Also called: Also called: Cepahalic disorders, Craniofacial disorders
Most brain malformations begin long before a baby is born. Something damages the developing nervous system or causes it to develop abnormally. Sometimes it's a genetic problem. In other cases, exposure to certain medicines, infections or radiation during pregnancy interferes with brain development. Types of brain malformations include missing parts of the brain, abnormal growth of certain parts of the brain, and incomplete division of the brain.
There are head malformations that do not involve the brain. Craniofacial disorders are the result of abnormal growth of soft tissue and bones in the face and head. It's common for new babies to have slightly lopsided heads, but parents should watch the shape of their baby's head for possible problems.
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Cephalic Disorders(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cephalic_disorders/detail_cephalic_disorders.htm
Also available in Spanish http://espanol.ninds.nih.gov/trastornos/los_trastornos_encefalicos.htm
- Craniofacial Syndrome Descriptions(Children's Craniofacial Association) - http://www.ccakids.com/syn.asp
- Cephalic Disorders(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cephalic_disorders/cephalic_disorders.htm
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Computed Tomography (CT): Head(American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America) - http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=headct
Also available in Spanish http://www.radiologyinfo.org/sp/info.cfm?pg=headct
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MRI of the Head(American College of Radiology, Radiological Society of North America) - http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=headmr
Also available in Spanish http://www.radiologyinfo.org/sp/info.cfm?pg=headmr
- Gamma-knife Radiosurgery(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) - http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/gamma-knife-radiosurgery/MY00206/METHOD=print&DSECTION=all
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Neurosurgery - What Is It?(Patient Education Institute) - Requires Flash Player - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/whatisneurosurgery/htm/index.htm
Also available in Spanish http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/tutorials/whatisneurosurgeryspanish/htm/index.htm
- Cognitive Rehabilitation: Help for Attention, Memory, and Other Problems with Thinking(Angioma Alliance) - http://www.angiomaalliance.org/pages.aspx?content=83
- About Cavernous Angioma(Angioma Alliance) - http://www.angiomaalliance.org/pages.aspx?content=60
- Absence of the Septum Pellucidum(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/absence_septum_pellucidum/absence_septum_pellucidum.htm
- Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/agenesis/agenesis.htm
- Aicardi Syndrome(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/aicardi/aicardi.htm
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Arteriovenous Malformations and Other Vascular Lesions of the Central Nervous System(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/avms/detail_avms.htm
Also available in Spanish http://espanol.ninds.nih.gov/trastornos/malformaciones_arteriovenosas.htm
- Cavernous Malformation(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cavernous_malformation/cavernous_malformation.htm
- Cerebellar Hypoplasia(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebellar_hypoplasia/cerebellar_hypoplasia.htm
- Chiari Malformation(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/chiari/chiari.htm
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Chiari Malformation(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/chiari/detail_chiari.htm
Also available in Spanish http://espanol.ninds.nih.gov/trastornos/malformaciones_de_chiari.htm
- Coffin Lowry Syndrome(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/coffin_lowry/coffin_lowry.htm
- Craniosynostosis(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/craniosynostosis/craniosynostosis.htm
- Crouzon Syndrome (Craniofacial Dysostosis)(Cleft Palate Foundation) - http://www.cleftline.org/publications/crouzon
- Dandy-Walker Syndrome(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dandywalker/dandywalker.htm
- Guide to Understanding Apert Syndrome(Children's Craniofacial Association) - Links to PDF - http://www.ccakids.com/Syndrome/Apert.PDF
- Guide to Understanding Facial Palsy(Children's Craniofacial Association) - Links to PDF - http://www.ccakids.com/Syndrome/FacialPalsy.pdf
- Holoprosencephaly(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/holoprosencephaly/holoprosencephaly.htm
- Hydranencephaly(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/hydranencephaly/hydranencephaly.htm
- Joubert Syndrome(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/joubert/joubert.htm
- Lissencephaly(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/lissencephaly/lissencephaly.htm
- Megalencephaly(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/megalencephaly/megalencephaly.htm
- Microcephaly(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/microcephaly/microcephaly.htm
- Moyamoya Disease(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/moyamoya/moyamoya.htm
- Neuronal Migration Disorders(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/neuronal_migration/neuronal_migration.htm
- Noonan Syndrome(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) - http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/noonan-syndrome/DS00857/DSECTION=all&METHOD=print
- Porencephaly(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/porencephaly/porencephaly.htm
- Schizencephaly(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/schizencephaly/schizencephaly.htm
- Septo Optic Dysplasia (SOD)(MAGIC Foundation) - http://www.magicfoundation.org/www/docs/101/septo_optic_dysplasia_optic_nerve_hypoplasia.html
- Septo-Optic Dysplasia(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/septo_optic_dysplasia/septo_optic_dysplasia.htm
- Sotos Syndrome(National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke) - Short Summary - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/sotos/sotos.htm
- Baby's Head Shape: What's Normal?(Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research) - http://www.mayoclinic.com/print/healthy-baby/PR00043/METHOD=print
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Neurosurgery - What Is It?(Patient Education Institute) - Requires Flash Player - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/whatisneurosurgery/htm/index.htm
Also available in Spanish http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/spanish/tutorials/whatisneurosurgeryspanish/htm/index.htm
- If I Had - A Child Born with Microtia(Insidermedicine) - Requires Flash Player - http://www.insidermedicine.com/Archives/If_I_Had_-_A_Child_Born_With_Microtia_-_Dr_Roland_Eavey_MD_2211.aspx?p=mdlnp
- Procedure to Treat Chiari Malformation(OR-Live) - Requires media player - One hour program - http://www.or-live.com/distributors/NLM/rnh.cfm?id=161
- Atlas of the Body: The Brain -- Lobes(American Medical Association) - http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZR9WH46JC&sub_cat=185
- Atlas of the Body: The Brain -- Side View(American Medical Association) - http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZYUAM46JC&sub_cat=185
- Atlas of the Body: The Skull(American Medical Association) - http://www.medem.com/MedLB/article_detaillb.cfm?article_ID=ZZZCIHWBGJC&sub_cat=523
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Arnold-Chiari Malformation(National Institutes of Health) - http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Arnold-Chiari+Malformation%22
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Craniofacial Abnormalities(National Institutes of Health) - http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Craniofacial+Abnormalities%22
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Dandy-Walker Syndrome(National Institutes of Health) - http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Dandy-Walker+Syndrome%22
- ClinicalTrials.gov: Nervous System Malformations(National Institutes of Health) - http://clinicaltrials.gov/search/open/condition=%22Nervous+System+Malformations%22
- Genetics Home Reference: Amish lethal microcephaly(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=amishlethalmicrocephaly
- Genetics Home Reference: Andermann syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=andermannsyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Apert syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=apertsyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Baller-Gerold syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=ballergeroldsyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=bearestevensoncutisgyratasyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=cardiofaciocutaneoussyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Cerebral cavernous malformation(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=cerebralcavernousmalformation
- Genetics Home Reference: Cleidocranial dysplasia(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=cleidocranialdysplasia
- Genetics Home Reference: Crouzon syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=crouzonsyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=crouzonodermoskeletalsyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=greigcephalopolysyndactylysyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Jackson-Weiss syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=jacksonweisssyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Muenke syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=muenkesyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Pallister-Hall syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=pallisterhallsyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Periventricular heterotopia(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=periventricularheterotopia
- Genetics Home Reference: Pfeiffer syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=pfeiffersyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Saethre-Chotzen syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=saethrechotzensyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Smith-Magenis syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=smithmagenissyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Sotos syndrome(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=sotossyndrome
- Genetics Home Reference: Thanatophoric dysplasia(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=thanatophoricdysplasia
- Genetics Home Reference: Trisomy 13(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=trisomy13
- Genetics Home Reference: Trisomy 18(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=trisomy18
- Genetics Home Reference: X-linked lissencephaly(National Library of Medicine) - http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition=xlinkedlissencephaly
- Article: Motor axon loss is associated with hand dysfunction in Charcot-Marie-Tooth... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=18852440&tool=MedlinePlus
- Article: Bilateral cleft lip and nasal repair. - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=18827654&tool=MedlinePlus
- Article: Cranial vault expansion in the management of postshunt craniosynostosis and... - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=18827653&tool=MedlinePlus
- Head and Brain Malformations -- see more articles - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=search&db=pubmed&term=((nervous+system+malformations[majr]+NOT+neural+tube+defects[mh])+OR+craniofacial+abnormalities[majr])+AND+humans[mh]+AND+english[la]+AND+(review[pt]+OR+guideline[pt]+OR+clinical+trial[pt]+OR+jsubsetk[text]+OR+jsubsetaim[text]+OR+jsubsetn[text]+OR+patient+education+handout[pt])+NOT+(letter[pt]+OR+editorial[pt]+OR+case+reports[pt])&doptcmdl=summary&cmd_current=Limits&pmfilter_EDatLimit=last+1+Year&tool=MedlinePlus
- Find a Board-Certified Neurosurgeon(American Association of Neurological Surgeons, Congress of Neurological Surgeons) - http://www.neurosurgerytoday.org/findaneuro/
- Find a Neurologist(American Academy of Neurology) - http://www.thebrainmatters.org/index.cfm?key=1.2.2
- Laboratory Directory-GeneReviews(University of Washington) - http://www.genetests.org/servlet/access?id=8888891&key=xW0l31Z2a4hTc&fcn=y&fw=XPF9&filename=/labsearch/searchdztest.html
- Qualified Centers for Craniofacial Plastic Reconstructive Surgery(Children's Craniofacial Association) - http://www.ccakids.com/prgQC.asp
- Children's Craniofacial Association - http://www.ccakids.com/
- GeneTests(University of Washington) - http://www.genetests.org/
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National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities(Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) - http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/
Also available in Spanish http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/defaultspan.htm
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National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/
Also available in Spanish http://espanol.ninds.nih.gov/
- Pregnancy and Cavernous Malformation(Angioma Alliance) - http://www.angiomaalliance.org/pages.aspx?content=86
- Birth Defects - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/birthdefects.html
- Brain Diseases - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/braindiseases.html
- Hydrocephalus - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/hydrocephalus.html
- Neural Tube Defects - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/neuraltubedefects.html
- Brain and Nerves - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/brainandnerves.html
- Genetics/Birth Defects - http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/geneticsbirthdefects.html
The primary NIH organization for research on Head and Brain Malformations is the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - http://www.ninds.nih.gov/