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Chemical Sampling Information |
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Styrene |
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General Description
Synonyms: Phenylethylene; Vinylbenzene; Cinnamene; Styrene monomer
OSHA IMIS Code Number: 2280
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 100-42-5
NIOSH, Registry of Toxic Effects (RTECS) Identification Number: WL3675000
Department of Transportation Regulation Number (49 CFR 172.101) and Guide: 2055 128P [27 KB PDF] (inhibited)
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards, Styrene: chemical description, physical properties, potentially hazardous incompatibilities, and more
Exposure Limits
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for General Industry: 29 CFR 1910.1000 Z-2 Table -- 100 ppm TWA; Also, exposures shall not exceed 200 ppm (ceiling) with the following exception: exposures may exceed 200 ppm, but not more than 600 ppm (peak), for a single time period up to 5 minutes for any 3 hours.
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Construction Industry: 29 CFR 1926.55 Appendix A -- 100 ppm, 420 mg/m3 Ceiling
OSHA Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Maritime: 29 CFR 1915.1000 Table Z-Shipyards -- 100 ppm, 420 mg/m3 TWA
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Threshold Limit Value (TLV): 20 ppm TWA; 40 ppm STEL; Appendix A4 - Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen; BEI (Listed under Styrene, monomer)
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Recommended Exposure Limit (REL): 50 ppm, 215 mg/m3 TWA; 100 ppm, 425 mg/m3 STEL
Health Factors
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) carcinogenic classification: Group 2B, Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans
NIOSH Immediately Dangerous To Life or Health Concentration (IDLH): 700 ppm
Potential symptoms: Irritation of eyes, nose, respiratory system; headache, weakness; dizziness, confusion, malaise; drowsiness, feelings of drunkenness, decreased coordination, unsteady gait; narcosis; nausea, metallic taste; defatting dermatitis, skin sensitization; asthma (with repeated or prolonged exposure); possible liver injury; reproductive effects; INGES ACUTE: Abdominal pain; chemical pneumonitis from aspiration of liquid.
Health Effects: Irritation - Eye, Nose, Throat, Skin---Moderate (HE15) CNS effects (HE7); Narcosis (HE8); Mutagen (HE2)
Affected organs: CNS, respiratory system, eyes, skin
Notes:
- Listed among FDA's "food additives permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption" (21 CFR 172.515).
- Occupational exposure may result in hearing loss (ototoxicity) and color vision loss (increased Color Confusion Index) at exposures below the PEL.
- Metabolized by cytochrome P-450s 2E1 and 2B6 to styrene-7,8-oxide, which is further metabolized to the main urinary metabolites, mandelic acid and phenyl-glyoxylic acid. A minor metabolite, 4-vinylphenol, is specific for styrene exposure.
Date Last Revised: 03/15/2004
Literature Basis:
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards: Styrene.
- International Chemical Safety Cards (WHO/IPCS/ILO): Styrene.
- Pohanish, R.P. (editor): Styrene. In, Sittig's Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals and Carcinogens, Fourth Ed., Vol. 2. Norwich, NY: Noyes Publications, William Andrew Publishing, 2002, pp. 2100-2103.
- Manini, P., et al.: Assessment of biotransformation of the arene moiety of styrene in volunteers and occupationally exposed workers. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 189(3): 160-169, 2003.
- Morata, T.C., et al.: Audiometric findings in workers exposed to low levels of styrene and noise. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 44(9): 806-814, 2002.
- Sliwinska-Kowalska, M., et al.: Ototoxic effects of occupational exposure to styrene and co-exposure to styrene and noise. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 45(1): 15-24, 2003.
Monitoring Methods used by OSHA
Laboratory Sampling/Analytical Method:
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sampling media: Coated Charcoal Tube (100/50 mg sections, 20/40 mesh) Coating is p-tert-butylcatechol.
analytical solvent: Toluene
alternative solvent: (99:1) Carbon Disulfide:Dimethylformaide
maximum volume: 12 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min
maximum volume: 0.75 Liters maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min (STEL)
minimum time: 5 Minutes maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min (Ceiling)
minimum time: 5 Minutes maximum flow rate: 0.05 L/min (Peak)
current analytical method: Gas Chromatography; GC/FID
method reference: OSHA Analytical Method (OSHA 89)
method classification: Fully Validated
On-Site Sampling Techniques/Methods:
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: AUER/MSA
model/type: Styrene-10, MSA P/N 804135, AUER P/N 5086-819
sampling information: follow manufacturer's instructions
upper measurement limit: 300 ppm
detection limit: approximately 5 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Dräger
model/type: Styrene 10/a, order no. 67 23301
sampling information: 2 to 15 strokes
upper measurement limit: 200 ppm
detection limit: approximately 5 ppm
overall uncertainty: approximately 33%
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Dräger
model/type: Styrene 10/b, order no. 67 33141
sampling information: 20 strokes
upper measurement limit: 250 ppm
detection limit: approximately 5 ppm
overall uncertainty: approximately 33%
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Dräger
model/type: Styrene 50/a, order no. CH 27601
sampling information: 2 to 11 strokes
upper measurement limit: 400 ppm
detection limit: approximately 25 ppm
overall uncertainty: approximately 33%
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 124
sampling information: 0.5 to 2 strokes
upper measurement limit: 1500 ppm
detection limit: 1 ppm
overall uncertainty: 25% for 20 to 100 ppm, 16% for 100 to 500 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Gastec
model/type: 124L
sampling information: 1 or 4 strokes
upper measurement limit: 100 ppm
detection limit: 0.5 ppm
overall uncertainty: 16% for 2 to 5 ppm, 8% for 5 to 25 ppm
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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device: Detector Tube
manufacturer: Matheson-Kitagawa
model/type: 8014-158S
sampling information: 1 or 2 strokes
upper measurement limit: 300 ppm
detection limit: approximately 1 ppm
overall uncertainty: unknown
method reference: on-site air secondary (manufacturer)
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