Table 1. Birth Defects Studied in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study by System Affected |
|
System Affected | Birth Defects Studied |
Cardiovascular | Conotruncal heart defects, septal heart defects, obstructive heart defects, atrioventricular septal defects, single ventricle, anomalous pulmonary venous return, heterotaxy, Ebstein malformation |
Central nervous system | Neural tube defects, hydrocephaly, holoprosencephaly, Dandy-Walker malformation |
Eye | Anophthalmia/microphthalmia, congenital cataracts, glaucoma |
Ear | Anotia/microtia |
Orofacial | Choanal atresia, cleft lip, cleft palate |
Gastrointestinal | Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula, intestinal atresia, biliary atresia |
Genitourinary | Renal agenesis (bilateral), hypospadias (2nd or 3rd degree) |
Musculoskeletal | Diaphragmatic hernia, gastroschisis, omphalocele, limb deficiency, craniosynostosis, bladder exstrophy, cloacal exstrophy, sacral agenesis/caudal regression |
Non-system-specific | Amniotic band sequence |
June 17, 2005