and creatinine
concentrations, fractional clearance of sodium (FC(Na)), urine
gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities, and
urine analysis. Ten dogs in each of 4 groups received ketorolac tromethamine (0.5
mg/kg of body weight), ketoprofen (1 mg/kg), carprofen (4 mg/kg), or morphine
(0.1 mg/kg; control group). RESULTS: Duration of general anesthesia ranged from
1.75 to 5 hours, with a mean of 3 hours. Two ketorolac- and 2
ketoprofen-treated dogs had transient azotemia. A significant decrease in the
FC(Na) between before surgery and 24 hours after surgery, and between before
surgery and 48 hours after surgery, was found in ketoprofen- and
carprofen-treated dogs. Ketorolac-, ketoprofen-, and morphine-treated dogs had
a decrease in urine specific gravity. Two ketorolac, 1 ketoprofen-, 1
carprofen-, and 4 morphine-treated dogs had increases in renal tubular
epithelial cells on urine sediment examination 24 hours after surgery.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In clinically normal dogs undergoing
general anesthesia and elective surgery, the use of NSAID as analgesics is not
contraindicated. Compared with ketorolac or ketoprofen, carprofen had the least
effect on renal function and integrity.
Descriptors: alkaline phosphatase, anti-inflammatory
agents, creatinine, dogs, hysterectomy, kidney, ovariectomy, postoperative period,
reference values, sodium, gamma-glutamyltransferase
Mastrocinque, S. and D.T. Fantoni (2003). A comparison of
preoperative tramadol and morphine for the control of early postoperative pain
in canine ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
30(4): 220-228. ISSN: 1467-2987.
NAL Call Number: SF914.V47
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare morphine with tramadol
for the management of early postoperative pain following ovariohysterectomy
after pyometra in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective randomized blinded clinical
trial. ANIMALS: Thirty female dogs, 2-14 years old. METHODS: Animals were
randomly divided into two equal groups. Group 1 received 0.2 mg kg-1 of
morphine IV and group 2 received 2 mg kg-1 of tramadol IV after the induction
of anesthesia. The dogs were premedicated with acepromazine, and anesthesia was
induced with intravenous midazolam and ketamine. Isoflurane was used for the
maintenance of anesthesia. The variables measured were: analgesia; sedation;
cardiac and respiratory rates; arterial blood pressure; end-tidal isoflurane
and carbon dioxide (Pe'CO2); oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2); plasma
catecholamines; serum cortisol and glucose concentrations; pH and blood gases.
The animals were monitored for 6 hours after the administration of the
analgesic agent. RESULTS: There were no differences between the two groups with
regard to analgesia, sedation, SpO2, pH and blood gases, cardiovascular
variables, glucose, catecholamine and cortisol concentrations. Forty minutes
postopioid administration, the end-tidal isoflurane concentration was
significantly lower in the morphine-treated group as compared to the tramadol
group. At 30 minutes following opioid injection, Pe'CO2 was significantly
higher in the morphine group than in the tramadol group. Two dogs in the
tramadol group and one in the morphine group were given morphine
postoperatively because of increasing pain scores. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL
RELEVANCE: Morphine and tramadol, administered preemptively can be used safely
in dogs to control early pain after ovariohysterectomy without significant
adverse effects.
Descriptors: opioid analgesics, dogs, hysterectomy,
morphine, infusions, ovariectomy, pain measurement, premedication, tramadol
Mendes, G.M., A.L. Selmi, G.R. Barbudo-Selmi, B.T. Lins, and J.P.
Figueiredo (2003). Clinical use of dexmedetomidine as premedicant in cats
undergoing propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia. Journal of Feline Medicine
and Surgery 5(5): 265-270. ISSN:
1098-612X.
NAL Call Number: SF985.J68
Abstract: The purpose of this report was to evaluate
the cardiorespiratory effects and efficacy of dexmedetomidine as a premedicant
agent in cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy anaesthetized with
propofol-sevoflurane. Cats were randomly divided into two groups of eight
animals each. Dexmedetomidine (0.01 mg/kg) or 0.9% saline was administered
intravenously (D and S, respectively). After 5 min, propofol was administered
intravenously and anaesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane. Heart and
respiratory rates, arterial blood pressure, oxygen saturation, rectal
temperature and the amount of propofol needed for induction were measured.
Premedication with dexmedetomidine reduced the requirement of propofol
(6.7+/-3.8 mg/kg), but induced bradycardia, compared with the administration of
saline (15.1+/-5.1 mg/kg). Recovery quality was significantly better in D but
no significant difference in time to return of swallowing reflex was observed
between groups (D=2.5+/-0.5 min; S=3.2+/-1.8 min). In conclusion,
dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective agent for premedication in cats
undergoing propofol-sevoflurane anaesthesia with minimal adverse effects.
Descriptors: inhalation anesthetics, cats,
dexmedetomidine, heart rate, hysterectomy, ovariectomy, premedication,
propofol, respiration
O'Boyle, M.A. and G.K. Vajda (1975). Acupuncture anesthesia for
abdominal surgery. Modern Veterinary Practice 56(10): 705-707. ISSN: 0362-8140.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 N812
Descriptors: abdomen, acupuncture therapy, anesthesia,
castration, dogs, female, hysterectomy, male
Ogilvie, G.K., M.D. Salman, M.L. Kesel, and M.J. Fettman (1996). Effect
of anesthesia and surgery on energy expenditure determined by indirect
calorimetry in dogs with malignant and nonmalignant conditions. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 57(9): 1321-1326. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine energy expenditure
(EE) of apparently resting, client-owned dogs with malignant or nonmalignant
diseases that were recovering from anesthesia and surgery, and compare those
values with values from clinically normal, apparently resting, client owned
dogs. ANIMALS: 40 apparently resting, client-owned dogs that had been given
general anesthesia for various elective and nonelective surgical procedures,
and 30 apparently resting, clinically normal client-owned dogs used as
controls. PROCEDURE: EE was determined, using an open-flow indirect calorimetry
system. Each dog was evaluated before and after surgery (0, 1, 2, and 3 days
after surgery, then at suture removal > 14 days later) and compared with
apparently resting, clinically normal, client-owned dogs (n = 30). Parameters
evaluated were rate of oxygen consumption (Vo2/kg of body weight: ml/min/kg;
Vo2/kg0.75: ml/min/kg0.75), EE (EE/kg: kcal/kg/d; EE/kg0.75: kcal/kg0.75/d),
and respiratory quotient. RESULTS: Surgery and anesthesia did not significantly
alter any of these parameters at any time assessed in any group. The
pretreatment Vo2 and EE were significantly lower in the dogs with cancer,
compared with dogs of other groups. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the EE
of a restricted group of dogs that undergo anesthesia and surgery for malignant
and nonmalignant conditions does not increase from baseline values or when
compared with values in clinically normal, client-owned dogs. CLINICAL
RELEVANCE: This information may be of value when planning nutritional treatment
for dogs recovering from anesthesia and surgery.
Descriptors: general anesthesia, indirect calorimetry,
dogs, energy metabolism, fractures, dogs, hysterectomy, orchiectomy,
ovariectomy
Patel, C.M. and D. Yates (2003). Evaluation of an anaesthetic
protocol for the neutering of eight- to 12-week-old puppies. The
Veterinary Record 152(14): 439-440.
ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: aging, adverse effects of anesthesia,
inhalation anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, animal, castration, dogs
Quessada, A.M., C.S.A. Santana, H.L. Silva da, and H.L. da Silva (2001
). Anestesia local para ovariectomia em gatas. [Local anesthesia for
ovariectomy in cats]. Semina 22(2): 175-177. ISSN: 0101-3742.
NAL Call Number: Q33.S46
Descriptors: local anesthesia, local anesthetics,
ovariectomy, surgery, surgical operations, techniques, cats
Note: Language of text: Portuguese; Summary in English.
Rutherford, K.M.D. (2002). Assessing pain in animals. Animal
Welfare 11(1): 31-53. ISSN:
0962-7286.
NAL Call Number: HV4701.A557
Descriptors: animals, pain, poultry, debeaking, lambs,
docking, tail, castration, dogs, ovariectomized females, ovariectomy,
postoperative care, analgesics, stimuli, avoidance conditioning, animal
behavior, literature reviews
Santos, F.C. dos, S.C. Rahal, C.A.L. Leite, and F.C. dos Santos (2003). Postoperative
use of anti-inflammatory drugs on small animals -- demographic study. A
Hora Veterinaria 22(132): 13-16.
ISSN: 0101-9163.
Descriptors: anti-inflammatory agents, castration,
complications, flunixin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, postoperative
care, small animal practice, surgery, surgical operations, veterinarians
Sap, R. and L.J. Hellebrekers (1993). The
use of medetomidine/fentanyl for ovario-hysterectomy in dogs. Journal of
Veterinary Anaesthesia 20: 51. ISSN: 1351-6574.
Descriptors:
dogs, anesthesia, blood pressure, drug combinations, side effects, ovariectomy,
hysterectomy, analgesics
Seif, D.P. (1994). Anesthesia for early spaying/neutering. Journal
of the American Veterinary Medical Association 205(10): 1393. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Descriptors: anesthesia, castration, cats, dogs, female,
male
Sendler, K., C. Lendl, I. Henke, K. Otto, U. Matis, S. Mundt, and W.
Erhardt (1994). Zur Anästhesie bei der Katze mit Tiletamin/Zolazepam in
Minimaldosierung. [Anesthesia in cats using tiletamine/zolazepam in minimal
doses]. Tierarztliche Praxis 22(3): 286-290. ISSN: 0303-6286.
NAL Call Number: SF603.V4
Abstract: The object of this study was to evaluate
minimal dose anesthesia with Tiletamine/Zolazepam for castration, dental
treatments and other minor surgical procedures in cats. The study included 264
cats treated either at the Department of Veterinary Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians
University of Munich or under private practice conditions, in a small animal
clinic in Hamburg (Germany). The drug dose needed for anesthesia for a 10
minute surgical procedure was calculated in each case using a formula. Side
effects that occurred with doses recommended by the manufacturer could not be
eliminated by decreasing the drug dose, but could be reduced considerably in
severity and duration. Tiletamine/Zolazepam was found to be a useful drug for
short anesthesia in cats at an average dose of 4.2 mg/kg.
Descriptors: anesthesia, cats, electrocardiography, heart
rate, reflex, respiration, tiletamine, zolazepam
Note: Language of text: German; Summary in English.
Shafford, H.L., P.W. Hellyer, K.T. Crump, A.E. Wagner, K.R. Mama, and
J.S. Gaynor (2002). Use of a pulsed electromagnetic field for treatment of
post-operative pain in dogs: a pilot study. Veterinary Anaesthesia and
Analgesia 29(1): 43-48. ISSN:
1467-2987.
NAL Call Number: SF914.V47
Descriptors: body temperature, morphine, pain, pulse rate,
respiration, surgery, dogs
Slingsby, L.S., A. Jones, and A.E. Waterman-Pearson (2001). Use of a
new finger-mounted device to compare mechanical nociceptive thresholds in cats
given pethidine or no medication after castration. Research in Veterinary
Science 70(3): 243-246. ISSN:
0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Mechanical nociceptive thresholds are
regularly used to determine the efficacy of analgesic agents both
experimentally and clinically in a variety of species. The 'pressure of
palpation device' (PPD) was developed for use in cats and is a small battery
operated device with a finger-mounted force sensing resistor (FSR, Interlink
Electronics, Northumberland. UK). The PPD was used in a study assessing the
analgesic efficacy of pethidine after castration in cats. Pethidine was
demonstrated to prevent the development of post-operative scrotal
hypersensitivity for up to 2 hours after castration, whereas cats given no
analgesics showed marked hyperalgesia immediately after surgery. Visual
Analogue Scale (VAS) pain scores after castration showed a similar analgesic
effect of pethidine. These results suggest that the PPD could become a useful
research tool to assess the effectiveness of analgesic agents in the cat.
Descriptors: opioid analgesics, cats, hyperalgesia, pain scores,
pain management, pain thresholds, pressure of palpation device (PPD)
Slingsby, L.S., E.C. Lane, E.R. Mears, M.C. Shanson, and A.E.
Waterman-Pearson (1998). Postoperative pain after ovariohysterectomy in the
cat: a comparison of two anaesthetic regimens. The Veterinary Record
143(21): 589-590. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Descriptors: dissociative anesthetics, non-narcotic
analgesics, inhalation anesthetics, intravenous anesthetics, cats,
hysterectomy, halothane, ketamine, medetomidine, acepromazine, postoperative
pain, thipental
Slingsby, L.S. and A.E. Waterman-Earson (2002). Comparison between
meloxicam and carprofen for postoperative analgesia after feline
ovariohysterectomy. The Journal of Small Animal Practice 43(7):
286-289. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: Eighty female cats presented for
ovariohysterectomy were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups in
this assessor-blinded trial. After pre-anaesthetic assessment, the cats were
premedicated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg). Anaesthesia was induced with
thiopentone and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Forty cats received
carprofen (4 mg/kg subcutaneously) and 40 received meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg
subcutaneously) after anaesthetic induction. Following routine flank
ovariohysterectomy the cats were assessed using visual analogue scale scores
for pain and sedation over a 20-hour study period. Blood samples were taken
before sedation and at 20 hours for serum biochemistry (urea, creatinine,
alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase). There were no
significant differences between the groups for pain and sedation scores. Serum
biochemistry values were similar between the groups, with some differences
within groups between the pre-sedation and 20-hour values. One cat in the
carprofen group and two cats in the meloxicam group required rescue analgesia
with intramuscular morphine (0.2 mg/kg).
Descriptors: non-narcotic analgesics, anti-inflammatory
agents, carbazoles, cats, comparative study, ovariohysterectomy, pain scores,
postoperative pain, sedation
Slingsby, L.S. and A.E. Waterman-Pearson (2001). Analgesic effects in
dogs of carprofen and pethidine together compared with the effects of either
drug alone. The Veterinary Record 148(14): 441-444. ISSN: 0042-4900.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 V641
Abstract: Thirty bitches undergoing routine neutering
were used in an assessor-blinded trial of the postoperative analgesic effects
of pethidine and carprofen administered either together or singly. The level of
analgesia was assessed by visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for pain and
sedation and by nociceptive mechanical threshold testing. The two drugs
administered together, and carprofen alone, provided good postoperative
analgesia as assessed by VAS scoring. Pethidine alone did not provide
postoperative analgesia of sufficient duration.
Descriptors: adjuvants, opioid analgesics,
anti-inflammatory agents, carbazoles, dogs, hysterectomy, meperidine, pain
measurement, postoperative pain
Slingsby, L.S. and A.E. Waterman-Pearson (2000). The post-operative
analgesic effects of ketamine after canine ovariohysterectomy--a comparison
between pre- or post-operative administration. Research in Veterinary
Science 69(2): 147-152. ISSN:
0034-5288.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 R312
Abstract: Thirty-six female dogs undergoing
ovariohysterectomy were randomly allocated into three groups in this
assessor-blinded study. The control group received no ketamine, the preketamine
group were given ketamine (2.5 mg kg(-1)i.m.) at anaesthetic induction (in
addition to the induction agents), the post-ketamine group received ketamine
(2.5 mg kg(-1)i.m.) at extubation. Mechanical nociceptive thresholds and visual
analogue scale (VAS) scores were measured before premedication and
post-operatively at 20 minutes, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 18 hours after extubation. Dogs
in the control group required more rescue analgesics than those in the other
two groups (significantly more than the preketamine group), they also had
consistently higher VAS pain scores throughout the post-operative period.
Administration of ketamine post-operatively delayed the onset of post-operative
wound hyperalgesia; dogs in the control group had the greatest amount of
post-operative wound hyperalgesia. A single subanaesthetic dose of ketamine
provided effective but short acting analgesia and preoperative administration
may confer some benefits over administration post-operatively.
Descriptors: analgesia, dissociative anesthetics, dogs,
hysterectomy, ketamine, ovariectomy, pain threshold, postoperative care,
preoperative care, wounds and injuries
Slingsby, L.S. and A.E. Waterman Pearson (2000). Postoperative
analgesia in the cat after ovariohysterectomy by use of carprofen, ketoprofen,
meloxicam or tolfenamic acid. The Journal of Small Animal Practice
41(10): 447-450. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Descriptors: cats, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents,
ketoprofen, efficacy, postoperative care, ovariectomy, hysterectomy,
anesthesia, pain
Smith, J.D., S.W. Allen, and J.E. Quandt (1999). Changes in cortisol
concentration in response to stress and postoperative pain in client-owned cats
and correlation with objective clinical variables. American Journal of
Veterinary Research 60(4): 432-436.
ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical variables
that indicate postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy in a
veterinary hospital setting. ANIMALS: 40 cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were
anesthetized and ovariohysterectomized by senior veterinary students.
Butorphanol (0.1 mg/kg [n = 20] or 0.3 mg/kg [20] of body weight) was administered
IM after surgery. Blood samples were obtained before, during, and after the
anesthetic period for measurements of PCV and blood glucose and cortisol
concentrations. Clinical variables measured included heart rate, systolic blood
pressure, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. Data for these variables
were compared with changes in cortisol concentrations and with similar
data-which was used as historical control data-obtained from 20 cats in another
study (10 that had been ovariohysterectomized but had not received butorphanol
and 10 that had only been anesthetized). RESULTS: Surgical durations were
longer in this study, and cats had higher cortisol concentrations, compared
with historical control cats. Objective clinical variables did not consistently
correlate with changes in cortisol concentration. CONCLUSIONS: Cortisol
concentration increased in response to surgical stress and pain. This response
was greater in cats in which duration of surgery was longer. CLINICAL
RELEVANCE: The objective clinical variables evaluated in this study were not
consistent indicators of pain in an uncontrolled, clinical situation.
Descriptors: cats, female, heart rate, hydrocortisone,
ovariohysterectomy, postoperative pain, stress
Smith, J.D., S.W. Allen, J.E. Quandt, and R.L. Tackett (1996). Indicators
of postoperative pain in cats and correlation with clinical criteria. American
Journal of Veterinary Research 57(11): 1674-1678. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical indicators
that may help identity postoperative pain in cats after ovariohysterectomy.
ANIMALS: Healthy, laboratory animal source cats. PROCEDURE: Clinical indicators
of pain were identified, and relief from pain in response to butorphanol was studied
in 5 groups of cats. 10 cats had 1 hour of general anesthesia only, followed by
recovery without additional medication. 10 cats had general anesthesia and
ovariohysterectomy, followed by recovery without additional medication. 10 cats
had general anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of
0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg of body weight. Another 10 cats had general
anesthesia, ovariohysterectomy, and postoperative administration of 0.3 mg
butorphanol/kg. 10 cats received 0.1 mg of butorphanol/kg, IM, only. Samples
and recorded data were obtained before, during, and after the anesthesia
period. Clinical variables measured included heart rate, blood pressure,
respiratory rate, rectal temperature, PCV, and blood glucose concentration.
Results were compared with changes in norepinephrine, epinephrine, and cortisol
concentrations. RESULTS: Cats that did not receive analgesics had higher
cortisol concentration than did cats without surgery and cats that received
butorphanol after surgery. Systolic blood pressure measured by ultrasonic
Doppler was found to be predictive of cortisol concentration, using a multiple
linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS: Cortisol concentration increased in
response to surgical stress and pain, and this increase was diminished by use
of butorphanol. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Systolic blood pressure was the best
clinical predictor of postoperative pain.
Descriptors: analgesics, anesthesia, blood glucose, blood
pressure, butorphanol, cats, hysterectomy, norepinephrine, ovariectomy, pain
measurement, veterinary, postoperative pain
Souza, H.J.M., M.D. Hahn, L.E. da Silva, R.M. Leivas, C. Belchior,
C.H.R. Teixeira, M.C. Daiha, R.F. Graca, and K.B. Corgozinho (2001). Estudo
da resposta neuroendócrina em gatas submetidas a ovário-salpingohisterectomia
com analgesia preventiva pelo tartarato de butorfanol e flunixin meglumine. [Neuro-endocrine
response of cats to spaying, with analgesia provided by butorphanol tartrate
and/or flunixin meglumine]. A
Hora Veterinaria 21(124): 13-20.
ISSN: 0101-9163.
Descriptors: analgesics, butorphanol, castration,
flunixin, stress, surgery
Note: Language of
text: Portuguese; Summary in English.
Stegmann, G.F. and L. Bester (2001). Some cardiopulmonary effects of
midazolam premedication in clenbuterol-treated bitches during surgical
endoscopic examination of the uterus and ovariohysterectomy. Journal of
the South African Veterinary Association 72(1): 33-36. ISSN: 0301-0732.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 So8
Abstract: Midazolam was administered intravenously to 8
bitches in a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial before propofol
induction of surgical anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was maintained with
isoflurane-in-oxygen during surgical endoscopic examination of the uterus and
ovariohysterectomy. Clenbuterol was administered at the start of surgery to
improve uterine muscle relaxation, and to facilitate endoscopic examination of
the uterus. Ventilation was controlled. Induction of anaesthesia with propofol
to obtain loss of the pedal reflex resulted in a statistically significant (P
< 0.05) decrease in minute volume and arterial oxygen partial pressure in
the midazolam group. Apnoea also occurred in 50% of dogs in the midazolam
group. The dose for propofol in the midazolam group was 7.4 mg/kg compared to
9.5 mg/kg in the control. Minute volume was significantly (P < 0.05) higher
in both groups during isoflurane maintenance, compared to the value after
incremental propofol to obtain loss of the pedal reflex. Propofol induction
resulted in a 25-26% reduction in the mean arterial blood pressure in both
groups, and the administration of clenbuterol at the start of surgery resulted
in a transient, but statistically significant (P < 0.05), decrease in mean
arterial blood pressure in the midazolam group during isoflurane anaesthesia.
It is concluded that intravenous midazolam premedication did not adversely
affect cardiovascular function during propofol induction, but intra-operative
clenbuterol during isoflurane maintenance of anaesthesia may result in transient
hypotension. Midazolam premedication may increase adverse respiratory effects
when administered before propofol induction of anaesthesia.
Descriptors: anesthetics, blood pressure, midazolam, drug
interactions, dogs, clenbuterol, cardiovascular function, hypotension,
ovariohysterectomy, preanesthetic
medication
Stegmann, G.F. and L. Bester (2001). Some clinical effects of
midazolam premedication in propofol-induced and isoflurane-maintained
anaesthesia in dogs during ovariohysterectomy. Journal of the South
African Veterinary Association 72(4): 214-216. ISSN: 0301-0732.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 So8
Abstract: In a randomised, placebo-controlled clinical
trial, anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg) after intravenous
premedication with or without midazolam (0.1 mg/kg), in a group of 8 dogs
scheduled for ovariohysterectomy. Midazolam administration induced acute
behavioural changes, and increased reflex suppression after propofol induction.
Compared to the control group, the dose required to obtain loss of the pedal
reflex was significantly reduced by 37%, and the end-tidal isoflurane
concentration during maintenance, reduced by 23%.
Descriptors: anesthetics, ovariohysterectomy, midazolam,
preanesthetic medication, isoflurane, behavioral changes, reflex suppression,
dogs
Vaha-Vahe, T. (1989). The clinical efficacy of medetomidine. Acta
Veterinaria Scandinavica. Supplementum 85: 151-153. ISSN: 0065-1699.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Ac87 Suppl.
Abstract: Studies on the clinical efficacy of medetomidine,
a novel alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, are reviewed. Medetomidine has been shown
to produce a reliable state of sedation, relaxation and recumbency suitable for
small animal practice. In dogs, the optimal clinical dose for examinations,
clinical procedures and minor surgical interventions seems to be 30-40
micrograms/kg intramusculary and in cats 80-110 micrograms/kg. Other effects of
medetomidine reported include bradycardia, nausea and vomiting. Occasional
muscle jerkings have been also reported after medetomidine injection. In
special investigations, medetomidine has successfully been used in wound
suturation and ovariohysterectomy in dogs and for sedation in dogs with heart
diseases. Medetomidine-ketamine combination has been shown to be useful for
anesthesia and immobilization in cats and zoo animals. The
medetomidine-fentanyl combination was tested in dog: The administration of
fentanyl increased the sedation and analgesia obtained with medetomidine.
Medetomidine appears to be a potent sedative and analgesic agent for clinical
use.
Descriptors: adrenergic alpha-agonists, analgesics,
animals, clinical trials, hypnotics and sedatives, imidazoles, medetomidine
Vaisanen, M., M. Raekallio, E. Kuusela, P. Huttunen, J. Leppaluoto, P.
Kirves, and O. Vainio (2002). Evaluation of the perioperative stress
response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of the
preanesthetic medication. American Journal of Veterinary Research
63(7): 969-975. ISSN: 0002-9645.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3A
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare the perioperative
stress response in dogs administered medetomidine or acepromazine as part of
the preanesthetic medication. ANIMALS: 42 client-owned dogs that underwent
elective ovariohysterectomy. PROCEDURE: Each dog was randomly allocated to
receive medetomidine and butorphanol tartrate (20 microgram/kg and 0.2 mg/kg,
respectively, IM) or acepromazine maleate and butorphanol (0.05 and 0.2 mg/kg,
respectively, IM) for preanesthetic medication. Approximately 80 minutes later,
anesthesia was induced by administration of propofol and maintained by use of
isoflurane in oxygen. Each dog was also given carprofen before surgery and
buprenorphine after surgery. Plasma concentrations of epinephrine,
norepinephrine, cortisol, and beta-endorphin were measured at various stages
during the perioperative period. In addition, cardiovascular and clinical
variables were monitored. RESULTS: Concentrations of epinephrine,
norepinephrine, and cortisol were significantly lower for dogs administered
medetomidine. Concentrations of beta-endorphin did not differ between the 2
groups. Heart rate was significantly lower and mean arterial blood pressure
significantly higher in dogs administered medetomidine, compared with values
for dogs administered acepromazine. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results
indicate that for preanesthetic medications, medetomidine may offer some
advantages over acepromazine with respect to the ability to decrease
perioperative concentrations of stress-related hormones. In particular, the
ability to provide stable plasma catecholamine concentrations may help to
attenuate perioperative activation of the sympathetic nervous system.
Descriptors: acepromazine, inhalation anesthetics,
intravenous anesthetics, animals, epinephrine, ovariohysterectomy, dogs,
cortisol levels, effects on heart rate, blood pressure, comparative study,
stress hormones
Ward, G.S., D.O. Johnsen, and C.R. Roberts (1974). The use of CI 744
as an anesthetic for laboratory animals. Laboratory Animal Science
24(5): 732-742. ISSN: 0023-6764.
NAL Call Number: 410.9 P94
Descriptors: dissociative anesthetics, laboratory animals,
azepines, drug effects on blood pressure, castration, cats, dogs, drug
combinations, thyroidectomy, heart rate, injections, salivation
Waterman, A.E., M.A. Hashim, and H. Pearson (1995). Effect of body
position on oesophageal and gastric pressures in the anaesthetised dog. The
Journal of Small Animal Practice 36(5): 196-200. ISSN: 0022-4510.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 J8292
Abstract: The effect of body position on lower
oesophageal sphincter pressure (LOSP), gastric pressure and barrier pressure
(BrP) was investigated in 40 dogs anaesthetised for neutering procedures. The
dogs were placed in lateral recumbency followed by dorsal recumbency (group 1)
or vice versa (group 2). LOSP decreased significantly in the animals which were
positioned initially in lateral recumbency, when they were then placed in
dorsal recumbency, while those initially positioned in dorsal recumbency showed
no significant change in their LOSP or BrP when their position was altered to
lateral recumbency. When the data from both groups were pooled, LOSP and BrP
were significantly lower when the dogs were in dorsal compared to lateral
recumbency (P < 0.05).
Descriptors: anesthesia, diaphragm, dogs, esophagogastric
junction, manometry, orchiectomy, ovariectomy, posture, pressure, stomach,
thiopental
Watson, A.D., A. Nicholson, D.B. Church, and M.R. Pearson (1996). Use
of anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs in dogs and cats. Australian
Veterinary Journal 74(3): 203-210.
ISSN: 0005-0423.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Au72
Abstract: Responses (486) were collared from a survey
of 5054 Australian veterinarians on their use of anti-inflammatory and
analgesic drugs in dogs and cats. Almost all respondents used glucocorticoids
(usually prednisolone) to treat allergic, pruritic dermatoses in dogs, while
two-thirds also gave fatty acid supplements and one-half used antihistamines.
Almost 60% of respondents initially injected a glucocorticoid (frequently a
long-acting preparation) when treating inflammatory skin diseases in dogs. More
than 90% of respondents used glucocorticoids to treat immune-mediated
haemolytic anaemia or thrombocytopenia, and about one-third also gave cytotoxic
drugs. Administration of prednisolone on alternate days was generally favoured
for long-term enteral steroid therapy. Phenylbutazone was the most preferred
treatment for painful or inflammatory musculoskeletal disorders of dogs, but
aspirin and pentosan polysulphate were also used widely. Regarding the use of
analgesics drugs generally, both narcotic analgesics and non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were used more widely in dogs than in cats,
but alpha-2 agonists were used similarly in both species. The most commonly
used narcotic analgesics were pethidine and buprenorphine in both species,
while the NSAIDs used most often were flunixin and dipyrone in dogs and
ketoprofen in cats. More than 80% of respondents generally used analgesic drugs
with potentially painful surgical procedures, with doses given usually before
anaesthetic recovery. Analgesic use rates varied with the condition, ranging
from 94% for patients with acute severe trauma, through 60% for cruciate
ligament repair and 29% for perineal herniorrahphy, to about 5% for
ovariohysterectomy and dog castration. The three clinical signs most frequently
nominated as indicators of pain in dogs and cats were (in descending order)
vocalisation, response to handling or palpating the affected area, and mental
depression. Other items mentioned frequently were behavioural changes and
immobility (in both species), inappetence/anorexia in cats, and altered
respiration in dogs.
Descriptors: hemolytic anemia, anti-inflammatory agents,
cats, dogs, glucocorticoids, musculoskeletal diseases, pain, postoperative
complications, questionnaires, skin diseases
Williams, L.S., J.K. Levy, S.A. Robertson, A.M. Cistola, and L.A.
Centonze (2002). Use of the anesthetic combination of tiletamine, zolazepam,
ketamine, and xylazine for neutering feral cats. Journal of the American
Veterinary Medical Association 220(10): 1491-1495. ISSN: 0003-1488.
NAL Call Number: 41.8 Am3
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of the
anesthetic combination tiletamine, zolazepam, ketamine, and xylazine (TKX) for
anesthesia of feral cats at large-scale neutering clinics. DESIGN: Original
study. ANIMALS: 7,502 feral cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were trapped by their
caretakers for a feral cat neutering program from July 1996 to August 2000. The
anesthetic combination TKX was injected IM into cats while they remained in
their traps. Each milliliter of TKX contained 50 mg of tiletamine, 50 mg of
zolazepam, 80 mg of ketamine, and 20 mg of xylazine. Females were spayed by
veterinarians, whereas males were castrated by veterinarians or veterinary
students. Yohimbine (0.5 mg, IV) was administered at the end of the procedure.
Logs were kept of the individual drug doses, signalment of the cats, and any
complications encountered. These data were analyzed retrospectively (1996 to
1999) and prospectively (2000). RESULTS: Of the 5,766 cats for which dosing
records were complete, 4,584 (79.5%) received a single dose of TKX. The mean
initial dose of TKX was 0.24 +/- 0.04 ml/cat, and the total mean dose of TKX
was 0.27 +/- 0.09 ml. Overall mortality rate was 0.35% (26/7,502) cats, and the
death rate attributable solely to potential anesthetic deaths was 0.23%
(17/7,502) cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The use of TKX for
large-scale feral cat neutering clinics has several benefits. The TKX
combination is inexpensive, provides predictable results, can be administered
quickly and easily in a small volume, and is associated with a low mortality
rate in feral cats.
Descriptors: anesthesia, anti-anxiety agents, cats,
castration, spay-neuter clinic, combined anesthetics, mortality rate