Index of Species Information
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
Introductory
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
AUTHORSHIP AND CITATION :
Walsh, Roberta A. 1994. Solidago missouriensis. In: Fire Effects Information System, [Online].
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory (Producer).
Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/ [].
ABBREVIATION :
SOLMIS
SYNONYMS :
NO-ENTRY
SCS PLANT CODE :
SOMI2
SOMIE
SOMIF
SOMIT
COMMON NAMES :
prairie goldenrod
Missouri goldenrod
TAXONOMY :
The currently accepted scientific name of prairie goldenrod is Solidago
missouriensis Nutt. [19,5]. It is in the sunflower family (Asteraceae).
Recognized varieties are as follows:
S. m. var. missouriensis [19,20]
S. m. var. extraria Gray [20]
S. m. var. fasciculata Holz. [19,20]
S. m. var. tolmieana (Gray) Cronq. [20]
Solidago missouriensis var. fasciculata hybridizes with goldenrod
(Solidago juncea) [14].
LIFE FORM :
Forb
FEDERAL LEGAL STATUS :
No special status
OTHER STATUS :
NO-ENTRY
DISTRIBUTION AND OCCURRENCE
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
GENERAL DISTRIBUTION :
Prairie goldenrod is found from Washington, Oregon, and British Columbia
[14] east to southern Ontario; south to Tennessee [46] and Arkansas
[18]; and west to Arizona [46]. It is found elsewhere as a relict or as
a weed [19].
Solidago missouriensis var. missouriensis is found east of the Cascades,
as is S. m. var. extraria [20]. Solidago missouriensis var.
fasciculata is of the Great Plains, occasionally found as far west as
Grand Coulee, Washington [19,20]; it is also found in the northeastern
U.S. and adjacent Canada [18]. Solidago missouriensis var. tolmieana is
found west of the Cascades [19,20].
ECOSYSTEMS :
FRES10 White - red - jack pine
FRES11 Spruce - fir
FRES15 Oak - hickory
FRES17 Elm - ash - cottonwood
FRES19 Aspen - birch
FRES20 Douglas-fir
FRES21 Ponderosa pine
FRES23 Fir - spruce
FRES29 Sagebrush
FRES38 Plains grasslands
FRES39 Prairie
FRES40 Desert grasslands
STATES :
AZ AR CO ID IL IN IA KS KY MI
MN MO MT NE NM ND OK OR SD TN
TX UT WA WI WY AB BC MB ON SK
BLM PHYSIOGRAPHIC REGIONS :
1 Northern Pacific Border
2 Cascade Mountains
5 Columbia Plateau
8 Northern Rocky Mountains
9 Middle Rocky Mountains
10 Wyoming Basin
11 Southern Rocky Mountains
12 Colorado Plateau
13 Rocky Mountain Piedmont
14 Great Plains
15 Black Hills Uplift
16 Upper Missouri Basin and Broken Lands
KUCHLER PLANT ASSOCIATIONS :
K011 Western ponderosa forest
K012 Douglas-fir forest
K015 Western spruce - fir forest
K016 Eastern ponderosa forest
K017 Black Hills pine forest
K018 Pine - Douglas-fir forest
K019 Arizona pine forest
K020 Spruce - fir - Douglas-fir forest
K021 Southwestern spruce - fir forest
K023 Juniper - pinyon woodland
K024 Juniper steppe woodland
K031 Oak - juniper woodlands
K037 Mountain-mahogany - oak scrub
K038 Great Basin sagebrush
K040 Saltbush - greasewood
K050 Fescue - wheatgrass
K051 Wheatgrass - bluegrass
K055 Sagebrush steppe
K056 Wheatgrass - needlegrass shrubsteppe
K057 Galleta - three-awn shrubsteppe
K058 Grama - tobosa shrubsteppe
K063 Foothills prairie
K064 Grama - needlegrass - wheatgrass
K065 Grama - buffalograss
K066 Wheatgrass - needlegrass
K067 Wheatgrass - bluestem - needlegrass
K068 Wheatgrass - grama - buffalograss
K070 Sandsage - bluestem prairie
K071 Shinnery
K074 Bluestem prairie
K075 Nebraska Sandhills prairie
K081 Oak savanna
K082 Mosaic of K074 and K100
K093 Great Lakes spruce - fir forest
K094 Conifer bog
K095 Great Lakes pine forest
K098 Northern floodplain forest
K100 Oak - hickory forest
K106 Northern hardwoods
K107 Northern hardwoods - fir forest
SAF COVER TYPES :
1 Jack pine
13 Black spruce - tamarack
14 Northern pin oak
15 Red pine
16 Aspen
39 Black ash - American elm - red maple
42 Bur oak
62 Silver maple - American elm
63 Cottonwood
67 Mohrs (shin) oak
201 White spruce
210 Interior Douglas-fir
220 Rocky Mountain juniper
237 Interior ponderosa pine
238 Western juniper
SRM (RANGELAND) COVER TYPES :
NO-ENTRY
HABITAT TYPES AND PLANT COMMUNITIES :
Prairie goldenrod is widespread throughout the Great Plains. It is not
listed as an indicator species in any plant community. It occurs with a
variety of associated species, depending on geographic location and site
conditions.
Associates of prairie goldenrod in remnant upland tallgrass prairie in
west-central Missouri include eastern red-cedar (Juniperus virginiana),
dewberry (Rubus flagellaris), chokecherry (Prunus virginiana), buck
brush (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus), leadplant (Amorpha canescens), and
wild snowball (Ceanothus americanus) [21].
Associates of prairie goldenrod in the sandhills tallgrass prairie of
southeastern North Dakota include sandhill bluestem (Andropogon hallii),
Penn sedge (Carex pennsylvanica), perennial ragweed (Ambrosia
psilostachya), white sage (Artemisia ludoviciana), narrow-leaved puccoon
(Lithospermum incisum), blazing star (Liatris punctata), and prairie
rose (Rosa arkansana) [47].
Associates of prairie goldenrod on benchlands in the Cypress Hills of
southeastern Alberta include shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa),
yarrow (Achillea lanulosa), starry chickweed (Cerastium arvense),
northern bedstraw (Galium boreale), prairiesmoke avens (Geum triflorum),
kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), American pasqueflower (Anemone
patens), prairie thermopsis (Thermopsis rhombifolia), and fleabane
(Erigeron spp.) [11].
Associates of prairie goldenrod in fluvial sand and gravel deposits of
the riparian zone in northwestern Montana include clover (Trifolium
spp.), dandelion (Taraxacum spp.), Virginia strawberry (Fragaria
virginiana), red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea), kinnikinnick, and
russet buffaloberry (Shepherdia canadensis) [27].
Associates of prairie goldenrod in the northern Wisconsin pine barrens
include scattered jack pine (Pinus banksiana), bur oak (Quercus
macrocarpa), and northern pin oak (Quercus ellipsoidalis) as well as
grasses (Poaceae), bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), sweet fern
(Myrica asplenifolia), and lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) [43].
MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
IMPORTANCE TO LIVESTOCK AND WILDLIFE :
Prairie goldenrod is rated slightly poisonous to livestock [12]. The
leaves may be eaten by livestock while the plants are relatively
immature in the spring and early summer, but it is generally considered
poor forage [22] and is of limited importance as a forage plant [17].
Prairie goldenrod was available for use by domestic sheep in
southeastern Montana, but was not a component of their diet in June,
July, or August of 1979 [2].
Prairie goldenrod was eaten by mule deer in east-central Idaho in
February, 1976, but was a very minor component of their diet. It was
not utilized any other month [23].
Only incidental use is made of prairie goldenrod by small mammals and
birds [44].
The flowerheads of prairie goldenrod are used by flies, bees,
butterflies, and beetles for pollen and nectar [5].
PALATABILITY :
Prairie goldenrod palatability for livestock in several western states
is as follows [12]:
CO MT ND UT WY
Cattle poor poor fair poor fair
Sheep fair fair fair fair fair
Horses poor poor fair poor fair
NUTRITIONAL VALUE :
Prairie goldenrod energy value and protein value for livestock is poor [12].
The food value of prairie goldenrod is as follows [12]:
MT ND UT WY
Elk fair ---- fair poor
Mule deer fair fair fair good
White-tailed deer ---- ---- ---- fair
Pronghorn fair fair fair fair
Upland game birds ---- ---- fair fair
Waterfowl ---- ---- poor poor
Small nongame birds ---- ---- fair fair
Small mammals ---- ---- fair fair
COVER VALUE :
The cover value of prairie goldenrod is as follows [12]:
ND UT WY
Elk ---- poor poor
Mule deer fair poor poor
White-tailed deer ---- ---- poor
Pronghorn fair poor poor
Upland game birds ---- fair fair
Waterfowl ---- poor poor
Small nongame birds ---- fair poor
Small mammals ---- fair poor
VALUE FOR REHABILITATION OF DISTURBED SITES :
Prairie goldenrod has utility for revegetation of disturbed areas [36],
minespoil reclamation [6,7] and soil stabilization. It shows winter
hardiness and moderate drought tolerance [44].
Prairie goldenrod seeds collected in the Badlands of western North
Dakota were grown on raw coal spoil material to evaluate their use in
minespoil reclamation. Prairie goldenrod had acceptable seedling
emergence and subsequent growth from direct seeding. Greenhouse plants
had almost 100 percent survival, a higher rate than that of seedlings
[6,7].
OTHER USES AND VALUES :
Prairie goldenrod has utility for watershed cover and wildlife plantings
[44].
OTHER MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
Prairie goldenrod shows weak competitiveness in dense grasslands, but in
more open cover shows moderate aggressiveness and ability to invade and
dominate. Prairie goldenrod in shortgrass prairie of northwestern
Montana had higher density in quadrats with low spotted knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa) density than in those with high spotted knapweed
density [39]. In the Great Plains prairie goldenrod increased with
drought during the 1930's, and in some places became a major constituent
of the weedy flora in tallgrass prairie [45]. Prairie goldenrod is
generally reported to be an increaser with grazing [30,37], sometimes
becoming a nuisance [22].
Seeding often fails, so transplanting rootstock divisions or small
plants may be the only certain way of ensuring stand establishment [44].
However, prairie hay has been used successfully as a seed source and
mulch [36]. Grazing or mowing established populations about 1 month
before normal flowering may induce more flower buds to open and extend
flowering period. In order to maximize seed production flowers should
be permitted to mature before any further defoliation occurs in the fall
[44]. Rodents and grasshoppers may endanger new seedlings of prairie
goldenrod. Dodder (Cuscuta spp.), a plant which sometimes parasitizes
prairie goldenrod stands, can be a problem in humid regions [44].
Prairie goldenrod in northeastern Kansas native tallgrass prairie was
ingested by grasshoppers in relation to its availability, being neither
avoided nor sought after [25].
BOTANICAL AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
GENERAL BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS :
Prairie goldenrod is a warm-season [22] native perennial forb [12,18].
The leaves are somewhat rigid, the basal leaves being largest, petioled
[41], and often early-deciduous. The cauline leaves are progressively
reduced upward. Leaves are 0.6 to 4.9 inches (1.5-12.5 cm) long [5].
Stems are 4 to 39 inches (0.1-1.0 m) tall [5,14], arising singly or
clustered. The inflorescence is a rather rounded, compact, branched
terminal panicle [19] composed of small, congested flowerheads [44].
Ray flowers are 0.16 to 0.2 inches (4-5 mm) long. Disk flowers are 0.12
to 0.16 inches (3-4 mm) long [14]. The fruit is a small achene [5]; the
pappus consists of numerous bristles [19]. Plants arise from creeping
cordlike rhizomes [14] or a spreading caudex [19], or sometimes both
[18]. Roots tend to be rather superficial [44], but can reach 6.6 feet
(2 m) deep [5].
RAUNKIAER LIFE FORM :
Hemicryptophyte
Geophyte
REGENERATION PROCESSES :
Prairie goldenrod reproduces by seed and by vigorous rhizomes. It can
form dense colonies in both uplands and lowlands [22].
Prairie goldenrod stores seeds in the seedbank. In the flora of remnant
tallgrass prairie in central Missouri, prairie goldenrod was one of the
most common elements. Prairie goldenrod seeds made up 7 percent of the
seedbank and 63 percent of the seed rain from June 1 to December 5, 1978
[34].
Germination rates of prairie goldenrod seeds from western North Dakota
were tested from January through May, 1978. With wet cold storage the
highest germination rate (64%) was in January, but dropped to low levels
in other months. With room temperature storage the highest germination
rate (47%) was in March. With dry cold storage the highest germination
rate (45%) was in February [7].
SITE CHARACTERISTICS :
Prairie goldenrod inhabits rather dry, open places on the slopes of
valleys and on plains, and reaches moderately high elevations in
mountains [20]. It is also found in sparsely wooded areas, on grassy
roadsides [5,18], on rocky slopes [14], and in open communities where
sod is broken along railroads, ditches, and fences [44].
Prairie goldenrod growth is poor on gravel and dense clay, fair on sand
and clay, and good on sandy to clayey loam. It grows poorly on strongly
acidic and saline soils [12], though it shows tolerance of weakly acidic
to moderately basic and weakly saline soils [44]. Its optimum soil
depth is 10 to 20 inches (25-51 cm) [12].
Prairie goldenrod occurs at the following elevations [12]:
Elevation (feet) Elevation (m)
CO 3,700-10,000 1,128-3,048
MT 3,200-9,000 975-2,743
UT 4,200-8,600 1,280-2,621
WY 3,700-10,600 1,128-3,231
SUCCESSIONAL STATUS :
Facultative Seral Species
Prairie goldenrod pioneers disturbed sites, but is also tolerant of
partial shade [44] and has been characterized as a mid-seral species in
northwestern Iowa [33].
During the long drought period of the 1930's in the Midwest, prairie
goldenrod colonized bare areas where grasses and other native plants had
died out [5]. By 1940, after the drought, prairie goldenrod patches had
thinned out and the plants were dwarfed by competition with grasses. By
1943, prairie goldenrod was mostly or completely suppressed [45].
In the Konza Prairie, a tallgrass prairie preserve of northeastern
Kansas, prairie goldenrod occurred in trace amounts on disturbed soil of
badger dens and also on undisturbed nearby sites. It also occurred on
pocket gopher mounds and on prairie vole burrow systems [16].
In southwestern Montana mining towns abandoned for between 45 and 77
years, prairie goldenrod occurred on some abandoned roads (high-intensity
disturbance), around old foundations of some buildings (moderate-intensity
disturbance), and on some control sites (no disturbance except grazing) [24].
In contrast to the above reports of prairie goldenrod as a pioneer
species, it occurred on mesic slopes of both undisturbed virgin prairie
and overgrazed prairie in northwestern Iowa, but not on the drier sites
of badger disturbances [33].
SEASONAL DEVELOPMENT :
Prairie goldenrod resumes growth from rhizomes and/or the caudex in
spring to early summer. Plants often shed basal leaves after flowering
begins. Seeds mature about 6 weeks after flowers bloom. If plants are
damaged they make variable regrowth in the summer until seed maturation
[44].
In southwestern North Dakota prairie goldenrod begins growth in
mid-April and obtains mature height by early July to mid-August,
depending on the year [17].
Prairie goldenrod flowering times are:
Begin Peak End
Flowering Flowering Flowering
CO June August September [12]
IL August ---- September [28]
KS July ---- October [5]
MO July ---- September [21]
MT June August September [12]
ND July August August [9,17]
SD ---- July ---- [22]
UT July August September [12]
WY June August September [12]
Great Plains July ---- October [19]
FIRE ECOLOGY
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
FIRE ECOLOGY OR ADAPTATIONS :
Prairie goldenrod has good fire tolerance in the dormant state [44]; it
can reproduce by rhizomes or from a caudex [14,19]. Prairie goldenrod
produces numerous small, wind-dispersed seeds [5,19] which can establish
in the open, sunny conditions created by fire. It may also be an
initial on-site colonizer, since its seeds are found in the seedbank
[34], but no information was available on seed tolerance of heat or
length of seed viability in the seedbank.
POSTFIRE REGENERATION STRATEGY :
Rhizomatous herb, rhizome in soil
Caudex, growing points in soil
Initial-offsite colonizer (off-site, initial community)
Secondary colonizer - off-site seed
FIRE EFFECTS
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
IMMEDIATE FIRE EFFECT ON PLANT :
Prairie goldenrod is probably top-killed by fire during the growing
season. However, it has good survival from fire, especially on damper
sites and in the dormant state [44], due to persistent rhizomes and
caudex [14,19].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF FIRE EFFECT :
NO-ENTRY
PLANT RESPONSE TO FIRE :
Many reports of burning in communities that contain prairie goldenrod
show that frequency, cover, or flowering are enhanced after burning. On
some sites prairie goldenrod response is variable or negative (see
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE). Prairie goldenrod is
listed as tolerant of fire in the tallgrass prairie of the Central Great
Plains, even though it sometimes declines following fire. It is listed
as increasing in the Canadian Great Plains after both spring and fall
fires [49].
In remnant tallgrass prairie in central Missouri burned on a 4-year
rotation, prairie goldenrod was one of the most common elements in the
flora [34].
In trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) parkland of east-central
Alberta, prairie goldenrod was the forb which increased the most under
annual early spring burning. Parts of the grassland had been burned
repeatedly in April for at least 24 years. Frequency of prairie
goldenrod was 18 percent on unburned plots and 50 percent on burned
plots; canopy cover was 1.7 percent on unburned plots and 27 percent on
burned plots [3,4].
Prairie goldenrod in northern Wisconsin pine barrens showed a
statistically significant increase on burned compared to contiguous
unburned sites over all study areas [43].
Prairie goldenrod increased on rolling sands and choppy sands sites in
north-central Nebraska sand hills 2 to 3 months after an early May,
1965, wildfire [48].
In central Arizona prairie goldenrod percent frequency increased
slightly on burned sites following prescribed fires in 1970 and 1971
[31].
Prairie goldenrod showed stimulation of flowering on a nearly level
mesic site following prescribed fire May 2, 1972, in northwestern
Minnesota [32].
DISCUSSION AND QUALIFICATION OF PLANT RESPONSE :
Several studies report that fire had no effect or a negative effect on
prairie goldenrod.
On old fields and unplowed prairie in southeastern North Dakota, prairie
goldenrod occurred in small amounts; at no site was canopy coverage
greater than 1.50 percent. On three old fields burned in late spring,
1973, prairie goldenrod occurred on control but not on burned sites by
August, 1973. On two unplowed prairie sites, prairie goldenrod occurred
on burned and unburned plots, with no significant difference between
treatments [29].
A study of logged black spruce (Picea mariana) forests on lowland sites
in southeastern Manitoba harvested during the winter of 1964-65 and
burned in May, 1967, showed that prairie goldenrod invaded after
harvesting on both burned and unburned sites [10].
Response to burning on disturbed soils of the Konza Prairie was
variable. Prairie goldenrod was present on frequently burned prairie
vole burrow systems and adjacent prairie. It occurred on unburned
badger den sites but not on burned sites. It occurred on burned pocket
gopher mounds, but not on unburned mounds [16].
Prairie goldenrod was listed as a decreaser in response to fire in
northeastern Wisconsin. In 1959 and 1960, prairie goldenrod had an
average frequency of 31.2 percent in undisturbed bracken fern-grassland
sites; in sites subjected to prescribed fires average frequency was 19.7
percent [43].
The Research Project Summary Vegetation response to restoration treatments
in ponderosa pine-Douglas-fir forests of western Montana provides information
on prescribed fire and postfire response of plant community species
including prairie goldenrod.
FIRE MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS :
No Entry
REFERENCES
SPECIES: Solidago missouriensis
REFERENCES :
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