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April 29, 2002
FINDING TINY PARTICLES IN HURRICANES MAY HELP WITH PREDICTIONS
NASA-funded scientists are looking at microscopic ice particles inside hurricanes to determine if they contribute to the storm?s strengthening or weakening. Researchers have discovered that greater numbers of ice particles higher up in a hurricane reflect more energy from the Sun out to space, creating a temperature difference that helps power the hurricane. The particles could also indicate a loss of energy into the surrounding atmosphere.
During a flight into Hurricane Humberto in 2001, researchers identified a large number of ice particles up to 7 millimeters in diameter in the upper reaches of the storm, around 39,000 feet high. The research was part of CAMEX-4 (The Convection And Moisture EXperiment), a joint effort between NASA, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and a number of universities.
"We've found that a high concentration of small particles at the top portion of a hurricane are very reflective, and they send more energy back to space than previously thought," said Andrew J. Heymsfield, researcher from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colo., and a lead author on a paper on the experiment.
Large concentrations of small ice crystals can reflect more sunlight and can lead to strong cooling near the tops of hurricanes, creating more of a temperature contrast between the bottom and top of the storm. That contrast of air temperatures could possibly contribute to its strength, just as a cold front moving into warm, moist air triggers thunderstorms.
"Updrafts of wind in hurricanes are generally pretty small, so some researchers did not expect large (up to 7 millimeters) particles, which generally form at warm temperatures, to exist at higher altitudes," Heymsfield said. Because large particles weigh more, they fall faster than small particles, and small particles can evaporate.
Aaron R. Bansemer, co-author on the paper and on the experiment noted that the data from Humberto showed some of the larger particles were transported to at least 35,000 feet, or may have grown to large sizes through aggregation of smaller particles, a process that is usually thought to occur at warmer temperatures, usually around 18,000 feet.
Scientists are curious about how ice particles and condensed water is distributed in a hurricane because it tells them where most of the mass or weight is in a hurricane. Knowing this distribution of mass will help researchers determine if a hurricane is strengthening. If most of the hurricane?s mass (condensed water and ice particles) is high in the storm, some may escape into other parts of the upper troposphere where it evaporates, weakening it by reducing the overall precipitation efficiency of the hurricane.
This discovery and observations of particles higher up in hurricanes are being entered into computer models that simulate hurricanes, and will give researchers a better idea of the workings of hurricanes. "The bottom line here is that by identifying where larger ice particles are in a hurricane, we are adding to the data we put in computer models simulating the storms, and that will improve predictions on whether a hurricane is strengthening or weakening," Heymsfield said.
This paper, "In Situ Measurements of Particle Size Distributions in Hurricane Humberto," will be presented on Monday, April 29, 2002, at the American Meteorological Society Hurricane and Tropical Meteorology Conference, San Diego, Calif.
This research was entirely funded by NASA through the CAMEX-4 Mission.
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Contacts:
Rob Gutro
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md.
301-286-4044
Rgutro@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov
Anatta
National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
303-497-8604
anatta@ucar.edu
Stephanie Kenitzer
American Meteorological Society
425-432-2192
kenitzer@dc.ametsoc.org
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NCAR GPS Dropsonde
A dropsonde is a sensor that measures
temperature, pressure, wind and humidity of
the atmosphere. The sensor is attached to a
parachute and is dropped from an aircraft over
a given area, and transmits data every
one-half of a second back to the aircraft that
dropped it. On September 10, eight of these
sensors were dropped from NASA's ER-2 high
altitude aircraft into Hurricane Erin. The device
allows researchers to take measurements at
any point around and within a hurricane, and
it therefore provides more complete data than
was previously available. The ER-2 dropsonde
system was developed as a partnership
between NCAR and NASA. Credit: National
Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
Hurricane Humberto
Hurricane Humberto spiraled just north of
Bermuda on September 24, 2001. CAMEX-4
scientists took extensive measurements of
Humberto using NASA's high altitude ER-2
aircraft and a special downward looking radar,
called ER-2 Doppler Radar (EDOP). EDOP
looked into clouds to measure rain intensity,
air speed and velocity within the storm. The
true-color image was acquired by the
Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor
(SeaWiFS). Credit: SeaWiFS
Ice crystal particles found in Hurricane Humberto
This is a picture of
smaller ice crystal particles found at an altitude
of 39,000 feet during a flight into Hurricane
Humberto in 2001. These were imaged by the
CPI (Cloud Particle Imager) is the
high-resolution probe onboard NASA's ER-2
aircraft.
The scale (200um) is in micrometers,
equivalent to 0.2 millimeters. Larger particles
are not depicted in this image. Researchers
identified a large number of ice particles up to
7 millimeters in diameter in the upper reaches
of the storm, accounting for why a hurricane is
so reflective. Ice crystals reflect more sunlight
and can lead to strong cooling near the tops
of hurricanes, creating more of a temperature
contrast between the warm storm and the
cooler air surrounding it.
Some of the larger particles have been
transported to at least 35,000 feet, or may
have grown there to large sizes through
aggregation of smaller particles, a process
that is usually thought to occur at warmer
temperatures, usually around 18,000 feet.
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