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Astronaut Photography of Earth - Display Record

ISS014-E-8742

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	File Name	File Size (bytes)	Width	Height	Annotated	Cropped	Purpose	Comments
View	ISS014-E-8742.JPG	73833	639	435	No	No
View	ISS014-E-8742.JPG	225205	639	466	No	No	NASA's Earth Observatory web site	Color adjusted

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Electronic Image Data

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Identification

Mission: ISS014 Roll: E Frame: 8742 Mission ID on the Film or image: ISS014
Country or Geographic Name: INDIA
Features: GREATER BOMBAY,GHATKOPAR
Center Point Latitude: 19.1 Center Point Longitude: 72.9 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude)
Stereo: (Yes indicates there is an adjacent picture of the same area)
ONC Map ID: JNC Map ID:

Camera

Camera Tilt: 46
Camera Focal Length: 400mm
Camera: E4: Kodak DCS760C Electronic Still Camera
Film: 3060E : 3060 x 2036 pixel CCD, RGBG array.

Quality

Film Exposure:
Percentage of Cloud Cover: 10 (0-10)

Nadir

Date: 20061128 (YYYYMMDD)GMT Time: 053931 (HHMMSS)
Nadir Point Latitude: 21.9, Longitude: 71.4 (Negative numbers indicate south for latitude and west for longitude)
Nadir to Photo Center Direction: Southeast
Sun Azimuth: 154 (Clockwise angle in degrees from north to the sun measured at the nadir point)
Spacecraft Altitude: 181 nautical miles (335 km)
Sun Elevation Angle: 42 (Angle in degrees between the horizon and the sun, measured at the nadir point)
Orbit Number: 1904

Captions

Mumbai, India:
Mumbai (formerly known as Bombay) is a megacity, one whose population is more than 10 million. More than 21 million people live in the greater Mumbai metropolitan region. Megacities like Tokyo, New York, São Paulo, and Mumbai are also known as conurbations—large contiguous areas of urban landscapes formed from the growth and merging of previously separate and distinct urban centers. The Mumbai conurbation includes several municipal entities including Bhiwandi, Kalyan, Thane, and Ulhasnagar.

This image mosaic is comprised of three astronaut photographs acquired within ten seconds of each other as the International Space Station passed over India. Almost cloud-free conditions reveal the continuous urban land cover of the megacity extending north to south across Salsette Island—a distance of nearly 50 kilometers. Sanjay Gandhi National Park, bordered on three sides by the urbanized area, is the largest national park in the world located within city limits. In addition to providing a refuge for native plants and animals (including humans), the park also includes two lakes that form part of the Mumbai drinking water system.

The development patterns (both physical and social) of megacities and urban conurbations are of great interest to ecologists, climate scientists, regional planners, and social scientists. The large-scale conversion of undeveloped and agricultural landscapes to built-up environments alters regional biodiversity, climate, and exposure to natural hazards in significant and sometimes unpredictable ways.

Located along the coast of western India, Mumbai is generally considered to be the most modern of India’s cities, and it is a major economic, transportation, and cultural center. India’s “Bollywood” film entertainment industry is also based in Mumbai.

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