ISSN:1052-5378

Compiled By:
Karl R. Schneider
Reference and User Services Branch
National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

Compiled For:
The Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, Information Centers Branch
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Ave., Room 132, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351

National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:

Schneider, Karl, 1946-

Computers and information technologies in agricultural production and management: Part II.

(Quick bibliography series ; 97-10)
1. Agriculture--Computer programs--Bibliography. 2. Agriculture-- Automation-- Bibliography. 3. Agriculture--Data processing-- Bibliography. 4. Precision farming-- Bibliography. 5. Robotics-- Bibliography. 6. Tissue culture--Bibliography. 7. Plant micropropagation--Bibliography. 8. Forest management-- Bibliography. 9. Soil management--Bibliography. 10. Natural resources--Management--Bibliography. 11. Animals--Diseases--Bibliography. 12. Plant diseases--Bibliography. 13. Animal breeding--Bibliography. 14. Plant breeding--Bibliography. 15. Animal genetics--Bibliography. 16. Plant genetics--Bibliography.
aZ5071.N3 no.97-10

Compiler's Notes

A great number of subject records were retrieved in searches for this update, because of the long time-span covered. To accommodate print document size limits, the 1997 update has two Parts with the same title. Part I, QB 97-09, contains records for items added to AGRICOLA from June 1991 through December 1993. Part II, QB 97-10, includes AGRICOLA records added from January 1994 through June 1997.

The extensive search utilized to locate all relevant technology applications records retrieved many items not suitable for this publication. Several hundred inappropriate records were removed to leave only those focused on practical use of the various technologies in production related areas. Broad classes of items omitted include records treating laboratory applications of sensors and other information technologies, broad scale water-resource management, food products and forest products industries' technology applications, biotechnology and biochemistry reports, and documents produced by the "Conservation Technology Information Center," covering BMP's (Best Management Practices) not directly employing specific information technology resources.

Included publications cover subjects ranging from precision farming to robotics to automated tissue culture and micro- propagation operations. Plant and animal disease management, forest, soil and natural resources management (including controlled burning and forest fires) are among subjects covered by records cited here. Various types of sensors, ranging from ion-selective electrodes to ultrasound to various satellite based systems are used in works listed. Several items treating computer use in plant and animal breeding and applied genetics and embryo transfer are included. The tendency to err toward inclusion of many documents describing research applications of production related technologies is admitted. The author was hoping to provide awareness for the reader of options and possibilities at hand. Computerized training systems in production and management are also present in this list, to show the availability of such management training tools. The included Search Strategy gives the details of terms and concepts utilized in the original search.

Your comments and suggestions are welcome, to aid in improving and refining any updates or supplements to this publication. Send comments to me, Karl Schneider. Mail to: Reference Section, Room 100, NAL-ARS-USDA, 10301 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705. Electronic mail may be addressed to: kschneid@nal.usda.gov.

Thank you for your time and interest!

Alternative Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC)

This publication is available in hardcopy, or electronically on computer diskette, or via AFSIC's Internet Web Site: http://afsic.nal.usda.gov. Please send comments and corrections regarding this publication to the author. Send requests for additional copies to:

Computers and Information Technologies in Agricultural Production and Management, Part II

2.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Additive genetic groups for animals evaluated in more than one breed association national cattle evaluation.
Golden, B. L.; Bourdon, R. M.; Snelling, W. M. J-anim-sci v.72(10): p.2559-2567. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; american-angus; beef-breeds; progeny- testing; breeding-value; genetic-analysis; genetic-correlation; heritability; birth-weight; weaning-weight; milk-yield; accuracy; computer-techniques; computer-software; red-angus

Abstract: Additive genetic groups were included in the 1993 Red Angus Association of America national cattle evaluation for phantom parents of individuals who were registered with the American Angus Association (AAA). Genetic groups were formed for each component in two multiple- trait evaluations in which all animal effects were fit. Additive direct effects were included for birth weight, weaning weight (WW), and milk (MILK). In a second analysis the additive direct effect of 160-d postweaning gain was analyzed with WW and MILK. Of the 387,665 animals, 50,838 had at least one phantom parent assigned to one of five genetic groups fit as fixed effects for each additive component. Of these 50,838 animals, 1,324 were identified as registered with the AAA. An average of 906 animals per component had an AAA EPD available. Animals with a known AAA EPD were designated into one of three groups of equal numbers based on AAA EPD for each component (1 = low, 2 = medium, 3 = high). Animals in the fourth genetic group were those registered with the AAA but with no EPD available for the component. The fifth genetic group included all other animals with phantom parents. Grouping on AAA EPD allowed for EPD on animals out of parent(s) registered with the AAA to be more closely aligned to the AAA EPD because they were regressed from the group solution instead of zero. Grouping based on EPD from another NCE should be considered in the production of multibreed EPD.

3.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Aerial survey methods used in the Southern Region.
Barry, P. J. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95- 4): p.19-21. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; aerial-surveys; insect-pests; plant- diseases; mapping; aerial-photography; video-recordings; infrared-imagery; forest- pests; fungal-diseases; southern-states-of-usa

4.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.I47J68
Agricultural information via the Cleveland Free-Net.
Britton, C. J. J-agric-food-inf v.3(2): p.49-56. (1995)
Paper presented at the U.S. Agricultural Information Network National Conference on "Cultivating New Ground in Electronic Information: Use of the Information Highway to Support Agriculture," April 26-29, 1995, Lexington, Kentucky.
Descriptors: agriculture; domestic-gardens; information-services; public-services; on-line; information-technology; microcomputers; universities; extension; program-development; ohio; ohio-agricultural-and-development-center- oardc; world-wide-web; internet

5.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Agricultural robots(2): manipulators and fruits harvesting hands.
Kondo, N.; Monta, M.; Shibano, Y.; Mohri, K.; Yamashita, J.; Fujiura, T. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (923518) 19 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: tomatoes; grapes; robots; harvesters

6.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Agricultural robots(3): grape berry thinning hand.
Monta, M.; Kondo, N.; Shibano, Y.; Mohri, K.; Yamashita, J.; Fujiura, T. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (923519) 10 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: grapes; fruits; robots

7.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
AGRISIM: A PC user-friendly transient simulation program for growing- finishing swine buildings.
Axaopoulos, P.; Panagakis, P.; Pitsilis, G.; Kyritsis, S. Appl-eng- agric v.10(5): p.735-738. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pig-housing; microenvironments; environmental- temperature; computer-simulation; computer-software

Abstract: A simulation program (ACRISIM) running on personal computers was developed to study the transient behavior of the thermal microenvironment inside swine buildings housing pigs weighing from 20 kg (44 lb) to 100 kg (220 lb). The program accounts for a large number of parameters including the orientation and the structure of the building, the ventilation rates used and their staging with respect to inside temperature, the existence or not of a pit, and the pig metabolic heat and manure production. It accepts hourly climatic data, incorporates a library with various properties of insulation and structural materials, and uses pull-down menus. Results are presented in tables, shown at the screen, or printed. The program can be used to predict the thermal microenvironment conditions in the building along with the heating/cooling load required to keep the temperature within pigs' thermoneutral zone. Furthermore, it can be used to study the effects that various parameters have on the inside thermal conditions.

8.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
The AGROBOT project for greenhouse automation.
Dario, P.; Sandini, G.; Allotta, B.; Bucci, A.; Buemi, F.; Massa, M.; Bosio, L.; Valleggi, R.; Gallo, E.; Bologna, A. Acta-hortic (361): p.85-92. (1994 June)
Paper presented at the International Symposium on New Cultivation Systems in Greenhouse held April 26-30, 1993, Cagliari, Italy.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; horticulture; greenhouse- culture; automation; robots; spraying; fruits; picking; greenhouse-crops

9.
NAL Call No.: SF961.A5
AGROS: a program for veterinary and zootechnical herd health management.
Ranst, B. v.; Baecke, F.; Mattheeuws, M.; Zeveren, A. v.; Bouquet, Y. Am- Assoc-Bov-Pract-Conf. Stillwater, Okla. : The Association, [1992-. 1992. v. 2 v. 2 p. 23-29.
Meeting held on August 31-September 4, 1992, St. Paul, Minneosta.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; animal-health; computer-software

10.
NAL Call No.: 60.18-J82
Airborne synthetic aperture radar analysis of rangeland revegetation of a mixed prairie.
Smith, A. M.; Major, D. J.; Hill, M. J.; Willms, W. D.; Brisco, B.; Lindwall, C. W.; Brown, R. J. J-range-manage v.47(5): p.385-391. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agropyron-cristatum; psathyrostachys-juncea; aerial-photography; radar; grazing-effects; canopy; rangelands; range-management; remote- sensing; botanical-composition; oversowing; revegetation; alberta; radar-backscatter

Abstract: Microwave radar is a potentially useful tool for monitoring the condition of the rangeland. A study was conducted in a mixed prairie community at the Agriculture Canada Research Substation at Onefour, Alberta in 1991 to examine the effects of historical management on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data obtained from 2 aircraft flights, 24 May 1991 and 1 August 1991. Ground-truthing expeditions were conducted on the same days to obtain estimates of vegetation amounts, species distribution and soil moisture. A former grazing experiment established in 1955 and abandoned 20 years ago enabled comparison of 3 grazing treatments, continuous, rotation and free choice superimposed on native range, crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.) and Russian wildrye (Elymus junceus Fish.). The ground data and imagery were integrated in a Geographic Resource Analysis Support System (GRASS). Fields that had been cultivated and seeded to Russian wildrye had higher radar backscatter than native range. The radar backscatter from crested wheatgrass fields was similar to native range in May but higher than native range in August. Radar backscatter was positively correlated with number of years since seeding with Russian wildrye. Generally there was little difference in radar backscatter with grazing treatment. Correlation analyses between radar digital number extracted from the ground truth sites and vegetation and soil parameters revealed, depending upon swath mode, significant relationships between radar backscatter and the amount of certain grass species, radar backscatter and canopy moisture, and radar backscatter and soil moisture in May. A significant negative correlation. indicated a role for SAR imagery in evaluating range characteristics.

11.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
The ALFALFA CATALOG software package.
Townsend, M. S.; Henning, J. A.; Currier, C. G. Agron-j v.86(2): p.337- 339. (1994 Mar.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; computer-software; cultivars; germplasm; lines; genotypes; databases; new-mexico

Abstract: Due to modern plant breeding methods, agricultural producers have many cultivars available for many different species. Consequently, it is often difficult to recommend a cultivar for a particular growing area. A list of alfalfa cultivars, germplasms, and breeding lines available was published. However, due to the large number of entries in these publications finding pertinent information about a cultivar, breeding line, or germplasm was tedious. The objectives of this project were to (i) develop a computer program to access the alfalfa information in the original database, and (ii) update the database to include those alfalfa cultivars, breeding lines, and germplasms released through late 1992. A computer program was written using Microsoft QuickBasic, ver. 4.5. The original alfalfa database was converted to ASCII format. The resulting software package is entitled the ALFALFA CATALOG ver. 1.0 Three program files and four data files comprise the ALFALFA CATALOG software package. Users may rapidly search the database and retrieve entries by cultivar name, experimental designation, or germplasm. We also wrote a routine to print a list of all cultivars or germplasms that have a specific combination of traits. These search capabilities will allow plant breeders, extension agents, and consultants rapid access to pertinent alfalfa data. Currently, the ALFALFA CATALOG has 752 entries for cultivars and breeding lines, and 144 entries for germplasms. The database will be updated yearly. In its present form, the ALFALFA CATALOG is probably the most complete compilation of alfalfa cultivars, breeding lines, and germplasms available.

12.
NAL Call No.: SB193.F59
Alfalfa integrated management software: PROFALF.
Ward, C.; Limsupavanich, J.; Stark, A.; Cuperus, G.; Johnson, G.; Huhnke, R.; Stritzke, J.; Berberet, R. Proc-Am-Forage-Grassl-Counc-1992. Georgetown, Tex. : American Forage and Grassland Council. 1993. v. 2 p. 176-180.
Meeting held March 29-31, 1993, Des Moines, Iowa.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; computer-software

13.
NAL Call No.: SB193.F59
Alfalfa quality measures and price relationships.
Ward, C. E. Proc-Am-Forage-Grassl-Counc-1992. Georgetown, Tex. : American Forage and Grassland Council. 1994. v. 3 p. 289-293.
Meeting held March 6-10, 1994, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Descriptors: medicago-sativa; crop-quality; prices; computer-software; computer-analysis; crude-protein; digestibility; oklahoma

14.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Algorithms for extracting leaf boundary information from digital images of plant foliage.
Franz, E.; Gebhardt, M. R.; Unklesbay, K. B. Trans-ASAE v.38(2): p.625- 633. (1995 Mar.-1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crops; weeds; leaves; algorithms; computer-analysis; infrared-imagery

Abstract: Algorithms were developed to extract edge segments along leaf margins in digitized scenes of weed seedlings. Edge segments were linked based on endpoint conditions to form closed boundaries of vegetative regions. Since boundaries represented regions of either single or multiple leaves. methods were developed to partition regions based on interior boundaries and finally produce boundaries of single leaves, either completely visible or partially occluded. suitable for shape identification. The algorithms were evaluated based on a comparison of the number of leaves detected with the actual number of leaves in an image. The results indicated that 0.912. 0.875. 0.958, and 0.714 of the leaves in images of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti), soybean (Glycine max), ivyleaf morning glory (Ipomoea hederacea), or foxtail (Setaria faberi) seedlings, respectively, were detected.

15.
NAL Call No.: SB931.P385--1996
Analyses in insect ecology and management. 1st ed.
Pedigo, L. P.; Zeiss, M. R. Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University Press, c1996. xi, 168 p. : ill. 1 computer disk (3 1/2 in.), "Including the ENSTAT system of computer programs developed by Thomas H. Klubertanz and Matthew P. Evanson."
Descriptors: Enstat; Insect-pests-Control-Computer-simulation; Insect- populations-Computer-simulation; Insect-pests-Ecology-Computer-simulation; Insect-populations-Ecology-Computer-simulation

16.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Analytical tools for material and energy balance, cash flow, and environmental loads in a dairy cattle enterprise.
Saama, P. M.; Koenig, B. E.; Koenig, H. E.; Anderson, J. H. J-dairy-sci v.77(4): p.994-1002. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-farming; computer-software; systems-analysis; network-analysis; material-balance; energy-balance; externalities

Abstract: Analytical tools for the preconstruction technical design and postconstruction management of a dairy enterprise are presented. The enterprise is represented as a network of production processes with alternative operating technologies and scale of operation as technical parameters of environmental loads and cash flow. The operating technologies of the network are represented by material conversion coefficients and energetic cost functions. Generalized laws of material and energy balance are used to define an on-line management accounting system for recording resource and product flows, physical energy, and human time involved in the production process. Cash flow and value added are computed from the technologies of the network, prices of material and energetic resources, and costs of operating facilities. A microcomputer application was developed to evaluate the environmental loads and the economic consequences of alternative technologies, product prices, and amortization schedules for facility and equipment costs. The concepts and analytical tools presented for the design and management of dairy enterprises provide a framework through which scientists across disciplines and producers across product lines can work together to increase overall farm profitability and to reduce environmental loads.

17.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Analyzing pork carcass evaluation technologies in a swine bioeconomic model.
Boland, M. A.; Foster, K. A.; Preckel, P. V.; Schinckel, A. P. J-prod- agric v.9(1): p.45-49. (1996 Jan.-1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; genotypes; carcasses; carcass-composition; evaluation; carcass-quality; technology; econometric-models; economic- evaluation; agribusiness

Abstract: Inaccurate pork (Sus scrofa) carcass evaluation technologies have the potential to send inaccurate economic signals to producers regarding leanness. The objective of this study was to estimate the difference in the optimal level of returns to management and operator labor under alternative assumptions about the carcass evaluation technology employed and the actual returns based on carcass dissection data. Two genotypes of barrows and gilts reflecting significant genetic variation were analyzed. The carcass evaluation technologies examined were: an optical probe (PROBE), electromagnetic scanner (EMSCAN), and a combination of both technologies (BOTH). A deterministic bioeconomic model of swine growth was formulated to measure the effect of these technologies on pork producer profitability. Relationships between biological variables for feed efficiency, live weight, lean weight, fat weight, carcass weight, and backfat depth were estimated as functions of time for two genotypes of barrows and gilts. Economic variables included production costs and revenues from a component pricing model with separate payments for lean, fat, and byproducts. Error was defined as the optimal return to management and operator labor derived from the bioeconomic optimization model minus the actual return as determined from carcass dissection. The range of error was $-5.41 (lean genotype gilts) to $0.23 per pig (fat genotype barrows) for the PROBE model. For the EMSCAN model this range was $-2.63 (lean genotype barrows) to $5.46 (fat genotype barrows) while the BOTH model had a range of $-3.54 (fat genotype gilts) to $1.54 (fat genotype barrows). The results indicated that the absolute error (sum of errors across genotype and sex) for each. model and highest for the EMSCAN model.

18.
NAL Call No.: SB379.A9A9
Andy Hensel brings new techniques to irrigation management.
Hall, R. Calif-grow v.19(10): p.25-26. (1995 Oct.)
Descriptors: consultants; irrigation-scheduling; computer-techniques; weather-data; computer-software; soil-water; costs; colorado; california

19.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Animal activity measured by infrared detectors.
Pedersen, S.; Pedersen, C. B. J-agric-eng-res v.61(4): p.239-246. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: movement; animals; simulation; detection; sensors; infrared-radiation; animal-housing; passive-infrared-detectors

20.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Animal-based control algorithm for natural ventilation in pig houses.
Klooster, C. E. v. Trans-ASAE v.39(3): p.1127-1133. (1996 May-1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; pig-housing; natural-ventilation; environmental- control; automatic-control; air-quality; carbon-dioxide; liveweight; heat- balance; feed- intake; heating-costs; cost-control; microcomputers; algorithms; netherlands

Abstract: An algorithm is developed for environmental control in pig houses using natural ventilation. This controller requires input of animal data instead of climate setpoints. The controller includes both a growth model that predicts pig weight and feed intake and a heat balance model that determines animal-level climate setpoints. The algorithm uses a carbon dioxide balance to estimate air exchange. Therefore, the algorithm can be used in pig houses with natural ventilation. The control of air flow in pig houses allows for an energy- efficient use of heating systems in pig houses with natural ventilation.

21.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Apple maturity prediction: an extension tool to aid fruit storage decisions.
Beaudry, R.; Schwallier, P.; Lennington, M. HortTechnology v.3(2): p.233-239. (1993 Apr.-1993 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: apples; fruit-stores; controlled-atmosphere-storage; storage-quality; decision-making; prediction; harvesting-date; maturation- period; computer-software; growth-models; crop-quality; michigan

22.
NAL Call No.: 26-T754
Application of a computerized herd management and production control program in Costa Rica.
Dwinger, R. H.; Cappella, E.; Perez, E.; Baaijen, M.; Muller, E. Trop- agric v.71(1): p.74-76. (1994 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farm-management; livestock-enterprises; computer- software; costa-rica

23.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76-no.43
Application of large scale yield mapping to field experimentation.
Schroder, D.; Schnug, E. Field experiment techniques 11-13 December 1995, Churchill College, Cambridge /. Wellesbourne, Warwick, UK : The Association, [c1995]. p. 117-124.
Includes references.

24.
NAL Call No.: QK710.P55
Applications of a thermal imaging technique in the study of the ascent of sap in woody species.
Anfodillo, T.; Sigalotti, G. B.; Tomasi, M.; Semenzato, P.; Valentini, R. Plant-cell-environ. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publishers. Nov 1993. v. 16 (8) p. 997-1001.
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-trees; sap-ascent; thermography; infrared- radiation; growth-rings

25.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Applications of simulation in design.
Coddington, R. C.; Hubele, J. D. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (927034) 11 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: computer-software; planters

26.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Applying machine learning to agricultural data.
McQueen, R. J.; Garner, S. R.; Nevill Manning, C. G.; Witten, I. H. Comput- electron-agric v.12(4): p.275-293. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; cattle-husbandry; culling; expert-systems; databases; technology; learning; computer-software; case-studies

27.
NAL Call No.: 325.28-P56
Assessing corn yield and nitrogen uptake variability with digitized aerial infrared photographs.
Tomer, M. D.; Anderson, J. L.; Lamb, J. A. Photogramm-eng-remote- sensing v.63(3): p.299-306. (1997 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; crop-yield; minnesota

28.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Assessing the spatial variability of organic matter.
McCauley, J. D.; Engel, B. A.; Scudder, C. E.; Morgan, M. T.; Elliott, P. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1993. (93-1531/93-1560) 14 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 13-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: soil-organic-matter; sensors; field-tests; variation; site-factors; site-specific-farming

29.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Assessment of lamb carcass composition from live animal measurement of bioelectrical impedance of ultrasonic tissue depths.
Berg, E. P.; Neary, M. K.; Forrest, J. C.; Thomas, D. L.; Kauffman, R. G. J- anim-sci v.74(11): p.2672-2678. (1996 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; live-estimation; carcass-composition; prediction; equations; ultrasonography; body-weight; impedance; carcass-yield; fat- thickness; body-measurements; coefficient-of-relationship; slaughter-weight; yield-grade

Abstract: Market weight lambs, average weight 52.5 kg (+/- 6.1), were used to evaluate nontraditional live animal measurements as predictors of carcass composition. The sample population (n = 106) represented U.S. market lambs and transcended geographic location, breed, carcass weight, yield grade, and production system. Realtime ultrasonic (RU) measurements and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) were used for development and evaluation of prediction equations for % boneless, closely trimmed primal cuts (BCTPC), weight or % of dissected lean tissue (TDL), and chemically derived weight or % fat-free lean (FFL). Longitudinal ultrasonic images were obtained parallel to the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL), positioning the last costae in the center of the transducer head. Images were saved and fat and LTL depths were derived from printed images of the ultrasonic scans. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was administered via a four-terminal impedance plethysmograph operating at 800 micro A at 50 kHz. Impedance measurements of whole-body resistance and reactance were recorded. Prediction equations including common linear measurements of live weight, heart girth, hindsaddle length, and shoulder height were also evaluated. All measurements were taken just before slaughter. Bioelectrical impedance measurements (as compared to RU and linear measurements) provided equations for %BCTPC, TDL, %TDL, FFL and %FFL with the highest R2 and lowest root mean square error. Even though BIA provided the best equations of the three methodologies tested, prediction of proportional yield (%BCTPC, %TDL, and %FFL) was marginal (R2 = .296, .551, and .551, respectively). Equations combining BIA, RU, and linear measurements greatly improved.

30.
NAL Call No.: TC801.I66
An assessment of project management software as a decision support system for irrigation management in Morocco.
Smith, L. E. D.; Keddal, H. Irrig-drain-syst v.9(4): p.329-335. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pumps; maintenance; planning; irrigation-equipment; expert-systems; decision-making; monitoring; management; morocco; pump-stations

31.
NAL Call No.: SF961.A5
Assessment of the use of MOIRA (management of insemination through routine analysis): the delivery of fertility management via a module of DAISY-- The Daisy Information System.
Esslemont, R. J.; Williams, M. E. Am-Assoc-Bov-Pract-Conf. Stillwater, Okla. : The Association, [1992-. 1992. v. 1 p. 315-321.
Meeting held on August 31-September 4, 1992, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; estrus; computer-software

32.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Automated work-station for soil analysis.
McGrath, D.; Skotnikov, A. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.27(5/8): p.1795-1812. (1996)
Paper presented at the 1995 International Symposium on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis: Quality of Soil and Plant Analysis in View of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment held August 5-10, 1995, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Descriptors: soil-analysis; physicochemical-properties; sample- processing; automation; structural-design; farming-systems; sustainability; precision-farming

Abstract: For site specific fertilizer and chemical application, an economically efficient collection, correlation, processing and analyzing of soil samples is needed. To do this, we have created the Automated Work-Station for Soil Analysis (AWSSA). The prototype AWSSA, where soil samples are automatically unpacked, prepared, processed and analyzed in sequential order is based on Rinkis method . All chemistry is built in one sequential line with branches, which permits to utilize only one soil sample (it increases precision and speed of process) for determination of all it parameters, such as pH; particle size;overall humus, alkali-soluble fraction of humus; sesquioxides-carbonates; concentration of the macronutrients; such as NO3, NH4, K, P, Ca, and Mg. The sample preparation unit consists of a mixer where soil is mixed with a water as a slurry, goes through the sieve to screen out large particles, and then through microwave humidity meter to a vessel for it weighting and further analyzing. The concentration of macronutrients are determined by means of ion selective sensors, which are placed in the flow of the extraction. Ceramic filters have being used for filtering the slurry on different stages in AWSSA. They can be subjected to vacuum for accelerating filtering process and back pressure for cleaning. For the determination of sesquioxides, alkali-soluble fraction of humus, overall humus, and P in AWSSA, we use automated photo-colourimeter. The AWSSA has approximately the size of a writing desk, it is economical and fast. It does one sample per minute after initial process setup time.

33.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Automation in the greenhouse: challenges, opportunities, and a robotics case study.
Simonton, W. HortTechnology v.2(2): p.231-235. (1992 Apr.-1992 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crop-production; greenhouse-culture; robots; mechanization; automation; computer-techniques

34.
NAL Call No.: 60.19-So83
The beef animal model GRAZE: its status and application.
Loewer, O. J. Proc-South-Pasture-Forage-Crop-Improv-Conf. New 0rleans : Agricultural Research Service (Southern Region), U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, 1974-. 1993. (49th) p. 77-85.
Meeting held on June 14-16, 1993, Sarasota, Florida.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; grazing; computer-simulation; simulation- models; computer-software

35.
NAL Call No.: 421-J822
Binomial sequential sampling plans and decision support algorithms for managing the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in small grains.
Legg, D. E.; Mowierski, R. M.; Feng, M. G.; Peairs, F. B.; Hein, G. L.; Elberson, L. R.; Johnson, J. B. J-econ-entomol v.87(6): p.1513-1533. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: population-density; monitoring; economic-thresholds; sequential-sampling; mathematical-models; computer-software; model-development

Abstract: A sequential-interval procedure was developed to calculate upper and lower stop values of binomial sequential sampling models for the Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), infesting small grains. This procedure was developed for economic thresholds of 5, 10, and 20% infested tillers and will calculate upper and lower stop values for most proportions of maximum allowable sequential errors between 0.01 and 0.5. Average sample number and proportion of incorrect classification curves were established with three binomial sequential sampling models. In addition, the influence of maximum allowable number of samples and three terminal-error philosophies on the proportion of incorrect classifications was investigated. The sequential- interval procedure was tested via computer-simulated sampling experiments and field evaluations in Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nebraska, and Wyoming. A computer program enabled users to produce easily sequential sampling stop values via the sequential- interval procedure.

36.
NAL Call No.: 424.8-Am3
BK-ECONOMICS: a money management model for beekeepers.
Degrandi Hoffman, G.; Templin, M.; Buchmann, S. L.; Erickson, E. H. JR. Am- bee-j v.136(5): p.331-337. (1996 May)
Descriptors: beekeeping; money-management; computer-software; computer-simulation

37.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
Bridging the gap between practice and policy: policy management challenges for agricultural information specialists.
Ballantyne, P. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf-Spec v.39(1/2): p.24-30. (1994)
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on New Information Technologies in Agriculture," November 10-12, 1993, Bonn Germany.
Descriptors: agricultural-research; information-systems; information- services; policy; management; developing-countries; policy-formation

38.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Canal irrigation allocation planning model.
Akhand, N. A.; Larson, D. L.; Slack, D. C. Trans-ASAE v.38(2): p.545- 550. (1995 Mar.-1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: irrigation; water-allocation; irrigation-scheduling; canals; water-requirements; water-availability; crop-yield; simulation-models; computer- software; arizona

Abstract: A water allocation model was developed to recommend allocation of irrigation water to different crop fields in a canal-based irrigation project. Model components are an irrigation scheduling program to predict irrigation water demands, a crop response model to compute crop yields, and a canal delivery model to check the physical feasibility of water delivery. Multiperiod linear programming is utilized to determine the optimal allocation strategy, which maximizes irrigation benefits. Allocation constraints are irrigation water demand, irrigation water availability, canal delivery capacity, minimum irrigation limitations, and crop response model limitations. The allocation model was validated using crop, soil, canal, and irrigation management data for MAC, a University of Arizona farm.

39.
NAL Call No.: S612.I756
Canopy temperature as a measure of salinity stress on sorghum.
Kluitenberg, G. J.; Biggar, J. W. Irrig-sci v.13(3): p.115-121. (1992)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sorghum-bicolor; salinity; stress; detection; canopy; temperature; measurement; timing; irrigated-stands; soil-water-content; soil- salinity; water-use; water-uptake; crop-yield; grain; dry-matter-accumulation; california

Abstract: A complete understanding of plant response to combined water and salinity stress is desirable. Previous growth chamber and greenhouse experiments with sorghum and maize indicate that soil salinity, by negatively affecting growth processes, may reduce consumptive water use, thus prolonging the supply of available soil moisture. In the present field experiment, canopy temperature measurements were used to examine the effect of soil salinity on the plant-soil water relations of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. Northrup King 1580). An infrared thermometer was used to measure canopy temperature during a 9-day period including two irrigations in plots of various salinities. The salinity treatments were created by a dual line-source sprinkler irrigation system, which applied waters of different quality. Excess irrigation allowed soil moisture to be uniform across the salinity treatments at the beginning of the measurement period. Consumptive water use and soil salinity were measured to quantify the salinity and water treatments. Grain and dry matter yields provided measures of plant response. Canopy temperature measurements were sensitive enough to detect differences across the salinity treatments when soil moisture was uniform for several days following irrigation. However, over the 9-day measurement period, plants in the low-salt plots used more water than plants in the high-salt plots. This differential water use eventually offset the salinity- induced stress, with the result that temperature differences were eliminated. Differences in temperature were observed again following irrigation. The results demonstrate that canopy temperature can be used as a tool to detect salinity stress on sorghum. Timing of measurements with regard to irrigation is identified as a key factor in detecting temperature differences that can be attributed to.

40.
NAL Call No.: 1-F766Fi
Changes at California's ITS.
Favro, A. P. Fire-Manage-Notes. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service. 1995. v. 55 (2) p. 23.
Descriptors: information-services; information-technology; public- agencies; management; forestry; fire-control; california; department-of- forestry-and-fire-protection; information-technology-services

41.
NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Changes in fat depths and muscle dimensions in growing lambs as measured by real-time ultrasound.
Hopkins, D. L.; Pirlot, K. L.; Roberts, A. H. K.; Beattie, A. S. Aust-j-exp- agric v.33(6): p. 707-712. (1993)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; lamb-fattening; fat-thickness; muscles; body- composition; carcass-composition; grazing; animal-nutrition; growth-rate; liveweight- gain; animal-tissues; thickness

42.
NAL Call No.: SF207.S68
CHAPS summary for South Dakota--1991.
Boggs, D. L. S-D-beef-rep (92-2): p.2-4. (1992 Aug.)
Descriptors: cows; calving; computer-software; calf-production; performance; weaning-weight; birth-weight; south-dakota

43.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Characterization of growth parameters needed as inputs for pig growth models.
Schinckel, A. P.; De Lange, C. F. M. J-anim-sci v.74(8): p.2021-2036. (1996 Aug.)
Paper presented at a symposium "Revising the Nutrient Requirements of Swine: New Topics and Directions" at the ASAS 87th Annual Meeting, Orlando, FL.
Descriptors: pigs; genotypes; feed-intake; body-protein; mathematical- models; growth; lean; energy-cost-of-maintenance; energy-intake; sex- differences; body-weight; dietary-fat; lysine; backfat; protein-requirement; gilts; plane-of-nutrition; barrows

Abstract: Swine growth models have the potential to evaluate alternative management decisions and optimize production systems. However, the lack of economical, yet accurate methods to obtain the growth parameters required to characterize pig genotypes, and which are required by growth models, limits their widespread implementation. The four primary parameters required are 1) daily whole-body protein accretion potential, 2) partitioning of energy intake over maintenance between protein and lipid accretion, 3) maintenance requirements for energy, and 4) daily feed intake. Estimation of daily protein accretion rates requires that serial estimates of composition and growth be fitted to flexible nonlinear functions. Serial dissection and chemical analysis are too expensive to be routinely conducted on an adequate number of pigs for precise daily protein accretion rates at different live weights. Three alternate methods include 1) serial slaughter and double sampling; 2) use of serial live measurements to estimate composition, i.e., serial ultrasonic measurements; and 3) use of generalized functions that estimate daily protein accretion as a function of mean daily fat-free lean gain over a specified weight interval. The energy partitioning between lipid and protein accretion can be expressed as two interchangeable measurements, either as the slope of protein accretion or the change in the lipid: protein gain ratio as a function of energy intake at each live weight. Both methods require serial estimates of composition and scale feeding of pigs to specified energy intake levels. Maintenance requirements for energy are better expressed as a function of protein mass than body. Daily feed intakes at each live weight can be estimated by accurately collecting feed intake data at least three live weight ranges and fitting the data to nonlinear functions. An alternative method to estimate daily feed intake is to develop daily lipid and protein accretion curves. On the basis of their energetic costs of lipid and protein deposition and assumed maintenance requirements, daily energy intakes can be estimated. Genetic selection changes the underlying growth parameters. The selection criteria and testing environment direct the relative genetic change for each growth parameter. The different sexes may also be affected differently by selection. For this reason, each closed uniformly selected population must be evaluated for each parameter for each sex.

44.
NAL Call No.: SB435.5.A645
Choosing trees the easy way.
Gilman, E. F. Arbor-age v.14(7): p.14, 16. (1994 July)
Descriptors: choice-of-species; trees; computer-software; selection- criteria; tree-finder

45.
NAL Call No.: S79.E8
CLASS: Clean Chip Assessment System--technical report.
Belli, M. L.; Thomas, J. D.; Watson, W. F.; Straka, T. J.; Brooks, R. Jr. Tech-bull-Miss-Agric-For-Exp-Stn. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station. Aug 1993. (190) 41 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: whole-tree-chips; fuels; production-costs; computer- simulation; computer-software

46.
NAL Call No.: S79.E8
CLASS--clean chip assessment system: user's manual.
Belli, M. L.; Thomas, J. D.; Watson, W. F.; Straka, T. J.; Brooks, R. Jr. Tech-bull-Miss-Agric-For-Exp-Stn. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station. Mar 1993. (187) 38 p.
Descriptors: wood-chips; production-costs; estimation; computer- software

47.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76-no.46
Classification as a first step in the interpretation of temporal and spatial variability of crop yield.
Lark, R. M.; Stafford, J. V. Modelling in applied biology spatial aspects, 25-27 June 1996, Brunel University /. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists, c1996.. p. 139-142.
Includes references.
Descriptors: crop-yield; spatial-variation; fields; hordeum-vulgare; mapping; cluster-analysis; multivariate-analysis; seasonal-variation; south- east- england; multivariate-clustering; yield-mapping

48.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Classification of tissue culture segments by colour machine vision.
Alchanatis, V.; Peleg, K.; Ziv, M. J-agric-eng-res v.55(4): p.299-311. (1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; tissue-culture; explants; automation; cutting; color-sorting; machinery; vision; image-processors; plantlet-segments

Abstract: Tissue culture techniques are finding increasingly widespread applications for cloning of many plants. Protocols for mass propagation of many species have been developed, but in spite of its advantages, large-scale commercial plant propagation by tissue cultures is largely limited to ornamental plants. This is due mainly to the intensive killed labour required for subculturing the propagules and in transferring individual shoots or plantlets into and out of culture containers. In order to cut down the production costs, a certain degree of automation is essential. A cost effective approach for automation is proposed, whereby tissue culture plantlets are chopped into approximately uniformly sized segments, on a conveying production line while using colour computer vision for identifying and locating the number and positions of propagation organs, in images of the plantlet segments. Plantlet segments without propagation organs are rejected, while properly cut segments with viable buds or shoots are automatically selected for subculturing. In this paper, some initial results of this approach are reported, in which stationary images of manually pre- cut potato plantlet segments were analysed and classified. Using colour machine vision and a Neural Networkbased classifier, a basis was laid for a practical system, which may be used for automatic classification of tissue culture segments of potato plantlets. Instead if the conventional use of black and white cameras and geometric features, colour features only are used together with colour frame manipulation capabilities, which are now available in most commercial imaging boards. This facilitates accurate, high-speed classification of plantlet images.

49.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Climate data file management for agricultural modeling.
Robbins, K. D. Appl-eng-agric v.9(1): p.49-53. (1993 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: weather-data; models; computer-software; louisiana

Abstract: This article presents a method to effectively manage climate data information for use in agricultural modeling. The method utilizes the Network Common Data Form (netCDF) system developed by the University Consortium for Atmospheric Research (UCAR). This system offers several advantages over traditional ASCII data file formats. These include: 1) the data files are "self-describing", a description of variables, storage units, the number of observations, and supplemental descriptions of the data are contained within the netCDF file; 2) a single netCDF data file can be used with different modeling applications to reduce data redundancy and simplify file version control; 3) individual data elements, or groups of elements, can be accessed directly without sequentially scanning the file; and 4) data elements can be easily modified, deleted, or appended within the file.

50.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Climprob: software for assisting climate-related decisionmaking.
Meyer, S. J.; Ameri, S. A.; Hubbard, K. G. J-prod-agric v.9(3): p.352- 358. (1996 July-1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farm-management; decision-making; computer-software; climate; weather-forecasting; probability; probability-analysis; computer- techniques; climatological-probabilities

Abstract: Agricultural decisionmakers often base climate-related decisions solely on experience. Ideally, these management decisions should be based on quantifiable information, obtained by examination of long-term climatological records. The need to quickly and easily quantify climatic information was the primary incentive for the development of ClimProb (short for climatological probabilities). ClimProb, a PC-based IBM-compatible software package, is a tool that helps guide decisions by developing probabilities of climatic events based on the climatological history of a particular weather station. This software package allows the user to choose from 17 temperature options, six precipitation options, and eight degree day options. ClimProb's design is unique in two ways. First, the user defines a time window specific to a particular application. Second, the user chooses values for thresholds, accumulations, and extremes related to this application. ClimProb's tabular output can be saved or printed. It can also be graphically represented as a time series, cumulative probability distribution, or histogram. There are over 800 data sets for the 48 contiguous states available for use in ClimProb. Originally developed for extension education, the software now has broader applications including research, classroom instruction, and service/outreach.

51.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Closing report on the American-Hungarian fruit harvester robot.
Kassay, L.; Slaughter, D. C.; Molnar, S. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (943069) 18 p.
Paper presented at the "1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: fruit-crops; harvesters; robots

52.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.A42
Collaborative decision process support tools from global change research.
Fox, D. G.; Faber, B. G. Gen-tech-rep-RM. Fort Collins, Colo. : Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Aug 1995. (262) p. 127-134.
Paper presented at the "Interior West Global Change Workshop," April 25-27, 1995, Fort Collins, Colorado.
Descriptors: ecosystems; forest-management; participative-management; decision-making; decision-analysis; cooperation; models; geographical- information-systems; information-technology; national-forests; natural- resources; resource-management; forest-resources; colorado; arapaho-roosevelt- national-forest

53.
NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5
Collection of oocytes from cattle via follicular aspiration aided by ultrasound with or without gonadotropin pretreatment and in different reproductive stages.
Bungartz, L.; Lucas Hahn, A.; Rath, D.; Niemann, H. Theriogenology v.43(3): p.667-675. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; heifers; ultrasonography; follicles; ovaries; cumulus-oophorus; oocytes; blastocyst; in-vitro; fertilization; embryonic- development; estrous-cycle; fsh; ovarian-follicles

Abstract: Ultrasound-guided follicular aspiration was performed on 29 Holstein-Friesian cows/heifers twice weekly at 3- to 4-d intervals over a period of 2 consecutive estrous cycles (total 42 d). For visualization of the ovaries and guidance of the aspiration needle, a 6.5 MHz fingertip probe on a 62 cm probe carrier was inserted into the vagina. The disposable aspiration needle was connected to a permanent rinse tubing system, thus ensuring minimum death of oocytes in the aspiration processs. After penetration of the vaginal wall, the needle was inserted into a follicle of the rectally fixed ovary. Cumulus oocyte complexes (COC) were aspirated at a pressure of 100 mm Hg. In the first experiment, the effect of an additional gonadotropin treatment 4 d prior to aspiration was investigated in 8 lactating cows. Following FSH-treatment, the number of aspirated follicles was higher (P <0.05) than in the nontreated animals (10.6 +/- 0.7 vs 8.9 +/- 0.5). The number of recovered COC (7.0 +/- 0.6 vs 5.8 +/- 0.5), the recovery rate (COC per aspirated follicle) (66.6% vs 65.4%), the percentage of viable COC (56.8% vs 52.1%), the cleavage rate upon in vitro maturation and in vitro fertilization (56.7% vs 59.8%) as well as the rate of morula/blastocyst formation (3.8% vs 2.9%) were similar in both groups. In the second experiment, follicles were aspirated in 4 lactating cows, 6 dry cows, 4 pregnant cows (first 35 d of pregnancy), and 4 heifers. The average number of aspirated follicles and recovered COC was higher (P <0.05) in the first 2 groups (10.6 +/- 0.6 and 9.3 +/- 0.7 follicles; 7.2 +/- 0.5 and 6.9 +/- 0.7 oocytes) than in the 2 other treatment groups (7.3 +/- 0.5 and 8.1 +/- 0.5 follicles; 5.0 +. 52.5 and 57.4%, respectively). Similarly, upon in vitro fertilization, cleavage rate was higher (P <0.05; 63.4%) in lactating cows than in the other groups (43.7, 50.5, 55.1% respectively). A total of 21.5, 22.7, 11.9 and 13.5%, respectively, in the 4 groups of the in vitro fertilized oocytes reached the morula and blastocyst stages. After transfer of a total of 48 embryos 22 pregnancies (45.8%) were established as detected on Day 65. We conclude that 1) repeated aspiration of viable COC at short intervals is possible, 2) additional FSH-treatment does not increase oocyte yields, and 3) viable blastocysts can be produced from cattle at various reproductive phases irrespective of the reproductive phase.

54.
NAL Call No.: Q184.R4
Combined use of optical and microwave remote sensing data for crop growth monitoring.
Clevers, J. G. P. W.; Leeuwen, H. J. C. v. Remote-sens-environ v.56(1): p.42-51. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beta-vulgaris-var; -saccharifera; yield-forecasting; accuracy; remote-sensing; leaf-area-index; microwave-radiation; satellite- imagery; growth- models; netherlands; simplified-and-universal-crop-growth- simulator-sucros

55.
NAL Call No.: QH540.E23
Combining remote sensing and climatic data to estimate net primary production across Oregon.
Law, B. E.; Waring, R. H. Ecol-appl v.4(4): p.717-728. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: coniferous-forests; woodlands; scrub; biological- production; estimation; solar-radiation; interception; vegetation; remote- sensing; thematic-mapper; reflectance; red-light; infrared-radiation; infrared- imagery; climate; climatic-factors; xylem-water-potential; leaf-conductance; oregon; stomatal-conductance; intercepted-photosynthetically-active-radiation

56.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Comparative risk assessment primer.
Embleton, K. M.; Jones, D. D.; Engel, B. A.; Gorsky, L. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric- Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-3020/94-3063) 8 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 Summer Meeting sponsored by the ASAE, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: environmental-policy; risk; environmental-management; computer-software

57.
NAL Call No.: TD420.W374
A comparison of ERS-1 satellite radar and aerial photography for river flood mapping.
Biggin, D. S.; Blyth, K. J-Inst-Water-Environ-Manag v.10(1): p.59-64. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rivers; flooding; mapping; aerial-photography; remote- sensing; radar; satellite-surveys; satellite-imagery; south-east-england; synthetic-aperture-radar

Abstract: The extent of floodwater inundation, whether caused by river flooding or coastal storm surges, is required quickly (a) to enable the planning of emergency relief and repairs to communications and services, and (b) for the production of river flood risk maps. Unfortunately, by their nature, most floods occur in bad weather, which can severely restrict the use of aircraft, and extensive cloud cover precludes the use of most earth observing satellites which rely on sensors operating at optical wavelengths. Synthetic aperture radar, which can penetrate clouds, allows affected areas to be imaged, regardless of cloud cover or light conditions. This paper compares satellite acquired data of river flooding with photographic records obtained from a light aircraft to demonstrate the accuracy of the technique.

58.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Comparison of near-infrared spectroscopy and other soil nitrogen availability quick tests for corn.
Fox, R. H.; Shenk, J. S.; Piekielek, W. P.; Westerhaus, M. O.; Toth, J. D.; Macneal, K. E. Agron-j v.85(5): p.1049-1053. (1993 Sept.-1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; prediction; nutrient-availability; nitrogen; soil-testing; infrared-spectroscopy; crop-yield; grain; fertilizer-requirement- determination; sampling; soil-test-values; nitrogen-fertilizers; mathematical- models; pennsylvania

Abstract: Our ability to predict N fertilizer needs for corn (Zea mays L.) is improving, but more accurate and convenient tests are still needed. This work compared a new quick test for soil N availability using a near-infrared spectrophotometer (NIRS) with three published quick tests for predicting soil N- supplying capability (NSC) and relative corn grain yield. The other tests were the pre-sidedress nitrate test (PSNT), nitrate concentration (at-plant NO3), and absorbance at 200 nm of a 0.01 M NaHCO3 extract (UV-200 test) of 0- to 20-cm soil samples taken at planting. Soil samples taken at planting from 95 field experiments in Pennsylvania were analyzed at reflectance wavelengths from 400 nm to 2500 nm with NIRS. The coefficients of determination were the same (R2 = 0.49) for both linear and quadratic regressions of NSC and NIRS test values. The abilities of the four tests to predict NSC and relative corn grain yield were compared using data from 90 of the 95 experiments. The R2 values for linear and quadratic regressions between soil test values and NSC ranged from 0.49 to 0.58 for the NIRS, PSNT, and UV-200 tests; for the at-plant NO3 test, R2 was lower (approximately 0.40). Eliminating sites where corn directly followed a legume, R2 values for quadratic regressions between test values and NSC increased to approximately 0.60 for the NIRS, PSNT, and UV-200 tests. The PSNT test was slightly better than the other tests in predicting a grain yield response to N fertilizer, but this advantage lessened when. (R2 = 0.08-0.36). The NIRS test offers a convenient, rapid, and inexpensive alternative to the PSNT for predicting whether humid-region corn fields will respond to N fertilizer.

59.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Comparison of transverse and longitudinal real-time ultrasound scans for prediction of lean cut yields and fat-free lean content in live pigs.
Cisneros, F.; Ellis, M.; Miller, K. D.; Novakofski, J.; Wilson, E. R.; McKeith, F. K. J-anim-sci v.74(11): p.2566-2576. (1996 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; carcass-composition; live-estimation; ultrasonography; gilts; ultrasonic-fat-meters; halothane-susceptibility; genotypes; backfat; fat- thickness; longissimus-dorsi; body-weight; prediction; regression-analysis; lean; equations; correlation; sex-differences; barrows

Abstract: Live animal real-time ultrasound scans and carcass measures were taken on 80 pigs comprising two sexes (42 barrows; 38 gilts) and two halothane genotypes (40 carriers and 40 negatives) that were slaughtered between 108 and 148 kg live weight. Transverse scans (TRUS), at right angles to the midline, were taken on right (RS) and left (LS) sides at the last rib. Longitudinal scans (LON) were taken 6.5 cm off the midline immediately anterior (ANT) and posterior (PST) to the last rib on both the RS and LS. Longissimus muscle depth and area and backfat thickness over the longissimus muscle were measured on TRUS. Backfat thickness and longissimus muscle depth were measured at each end of the LON. Backfat thickness and longissimus muscle measurements were taken at the 10th and last rib on the RS of the carcass. Carcasses were fabricated using standard techniques to establish lean cut yields and carcass soft tissue was chemically analyzed to determine fat-free lean contents. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to develop equations to predict the weights and percentages of lean cuts and fat-free lean. Fat and muscle measures taken from ultrasound scans were generally less accurate than last rib carcass measures at predicting composition. There was little difference in R2 for equations based on either TRUS or ANT/LON; however, PST/LON, generally, were less accurate than ANT/LON. Combining measurements from more than one scan gave little improvement in R2 compared with the best single scan. Estimates of sex bias for carcass composition prediction were small. Halothane genotype and carcass lean content biases were detected; equations derived from the pooled data tended.

60.
NAL Call No.: Q184.R4
Complementarity of radar and visible-infrared sensors in assessing rangeland condition.
Smith, A. M.; Major, D. J.; McNeil, R. L.; Willms, W. D.; Brisco, B.; Brown, R. J. Remote-sens-environ v.52(3): p.173-180. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: rangelands; prairies; reflectance; satellite-imagery; radar; remote-sensing; alberta

61.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Composting process design computer model.
Person, H. L.; Shayya, W. H. Appl-eng-agric v.10(2): p.277-283. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: composting; wastes; management; operation; systems- analysis; computer-programming; computer-software

Abstract: A user-friendly computer package, COMPOST, was developed as a design, management, and educational tool to assess composting system requirements. The user enters ingredient characteristics along with critical operational parameters. Output includes the quantity of amendment required to supply the energy needed, the quantity of recycled compost required to adjust the initial moisture content, the mixture moisture content, and the carbon-to- nitrogen ratio of the mixture. The volume required for active composting and curing is calculated along with air flow rates for oxygen supply, moisture removal, and temperature control. The calculations in COMPOST are based on the assumption of a continuous, completely mixed system where ingredients are continuously added and product is continuously removed. However, calculations for mixtures of residue, amendment, and recycled compost and water also apply to batch systems. Peak airflow is calculated to reflect the requirement for a batch system.

62.
NAL Call No.: TD201.U61
Computer-accessible resources for Canadian water resources management.
Belk, A. F.; Heathcoate, I. W. Water-resour-update (99): p.26-29. (1995 Spring)
In the special issue: Water related information sources on the Internet / edited by F. Anderson.
Descriptors: water-resources; water-management; information-services; information-technology; telecommunications; databases; information-systems; canada; world-wide-web; internet; home-page

63.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Computer aided design of waste management components.
Fulhage, C. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-4042/94-4082) 4 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 International Summer Meeting Sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: waste-treatment; computer-software

64.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
A computer aided management system for egg production.
Lu, C.; Bao, C.; Huang, Z.; Tang, J.; Ke, Z.; Hu, J.; Chen, J. Pap-Am-Soc- Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1993. (93-2601/93-3510) 11 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 14-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: egg-production; computer-software; feed-formulation; animal-husbandry

65.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84y
Computer assisted management: the case of Jim and Kathy Moseley.
Doster, D. H. Yearb-agric. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., [1980-. 1989. p. 147-150.
In the series analytic: Farm management: How to achieve your farm business / edited by D.T. Smith.
Descriptors: farm-management; computer-software; decision-making; farm-planning; case-studies

66.
NAL Call No.: SF601.C66
A computer-based body condition management system: case example.
Hady, P. J.; Domecq, J. J.; Kaneene, J. Compend-contin-educ-pract-vet v.16(10): p.1383-1386, 1388, 1390, 1400. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; body-condition; subcutaneous-fat; computer- software; computer-techniques; dry-period; equations; data-collection; data- analysis; temporal-variation

67.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
A computer-based farm-management package for pineapple farms.
Sinclair, E. R. Acta-hortic (334): p.191-196. (1993 Oct.)
Paper presented at the "First International Pineapple Symposium," November 2-6, 1992, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Descriptors: ananas-comosus; crop-production; crop-husbandry; crop- management; farm-management; computer-software; computer-analysis; australia; pinerec; pinegro

68.
NAL Call No.: S530.J6
A computer-based tool for introducing turfgrass species.
Fermanian, T. W.; Wehner, D. J. J-nat-resour-life-sci-educ v.24(1): p.45-48. (1995 Spring)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lawns-and-turf; management; computer-assisted- instruction; independent-study; college-curriculum; agricultural-education; computer- software; evaluation; microcomputers; species; agronomic- characteristics; climatic-factors; adaptation; establishment

69.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
A computer-controlled drip irrigation system for container plant production.
Gonzalez, R. A.; Struve, D. K.; Brown, L. C. HortTechnology v.2(3): p.402-407. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: quercus-rubra; seedlings; container-grown-plants; trickle-irrigation; irrigation-scheduling; evapotranspiration; computer- techniques; computer-software

70.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
A computer-controlled drip irrigation system for container plant production.
Gonzalez, R. A.; Struve, D. K.; Brown, L. C. HortTechnology v.2(3): p.402-407. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: quercus-rubra; seedlings; container-grown-plants; trickle-irrigation; irrigation-scheduling; evapotranspiration; computer- techniques; computer-software

71.
NAL Call No.: 1.98-Ag84
Computer custom-designs flumes.
Senft, D. Agric-res v.42(6): p.21. (1994 June)
Descriptors: chutes; structural-design; computer-software; irrigation; water-management; water-flow; measurement; agricultural-research

72.
NAL Call No.: 450-R34
A computer method for producing dot distribution maps.
Angelo, R. Rhodora v.96(886): p.190-194. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: equisetum-arvense; equisetum; maps; flora; computer- software; computer-techniques; geographical-distribution; new-england-states-of- usa; equisetum-pratense

73.
NAL Call No.: SB435.5.A645
The computer: "My electronic chain saw".
Brown, D. K. Arbor-age v.14(6): p.40, 42. (1994 June)
Descriptors: arboriculture; microcomputers; computer-software; computer-techniques; treenet

74.
NAL Call No.: 58.9-In7
A computer program for determining animate and inanimate power requirements for mechanised agriculture.
Aderoba, A. A. Agric-eng v.49(2): p.60-63. (1994 Summer)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming; power-requirement; animal-power; human-power; computer-software; tractors; power; mechanization; appropriate-technology; models; production-costs; economic-analysis; economic-models; mechanical-power

75.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
A computer program to analyze multiple-season crop model outputs.
Thornton, P. K.; Hoogenboom, G.; Wilkens, P. W.; Bowen, W. T. Agron-j v.87(1): p.131-136. (1995 Jan.-1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: computer-software; growth-models; simulation-models; computer-simulation; cropping-systems; rotations; crop-residues; crop-yield; soil- water; soil-fertility; long-term-experiments; sustainability; economic- analysis; crop-production; returns; prices; costs; crop-sequences

Abstract: Management-oriented simulation models of the growth, development, and yield of annual crops are useful tools for screening management options on the computer. Until recently, a limitation of these models has been the inability to simulate more than one cropping season at a time. The capability to simulate long-term field experiments with such models now exists, in which the simulated soil water, N, organic C, and crop residue outputs from one model run become the input conditions for the next. Simulations of crop rotations can produce large quantities of data, especially if the simulation experiment involves replications across different years. Computer software was written to perform simple analyses of such simulation experiments. The major purpose of the software is to allow the user to investigate the stability and profitability of crop sequences. The program calculates summary statistics for model output variables; these are presented to the user in tabular and graphical forms. Net monetary returns or gross margins can also be calculated, and price and cost variability can be taken into account in the analysis. The program allows rapid, preliminary analysis of a particular crop sequence from replicated simulation experiments and can help the user to assess whether the sequence warrants further evaluation. The program can also be used to summarize the results from historical long-term field trials. The analyses performed constitute a first step in investigating the sustainability of a particular cropping sequence for a specified length of time.

76.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
A computer program to analyze single-season crop model outputs.
Thornton, P. K.; Hoogenboom, G. Agron-j v.86(5): p.860-868. (1994 Sept.-1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crops; growth-models; computer-software; simulation- models; computer-simulation; microcomputers; economic-analysis; data-analysis

Abstract: Computer simulation models of the growth, development, and yield of annual crops can produce large quantities of data, especially if a simulation experiment involves many treatments and replications across different years. Computer software was written to perform simple analyses of such experiments, allowing the user to identify those treatments that are productive, stable, economically attractive, environmentally sound, or otherwise suitable for the purposes of the investigator. The computer program, which runs on a DOS (IBM-compatible) personal computer, can interface with output files produced by any crop model run on any other computer that conforms to a common output file structure. Summary statistics for a wide variety of model output variables are calculated and presented to the user in a number of tabular and graphical forms. Net monetary returns and gross margins can also be calculated, and price-cost variability can be taken into account in the analysis. The user can perform an economic comparison of simulation treatments using mean-Gini stochastic dominance or, visually, mean variance analysis. The results of all calculations and analyses are written to an output file that can be manipulated by the user to provide input to a spreadsheet or statistical package for further analysis of the simulated data. The program allows rapid, preliminary analysis of treatments from replicated simulation experiments and can help the user to identify particularly promising treatments that warrant further evaluation.

77.
NAL Call No.: aS21.R44A7
A computer program to assist nematode management in Georgia peach orchards.
Bertrand, P. F.; Taylor, B. G. ARS (122): p.92-105. (1994 Apr.)
Proceeding of the sixth Stone Fruit Tree Decline Workshop on New Insights & Alternative Management Strategies held October 26-28, 1992, Fort Valley, Georgia.
Descriptors: prunus-persica; orchards; plant-parasitic-nematodes; nematode-control; computer-software; georgia

78.
NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
Computer programs to implement a livestock manure management plan.
Jones, D. D.; Sutton, A. L.; Huber, D. M.; Joern, B. C. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE, c1995.. v. 2 p. 87-90.
Includes references.
Descriptors: computer-software; manures; application-to-land; management; planning; application-date; storage; a-manure-program; budget- program

79.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Computer use and factors influencing computer adoption among commercial farmers in Natal Province, South Africa.
Woodburn, M. R.; Ortmann, G. F.; Levin, J. B. Comput-electron-agric v.11(2/3): p.183-194. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: microcomputers; commercial-farming; innovation-adoption; farm-management; farm-surveys; factor-analysis; demography; south-africa

80.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Computer vision for plant embryo quality evaluation.
Cheng, Z.; Ling, P. P. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (923575) 14 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: imagery; coffee; computers; plant-embryos

81.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Computer vision for selecting somatic embryos.
Kurata, K.; Terada, M.; Komine, M.; Liyanage, K. H. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (913054) 7 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: carrots; somatic-embryogenesis; computers; vision

82.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Computer vision identifiication on tomato seedlings in natural outdoor scenes.
Tian, L.; Slaughter, D. C. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1993. (93-3608) 17 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 13-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; imagery; seedlings; algorithms; cotyledons; computer-analysis

83.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Computer vision system for on-line sorting of pot plants using an artificial neural network classifier.
Timmermans, A. J. M.; Hulzebosch, A. A. Comput-electron-agric v.15(1): p.41-55. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pot-plants; grading; computer-software; computer- hardware; imagery; discriminant-analysis; classification; sorting; patterns; quality; cactaceae; saintpaulia

84.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
A computerised method for systematically analysing the livestock component of farming systems.
Udo, H. M. J.; Brouwer, B. O. Comput-electron-agric v.9(4): p.335-356. (1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: livestock-farming; farming-systems; small-farms; computer-techniques; data-collection; data-analysis; simulation-models; computer-software; livestock-numbers; population-dynamics; feeds; traction

85.
NAL Call No.: 47.8-Am33P
Computerization of recording and calculating egg production with programming designed for scientific research.
McDaniel, C. D.; Hester, P. Y. Poultry-sci v.73(4): p.591-595. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: egg-production; computer-software; data-collection; egg- shell-quality; accuracy; automation; labeling

Abstract: A computerized system for recording and calculating egg production, titled EGGSPERT, was developed to decrease the amount of time required for manual calculation of hen-day production. For 4 wk of production, hard-shelled (HS), soft-shelled (SS), shell-less (SL), SS + SL, and total hen- day egg productions were recorded and calculated both by hand and by the EGGSPERT system for 900 hens divided into 60 experimental units. Both methods of egg production analysis produced similar results with respect to HS, SS, SS + SL, and total hen-day production. However, analysis of SL egg production revealed a small, although significant (P& lt;.05) increase of computerized recording when compared with the manual method of recording and calculating egg production (1.39 vs 1.31%, SEM = .03). A major advantage of the EGGSPERT system was a 6.4 h/wk decrease in time and labor required to total and calculate hen- day egg production when compared with the manual method of calculation. In conclusion, the EGGSPERT system was found to be a very reliable, accurate, and timesaving method for recording and calculating egg production.

86.
NAL Call No.: SB435.5.A645
Computerized arborists: the end of the paper chase.
Delia, T. Arbor-age v.13(11): p.38-39. (1993 Nov.)
Descriptors: arboriculture; urban-forestry; computer-software; information-technology; record-keeping; treekeeper

87.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-F768
Computerized tools for participatory national forest planning.
Dean, D. J. J-for v.92(2): p.37-40. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; planning; computer-software; usda; usda-forest-service

88.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Concept modeling automated seedling transfer from growing trays to shipping modules.
Brewer, H. L. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1993. (933089) 18 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, and The Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.
Descriptors: vegetables; seedlings; transplanters; robots; automation

89.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
The concept of the literature and factural data management system LIMAS.
Plath, M.; Mangstl, A.; Pohlmann, J. M.; Friedrich, H. Q-bull-Int-Assoc- Agric-Inf-Spec v.41(2): p.226-228. (1996)
Descriptors: agricultural-sciences; forestry; information-services; information-technology; databases; management; microcomputers; telecommunications; information-retrieval; germany; german-information-system- on-food,-agriculture-and-forestry; literative-and-factual-data-management- systems; german-centre-for-agricultural- information-and-documentation-zadi; wide-area-networks; german-agricultural-information-network-gain

90.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Concepts of variable rate technology with considerations for fertilizer application.
Sawyer, J. E. J-prod-agric v.7(2): p.195-201. (1994 Apr.-1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crop-production; fertilizers; application-rates; variation; optimization; efficiency; profitability

91.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Conceptual modeling automated seedling transfer from growing trays to shipping modules.
Brewer, H. L. Trans-ASAE v.37(4): p.1043-1051. (1994 July-1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: transplanters; seedlings; transplanting; automation; computer-techniques; computer-analysis; computer-simulation; robots; containers; container-grown-plants; planting-stock; computer-assisted-design

Abstract: Automated field transplanters can plant several hundred seedlings per row per minute if the seedlings are presented to the transplanter in modules. Seedlings are grown in trays and transferred to the modules so that each cell in each module has a good seedling. If the operations to transform seeds into seedlings transplanted infields are automated, then machines to transfer seedlings from trays to modules must be developed. An experimental machine built in 1991 ejected plugs from cells, gripped stems of seedlings and lifted them, transferred seedlings from tray to module, and dropped seedlings into a module. The machine was slow and incomplete. This article reports on a design which was conceptually modeled on a computer to correct the deficiencies of the experimental machine that was build. Projections from the conceptual model indicate that three 200-cell trays of seedlings can be transferred per minute, which is about 80% of the rate required by one field transplanter.

92.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Considerations for selecting a crop model.
Porter, D. O. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 439-440.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas.
Descriptors: crops; simulation; simulation-models; decision-making; computer-software; computer-hardware; usa

93.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Considerations on genetic connectedness between management units under an animal model.
Kennedy, B. W.; Trus, D. J-anim-sci v.71(9): p.2341-2352. (1993 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: livestock; animal-models; environmental-factors; genetic- analysis; genetic-variance; mathematical-models; prediction

Abstract: Connectedness among management units (e.g., herds or regions) is of concern in genetic evaluation. When genetic evaluation is under an animal model, connections occur through A, the numerator relationship matrix. It is argued that the most appropriate measure of connectedness is the average prediction error variance (PEV) of differences in EBV between animals in different management units. It is shown that PEV of differences is influenced by average genetic relationship between and within management units, which in turn affects the variances of estimates of differences between management unit effects. When PEV of differences cannot be computed, use of one of three alternative measures is proposed; the gene-flow method that measures the exchange of genes between management units, measurement of genetic drift variance based on average relationships between and within management units, and measurement of the variance of estimated differences between management units effects. These were correlated with PEV of differences in a test simulation. The gene-flow method, which is simplest to compute, had the lowest correlation (.671). The drift variance and variance of management unit effects methods were highly correlated with PEV of differences (.924 and .995, respectively).

94.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Construction and use of an inexpensive in vitro ultrasonic misting system.
Tisserat, B.; Jones, D.; Galletta, P. D. HortTechnology v.3(1): p.75- 78. (1993 Jan.-1993 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: daucus-carota; tissue-culture; cultural-methods; micropropagation; nutrient-film-techniques; mist-irrigation; ultrasonics; aeroponics

95.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
The control of errors in momentary yield data from combine harvesters.
Thylen, L.; Murphy, D. P. L. J-agric-eng-res v.64(4): p.271-278. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: combine-harvesters; grain; crop-yield; sensors; flow- meters; spatial-variation; monitoring; techniques; systems; errors; accuracy; data- collection; automation; microcomputers; kriging; statistical-analysis; yield-mapping; grain-flow-sensors; global-positioning-systems; data-screening- techniques; geostatistical-analysis

96.
NAL Call No.: 79.8-W41
Controlling weeds in corn (Zea mays) rows with an in-row cultivator versus decisions made by a computer model.
Schweizer, E. E.; Westra, P.; Lybecker, D. W. Weed-sci v.42(4): p.593- 600. (1994 Oct.-1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; cultural-weed-control; tillage; timing; decision-making; computer-software; computer-simulation; seed-banks; weeds; population- density; emergence; cultivators; crop-yield; grain; economic- analysis; gross-margins; weedcam

Abstract: A 3-yr field study was conducted to compare an in-row cultivator versus a standard row-crop cultivator to decisions made with WEEDCAM, a weed/corn management computer decision aid, for controlling annual weeds within the row in irrigated corn. In the absence of herbicides, weeds were always controlled better with the in-row cultivator than with the standard row- crop cultivator. However, grain yield and gross margin were affected only in 1991 when weeds emerged simultaneously with corn, and rain delayed the first cultivation 10 d. The in-row cultivator plots not only averaged 34% more grain ha-1 than the standard row-crop cultivator plots, but gross margin was $143 ha-1 more. Weed densities each year were about 95% less in plots managed in accordance with the computer model WEEDCAM simulations than in the non-herbicide treated post-planting tillage plots. Grain yields and gross margins were not affected by weed seedbank density, pre-cultivation tillage, or type of cultivator when weed management decisions were based on WEEDCAM simulation ranking. In the absence of herbicides, weeds can be controlled successfully in corn with an in-new cultivator, but success will depend on such factors as weed seedbank density, cultivation timeliness, and relative time of weed and corn emergence.

97.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
CORAC, hops protection management systems.
Mozny, M.; Krejci, J.; Kott, I. Comput-electron-agric v.9(2): p.103- 110. (1993 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hops; pseudoperonospora-humuli; phorodon-humuli; otiorhynchus-ligustici; plant-protection; simulation-models; microcomputers

98.
NAL Call No.: aHD9415.C67--1996
COSTBEN.wk4 : Lotus spreadsheet. COSTBEN. Documentation for the Animal Product Branch's cost-benefit calculation model for red meat and poultry.
Hahn, W. F.; United States. Dept. of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Commercial Agriculture Division. [Washington, D.C.] : Economic Research Service, Commercial Agriculture Division, [1996] 1 computer disk 1 manual (15 p. ; 28 cm.)
Title from disk label. Title on manual: Documentation for the Animal Product Branch's cost-benefit calculation model for red meat and poultry / William F. Hahn. "April 1996"--Manual.
Descriptors: Animal-industry-United-States-Mathematical-models- Software; Livestock-United-States-Mathematical-models-Software; Poultry- industry- United-States-Mathematical-models-Software

Abstract: A spreadsheet model designed to forecast the effects of supply and demand shifts on livestock, meat, and poultry markets. This is not a stand- alone model and requires a pre-existing baseline forecast of production, trade, consumption and prices.

99.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
COTMAN: a computer-aided cotton management system for late-season practices.
Zhang, J. P.; Tugwell, N. P.; Cochran, M. J.; Bourland, F. M.; Oosterhuis, D. M.; Klein, C. D. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1994. v. 3 p. 1286-1287.
Meeting held January 5-8, 1994, San Diego, California.
Descriptors: gossypium; expert-systems; crop-management; decision- making; computer-software

100.
NAL Call No.: 100-T31M
COTTAM: A cotton plant simulation model for an IBM PC microcomputer.
Jackson, B. S.; Arkin, G. F.; Hearn, A. B. Misc-publ,-Tex-Agric-Exp-Stn. College Station, Tex. : Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Aug 1990. (1685) 242 p.
COTTAM software on one 5 1/4 inch diskette accompanies this article.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; crop-management; simulation-models; computer-simulation; microcomputers; computer-software

101.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Cow status monitoring (health and oestrus) using detection sensors.
Maatje, K.; Mol, R. M. de.; Rossing, W. Comput-electron-agric v.16(3): p.245-254. (1997 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; bovine-mastitis; estrus; detection; diagnosis; automation; monitoring; sensors; milk-yield; temperature; electrical- conductivity; physical-activity; accuracy; microcomputers

102.
NAL Call No.: T1.I59
A critical perspective on information technology management: the case of electronic data interchange.
Gottardi, G.; Bolisani, E. Int-j-technol-manag v.12(4): p.369-390. (1996)
Includes references.

103.
NAL Call No.: 100-C12Cag
Crop management goes high-tech.
Calif-agric v.50(3): p.8. (1996 May-1996 June)
Descriptors: crop-management; monitoring; aerial-photography; photointerpretation; aerial-surveys; microcomputers; technology; california

104.
NAL Call No.: S627.C76C77--1995
Crop residue management-- gaining ground in the 90's : Enhanced Residue Management Planning Program. Updated. Enhanced Residue Management Planning Program.
American Cyanamid Company. [S.l.] : American Cyanamid, 1995. 1 computer disk : col.
Title from disk label.
Descriptors: Crop-residue-management-United-States-Software; Conservation-tillage-United-States-Software

105.
NAL Call No.: S441.S8557
CROPS, the crop rotation planning system, for whole-farm environmental and economic planning.
Stone, N. D. Agriculture in Concert with the Environment ACE research projects Southern Region. [1991-. 1995. 40 p.
SARE Project Number AS92-4. Record includes floppy disk. Record includes several articles on project. Date of report is May 1995. This is a final report.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; sustainability; crop-management; animal-wastes; management; economic-evaluation; computer-software; farm- planning; virginia; north-carolina; sustainable-farming-practices

106.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
CropSyst: a collection of object-oriented simulation models of agricultural systems.
Van Evert, F. K.; Campbell, G. S. Agron-j v.86(2): p.325-331. (1994 Mar.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: computer-software; simulation-models; cropping-systems; crop-yield; pesticides; diuraphis-noxia; decision-making; plant-pests; washington

Abstract: Simulation of whole agricultural systems is now widely used in agronomy. Construction and maintenance of the large simulation models required for agricultural systems may benefit from the application of modern programming methods. In particular, object-oriented programming (OOP) methods claim several advantages over conventional procedural methods. We sought a programming approach that would allow (i) interchanging of component models within and between whole-system models, (ii) incremental model building without rewriting existing code, (iii) maintenance of more than one model of a component, and (iv) construction of a user-friendly interface from which all parameters can be assigned and component models run. Here we report results of an experiment in which we used OOP to construct a cropping system model called CropSyst. An OOP analysis of cropping systems led to the abstraction of component systems (objects) with minimal and well-defined interfaces. Examples of components, or objects, used in Cropsyst are Time, Weather, Crop, Soil, Crop residue, Tillage, Erosion, Aphid population, Aphid immigration, Pesticide application, Planting, Crop rotation, and Output. Different versions of CropSyst were implemented and used to simulate production and erosion for cropping systems in eastern Washington, and to simulate yield loss and pesticide dynamics associated with Russian Wheat Aphid infestation. These were constructed from existing objects. Different versions of the Crop object simulated the different crops in a rotation cycle. Parameters were assigned and models were run from a commercially supplied user interface, which was also programmed using OOP. We were able to meet our objectives using OOP.

107.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Cultivation of grafted vegetables. II. Development of grafting robots in Japan.
Kurata, K. HortScience v.29(4): p.240-244. (1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vegetables; grafting; robots; mechanization; prototypes; japan

108.
NAL Call No.: SF1.A56
Customized selection indices for dairy bulls in Australia.
Bowman, P. J.; Visschert, P. M.; Goddard, M. E. Anim-sci v.62(pt.3): p.393-403. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-bulls; selection-index; breeding-programs; quantitative-traits; computer-software; milk-yield; milk-fat-yield; milk- protein-yield; productive-life; body-weight; milking-rate; temperament; sire- evaluation; breeding-value; heritability; genetic-correlation; profitability; equations- ; phenotypic-variation; australia

109.
NAL Call No.: SF247.D49--1995
The dairy control and management system in the robotic milking farm.
Devir, S. [1995?] 174, 6 p. : ill., Thesis (doctoral)--Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, 1995.
Descriptors: Milking-machines; Dairying-Automation; Dairy-farms- Management

110.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Dairy-L: an electronic information exchange network for professionals advising dairy producers.
Varner, M. A.; Cady, R. A. J-dairy-sci v.76(8): p.2325-2331. (1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-industry; telecommunications; computer-techniques; computer-software; e-mail

Abstract: The objective of this study was to establish an electronic information exchange network, called Dairy-L, for professionals who advise dairy producers. Usage rates and types of communications were monitored to determine the utility of Dairy-L to dairy science programs. Listserv software loaded on an IBM 3081 mainframe computer was used to maintain a list of electronic mail addresses and to process submitted electronic mail for distribution to subscribers. The existence of Dairy-L was announced to ADSA Production Division members at meetings, by electronic mail, and by personal letter. Since its inception in February 1990 through December 1992, Dairy-L membership has increased to 322 subscribers. At various times, there have been subscribers from as many as 42 states and territories and 23 countries. Most subscribers were from academic institutions, but many were from private industry, demonstrating the potential for more widespread appeal. A total of 1342 messages were sent; most were questions and associated responses. Few questions went unanswered. Most questions received a response in less than 1 d. A network for professionals advising dairy producers has been successfully established, and use of Dairy-L is summarized.

111.
NAL Call No.: S37.F72
Dairy production and management records.
Pennington, J. A. FSA-Univ-Ark-Syst-Coop-Ext-Serv. [Little Rock, Ark.] : Cooperative Extension Service,. Nov 1994. (4005) 4 p.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; management; record-keeping; decision-making; computer-software; information-systems

112.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Data logger technology and demonstration.
Munier, D. J. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1994. v. 1 p. 195.
Meeting held January 5-8, San Diego, California.
Descriptors: gossypium; data-collection; monitoring; computer- software; decision-making; crop-production

113.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Days suitable for fieldwork in Mississippi.
Spurlock, S. R.; Buehring, N. W.; Caillavet, D. F. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton- Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 383-387.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas.
Descriptors: gossypium; workable-days; risk; production-costs; weather-patterns; tillage; conservation-tillage; computer-software; no-tillage; farm- planning; mississippi

114.
NAL Call No.: 275.29-Ar4Mi
DD50 computerized rice management program.
Slaton, N.; Helms, R.; Wells, B. MP. [Little Rock] : Agricultural Extension Service, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture ; [Washington, D.C.] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,. Jan 1994. (192,rev.) p. 24-27.
In the series analytic: Rice production handbook / edited by R.S. Helms.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; crop-management; computer-software; prediction; growth-stages; herbicides; insect-pests

115.
NAL Call No.: SF85.4.A8A97
A decision support approach to sustainable grazing management for spatially heterogeneous rangeland paddocks.
Bellamy, J. A.; Lowes, D.; Ash, A. J.; McIvor, J. G.; Macleod, N. D. Rangeland-j v.18(2): p.370-391. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: range-management; decision-making; computer-software; computer-analysis; australia

116.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-AM3Ps-IR
Decision support model for irrigation water management.
Prajamwong, S.; Merkley, G. P.; Allen, R. G. J-irrig-drain-eng v.123(2): p.106-113. (1997 Mar.-1997 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: irrigation-water; water-management; irrigation- requirements; irrigated-farming; decision-making; prediction; computer-software; simulation- models; soil-water-balance; water-supply; soil-properties; crop- yield; weather-data; utah; thailand; command-area-decision-support-model

117.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
A decision support system for designing juniper control treatments.
Engle, D. M.; Bernardo, D. J.; Hunter, T. D.; Stritzke, J. F.; Bidwell, T. G. AI-appl v.10(1): p.1-11. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: woody-weeds; juniperus; computer-software; weed-control

118.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
A decision support system for forecasting infestations of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., on spring-sown field beans, Vicia faba.
Knight, J. D.; Cammell, M. E. Comput-electron-agric v.10(3): p.269-279. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: aphis-fabae; vicia-faba; infestation; forecasting; decision-making; farm-management; computer-software

119.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
A decision support system for mechanical harvesting and transportation of sugarcane in Thailand.
Singh, G.; Pathak, B. K. Comput-electron-agric v.11(2/3): p.173-182. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sugarcane; mechanical-harvesting; transport; decision- analysis; computer-techniques; simulation-models; computer-software; thailand

120.
NAL Call No.: TD930.A55-1995
Decision support system for total watershed management.
Prato, T.; Fulcher, C.; Xu, F. Animal waste and the land-water interface /. Boca Raton : Lewis Publishers, c1995.. p. 333-342.
Includes references.
Descriptors: watershed-management; land-use; computer-programming; simulation-models; geographical-information-systems; models; decision-making; water-quality; pollution-control; computer-software; missouri; economic-models; wamadss

121.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
A decision support system that links short-term silvicultural operatingplans with long-term forest-level strategic plans.
Davis, R. G.; Martell, D. L. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. June 1993. v. 23 (6) p. 1078-1095.
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; silviculture; planning; decision- making; geographical-information-systems; computer-software; silviplan

Abstract: This paper describes a decision support system that forest managers can use to help evaluate short-term, site-specific silvicultural operating plans in terms of their potential impact on long-term, forest-level strategic objectives. The system is based upon strategic and tactical forest- level silvicultural planning models that are linked with each other and with a geographical information system. Managers can first use the strategic mathematical programming model to develop broad silvicultural strategies based on aggregate timber strata. These strategies help them to subjectively delineate specific candidate sites that might be treated during the first 10 years of a much longer planning horizon using a geographical information system and to describe potential silvicultural prescriptions for each candidate site. The tactical model identifies an annual silvicultural schedule for these candidate sites in the first 10 years, and a harvesting and regeneration schedule by 10- year periods for aggregate timber strata for the remainder of the planning horizon, that will maximize the sustainable yield of one or more timber species in the whole forest, given the candidate sites and treatments specified by the managers. The system is demonstrated on a 90 000 - ha area in northeastern Ontario.

122.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
Decision support system to interpret soil-moisture sensor readings for crop water management.
Thomson, S. J. AI-appl v.10(1): p.57-66. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: irrigation-scheduling; computer-software

123.
NAL Call No.: DISS--F1994113
Design and evaluation of an optical scanner based log grading and sorting system for Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sawlogs.
Grace, L. A. [Uppsala? : s.n., 1994?]. 1 v. (various paging) : ill., Thesis (doctoral)--The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 1994.

124.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Design and management optimization of trickle irrigation systems using non-linear programming.
Saad, J. C. C.; Frizzone, J. A. J-agric-eng-res v.64(2): p.109-118. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: trickle-irrigation; irrigation-systems; design- calculations; layout; irrigation-scheduling; management; costs; profitability; microeconomic- analysis; mathematical-models; programming; equations; microcomputers

125.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Design of a field crops robotic machine.
Benady, M.; Edan, Y.; Hetzroni, A.; Miles, G. E. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (91- 7028) 7 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: melons; harvesters; robots

126.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Design of an agricultural robot for harvesting melons.
Edan, Y.; Miles, G. E. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (91-7029) 23 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: melons; harvesters; robots

127.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
Designing configurable decision-support software: lessons learned.
Williams, S. B.; Roschkle, D. J.; Holtfrerich, D. R. AI-appl v.9(3): p.103-114. (1995)
In the special issue: Decision support systems.
Descriptors: forest-management; forest-resources; resource-management; expert-systems; decision-making; decision-analysis; usda; national-forests; usa; southern-states-of-usa; texas; arkansas; oregon; informs-r8; decision-support- systems; usda-forest-service; integrated-forest-resource-management-system

128.
NAL Call No.: QD415.A1J62
Detailed material balance and ethanol yield calculations for the biomass-to-ethanol conversion process.
Hatzis, C.; Riley, C.; Philippidis, G. P. Appl-biochem-biotechnol. Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press. Spring 1996. v. 57/58 p. 443-459.
Proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals, May 7-11, 1995, Vail, Colorado.

Abstract: Applying material balance calculations to the evaluation and optimization of lignocellulosic biomass conversion processes is fundamentally important. The lack of a general framework for material balance calculations and inconsistent compositional analysis data have made it difficult to compare results from different research groups. Material balance templates have been developed to follow accurately the distribution of carbon in lignocellulosic substrates through the pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) processes, and provide information on overall carbon recovery, recovery of individual sugars, and solubilization of biomass components. Based on material balance considerations, we developed equations that allow us to compute overall ethanol yields for biochemical conversion of biomass correctly.

129.
NAL Call No.: SB476.G7
Detecting turf stress with remote sensing.
Kenna, M. P. Grounds-maint v.30(10): p.G17-G20. (1995 Oct.)
Descriptors: lawns-and-turf; golf-courses; remote-sensing; aerial- photography; mapping; computer-software; geographical-information-systems; global-positioning-system

130.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Developing a radio-controlled log skidder with fuzzy logic autonomous control.
Edwards, D. B.; Canning, J. R. Trans-ASAE v.38(1): p.243-248. (1995 Jan.-1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: skidders; radio-control; automatic-guidance; ultrasonics; computer-techniques; computer-simulation; ultrasonic-vision

Abstract: This article presents the development of a small, radio- controlled (RC) log skidder and also discusses the results of a preliminary investigation into using fuzzy logic for autonomous control of the skidder. Small skidders can reduce the environmental impact of logging and help improve timber stands. With previous small skidders, the operator walked in front of the skidder and reached back with one hand to operate the controls on a handle. The RC skidder allows the operator to be removed from the immediate vicinity of the skidder, thus making a safer operating environment. Field trials of the RC skidder were conducted and are discussed. A preliminary investigation into using fuzzy logic with ultrasonic sensors for collision avoidance is also presented. A collision avoidance system would be one component in an overall autonomous control system that would allow the RC skidder to follow skid trails without guidance from the operator. A computer simulation is used to model the ultrasonic sensors, and the skidder in a two-dimensional obstacle field. The computer simulations are used with an optimization algorithm to train the fuzzy logic control system.

131.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-Am3
Developing an information resources management strategy for regulatory veterinary medicine: a national imperative.
Miller, L. E.; Honeycutt, T. L.; Cowen, P.; Morrow, W. E. M.; Hueston, W. D. J-Am-Vet-Med-Assoc v.205(8): p.1140-1144. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: veterinary-medicine; information-systems; information- technology; national-planning; disease-control; usa

132.
NAL Call No.: 280.29-Am3A
Developing services for a federation of small-scale cooperatives.
Kazmierczak, T. K.; Taylor, D. B.; Bell, J. B. Am-coop p.168-179. (1992)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cooperative-services; cooperative-marketing; microcomputers; management; kentucky; north-carolina; tennessee; virginia; management-services

133.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Developing transportable agricultural decision support systems. 1. A conceptual framework.
Jacucci, G.; Foy, M.; Uhrik, C. Comput-electron-agric v.14(4): p.291- 300. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: decision-making; computer-software; transport; models; technology-transfer; probability; data-collection; data-management

134.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U57
Development and evaluation of a practical decision-making model for southern bottomland hardwood stands.
Manuel, T. M.; Hodges, J. D.; Belli, K. L.; Johnson, R. L. Gen-tech-rep- SO (93): p.123-126. (1993 July)
Proceedings of the Seventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, held November 17-19, 1992, Mobile, Alabama.
Descriptors: hardwoods; bottomland-forests; silviculture; forest- management; decision-making; computer-software; mississippi

135.
NAL Call No.: 450-T192
Development and management of a microcomputer specimen-oriented database for the flora of Mount Kinabalu.
Beaman, J. H.; Regalado, J. C. Jr. Taxon v.38(1): p.27-42. (1989 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: flora; microcomputers; databases; checklists; geographical-distribution; maps; herbaria; specimens; mountain-areas; kalimantan

136.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Development of a barkiness level indicator for cotton gins.
Barker, G. L.; Byler, R. K. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 644-645.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas.
Descriptors: cotton-gins; control-components; cotton-gin-trash; video- cameras; computer-hardware; computer-software; texas; mississippi

137.
NAL Call No.: SB1.J66
Development of a computer database for vegetative propagation of trees and shrubs.
Burger, D. W.; Lee, C. I. J-environ-hortic v.12(2): p.87-89. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ornamental-woody-plants; cuttings; rooting; vegetative- propagation; databases; information-systems; computer-software

138.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Development of a microcomputer model for agricultural machinery management.
Cawich, J. F.; Slocombe, J. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1991. (911546) 9 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 17-20, 1991, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: computers; models; machinery

139.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Development of an animal model for across-herd genetic evaluation of number born alive in swine.
Woodward, B. W.; Mabry, J. W.; See, M. T.; Bertrand, J. K.; Benyshek, L. L. J-anim-sci v.71(8): p.2040-2046. (1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; american-yorkshire; animal-models; breeding-value; computer-software; genetic-analysis; maternal-effects; reproduction; sire- evaluation; simulation-models; georgia

Abstract: An animal model and computer software were developed to conduct across-herd genetic evaluations using data from producers participating in the Sow Productivity Index program of the American Yorkshire Club. The final data set consisted of 61,596 litter records from 1986 to early 1990. The animal model included fixed contemporary group effects and random additive direct, service sire, permanent environmental, and residual effects. Additive genetic relationships among animals were included. A separate relationship matrix for service sires and their sires was also included. A data set similar to the Yorkshire field data was simulated to use in testing the animal model. The simulated data set consisted of 40 herds, each with 120 reproducing dams and either four or five sires. Six generations of simulated data were produced, resulting in 20,605 litter records. These records were then evaluated using the animal model for number of pigs born alive. Finally, correlations between the true breeding values from the simulation and the predicted breeding values were computed. The correlation between the 918 true and predicted sire breeding values was considerably lower for the animal model without a service sire effect than when it was included (.53 vs .74, respectively). However, the difference was cut in half (.66 vs .77) when only sires with greater than five daughter records were included. The high accuracy of the animal model with a random service sire effect indicates that the proposed model adequately accounts for the variation found in records for number of pigs born alive.

140.
NAL Call No.: HC79.E5E5
Development of information intensive agrichemical management services in Wisconsin.
Wolf, S. A.; Nowak, P. J. Environ-manage. New York, Springer-Verlag. May/June 1995. v. 19 (3) p. 371-382.
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-chemicals; farm-inputs; application-rates; cropping-systems; diffusion-of-information; alternative-farming; low-input- agriculture; wisconsin; site-specific-agriculture

141.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Development of mulch seeder system by using microcomputer.
Nagata, M.; Zou, C. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-1002/94-1034) 10 p.
Paper presented at The 1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: mulching; computer-techniques; polyethylene-film

142.
NAL Call No.: SF601.T7
DIAG, a laboratory information management system developed for regional animal disease diagnostic laboratories in Indonesia.
Hanks, J. D.; Bedard, B. G.; Navis, S.; Akoso, B. T.; Putt, S. N. H.; James, A. D.; Heriyanto, A. Trop-anim-health-prod v.26(1): p.13-19. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: animal-diseases; laboratory-diagnosis; computer-software; microcomputers; reports; indonesia

143.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
A diagnostic and prognostic tool for epidemiologic and economic analyses of dairy herd health management.
Enevoldsen, C.; Sorensen, J. T.; Thysen, I.; Guard, C.; Grohn, Y. T. J- dairy-sci v.78(4): p.947-961. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; computer-software; computer-analysis; computer-simulation; lactation-curve; feed-intake; culling; data-analysis

Abstract: A computer program framework was established to enable a dairy herd production consultant to perform whole-herd analysis. The diagnostic process was an extensive data analysis 1) to derive key parameters related to production, reproduction, and health and 2) to produce input to a prognostic process. The prognostic process synthesized the obtained information into short- or long-term prognoses for the herd through a complex herd simulation model. Site specificity of parameter estimation and forecasting and explorability of assumptions and results were major characteristics of the approach. A user acceptance problem related to the simulation was addressed through a simultaneous process of development and validation during the introduction of the program framework into veterinary practices. The generally slow adoption of herd simulation models in extension work could be due to lack of credibility of the models. A major barrier to adoption of the current whole-herd approach may be the considerable time required to understand and use the tools properly. An example of a simulation experiment based on data from a New York dairy farm was provided, and the interpretation and practical applications of such simulation were discussed.

144.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Diagnostic hardware/software system for environmental controllers.
Chao, K. L.; Gates, R. S.; Chi, H. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (92-3560) 25 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: poultry-housing; temperature; computer-simulation

145.
NAL Call No.: S560.6.D57--1996
Directory of farm management training courses & resource materials in Saskatchewan : training courses, conferences, publications, casettes & video tapes, software programs. Farm management training courses & resource materials in Saskatchewan.
Canada. Agriculture and Agri Food Canada. Regina : AIMS, [1996?] 65 p. : ill., maps, Cover title.
Descriptors: Farm-management-Saskatchewan-Information-services- Directories; Farmers-Training-of-Saskatchewan

146.
NAL Call No.: QH301.A76-no.46
Distributing simulation models to the horticultural industry : how do we expedite the production and use of interlinked models.
Phelps, K.; Hinde, C. J.; Parker, C. G.; Reader, R. J. Modelling in applied biology spatial aspects, 25-27 June 1996, Brunel University /. Warwick : Association of Applied Biologists, c1996.. p. 279-286.
Includes references.
Descriptors: horticulture; simulation-models; horticultural-crops; technology-transfer; computer-simulation; computer-software; diffusion-of- information

147.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Documentation of the squarmap procedure and software for mapping squaring nodes.
Slaymaker, P. H.; Tugwell, N. P.; Watson, C. E. Jr.; Cochran, M. J.; Bourland, F. M.; Oosterhuis, D. M. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 483-484.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas.
Descriptors: gossypium; plant-development; mapping; computer-software; fruiting; sampling; data-collection; arkansas; mississippi

148.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3W67--1994
Does agricultural software for farmers help information transfer--what is needed to make it work better.
Worsley, P.; Hartley, R. [Sydney, N.S.W.?] : NSW Agriculture, [1994?] 79 p. : 1 map, "Duration of research: August 10 1992 to January 28 1994."
Descriptors: Agriculture-Australia-New-South-Wales-Computer-programs; Agriculture-Australia-New-South-Wales-Data-processing; Farm-management- Australia-New-South-Wales-Data-processing

149.
NAL Call No.: S600.5.E36--1996
Ecocrop 1 : the adaptability level of the FAO crop environmental requirements database. Version 1.1. Ecocrop one.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division. Italy : Soil Resources, Management and Conservation Service of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN, [1996?] 2 computer disks 1 user manual (16 p. : ill., 1 map ; 30 cm.)
Title from disk label. Developed by the Land and Water Development Division of FAO. "September 1996."
Descriptors: Crops-and-climate-Software; Crops-and-soils-Software

Abstract: Permits the identification of more than 1700 plant species whose most important climate and soil requirements match the information on soil and climate entered by the user.

150.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
The ecology and management of aspen.
Rauscher, H. M.; Perala, D. A.; Worth, C. V. AI-appl v.9(3): p.59. (1995)
In the special issue: Decision support systems.
Descriptors: populus-tremuloides; forest-ecology; plant-ecology; silviculture; forest-management; computer-software; north-america

151.
NAL Call No.: 60.18-J82
Economic consequences of alternative stocking rate adjustment tactics: a simulation approach.
Riechers, R. K.; Conner, J. R.; Heitschmidt, R. K. J-range-manage v.42(2): p.165-171. (1989 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cattle-farming; stocking-rate; investment; decision- making; optimization; computer-software; texas

Abstract: An economic analysis of alternative stocking rate adjustment tactics is performed using a simulation model which emulates the annual decision-making situation of a rancher. The model includes variation in livestock prices and annual forage production. The manager's decisions are based on the availability of forage at 4 decision points in the year, the expected growth between the current decision point and the next, and the expected portion of the forage that is to be harvested through grazing. Livestock are bought and sold to adjust the stocking rate to equal the expected available forage for grazing. Results are obtained for 3 different stocking tactics based on 4 levels of expected forage production and livestock utilization set at the May decision point. The results reflect the differences in net returns over variable costs and the differences in annual cow investment capital associated with each tactic. The results indicate that the tactics using a maximum stocking rate of 3.6 ha/au offer the most reasonable compromise between mean and variance of net returns. The tactic with no limit on stocking rate provides the possibility of obtaining higher average annual net returns than tactics with limited stocking rates, but the variation in annual returns is considerably greater and the annual cow investments costs are higher.

152.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A2N6
The economic contribution of agriculture in Delaware.
Tanjuakio, R. V.; Hastings, S. E.; Tytus, P. J. Agric-resour-econ-rev v.25(1): p.46-53. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: production-economics; agricultural-sector; sectoral- analysis; role-perception; economic-impact; state-government; employment; outturn; value-added; multipliers; input-output-analysis; computer-software; agroindustrial-relations; farm-inputs; processing; delaware; state-economy; economic-role; implan-computer-software; production-agriculture; processing- industries

153.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Economic value of management information systems in agriculture: a review of evaluation approaches.
Verstegen, J. A. A. M.; Huirne, R. B. M.; Dijkhuizen, A. A.; Kleijnen, J. P. C. Comput-electron-agric v.13(4): p.273-288. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sows; pig-farming; farm-management; information-systems; evaluation; information-technology; cost-benefit-analysis; decision-making

154.
NAL Call No.: 292.8-W295
The economic value of water in recreation: evidence from the California drought.
Ward, F. A.; Roach, B. A.; Henderson, J. E. Water-resour-res v.32(4): p.1075-1081. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: water-resources; water-management; water-recreation; economic-impact; drought; california

Abstract: A significant barrier to economically efficient management of most reservoir systems is lack of reliable information about how recreational values change with reservoir levels. This paper presents evidence on marginal values of water for recreation at Corps of Engineer reservoirs in the Sacramento, California, District. Data on visitors were collected by origin and destination before and during the early part of the 1985-1991 California drought. Because lake levels varied widely during the sample period, water's effect on visits was isolated from price and other effects. An estimated regional travel cost model containing water level as a visit predictor provided information to compute marginal values of water in recreation. For the range of the lake levels seen, annual recreational values per acre-foot (1234 m3) of water vary from $6 at Pine Flat Reservoir to more than $600 at Success Lake. These findings are limited to use values of visitors who travel to the reservoirs and do not reflect passive use values to people who value the reservoirs but never visit them. Analysts could apply similar methods to other river basins in which a public agency controls the management of multiple water uses.

155.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Economics of robot application.
Dijkhuizen, A. A.; Huirne, R. B. M.; Harsh, S. B.; Gardner, R. W. Comput- electron-agric v.17(1): p.111-121. (1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: Robotic milking / edited by D. Ordolff.
Descriptors: milking-machines; robots; automation; microeconomic- analysis; dairy-industry; wage-rates; innovation-adoption; macroeconomic- analysis; netherlands; usa; automatic-milking-systems

156.
NAL Call No.: S530.J6
Educational software for illustration of drainage, evapotranspiration, and crop yield.
Khan, A. H.; Stone, L. R.; Buller, O. H.; Schlegel, A. J.; Knapp, M. C.; Perng, J. I.; Manges, H. L.; Rogers, D. H. J-nat-resour-life-sci-educ v.25(2): p.170-174. (1996 Fall)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; sorghum-bicolor; triticum-aestivum; drainage; evapotranspiration; field-water-balance; crop-yield; irrigation-scheduling; agricultural-education; simulation-models; equations; computer-software; microcomputers; teaching-materials; silt-loam-soils; kansas; colorado

157.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Effect of furrow elevation differences on level-basin performance.
Sousa, P. L. d.; Dedrick, A. R.; Clemmens, A. J.; Pereira, L. S. Trans- ASAE v.38(1): p.153-158. (1995 Jan.-1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: levelling; basin-irrigation; furrows; height; surface- irrigation; water-spreading; water-distribution; zea-mays; crop-yield; tillage; simulation; portugal; laser-controlled-levelling; level-basin-irrigation; land- levelling; precision-controlled-leveling

Abstract: The uniformity of the water distribution on level basins is a function of inflow rate, basin length, infiltration characteristics, resistance to flow, spatial variability of soils, and, to a large extent, basin microtopography. The leveling precision attainable and the maintenance of this precision with various tillage implements are paramount to the successful use of level basins. Both leveling and tillage inadequacies were identified in research conducted on level basins in Portugal. The impact of these inadequacies on the performance of level basins, where basin-wide water distribution uniformity (DU) and crop yield (corn was used in the example) were used as performance indicators, was estimated by studying a distribution of level furrows with varying bed elevations within a basin, each receiving a different inflow rate depending on their relative elevations. The impact of laser-controlled leveling was illustrated for three precision improvement scenarios used to represent conditions in the United States and Portugal. The resultant improvement in crop yield in response to improved water distribution for the leveling precision improvement scenarios ranged from 8 (i.e., typical U. S. conditions) to 22 percentage points (i.e., typical Portuguese conditions) which were about one- half to two- thirds the improvement indicated by water distribution uniformity changes (i.e., 17 and 31 percentage points, respectively). These potential increases in production and the associated income realized, weighted against the cost to provide and maintain precisely leveled basins, can be used to guide decisions on leveling and the amount of effort to invest in precisely controlled tillage operations. leveling and tillage operations) to justify its use.

158.
NAL Call No.: SF1.S6
The effects of long-term variation in rainfall and dry matter production of veld on the financial position of a beef weaner enterprise.
De Waal, H. O. S-Afr-j-anim-sci v.24(4): p.113-118. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-production; rain; drought; veld; computer- simulation; computer-software; dry-matter; yields; semiarid-climate; south- africa

159.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin and dietary energy intake on growth, secretion of luteinizing hormone, follicular development, and onset of puberty in beef heifers.
Hall, J. B.; Schillo, K. K.; Fitzgerald, B. P.; Bradley, N. W. J-anim- sci v.72(3): p.709-717. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: heifers; somatotropin; energy-intake; lh; hormone- secretion; age; puberty; follicles; body-weight; liveweight-gain; height; blood- plasma; insulin; blood-sugar; urea; ovarian-follicles

Abstract: The effects of dietary energy and recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) on pattern of LH release, follicular development, and onset of puberty were studied in 40 Angus heifers. At 7 mo of age, heifers were assigned to a 2 X 2 factorial experiment; the main effects were dietary energy (high [HDE]: 14.15 Mcal of ME/d or moderate [MDE]: 10.84 Mcal of ME/d) and somatotropin (bST; 350 mg every 2 wk or vehicle). Beginning at 9 mo of age, heifers were observed twice daily for estrous activity. From 10.5 to 12 mo of age, five heifers from each treatment group were selected for weekly ultrasound examination of ovarian structures and biweekly sequential blood sampling to determine concentrations of LH. Somatotropin treatment altered intermediary metabolism in a manner consistent with enhanced accretion of lean tissue and decreased deposition of fat. The HDE heifers were younger (P <.001) at puberty than the MDE heifers, but BW at puberty was not different among treatment groups. Age and body weight at puberty were not affected by bST. Frequency of LH pulses increased within the 10.5 to 12 mo of age sampling window in HDE- treated heifers but not in MDE heifers (dietary energy X month of age; P <.02). Secretion of LH was unaffected by bST. Ovaries of bST-treated heifers tended (P <.09) to have fewer follicles > 5 mm in diameter than those of vehicle-treated heifers. We conclude that chronic treatment with bST did not alter age at puberty or pattern of LH release in heifers and that even modest differences in energy intake influence the timing of the prepubertal increase in pulsatile LH release.

160.
NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
Effects of water table management on water quality.
Chescheir, G. M.; Skaggs, R. W.; Gilliam, J. W.; Evans, R. O. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE, c1995.. v. 3 p. 61-64.
Descriptors: subsurface-drainage; subsurface-irrigation; water-table; regulation; zea-mays; glycine-max; crop-yield; nitrogen; losses-from-soil; drainage- water; nitrate-nitrogen; sediment-yield; phosphorus; aldicarb; simulation-models; computer-software; computer-simulation; water-pollution; groundwater-pollution; subirrigation; drainage-mod-n-model; us2dt-model; controlled-drainage

161.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
EFS cotton fiber management system GINNET.
Chewning, C. H. Jr.; Zeplin, J. B.; Vodicka, S. D. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton- Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 116-119.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas.
Descriptors: cotton; fiber-quality; computer-software; cotton- industry; quality-controls; cotton-gins; cultivars; color; usa

162.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
EFS Cotton Fiber Management System GINNet.
Chewning, C.; Zeplin, J.; Vodicka, S. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1994. v. 3 p. 1711- 1713.
Meeting held January 5-8, 1994, San Diego, California.
Descriptors: cotton; cotton-ginning; computer-software; quality- controls; fiber-quality; high-volume-instrument-data

163.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Electrical, mechanical and electronic problems with the Hungarian apple harvester robot during the 1992 fall field tests.
Kassay, L.; Slaughter, D. C. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1993. (933088) 16 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, and The Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.
Descriptors: apples; harvesters; robots; hungary

164.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Electro-optical citrus sorter.
Chen, S.; Fon, D. S.; Hong, S. T.; Wu, C. J.; Leu, K. C.; Tien, B. T.; Chang, W. H. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (923520) 19 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: citrus; color; grading

165.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Electrohydraulic robot design for mechanized grapevine pruning.
Norman, D. W.; Throop, J. A.; Gunkel, W. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1991. (91- 1598) 16 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 17-20, 1991, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: robots; automation; hydraulics; pruning

166.
NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
Electromagnetic induction as a mapping aid for precision farming.
Jaynes, D. B. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE, c1995.. v. 3 p. 153- 156.
Descriptors: low-input-agriculture; farming; fields; maps; mapping; mapping-units; soil-analysis; electrical-conductivity; atrazine; sorption; iowa; soil-mapping; soil-capability-maps

167.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Electromagnetic scanning of pork carcasses in an on-line industrial configuration.
Berg, E. P.; Forrest, J. C.; Fisher, J. E. J-anim-sci v.72(10): p.2642- 2652. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; fat-percentage; scanning; meat-cuts; lean; yield- correlations; equations; prediction; probes; optical-probes

Abstract: The objective of this study was to test and validate electromagnetic scanning of whole pork carcasses in an on-line, integrated, industrial configuration. The electromagnetic (EM) scanner was installed in two pork processing facilities (Plant A and Plant B). Plant A was a small pork fabrication plant that further processed chilled pork carcasses. Carcasses were delivered to Plant A by refrigerated trucks. The amount of EM energy absorbed by the carcasses was recorded as they were conveyed through the EM field. A plot of the absorption units over time (EM scan curve) was used to obtain predictive variables for estimating carcass and primal cut composition. Forty-eight whole, chilled carcasses (Group A ) were electromagnetically scanned and conveyed onto the fabrication line. The average percentage carcass lean for Group A was 49.1% (range = 36.5 to 59.5%). Right carcass sides were removed from the processing line, fabricated into primal cuts, and dissected into fat, lean, and bone. Prediction equations were developed from EM scans for weight of total dissected carcass lean (R2 = .830; root mean square error = 1.80 kg), percentage of carcass lean 2 = .820; root mean square error = 2.29%), and weight of dissected ham, longissimus muscle, and shoulder lean. In Plant B, the electromagnetic scanner was installed at the end of a pork slaughter line to ensure carcass scanning at a consistent carcass temperature. Fifty whole, pre-rigor eviscerated carcasses (Group B ) were electromagnetically scanned before entering the chill cooler where fat and loin tissue depths were obtained by an optical grading probe. The average percentage carcass lean for Group B was 46.7% (range = 30.1 to 57.3%). Prediction. carcass lean (R2 = .863; root mean square error = 2.05%), and weight of dissected ham, loin, and shoulder lean. Statistical equations developed for the prediction of dissected primal cut lean were superior from EM scans of Group B (prerigor) carcasses. Electromagnetic scanning proved more statistically efficient than optical probes for predicting weight of dissected carcass lean and percentage of carcass lean. Statistical comparison of EM scan equations from Groups A and B are not completely valid because two different populations of carcasses were tested at different times of the year. The results of this study show that EM scanning has the potential to accurately predict pork carcass composition in a fully automated, on-line industrial configuration.

168.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
End-effectors for agricultural robot to work in vineyard.
Monta, M.; Kondo, N.; Shibano, Y.; Mohri, K. Acta-hortic (399): p.247- 254. (1995 Mar.)
Paper presented at the XXIVth International Horticultural Congress on Greenhouse Environmental Control and Automation, August 21-27, Kyoto, Japan.
Descriptors: vitis; vineyards; crop-production; robots; components; spraying; bagging; plant-protection; japan

169.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
End-effectors for petty-tomato harvesting robot.
Kondo, N.; Fujiura, T.; Monta, M.; Shibano, Y.; Mohri, K.; Yamada, H. Acta- hortic (399): p.239-245. (1995 Mar.)
Paper presented at the XXIVth International Horticultural Congress on Greenhouse Environmental Control and Automation, August 21-27, Kyoto, Japan.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; harvesting; robots; components; greenhouses; performance-appraisals; japan

170.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Energy balance model of spatially variable evaporation from bare soil.
Evett, S. R.; Matthias, A. D.; Warrick, A. W. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America. Nov/Dec 1994. v. 58 (6) p. 1604- 1611.
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil; evaporation; surface-layers; soil-variability; spatial-variation; energy-balance; mathematical-models

Abstract: Most models of evaporation (E) provide estimates at one rather than many locations and thus cannot be used to describe the spatial variability of evaporation. An energy balance model (EBM) that estimates E at many locations was tested, improved, and validated, using daily evaporation measurements made with microlysimeters, giving an r2 value of 0.82 for regression of actual vs. estimated evaporation. The model is based on the surface energy balances of dry and drying soil. Data needed include only wind speed and soil surface temperature measurements obtained at a suitably small time interval (e.g., 0.5 h) with an automated weather station and reference dry soil at one location, and measurements of predawn and midday soil surface temperature made with a hand-held infrared thermometer at as many locations as desired for evaporation prediction. The reference dry soil was established in a plastic bucket buried in the soil and protected from rain and irrigation. Model improvements included an easy method of accurately estimating continuous soil surface temperature at many points in a field. Also, an empirically fitted transfer coefficient function for the sensible heat flux from the reference dry soil showed that sensible heat flux from the relatively hot reference dry soil was dominated by free convection. Soil heat flux and reflected shortwave radiation terms are omitted in the EBM and this was shown to reduce model accuracy by as much as 9.2% of the measured evaporation. The model may prove useful for prediction of spatial variability of evaporation based on soil surface temperatures.

171.
NAL Call No.: SB319.2.F6F56
The energy required in the production of vegetables in Florida.
Fluck, R. C.; Baird, C. D.; Panesar, B. S. Proc-annu-meet-Fla-State-Hort- Soc. [S.l.] : The Society,. May 1993. v. 105 p. 330-333.
Meeting held November 3-5, 1992, Tampa, Florida.
Descriptors: vegetables; crop-production; energy-consumption; mathematical-models; microcomputers; computer-simulation; simulation-models; energy- cost-of-production; farm-inputs; energy-relations; florida; florida- agricultural-energy-consumption-models; total-primary-energy; direct-energy

172.
NAL Call No.: SB319.2.F6F56
Energy requirements for Florida citrus production.
Fluck, R. C.; Baird, C. D.; Panesar, B. S. Proc-annu-meet-Fla-State-Hort- Soc. [S.l.] : The Society,. May 1993. v. 105 p. 84-87.
Meeting held November 3-5, 1992, Tampa, Florida.
Descriptors: citrus; energy-relations; crop-production; energy- requirements; energy-consumption; prediction; computer-software; mathematical- models; florida; total-primary-energy; florida-agricultural-energy-consumption- model

173.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Engineering economics of SCARA robot-based plug transplanting WORKCELL.
Fang, W.; Ting, K. C.; Giacomelli, G. A. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (917026) 9 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: engineering; transplanting; economics; robots

174.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-F7623
Enhancing access for natural resource professionals to geographic information systems: an example application.
Blinn, C. R.; Martodam, D. J.; Queen, L. P. For-chron v.70(1): p.75-79. (1994 Jan.-1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: geographical-information-systems; forest-inventories; forest-management; information-needs; computer-software; data-analysis; access; information-technology; minnesota; phase-ii-eppl-shell-macro; information-access

Abstract: Geographic information systems (GIS) provide natural resource professionals with unparalleled capabilities for analyzing their spatial databases. However, most natural resource professionals will not become proficient in the use of GIS because this tool has a large amount of technical overhead. The Phase II EPPL Shell macro described in this paper was developed so that field-level forest and wildlife managers within the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources could enhance access to and spatially analyze their forest inventory database. The macro was developed through a strategic, interactive process of defining user needs, designing a product, implementation, and product enhancement based on user review. The tool allows simple queries of stand attribute data simplifies the generation of customized maps of selected stands and stand attributes, outputs tabular reports, and provides access to analysis tools such as buffer commands. The EPPL Shell macro is currently being used by field managers to better resolve forest land management conflicts caused by increasing demands on the forest resource.

175.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-R3224
Enhancing practice management with management software systems.
Matthew, B. Can-vet-j v.37(10): p.627-630. (1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: veterinary-practice; computer-software; management; canada

176.
NAL Call No.: TX393.J6
Environmental modification of hard red winter wheat flour protein composition.
Graybosch, R. A.; Peterson, C. J.; Baenziger, P. S.; Shelton, D. R. J- cereal-sci v.22(1): p.45-51. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hard-wheat; winter-wheat; wheat-flour; protein- composition; protein-content; protein-quality; environmental-factors; climatic- factors; molecular-genetics; geographical-variation; cultivars; food-processing- quality

Abstract: The intrinsic processing quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is modified significantly by cultural conditions and climate. In an attempt to understand the biochemical basis of such variation environmental modification of flour protein content and composition was measured. Thirty hard red winter wheat cultivars and experimental lines were grown at 17 Nebraska environments during 1990 and 1991. Environmental conditions, including grain filling duration, temperature and relative humidity during grain filling, were monitored. Grain yield and test weight also were determined as environmental indicators. Significant linear correlations between flour protein content, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, were observed only with the duration of grain filling. Protein quality, as measured by SDS sedimentation volumes and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, was highly influenced by the frequency of high temperatures during grain filling and by the relative humidity. Observed ranges in genotypic responses (variance) at locations also were altered by environmental factors. Optimal protein quality, as determined by SDS sedimentation volumes, was observed with exposure to less than 90 h of temperature greater than 32 degrees C during grain filling. Protein quality declined with exposure to a greater number of hours of elevated temperature.

177.
NAL Call No.: 241.64-J82
ESSESA: an expert system for structure elucidation from spectra. 6. Substructure constraints from analysis of 13C-NMR spectra.
Hong, H.; Han, Y.; Xin, X.; Shi, Y. J-chem-inf-comput-sci v.35(6): p.979-1000. (1995 Nov.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: organic-compounds; structure; computer-software; expert- systems; nuclear-magnetic-resonance-spectroscopy; spectral-data; databases; spectral-analysis; chemical-structure

Abstract: This paper describes the knowledge base of 13C-NMR spectral analysis and the interpretation program for analysis of 13C-NMR spectral data in ESSESA. Logical representation and the production system rules concerning analysis of 13C-NMR spectra are discussed as well as inferential models useful in 13C-NMR spectral analysis. The unsaturation and the atomic composition of an unknown compound as well as the substructure constraints from the analysis of infrared spectrum and first-order 1H-NMR spectrum are passed to the interpretation program that develops the substructure constraints from its analysis of 13C-NMR spectral data by inference from the knowledge base of the spectral analysis. The knowledge base contains 1277 substructures.

178.
NAL Call No.: 275.29-Ar4Mi
Establishing a uniform stand.
Helms, R.; Chaney, H. MP. [Little Rock] : Agricultural Extension Service, University of Arkansas Division of Agriculture ; [Washington, D.C.] : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture,. June 1990. (192,rev.) p. 14-17.
In the series analytic: Rice production handbook.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; crop-establishment; emergence; site- preparation; weed-control; planting-date; crop-density; seed-drills; calibration; computer- software; cultivars; arkansas

179.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Estimating marbling score in live cattle from ultrasound images using pattern recognition and neural network procedures.
Brethour, J. R. J-anim-sci v.72(6): p.1425-1432. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; ultrasonography; ultrasound; imagery; texture; longissimus-dorsi; beef; carcass-grading; live-estimation; computer- analysis; computer-software; accuracy; computer-techniques; computer-vision

Abstract: Neural network processing of texture statistics (which parameterized longissimus muscle echograms of live cattle) resulted in marbling estimates that differed from corresponding USDA carcass marbling scores by an average of .42 marbling score units. This was more accurate (P <.001) than using the same features in a multiple regression model. Images were used from 53 cattle in the training set and from 108 cattle in the validation set. Over 500 texture statistics (including variations in direction, resolution, and step size) were screened to identify three candidates (Markovian homogeneity - step size = one; third quadrant emphasis from the bit-4, normalized run length/gray level matrix; and 12-pixel local standard deviation) for intensive analysis. The differences between the live animal estimates and carcass marbling were not much greater than the human error in assigning carcass marbling scores. When the results were subjected to receiver operating characteristic analysis, accuracies in grade classification were comparable to clinical, diagnostic imaging evaluations. It is feasible to incorporate this procedure into a computer interfaced with an ultrasound system to provide unsupervised instrument evaluation of live cattle in 'near real time' (2 or 3 s).

180.
NAL Call No.: QH1.J62
Estimation of tropical forest extent and regenerative stage using remotely sensed data.
Foody, G. M.; Curran, P. J. J-biogeogr. Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. May 1994. v. 21 (3) p. 223-244.
Includes references.
Descriptors: tropical-forests; deforestation; afforestation; remote- sensing; regeneration; biomass; infrared-imagery; estimation; carbon-dioxide; ghana

181.
NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
Evaluating CERES-maize for reduction in plant population or leaf area during the growing season.
Piper, E. L.; Weiss, A. Agric-syst v.33(3): p.199-213. (1990)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; population-density; leaf-area; crop-growth- stage; crop-yield; kernels; yield-components; yield-forecasting; computer- software; simulation-models

182.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84y
Evaluating computerized farm accounting systems.
Lovell, A. C.; Lippke, L. A.; Johnson, J. W. Yearb-agric. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., [1980-. 1989. p. 113-118.
In the series analytic: Farm management: How to achieve your farm business / edited by D.T. Smith.
Descriptors: farm-management; farm-accounting; computer-software; microcomputers

183.
NAL Call No.: 64.8-C883
Evaluating wheat nitrogen status with canopy reflectance indices and discriminant analysis.
Filella, I.; Serrano, L.; Serra, J.; Penuelas, J. Crop-sci v.35(5): p.1400-1405. (1995 Sept.-1995 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; nitrogen; nutrient-availability; nutrient-deficiencies; assessment; remote-sensing; canopy; reflectance; chlorophyll; nitrogen-content; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; optical- properties; wavelengths; spectral-analysis

Abstract: Nitrogen deficiencies can seriously reduce yield and economic returns for farmers. Remote sensing could provide inexpensive, large- area estimates of N status and be used to monitor N status since leaf chlorophyll (Chl) A content is mainly determined by N availability. The objective was to determine if remote sensing of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Chl A content would provide a rapid estimation of wheat N status. We measured the reflectance of a wheat crop submitted to five different fertilization treatments throughout the growth cycle. We tested several empirical reflectance indices of pigment content: reflectance at 550 nm (R550), reflectance at 680 nm (R680), three parameters of the red edge [wavelength, amplitude in the first derivative of the reflectance spectra (dRre), and sum of amplitudes between 680 and 780 nm in the first derivative of the reflectance spectra], and pigment simple ratio (PSR) and normalized pigment chlorophyll index (NPCI) (indices of carotenoid/Chl ratio). We also measured leaf Chl A and N content, and leaf area index. There were significant correlations between canopy Chl A content and R550, R680, and all the red edge parameters. The NPCI and PSR followed phenological evolution of the carotenoids/Chl A ratio and separated the different treatments. By discriminant analysis based on the pigment indices reflectance at 430 nm (R430), R550, R680, red edge wavelength, dRre, and NPCI, each reflectance spectrum canbe assigned to a different N status class. Thus, the use of these optical techniques offers a potential for assessing N status of wheat.

184.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Evaluation of an automated irrigation system for frost protection.
Heinemann, P. H.; Morrow, C. T.; Stombaugh, T. S.; Goulart, B. L.; Schlegel, J. Appl-eng-agric v.8(6): p.779-785. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fragaria-ananassa; frost-protection; irrigation-systems; computer-software; water-conservation; pennsylvania; illinois

Abstract: An automated system that uses sprinkler irrigation to protect crops from frost was tested on a strawberry planting during fall frosts. The automated system used a microcomputer to monitor environmental conditions within and external to the crop canopy, determined when and how much water to apply, and controlled the irrigation system in order to adequately protect the crop. Results show that the system was effective for both protecting the crop from coldweather damage and reducing the quantity of water used when compared to conventional approaches. The automated system used 76% less water than a conventional system during a mild frost event and 25% less during a severe frost event.

185.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Evaluation of colour representations for maize images.
Ahmad, I. S.; Reid, J. F. J-agric-eng-res v.63(3): p.185-195. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; leaves; senescence; optical-properties; water- stress; nitrogen; nutrient-deficiencies; nitrogen-fertilizers; application- rates; evaluation; methodology; color-photography; photographic-slides; electronic-scanning; microcomputers; imagery; computer-vision

186.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Evaluation of GPS for applications in precision agriculture.
Borgelt, S. C.; Harrison, J. D.; Sudduth, K. A.; Birrell, S. J. Appl-eng- agric v.12(6): p.633-638. (1996 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; satellite-surveys; remote-sensing; technology; applications; mapping; crop-yield; grain; soil; sampling; geographical- distribution; data-processing; accuracy; global-positioning- system; site-specific-farming

Abstract: Location coordinate information is needed in precision agriculture to map in-field variability, and to serve as a control input for variable rate application. Differential global positioning system (DGPS) measurement techniques were compared with other independent data sources for sample point location and combine yield mapping operations. Sample point location could be determined to within 1 m (3 ft) 2dRMS using C/A code processing techniques and data from a high-performance GPS receiver. Higher accuracies could be obtained with carrier phase kinematic positioning methods, but this required more time and was a less robust technique with a greater potential for data acquisition problems. Data from a DGPS C/A code receiver was accurate enough to provide combine position information in yield mapping. However, distance data from another source, such as a ground-speed radar or shaft speed sensor, was needed to provide sufficient accuracy in the travel distance measurements used to calculate yield on an area basis.

187.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Evaluation of machine, technician, and interpreter effects on ultrasonic measures of backfat and longissimus muscle area in beef cattle.
Herring, W. O.; Miller, D. C.; Bertrand, J. K.; Benyshek, L. L. J-anim- sci v.72(9): p.2216-2226. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; steers; backfat; fat-thickness; ultrasonic- fat-meters; longissimus-dorsi; area; ultrasonography; errors; prediction; repeatability; accuracy

Abstract: Before slaughter, 44 Hereford-sired steers were measured ultrasonically for backfat (UFAT) and longissimus muscle area (ULMA) between the 12th and 13th ribs by three technicians (TECH) using two different machines (MACH) on two consecutive days (DAY). Each TECH interpreted (INT) his own images in addition to other TECH images. The absolute values of the difference between the 2 DAY's ultrasound measurements for ULMA ([LMAR])and UFAT ([FATR]) were analyzed with a model including fixed effects of MACH and TECH with a random effect of steer and all interactions. For both [LMAR] and [FATR], MACH X TECH was significant (P <.10). Correlations between the 2 DAY's measurements ranged from .36 to .90 and .69 to .90 for ULMA and UFAT, respectively. Simple statistics to quickly evaluate TECH and MACH were developed. Root mean squared errors (RMSE) and error standard deviations (ESD) between repeated measurements ranged from 3.89 to 11.32 and 3.93 to 11.34 cm2 for ULMA and .12 to .20 cm and .12 to .20 cm for UFAT, respectively. For accuracy, the absolute values of the difference between the ultrasound and carcass measurement for fat ([FATD]) and longissimus muscle area ([LMAD]) were analyzed with a model accounting for fixed effects of DAY, TECH, and MACH and a random effect of steer with all higher- order interactions. For [LMAD], TECH X MACH was a significant source of variation (P <.001). Also, a similar model was fit that included the fixed effects of TECH, MACH, and INT and a random effect of steer with all interactions. The MACH X INT interaction was found to be significant for ILMADI (P <.05). From this research, TECH and MACH differences do exist. Ultrasound is a valid means of.

188.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Evaluation of neural networks as a tool for management of swine environments.
Korthals, R. L.; Hahn, G. L.; Nienaber, J. A. Trans-ASAE v.37(4): p.1295-1299. (1994 July-1994 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pig-housing; air-temperature; environmental-temperature; liveweight-gain; pigs; growth-rate; computer-analysis; computer-software; ambient-temperature

Abstract: Nine neural network configurations were developed and evaluated to predict the extent to which ambient temperature can be allowed to vary without incurring excessive losses in rate of gain for ad-libitum-fed growing-finishing swine. The best network, chosen based on root mean square error, absolute error, and histograms of desired and target network outputs, was used in an experiment to determine maximum allowable ambient temperatures to achieve daily gain above 0.78 and 0.70 kg. Results indicated that the network maintained constant growth rates (R2 greater than or equal to 0.99) of 0.79 and 0.78 kg/day compared to 0.93 kg/day under thermoneutral conditions, but the growth rate of animals in the low growth rate treatment was considerably above the 0.70 kg/day target. Sensitivity analysis performed after the experiment showed that the networks were not attempting to match daily gain goals. A neural network, trained with a more comprehensive data set containing temperature increases and decreases, should improve upon the results found. Experimental results and sensitivity analysis of the simplest neural network developed also indicated a correlation among animal weight, growth limiting temperatures, and daily gain.

189.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Evaluation of photoelectric sensors for robotic transplanting.
Craven, J. B. Jr.; Kutz, L. J. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (91-7030) 18 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: transplanting; robots; automation

190.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Evaluation of photoelectric sensors for robotic transplanting.
Kutz, L. J.; Craven, J. B. Jr. Appl-eng-agric v.10(1): p.115-121. (1994 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: seedlings; transplanting; robots; photoelectric-cells; sensors; performance-testing

Abstract: The ability of a robot to intelligently transplant bedding plant seedlings was studied using photoelectric sensors to detect the seedlings and a compliant finger-type gripper. The sensors were mounted on an IBM 7535 robot (IBM, Boca Raton, FL, USA), and used reflected light in the infrared range to detect plant foliage. Three tests using two different sensor configurations were evaluated (1) two sensors mounted side-by-side on the same side of the gripper where the sensors' output was monitored once per cycle, (2) two sensors mounted side-by-side on the same side of the gripper where the sensors' output was monitored twice per cycle, and (3) four sensors mounted in pairs on opposite sides of the gripper where the sensors' signal was again monitored twice per cycle. Twelve different bedding plant species were transplanted to evaluate the ability of the sensors to detect the varied seedling morphologies during transplanting. Sensor outputs were used to decide upon multiple actions at two points within the robot control program: (1) just after a seedling had been retrieved from the plug flat, and (2) just after the seedling was deposited into the grow flat. The sensors accurately identified empty plug cells, which enabled the robot to fill at least 94% of 1,925 grow flat cells for 11 of the 12 species tested However, the sensors did not detect some seedlings, particularly varieties which had little foliage, such as dahlia, impatiens, and tomato. This caused the robot to discard 8 to 64% of extracted. Cycle times for successful transplanting of seedlings ranged from 5.5 to 7.5 s/seedling.

191.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Evaluation of photoelectric sensors for robotic transplanting.
Kutz, L. J.; Craven, J. B. Jr. Appl-eng-agric v.10(2): p.297-304. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: horticultural-crops; greenhouse-culture; seedling- culture; transplanting; robots; automation; sensors; photoelectric-cells; evaluation; mechanization

Abstract: The ability of a robot to intelligently transplant bedding plant seedlings was studied using photoelectric sensors to detect the seedlings and a compliant finger-type gripper. The sensors were mounted on an IBM 7535 robot (IBM, Boca Raton, FL, USA), and used reflected light in the infrared range to detect plant foliage. Three tests using two different sensor configurations were evaluated: (1) two sensors mounted side-by-side on the same side of the gripper where the sensors' output was monitored once per cycle, (2) two sensors mounted side-by-side on the same side of the gripper where the sensors' output was monitored twice per cycle, and (3) four sensors mounted in pairs on opposite sides of the gripper where the sensors' signal was again monitored twice per cycle. Twelve different bedding plant species were transplanted to evaluate the ability of the sensors to detect the varied seedling morphologies during transplanting. Sensor outputs were used to decide upon multiple actions at two points within the robot control program: (1) just after a seedling had been retrieved from the plug flat, and (2) just after the seedling was deposited into the grow flat. The sensors accurately identified empty plug cells, which enabled the robot to fill at least 94% of 1,925 grow flat cells for 11 of the 12 species tested. However, the sensors did not detect some seedlings, particularly varieties which had little foliage, such as dahlia, impatiens, and tomato. This caused the robot to discard 8 to 64% of extracted seedlings per specie tested. Gripper finger adhesion problems were noted, and sensor sensitivity settings limited performance in Tests 2 and 3. Cycle times for successful transplanting of.

192.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Evaluation of rbWHIMS: an expert system for cotton pest management.
Williams, M. R.; Willers, J. L.; Wagner, T. L.; Olson, R. L. Proc-Beltwide- Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1993. v. 2 p. 893-894.
Meeting held on January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; expert-systems; pest-management; computer-software; evaluation

193.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Evaluation of the moisture equivalent soil test for irrigation management.
Beverly, R. B. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.27(3/4): p.615-621. (1996)
Paper presented at the 1995 International Symposium on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis: Quality of Soil and Plant Analysis in View of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment held August 5-10, 1995, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Descriptors: irrigation; water-management; soil-analysis; soil-water- content; available-water-capacity; soil-water-retention; soil-water-potential; wilting- point; field-capacity; soil-types-textural; soil-texture; clay; sustainability; site-specific-management; precision-agriculture

Abstract: Previous research demonstrated that the moisture equivalent (ME) soil test measured at about -80 kPa reflects soil clay and organic matter contents, exhibits good precision, and is well correlated to the -33 kPa pressure plate estimate of field capacity. However, data to guide interpretation of the ME results in irrigation management are lacking. In the present research, soil mixes comprising 45 to 100% sand, 0 to 50% clay, and 0 to 5% peat by volume were used to determine the effects of soil composition on ME measured at either -13 or -80 kpa. The plant available water capacity (AWC) was determined by growing plants in pots containing the soil mixes. Volumetric ME measurements at either -13 or -80 kPa increased linearly with clay content, as did the volumetric water content at wilting point (WP). Hence, the estimated AWC was essentially constant across the entire range tested. If WP and AWC estimates from this greenhouse study reflect field conditions, the results do not support soil testing to guide differential irrigation management based on soil texture.

194.
NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5
Evaluation of transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle puncture to collect oocytes and follicular fluids at consecutive times relative to the preovulatory LH surge in eCG/PG-treated cows.
Vos, P. L. A. M.; Loos, F. A. M. de.; Pieterse, M. C.; Bevers, M. M.; Taverne, M. A. M.; Dieleman, S. J. Theriogenology v.41(4): p.829-840. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; synchronized-females; follicles; follicular- fluid; lh; progesterone; hormone-secretion; ultrasonography; superovulation

Abstract: Holstein-Friesian cows (n = 56) were synchronized with Syncro-Mate B, and those cows (n = 47) developing a normal progesterone pattern were further treated im with 3,000 I.U. eCG at Day 10 and 22.5 mg PGF2 alpha 48 h later. Blood samples were collected every hour from 30 until 49 h after PG administration. Cows (n = 17, 36.2%) with fewer than 8 follicles larger than 8 mm in diameter at 28 to 30 h after PG treatment and animals without an LH peak (n = 7, 23%) were excluded from the study. Transvaginal ultrasound-guided puncture of the follicles was carried out two times per cow, at 30 h after PG injection (4 to 5 follicles) and again at 1 to 5 (n = 6), 12 (n = 8) or 22 h (n = 9) after the LH peak. No differences in the concentrations of progesterone and LH were observed among the 3 groups. An average of 18 follicles per cow was punctured (total of 415 punctures, n = 23); 116 cumulus-oocyte-complexes and 370 follicular fluid samples were obtained producing average recovery rates of 28.0% and 89.2%. The number of cumulus-oocyte-complexes varied between puncture times; shortly before ovulation, at 22 h after the LH peak, the recovery rate was significantly 5 times higher than immediately after the LH peak. Overall, in 75 punctures the cumulus-oocyte-complex was accompanied by a pure follicular fluid sample (3.3 per cow). In conclusion, the transvaginal ultrasound-guided puncture of preovulatory-size follicles can be used to collect follicular fluids to study changes in the microenvironment of maturing oocytes upon superovulation. However, further research is required in order to obtain an equivalent number of accompanying cumulus-oocyte-complexes.

195.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Evapotranspiration of irrigated winter wheat--Southern High Plains.
Howell, T. A.; Steiner, J. L.; Schneider, A. D.; Evett, S. R. Trans- ASAE v.38(3): p.745-759. (1995 May-1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; semiarid-climate; irrigation; irrigation-scheduling; evaporation; evapotranspiration; plant-development; simulation- models; soil-water; lysimeters; texas

Abstract: Models of water use for irrigation scheduling and for crop growth simulation require validation of the evapotranspiration (ET) submodel. In this study ET was measured for irrigated winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) at Bushland, Texas, in the semi-arid Southern High Plains for the 1989-1990, 1991- 1992, and 1992-1993 winter wheat cropping seasons using weighing lysimeters that contained undisturbed monoliths 3 X 3 X 2.3 m deep of Pullman clay loam soil (Torrertic Paleustolls). Weather data from a nearby station were used to compute daily ET values for a reference alfalfa crop (hypothetical) using the ASCE Manual No. 70 equations based on the Penman-Monteith equation and several other widely used "potential" or "maximum" ET models. Linear regressions between ET estimated from widely used equations and the reference alfalfa ET equation indicated that direct comparisons with computed ET values could not be reliably predicted with simple ratios. For the computed reference alfalfa ET base, peat basal crop coefficients (Kcb) varied from 0.88 to 1.00 for the three seasons and were lower than those reported from other locations. Peak mean crop coefficients (Kc) varied from 0.83 to 0.94 for the three seasons. Seasonal ET varied from 791 to 957 mm for the three seasons. Evapotranspiration and crop coefficients for winter wheat varied considerably with season.

196.
NAL Call No.: S544.3.O5O5
Expected progeny differences. 1. Background on breeding value estimation.
Northcutt, S. L.; Buchanan, D. S. OSU-ext-facts. [Stillwater, Olka. : Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University,. Feb 1993. (3159) 2 p.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; breeding-value; mathematical-models; computer-software; oklahoma

197.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Expert evaluation system for assessing field vulnerability to agrochemical compounds in Mediterranean regions.
Rosa, D. d. la.; Moreno, J. A.; Garcia, L. V. J-agric-eng-res v.56(2): p.153-164. (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-pollution; groundwater-pollution; pollutants; agricultural-chemicals; expert-systems; evaluation; nitrates; pesticides; leaching; soil- properties; microcomputers; spain; management-system-criteria; automated-land-evaluation-system; computer-based-expert-knowledge-system

Abstract: An expert evaluation system (named ARENAL) has been developed using a knowledge-based approach that allows estimation of the relative vulnerability of soil and groundwater to diffuse agrochemical contamination. ARENAL interprets groundwater vulnerability at the field scale especially from nitrate and pesticide leaching. Soil properties and related agricultural land-features are-combined with management system criteria for Mediterranean regions. The Automated Land Evaluation System (ALES) was used to acquire this computer-captured expert knowledge and allied data. The ARENAL expert system uses basic input data or "key" parameters from existing soil and land survey information. Such an evaluation approach can be the basis for estimation of the environmental impact of agricultural activities, with reference to chemical degradation of soil and water resources.

198.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Expert system for fertilization management of rice.
Chai, K. L.; Costello, T. A.; Wells, B. R.; Norman, R. J. Appl-eng- agric v.10(6): p.849-855. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; flooded-rice; crop-management; fertilizers; expert-systems; ricefertility; nutrient-management

Abstract: A computer-based decision support system called Rice Fertility has been developed to provide information and recommendations on efficient utilization of fertilizer for the production of flooded rice in Arkansas. Conventional information sources regarding timing and rate of fertilizer applications were consolidated in developing a computerbased tool that generated recommendations quickly for many situations. The text of each recommendation was formulated to be sensitive to the tactical context of the individual problem scenario. The inputs to the expert system included cultural system, rice cultivar, rice growth stage, flood status, soil texture, and soil pH. Appropriate recommendations were generated for rates of early nitrogen (N), maximum tillering N, midseason N, and other soil fertility problems involving salinity, liming, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, and/or sulfur. The system logic was successfully validated in 29 of 31 sample scenarios tested. The set of sample scenarios was defined using the Arkansas Rice Research Verification Trials as a balanced source of fertilizer decisions made in growers' fields. A method of classifying the results of the validation testing was useful in evaluating the software.

199.
NAL Call No.: 99.9-F7662J
An expert system for timber harvesting decision making on industrial forest lands.
Linehan, P. E.; Corcoran, T. J. For-prod-j v.44(6): p.65-70. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: timbers; harvesting; decision-making; expert-systems; forest-management; costs; maine

Abstract: Using expert systems, a product of artificial intelligence research, a decision support system for timber harvesting can lead a forester through a series of questions to arrive at a determination of harvesting viability. The program, X-Harvester, was written in a development package, EXSYS Professional. The system is divided into modules that are accessed independently through a menu program. Although tailored for conditions in Maine, it can be adapted for other regions. Machine cost models in separate spreadsheets evaluate individual harvesting machines using several common methods. The harvesting system module builds specific harvesting systems from individual machines. Operating and labor costs are included in the analysis. The log prices and value and stumpage modules use price information stored in dataframe files to calculate the income from timber sales and the cost of stumpage purchases. Calculations are made by species and product. A user can update price and stumpage information by editing the data files. The financial viability module uses information from the previous modules in its evaluation process. The user can compute costs for the entire system as a whole, or for each machine in the system on an individual basis. Costs can also be input on a daily or hourly basis. Miscellaneous costs, such as road building, overhead, or transportation can also be included. A cutting regulations module evaluates the operation for compliance with Maine's timber and land use laws. The user may also evaluate the site for physical operability and suitability of soils for forest regeneration.

200.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Explaining and justifying recommendations in an agriculture decision support system.
Greer, J. E. Comput-electron-agric v.11(2/3): p.195-214. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farm-management; decision-making; computer-software; simulation-models; expert-systems; explain-hybrid-system

201.
NAL Call No.: GE5.A66-1993
An exploration of the economics of farm management alternatives to improve water quality.
Heilman, P.; Yakowitz, D. S.; Stone, J. J.; Kramer, L. A.; Lane, L. J.; Imam, B. Application of advanced information technologies effective management of natural resources proceedings of the 18-19 June 1993 Conference, Spokane, Washington /. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, c1993.. p. 194-205.
Includes references.
Descriptors: water-quality; pollutants; farm-management; farm-income; decision-making; simulation-models; usda; iowa; prototype-decision-support- system; agricultural-research-service

202.
NAL Call No.: 99.9-F7662J
Exploring the potential of using optical log scanners for predicting lumber grade.
Grace, L. A. For-prod-j v.43(10): p.45-50. (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumber; grading; quality; optical-instruments; scanning; pinus-sylvestris; logs; taper; roughness; sweep; sweden

Abstract: Swedish softwood sawmills have traditionally sorted logs into relatively homogeneous size classes to facilitate downstream production processes. Sorting is normally based on top-end diameter classes as determined by optical log scanners. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of using conventional optical log scanners to determine log quality. A total of 300 debarked Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sawlogs delivered to a large sawmill in northern Sweden were scanned using the dual-axis scanner installed at the mill. Log profiles, consisting of diameters measured in two directions to the nearest millimeter every second centimeter along the log length, were generated by the scanner and stored on diskette. The scanned logs were sawn and the resulting lumber graded. The scanned profile data were used to develop computer algorithms describing various parameters of log geometry including: taper in different sections of the log, surface roughness, sweep, and eccentricity. Parameters describing the shape of each log were combined with the lumber grade information to determine which parameters indicated lumber quality. Taper in the large end was found to be a good indicator of log position, which can indicate lumber grade. Surface roughness was related to the grade within position classes, but neither sweep nor eccentricity demonstrated any relationship with lumber grade. These results have been used to develop a log sorting algorithm to automatically identify and sort logs with the geometric.

203.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
External flute seed metering evaluation related to site specific farming.
Bashford, L. L. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1993. (93-8517) 15 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 14-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: sowing-rates; seed-drills; soybeans; wheat; metering

204.
NAL Call No.: 60.19-B773
Factors affecting sonic sward stick measurements: the effect of different leaf characteristics and the area of sward sampled.
Hutchings, N. J. Grass-forage-sci v.47(2): p.153-160. (1992 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grass-sward; measurement; plant-height; ultrasonic- devices; leaves; size; surface-roughness

205.
NAL Call No.: 286.8-N47M
Farm computer uptake and practices in New Zealand.
Nuthall, P. L.; Bishop Hurley, G. J. Rev-mark-agric-econ v.63(2): p.330-339. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: microcomputers; farm-management; farm-surveys; demography; innovation-adoption; usage; new-zealand

206.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
A farm machinery selection and management program.
Siemens, J.; Hamburg, K.; Tyrrell, T. J-prod-agric v.3(2): p.212-219. (1990 Apr.-1990 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farm-machinery; farm-management; operation; optimization; computer-software; microcomputers

Abstract: A farm machinery selection and management program was developed and written in the C programming language to run on an IBM compatible personal computer. The program input information consists of a list of desired field operations with start date, acres, and hours per day for each operation. Other input includes crop yields, penalty dates for planting and harvesting, availability and cost of labor, and certain economic data. Stored data files contain machine list prices and productivity values, work-day probabilities, and equation constants for computing machine costs. For different machinery sets or a specified set of machinery, the program schedules the field operations and computes the total machinery- related costs including costs for the machines, labor, and timeliness. Using an optimization process, the lowest cost machinery set is determined and the eight lowest cost sets found during the process are presented. For any of the eight lowest cost sets, or for a specified set of machinery, the output includes a list of the machinery with prices and annual use, the work schedule, the cost for each operation, and the total machinery- related costs.

207.
NAL Call No.: SH103.W67--1992
Farmer-proven integrated agriculture-aquaculture : a technology information kit.
Workshop to Produce an Information Kit on Farmer Proven Integrated Agriculture Aquaculture Technologies (1992 : International Institute of Rural Reconstruction). Silang, Cavite, Philippines : International Institute of Rural Reconstruction ; Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines : International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management, [1992?] 1 portfolio : ill., Cover title. grants provided by the Netherlands Organization for International Development and Cooperation (NOVIB) and the ASEAN-Canada Fund"--P. [4] of cover.
Descriptors: Aquaculture-Asia-Congresses; Fish-culture-Asia- Congresses; Agriculture-Asia-Congresses; Rice-Asia-Congresses; Poultry-Asia- Congresses; Swine-Asia-Congresses

208.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Farming soils, not field: a strategy for increasing fertilizer profitability.
Carr, P. M.; Carlson, G. R.; Jacobsen, J. S.; Nielsen, G. A.; Skogley, E. O. J-prod-agric v.4(1): p.57-61. (1991 Jan.-1991 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; fields; soil-fertility; crop-yield; soil-variability; fertilizers; application-rates; variation; profitability; montana; precision-farming

Abstract: Farm fields are traditionally fertilized as one homogeneous soil unit. Most fields, however, contain two or more soils with different crop yield potentials. This study was conducted to (i) measure crop yield differences between contrasting soils within fields, and (ii) compare the economics of "farming soils, not fields," where contrasting soils in a field receive different vs. uniform rates and formulations of fertilizer. Crop yield variability studies were conducted along 1600 ft transects across several soil units in each of four fields during 1987. Grain yield, test weight, and returns over variable costs varied greatly among soil units in each field (P <0.05). Soil fertility studies also revealed differences in grain yield, test weight, and returns among soil units in five fields during 1987 and 1988. Fertility studies indicated yields were similar for small grains when recommended fertilizer treatments were applied as soil unit treatments rather than as a field treatment. Returns were $2.06 to $5.14 greater per acre for the soil treatment than for the field treatment in three of five fields, but overall, the returns were not significantly different. A recommended fertilizer treatment was not always the optimum treatment, however. In two fields, additional returns of $21.68 to $23.51/acre resulted when optimum soil treatments were applied rather than the field treatment. The data reveal the importance of appropriate crop yield goals, accurate soil tests, and reliable fertilizer recommendations when developing a strategy for generating greater returns by farming soil, not fields. Given these caveats, our work suggests that farming soils, not fields will increase fertilizer profitability.

209.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Fermentation and utilization of grass silage.
Harrison, J. H.; Blauwiekel, R.; Stokes, M. R. J-dairy-sci v.77(10): p.3209-3235. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grass-silage; dairy-cows; dactylis-glomerata; chemical- composition; digestibility; maturity-stage; cell-wall-components; species- differences; regrowth; nutrient-content; silage-fermentation; lactic-acid- bacteria; wilting; dry-matter; palatability; silage-additives; silage-quality; feed- supplements; literature-reviews; amino-acids

Abstract: The decision to utilize particular forages in support of dairy production should be based on a number of key factors, such as available land base, type of manure management, soil type and topography, climate, and availability of purchased forages and feeds. Because of the complexity and environmental concerns existing in the dairy industry today, decisions about forage and manure management should include whole farm analysis with the aid of computer software. The chemical composition and digestibility of grass are affected more by stage of maturity than by other management factors, such as species, DM, or type of harvest system. The decline in digestibility of nutrients in first growth forage is approximately .55 to .68%/d and is dependent on the method of estimation. The decline in digestible DMI in first growth is .3 to .5%/d. The use of silage additives has become an integral part of forage management, and improvements in DMI and milk production are documented. Particle size and type of harvest equipment significantly affect eating behavior and efficiency of milk production. Wilting of silage results in an increase in DMI and efficiency of microbial protein production.

210.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Fertility Analysis and Recommendations Manager (F.A.R.M.).
Kruger, G. A.; Karamanos, R. E.; Henry, J. L. Commun-soil-sci-plant- anal v.25(7/8): p.955-965. (1994)
Paper presented at the 1993 International Symposium on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis: Precision Nutrient Management, August 14-19, 1993, Olympia, Washington. Part 1.
Descriptors: soil-testing; fertilizer-requirement-determination; sample-processing; computer-software

211.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Field soil sampling density for variable rate fertilization.
Franzen, D. W.; Peck, T. R. J-prod-agric v.8(4): p.568-574. (1995 Oct.- 1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fields; soil-testing; phosphorus; potassium; nutrient- availability; representative-sampling; determination; samples; density; soil- variability; soil-fertility; fertilizers; application-rates; variation; alternative-farming; precision-farming

Abstract: Variable rate fertilizer application being commercially performed today is most often based on a soil test map. The sampling density used to develop a map is often selected without background information regarding field soil test variability. The objective of this study was to determine how many samples should be taken from a field in order to locate and describe major areas of fertility affecting variable rate fertilizer applications. Two 40 acre fields were sampled in an 82.5 ft grid each fall from 1989 to 1992. Soil pH, Bray P1, and available K levels were determined on each sample and maps were made using inverse distance squared estimates. Data were taken from the samplings to represent a 165 ft and 330 ft grid pattern. Maps were developed from these less dense grids and compared with the 82.5 ft grid values. In 1992, a separate 220 ft grid sampling was taken. The 220 ft grid estimates were more highly correlated with the 82.5 ft grid values than were the 330 ft grid estimates, however, membership of 220 ft and 330 ft grid estimates within soil test categories were similar. Fertilizer P and K applications were made in one field following the 1992 sampling. Spring 1993 sampling showed the success of the 220 ft grid in directing a variable rate application of P and K. Comparisons to theoretical P and K applications directed by a 330 ft grid map showed the superiority of the 220 ft grid compared with the 330 ft grid.

212.
NAL Call No.: SB415.C625
Finding horticultural information on the Internet.
Pundt, L. Conn-greenh-newsl (188): p.5-12. (1995 Oct.-1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: horticulture; information-services; microcomputers; telecommunications; internet-services

213.
NAL Call No.: 60.19-B773
The fine-scale mapping of grassland protein densities.
Clifton, K. E.; Bradbury, J. W.; Vehrencamp, S. L. Grass-forage-sci v.49(1): p.1-8. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: tropical-grasslands; protein-content; reflectance; red- light; infrared-radiation; mapping; grass-sward; cyperus; grasses; gramineae; automation; portable-instruments; off-road-vehicles; kenya

214.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-F7623
Fire research and the global village.
Weber, M. G. For-chron v.71(5): p.584-588. (1995 Sept.-1995 Oct.)
Adapted from a paper presented at the 2nd International Conference on Forest Fire Research, November 21-25, 1994, Coimbra, Portugal.
Descriptors: wildfires; research; international-cooperation; research- support; research-policy; computer-techniques; information-technology; forest- fires; implementation-of-research; fire-science; fire-management

Abstract: International fire research activities, priorities, constraints and opportunities are examined from a late 20th century vantage point. Recent accomplishments in computer technology are identified as the single most important phenomenon responsible for the advancement of the science and "shrinking" of the globe. Computer technology and the global research cooperation it has engendered are put within the context of societal demands and research funding limitations impacting on fire research activities in the various research organizations. Society's insistence on fiscal responsibility in the conduct of science is symptomatic of a greater need to balance increased demand for resources by a growing world population with the sustainability imperative. Fire research and its practitioners are well positioned to contribute meaningfully to the debate on ecosystem management, restoration and sustainability currently underway in the global village.

215.
NAL Call No.: 81-SO12
Firmness measurement of freshly harvested 'Delicious' apples by sensory methods, sonic transmission, Magness-Taylor, and compression.
Abbott, J. A. J-Am-Soc-Hortic-Sci v.119(3): p.510-515. (1994 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; apples; fruits; postharvest-physiology; firmness; measurement; sensory-evaluation; ripening; screening; compression; grading; sorting; food-quality

Abstract: A rapid nondestructive method for measuring apple texture using sonic vibrational characteristics of intact apples was tested on freshly harvested 'Delicious' apples from major U.S. production areas. Sonic transmission spectra and Magness-Taylor (MT) firmness were measured on whole apples and compression measurements were made on excised tissue. Two experienced Agricultural Marketing Service apple inspectors assessed each apple and assigned a ripeness score according to U.S. Dept. of Agriculture grades and standards inspection procedures (based primarily on texture). Sonic functions correlated significantly with ripeness scores, MT firmness, and forces to rupture or crush the tissue in compression. Ripeness scores were more closely correlated with the destructive firmness measurements than with sonic functions. However, sonic measurement has the advantage of being nondestructive, whereas MT and tissue compression are inherently destructive. Further research is needed to modify the Instrumentation and Sensing Laboratory's sonic technique to improve the prediction of apple firmness before it can be adapted for on-line sorting.

216.
NAL Call No.: S79.E8
Fishy 3.0: A comprehensive fish production management system.
Killcreas, W. E. Tech-bull-Miss-Agric-For-Exp-Stn. Mississippi State, Miss. : The Station. June 1995. (203) 25 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: fish-production; management; computer-software; microcomputers; operation; installation; instruction; mississippi

217.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-F768
Forecasting ecosystems with the Forest Vegetation Simulator.
Teck, R.; Moeur, M.; Eav, B. J-for v.94(12): p.7-10. (1996 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; ecosystems; plant-succession; projections; forecasting; simulation-models; computer-software; usda; usa; usda- forest-service

218.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
A forecasting system for orchard pests.
Solomon, M. G.; Morgan, D. Acta-hortic. Wageningen : International Society for Horticultural Science. July 1996. v. (422) p. 150-153.
Paper presented at the "International Conference on International Fruit Production," August 28 - September 2, 1995, Cedzyna, Poland.
Descriptors: cydia-pomonella; adoxophyes-orana; cacopsylla-pyricola; biological-development; mathematical-models; simulation-models; computer- software

219.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
The Forest Management Advisory System.
Rauscher, H. M.; Nute, D. E.; Zhu, G. AI-appl v.10(1): p.12. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; computer-software

220.
NAL Call No.: SD143.N6
Forest management planning based on stand-level decisions.
Rose, D. W.; Borges, J.; Pelkki, M. Northern-j-appl-for v.12(3): p.133- 142. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; planning; stand-characteristics; simulation-models; computer-software; decision-tree-system-dtrees

221.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
From research through information...Into production.
Huggan, R. D.; Hunt, E. D.; Berg, M. C. v. d. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf- Spec v.39(1/2): p.18-23. (1994)
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on New Information Technologies in Agriculture," November 10-12, 1993, Bonn Germany.
Descriptors: agricultural-research; diffusion-of-information; information-technology; rural-areas

222.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Functional characteristics of a decision support system for dairy cattle management.
Lacroix, R.; Wade, K.; Kok, R.; Hayes, F. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-3020/94- 3063) 13 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 Summer Meeting sponsored by the ASAE, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: dairy-cattle; farm-management; decision-making; support- systems; computer-software

223.
NAL Call No.: 8-P832J
Generation of solar radiation values for use in weather files of crop simulation models.
Esnard, A. M.; Perez Alegria, L. R.; Beinroth, F. H.; Goenaga, R. J-agric- Univ-P-R v.78(1/2): p.33-44. (1994 Jan.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solar-radiation; computer-software; weather; models; crop-management; puerto-rico

224.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
A genetic algorithm based decision support system for scheduling crop production operations.
Sundhararajan, S.; Thangavadivelu, S. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-3020/94- 3063) 9 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 Summer Meeting sponsored by the ASAE, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: crop-production; timing; decision-making; support- systems; algorithms; computer-software

225.
NAL Call No.: 382-So12
Genetic implications of kernel NIR hardness on milling and flour quality in bread wheat.
Carver, B. F. J-sci-food-agric v.65(1): p.125-132. (1994 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; food-grains; kernels; hardness; reflectance; spectroscopy; genetics; selection; milling-quality

Abstract: While quantitative measurements of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) kernel hardness are important for market classification of cultivars, their genetic relationship to end-use quality in breeding populations is not well established. After verifying that divergent selection for hardness score (HS) based on near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy was effective, the objective was to determine correlated selection responses in milling and flour quality of two hard red winter populations differing widely in parental origin. Selection was applied in the F3 generation using replicated field plots at two locations. Selection response was evaluated in the F4 generation at the same locations the following year. Selection for high HS (harder kernels) increased kernel protein concentration in both populations, while low HS selection decreased it. Selection for HS had no consistent and detectable impact on flour yield or physical dough properties (mixograph absorption, mixing time, and mixograph rating or tolerance). Selection for high HS decreased SDS sedimentation volume adjusted for flour protein concentration in both populations, but the magnitude of the response was small (-1.7 ml in actual units; -0.3 ml after adjustment). Because correlative effects of NIR hardness were primarily expressed in protein quantity and not protein quality, milling and flour quality must be considered independently of NIR hardness if genetic improvement in those traits is desired.

226.
NAL Call No.: 23-Au783
Genetic parameters for ultrasound fat depth and eye muscle measurements in live poll Dorset sheep.
Gilmour, A. R.; Luff, A. F.; Fogarty, N. M.; Banks, R. Aust-j-agric-res v.45(6): p.1281-1291. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sheep; genetic-parameters; fat; muscles; heritability; liveweight; ultrasound; phenotypic-correlation; traits; leanness; eye-muscle

227.
NAL Call No.: 64.8-C883
Genotype effects and genotype by environment interactions for traits of elite switchgrass populations.
Hopkins, A. A.; Vogel, K. P.; Moore, K. J.; Johnson, K. D.; Carlson, I. T. Crop-sci v.35(1): p.125-132. (1995 Jan.-1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: panicum-virgatum; cultivars; elites; populations; genotype-environment-interaction; traits; agronomic-characteristics; forage; quality; biomass-production; fuel-crops; fodder-crops; in-vitro-digestibility; crop-yield; cellulose; adaptability; nebraska; iowa; indiana; holocellulose; biofuel-production

Abstract: Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is used as a forage species and has shown potential for use in production of fuel ethanol from cellulosic biomass. Objectives of this research were to determine performance differences between elite switchgrass populations for agronomic, forage quality, and biofuel traits and to determine the magnitude of genotype X environment (G X E) interactions for these traits across midwestern environments. Twenty elite switchgrass populations, consisting of cultivars and advanced breeding populations, were planted in sward trials at Mead, NE, Ames, IA, and West Lafayette, IN, during 1990 and were evaluated in 1991 and 1992. Forage samples were taken at a vegetative growth stage, at heading, and at the end of the season. Plots were harvested for forage yield at heading and at the end of the growing season. Forage composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility was determined using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy. Significant differences (P <0.05) between populations for forage yield were found at individual locations but not across locations, except at the P = 0.10 probability level, because of G X E interactions. Genotype X environment interactions were significant for hemicellulose plus cellulose (holocellulose) yield, a potentially important biofuel trait. In vitro dry matter digestibility was more stable than both forage yield and holocellulose yield. Despite large G X E interaction effects, a few populations consistently ranked high in forage yield and holocellulose yield. Multiple location, multiple year sward trials will be needed to develop switchgrasses broadly adapted to the midwest.

228.
NAL Call No.: 30-Ad9
Geographic information systems in agronomy.
Petersen, G. W.; Bell, J. C.; McSweeney, K.; Nielsen, G. A.; Robert, P. C. Adv-agron. San Diego, Calif. : Academic Press. 1995. v. 35 p. 67- 111.
Includes references.
Descriptors: agronomy; geographical-information-systems; remote- sensing; farmland; farming; fields; low-input-agriculture; landscape; mapping; literature-reviews; site-specific-farming; soil-mapping

229.
NAL Call No.: S530.J6
Geographic information systems in the classroom: methods and philosophies.
Brown, T. J.; Burley, J. B. J-nat-resour-life-sci-educ v.25(1): p.17- 25. (1996 Spring)
Includes references.
Descriptors: geographical-information-systems; natural-resources; resource-management; land-use-planning; landscape-architecture; teaching- methods; computer-software; higher-education

230.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Global positioning system applications for site-specific farming research.
Harrison, J. D.; Birrell, S. J.; Sudduth, K. A.; Borgelt, S. C. Pap-Am-Soc- Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (923615) 14 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: soil-testing; grain-crops; harvesting

231.
NAL Call No.: 100-Id14
Global positioning systems: a guide for land managers and consultants.
Lass, L. W.; Callihan, R. H. Bull-Univ-Ida,-Coll-Agric. Moscow : Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station, 1953-. May 1994. (EXT 761) 8 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: telemetry; radio; transmission; satellites; mapping; computer-software; data-processing; data-collection; accuracy

232.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
GPS for yield mapping on combines.
Auernhammer, H.; Demmel, M.; Muhr, T.; Rottmeier, J.; Wild, K. Comput- electron-agric v.11(1): p.53-68. (1994 Oct.)
In the special issue: Global positioning systems in agriculture / edited by H. Auernhammer.
Descriptors: crop-yield; mapping; combine-harvesters; detection; technology; computer-techniques; automatic-guidance; global-positioning-system

233.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Grain flow monitoring for in-field yield mapping.
Borgelt, S. C.; Sudduth, K. A. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (921022) 14 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: grain-crops; harvesting; yields

234.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Graphical user interface for digital signal processing.
Mitchell, B. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-2186/94-3019) 9 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: poultry; computer-software; product-development; instrumentation

235.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Greenhouse cost accounting: a computer program for making management decisions.
Brumfield, R. G. HortTechnology v.2(3): p.420-424. (1992 July-1992 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: greenhouse-culture; crop-production; decision-making; floriculture; profitability; cost-analysis; computer-software; microcomputers; technology-transfer

236.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.R4G76--1994
Ground surface sensing through plant foliage.
Dodd, R. B.; United States Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund. Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD, 1994. 89, 15, 12 p. : ill., Final report.
Descriptors: Agriculture-Remote-sensing; Crops-Remote-sensing; Microwave-remote-sensing

237.
NAL Call No.: SB476.G7
Grounds care business software.
Kiffe, G. Grounds-maint v.30(10): p.38-39, 42-44. (1995 Oct.)
Descriptors: lawns-and-turf; computer-software; small-businesses; management

238.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
The Hannover-EAAP data bank on animal genetic diversity in Europe.
Simon, D. L. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf-Spec v.39(1/2): p.123-129. (1994)
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on New Information Technologies in Agriculture," November 10-12, 1993, Bonn Germany.
Descriptors: databases; animals; genetics; diversity; data-collection; europe; european-association-of-animal-production

239.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
Harvest from the NET: benefits of Email for disseminating agricultural information in the African continent.
Addison, C.; Cullen, T. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf-Spec v.41(2): p.201- 203. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: natural-resources; resource-management; research- institutes; information-services; information-systems; information-technology; microcomputers; telecommunications; africa

240.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Herd management for robot milking.
Spahr, S. L.; Maltz, E. Comput-electron-agric v.17(1): p.53-62. (1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: Robotic milking / edited by D. Ordolff. Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; dairy-herds; cattle-husbandry; milking- machines; robots; automation; monitoring; technical-progress; information- systems; decision-support-systems

241.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Herd site portfolio selection: a comparison of rounded linear and integer programming.
Nash, D. L.; Rogers, G. W. J-dairy-sci v.78(11): p.2486-2495. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-bulls; holstein-friesian; ai-bulls; selection- index; breeding-value; linear-programming; integer-programming; selection; semen; producer-prices; natural-mating; production-costs; milk-yield; milk- composition; computer-software; algorithms; reliability

Abstract: Use of linear programming to select portfolios of herd sires can result in solutions containing noninteger units per bull. Because semen cannot be purchased in partial units, two alternatives were investigated: integer programming and rounded linear programming. Expected net revenue based on PTA dollars for milk, fat, and protein; udder depth; teat placement; foot angle; and semen price were calculated for 383 Holstein bulls. Maximization of expected net revenue was subject to constraints: required lots of 5 units, maximum average price per lot, minimum and maximum lots per bull, minimum average reliability, minimum number of lots from bulls that transmit calving ease, and minimum number of bulls. Multiple formulations were used for expected net revenue and constraint combinations. Eighteen of 36 linear programming portfolios contained noninteger lots per bull. Five rounded linear programming portfolios were identical to their respective integer programming portfolios. Differences in lots per bull between the remaining 13 pairs of portfolios were small. Linear programming portfolios that were unconstrained by semen price tended to be integer. Six of 18 rounded linear programming portfolios did not stay within bounds set by constraints. For the model used, integer programming did not offer a significant advantage over rounded linear programming.

242.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
High-precision agriculture is an excellent tool for conservation of natural resources.
Wallace, A. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.25(1/2): p.45-49. (1994)
In the special issue devoted to perspectives on relationships between sustainability of soil and the environment / edited by A. Wallace.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; low-input-agriculture; farm-inputs; efficiency; agricultural-production; environmental-impact; sustainability; resource- conservation

243.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
High-speed ultrasound signal analysis.
Shyy, Y. Y.; Misra, M. K. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (92-2121/92-3010) 14 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: crop-quality; data-collection; ultrasonic-devices; computer-techniques; computer-software; physicochemical-properties

244.
NAL Call No.: 1.98-Ag84
High-tech fattens the bottom line.
Kaplan, J. K.; Senft, D.; Comis, D.; Lee, J. Agric-res v.44(4): p.4-11. (1996 Apr.)
Descriptors: alternative-farming; farm-management; decision-making; computer-techniques; mapping; computer-software; agricultural-research; precision-farming

245.
NAL Call No.: 302.8-T162
How to achieve value from information technology investments.
Leipzig, F. P.; Sharp, K. L. Tappi-j v.79(9): p.81-83. (1996 Sept.)
English, Japanese & Chinese Summaries on p. 95-116.
Descriptors: pulp-and-paper-industry; information-technology; computers; information-needs; management

246.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Humus quantity and quality of an entic Haplustoll under different soil- crop management systems.
Miglierina, A. M.; Rosell, R. A. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.26(19/20): p.3343-3355. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mollisols; semiarid-soils; humic-acids; chemical- composition; concentration; soil-types-cultural; farming-systems; soil- management; crop- management; carbon; organic-compounds; nitrogen-content; phosphorus; nutrient-availability; soil-ph; ratios; argentina

Abstract: The effects of different management systems on the level and composition of humified organic matter in an entic Haplustoll from the semiarid Pampean region were studied. The systems were: TPc, wheat-mixed pasture; TV, wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa), corn (Zea mays) and triticale grasses; TP, wheat-cattle grazing; and V, virgin, non cultivated. Humic acids were extracted, fractionated, and analyzed for their organic carbon (OC) content, elemental composition, and E4:E6 spectral ratios. The infrared (IR), electron spin resonance (ESR), and 13C-NMR spectra were registered on these humic acids. The TP rotation showed the lowest humic acid-carbon to fulvic acid-carbon (HA-C:FA-C) ratio. The lower O:C ratio of humic acids from the cropped soils indicates a higher level of oxidation than that of the virgin one. The comparison of the different methodologies allowed us to conclude that crop rotations and conservation tillage were adequate to maintain the level and composition of the soil organic matter and humus which affected the soil fertility and level of productivity.

247.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Hungarian robotic apple harvester.
Kassay, L. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (927042) 14 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: apples; harvesting; robots; hungary

248.
NAL Call No.: 99.9-So82
Hypermedia and its potential use in forestry education.
Louw, W. J. A.; Bredenkamp, B. V. S-Afr-bosbtydskr (170): p.37-44. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-education; forestry; computer-assisted- instruction; multimedia-instruction; information-technology; information- retrieval; information-systems; teaching-materials; computer-software; programmed-learning; databases; south-africa; information-management; hypertext; hyperwriter!; interactive-learning

249.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.A43
Identifying suitable regions for amaranth production using a geographic information systems approach.
Myers, R. L. Am-J-altern-agric. Greenbelt, MD : Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. Summer 1994. v. 9 (3) p. 122-126.
Includes references.
Descriptors: amaranthus; alternative-farming; land-capability; geographical-information-systems; environmental-factors; soil; rain; labor; plant-diseases; sorghum; crop-production; missouri; alternative-crops; labor- availability; disease-potential

Abstract: Amaranth is an alternative grain crop that shows significant promise in the U.S. A geographic information system (GIS) was used to analyze the most suitable regions for growing amaranth in Missouri GIS software provides tools to manipulate and display geographically based information, in this case the factors affecting amaranth's suitability. Of several such factors considered, the ones used were soils, rainfall, sorghum production, disease potential, and labor availability. Soil, rainfall, and disease information were assumed to be direct factors in yield potential. Current sorghum production areas were considered likely areas for amaranth production, given the similarities between the crops. Labor availability also was assumed to affect adoption, since amaranth requires more labor than traditional grain crops. The analysis showed that central and southeastern Missouri would be the most favorable areas for amaranth production. Other suitable areas are along the Mississippi and Missouri river valleys and in western Missouri. This GIS approach can be modified to include additional factors and refinements, and could be used with other alternative crops or for other regions of the country.

250.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
ILUDSS: a knowledge-based spatial decision support system for strategic land-use planning.
Zhu, X.; Aspinall, R. J.; Healey, R. G. Comput-electron-agric v.15(4): p.279-301. (1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: land-use-planning; computer-techniques; computer- software; geographical-information-systems; rural-areas; conservation-areas; scotland; islay-land-use-decision-support-system; land-use-models; knowledge- based-spatial-decision-support-systems

251.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Image analysis for pruning of long wood grape vines.
McFarlane, N. J. B.; Tisseyre, B.; Sinfort, C.; Tillett, R. D.; Sevila, F. J-agric-eng-res v.66(2): p.111-119. (1997 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vitis-vinifera; pruning; morphology; image-processing; computer-vision; automation; algorithms

252.
NAL Call No.: 59.8-C33
Image analysis of whole grains to screen for flour-milling yield in wheat breeding.
Berman, M.; Bason, M. L.; Ellison, F.; Peden, G.; Wrigley, C. W. Cereal- chem v.73(3): p.323-327. (1996 May-1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: wheat; whole-grains; imagery; food-analysis; milling- quality; yields; wheat-flour; monitoring; cultivars; line-differences; prediction; genotypes

Abstract: Image analysis of whole-grain samples was used to predict milling quality in wheat breeding to select for this aspect of quality, while preserving the seed intact for sowing. About 66% of the variation in flour yield for 38 grain samples could be explained by four factors computed from the images of 100 grains for each sample (mean of grain area, lengths of minor and major axes, and ellipsoidal volume), plus test weight. Test weight alone accounted for only 17% of the variation. The set of grain samples consisted of eight genotypes (three cultivars and five breeders' lines) grown at up to six sites. The method devised is suitable for a breeding program, being relatively low in labor requirement, not requiring time consuming positioning of the grains, and having low cost (less than $3,000 plus personal computer and software). The results of this preliminary study should provide direction for further development of noninvasive analysis of milling quality.

253.
NAL Call No.: Z7994.L3A5
The impact of computer-based alternatives on the use of animals in undergraduate teaching: a pilot study.
Dewhurst, D.; Jenkinson, L. ATLA,-Altern-lab-anim. Nottingham : Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments. July/Aug 1995. v. 23 (4) p.
Paper presented at the Twelfth Congress on In Vitro Toxicology of the Scandinavian Society for Cell Toxicology, September 22-25, 1994, Ustaoset, Norway.
Descriptors: animal-experiments; training; science-education; college- curriculum; computer-software; computer-simulation; uk

Abstract: The impact of computer-assisted learning (CAL) packages on the use of animals in university teaching has been investigated in universities in the UK and abroad. The pilot study has focused on two issues: a) academic staff perceptions of the usability of CAL packages designed to offer an alternative to animal practicals in physiology and pharmacology; and b) whether the use of such programs has led to a reduction in the number of animals used. A questionnaire survey of purchasers of a minimum of three commercially available programs which offer an alternative approach to traditional laboratory experiments, was conducted. The study found that in most departments the packages were used in a staff-supervised learning situation, to either replace or support a practical class. Their use saved academic and nonacademic stafftime, and they were considered to be less expensive and an effective and enjoyable mode of student learning. It was also clear that their use had contributed to a significant reduction in animal use.

254.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A3N6
The impact of operator error using optical probes to estimate pork carcass value.
Boland, M. A.; Berg, E. P.; Akridge, J. T.; Forrest, J. C. Rev-agric- econ v.17(2): p.104, 193-204. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigmeat; backfat; loins; carcass-composition; measurement; probes; errors; placement; valuation; mathematical-models; descriptive- statistics

Abstract: The use of value-based hog marketing programs in the United States increased from 14 percent of total hog marketings in 1984 to 36 percent in 1992. As compared to live-weight marketing, these programs provide economic incentives to producers marketing leaner pork. All value-based marketing programs are based on carcass lean composition or other quality attributes. In 1992, over 70 percent of the hogs sold on value-based marketing programs were evaluated using an optical probe. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of varying degrees of optical probe operator error on estimation of pork carcass value. Extensive composition data on 50 pork carcasses were collected at a western Corn Belt packing plant. Errors in estimating carcass value caused by misprobing carcasses were calculated. The three most common types of operator error were studied: probing the carcass at the wrong angle in relation to the outer skin surface or either probing too near or too far from the split surface. Results show that estimates of pork carcass value made using optical probes can be significantly affected by operator error. More specifically, operator error rates at levels greater than 20 percent significantly underestimated lean boneless pork carcass value by as much as $4.09 per carcass. Careful training of optical probe operators, more frequent scheduling of operator breaks, and/or more frequent rotation of operators could help avoid miscalculation of carcass value due to operator error. Alternative methods of carcass evaluation should seek to reduce human error, improve prediction accuracy, and avoid carcass damage.

255.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Impacts of agricultural management practices on soybean and corn crops evident in ground-truth data and thematic mapper vegetaion indices.
Thenkabail, P. S.; Ward, A. D.; Lyon, J. G. Trans-ASAE v.37(3): p.989- 995. (1994 May-1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: glycine-max; zea-mays; crop-management; vegetation; satellite-imagery; remote-sensing

Abstract: Vegetation indices from Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) observations on single dates in August 1988, a drought year, and August 1989, a year with wet early season conditions, were used to study the impact of agricultural management and cultural practices on soybean (Glycine max) and corn (Zea mays) crop growth and yield. Management and cultural practices studied included date of planting, tillage, soil association, drainage, plant density, and stress factors. Crop ground-truth information consisted of leaf area index, wet biomass, dry biomass, and grain yield. During both years ground-truth data were collected from at least 50 commercial farms every one to three weeks. Multispectral TM vegetation indices were developed using the mid-infrared bands 5 and 7 as well as the commonly used near-infrared and red bands. Two mid- infrared vegetation indices proved to be particularly useful in identifying management practice impacts on both crops. For both crops, yield and crop growth measurements gave similar trends versus TM vegetation indices. Planting date, plant density, an index of crop stress, and tillage significantly impacted on soybean and corn crop attributes.

256.
NAL Call No.: 57.9-F41
Implications of precision farming for fertiliser application policies.
Dawson, C. J. Proc-Fert-Soc. Peterborough : The Fertiliser Society. 1996. (391) 44 p.
Includes references.

257.
NAL Call No.: S451.M9M9
Increasing profitability with variable rate fertilization.
Long, D. S.; Carlson, G. R.; Nielsen, G. A.; Lachapelle, G. Mont- agresearch v.12(1): p.4-8. (1995 Spring)
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; spatial- variation; crop-production; profitability; crop-yield; production-costs; returns; aerial- photography; infrared-photography; site-factors; variable- application; uniform-application

258.
NAL Call No.: SB379.A9A9
Info superhighway meets farm road.
Hansen, T. Calif-grow v.19(6): p.30-32. (1995 June)
Descriptors: farm-management; computer-techniques; computer-software; record-keeping; regulations; pesticides; pest-control; costs; mapping; usa

259.
NAL Call No.: S560.6.R58--1995
Information management : from farm paddock to superhighway : proceedings of 24th Riverina Outlook Conference held at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, August 10, 1995. Riverina Outlook Conference--1995.
Riverina Outlook Conference (24th : 1995 : Charles Sturt University). Wagga Wagga : Charles Sturt University for the Centre for Conservation Farming, 1995. vi, 56 p. : col. ill., Includes bibliographical references.
Descriptors: Farm-management-Congresses; Farm-management-Information- services-Congresses; Agriculture-Computer-network-resources-Congresses; Precision-farming-Congresses; Agriculture-Remote-sensing-Congresses

260.
NAL Call No.: S604.64.D44N67--no.7
Information systems for land resource management in developing countries.
Hedberg, C.; Universitetet i Oslo. Centre for Development and Environment. Aas, Norway : Norwegian Centre for International Agricultural Development, Agricultural University of Norway ; [Oslo] : Centre for Development and Environment, University of Oslo, 1991. iv, 350 p. : ill., maps, Includes bibliographical references (p. 305-323).
Descriptors: Information-storage-and-retrieval-systems-Regional- planning; Information-technology-Developing-countries

261.
NAL Call No.: S544.3.O5O5
Information systems for Oklahoma farmers.
Doye, D. G. OSU-ext-facts. [Stillwater, Olka. : Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University,. May 1994. (F- 302,rev.) 3 p.
Descriptors: farms; accounting; record-keeping; decision-making; computer-software; farm-management; information-systems; oklahoma

262.
NAL Call No.: HT401.A36
Information technology in the Costa Rican dairy sector: a key instrument in extension and on-farm research.
Baaijen, M.; Perez, E. Agric-human-values v.12(2): p.45-51. (1995 Spring)
In the special issue: Animal health technologies and the Third World / edited by M.I. Meltzer.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; animal-health; dairy-farming; computer- techniques; information-technology; farming-systems-research; data-collection; extension- ; costa-rica

263.
NAL Call No.: SB950.2.A1J58
An infrared alternative for roadside vegetation management.
Siegel, G. J-pestic-reform v.13(4): p.20-21. (1993 Winter)
Descriptors: pesticides; vegetation-management; roadsides; manual- weed-control; community-action; community-involvement; rural-communities; organizations; oregon; williams-association-for-alternatives-to-herbicides-and- pesticides-waahp

264.
NAL Call No.: SB435.5.A645
Innovations in arboriculture: growth regulator update.
Stone, H. M. Arbor-age v.16(3): p.18, 20. (1996 Mar.)
Descriptors: street-trees; plant-growth-regulators; chemical-pruning; fruiting; soil-injection; cost-benefit-analysis; computer-software; pyrus- calleryana; tree-injection; soil-treatment; soil-drenching

265.
NAL Call No.: S544.3.O5O5
Integrated resource management (IRM) tools: standardized performance analysis cow-calf software.
Doye, D. G.; Northcutt, S. L. OSU-ext-facts. [Stillwater, Olka. : Cooperative Extension Service, Division of Agriculture, Oklahoma State University,. May 1994. (F-222) 4 p.
Descriptors: cows; calves; performance; computer-software; resource- management; integrated-systems; data-processing; economic-analysis

266.
NAL Call No.: 1.9-P69P
Integration of host resistance and weather-based fungicide scheduling for control of anthracnose of tomato fruit.
Fulling, B. A.; Tigchelaar, E. C.; Latin, R. Plant-dis. [St. Paul, Minn., American Phytopathological Society]. Mar 1995. v. 79 (3) p. 228-233.
Includes references.
Descriptors: lycopersicon-esculentum; colletotrichum-coccodes; fungal- diseases; disease-resistance; cultivars; plant-disease-control; fungus-control; chemical-control; chlorothalonil; foliar-spraying; timing; weather; computer- software; forecasting; tom-cast

Abstract: The relationship between anthracnose resistance of tomato cultivars and disease incidence at various fungicide application intervals (determined by a weather-based scheduling program) was evaluated in field studies in 1992 and 1993. The resistance of tomato cultivars was indexed relative to the disease response of a standard susceptible cultivar in evaluations conducted in a disease nursery. Five different fungicide application intervals, based on action threshold values determined by the TOM-CAST program (12, 16, 20, 24, or 32 daily severity values), were tested on five tomato cultivars that represented a range of resistance currently available in commercial production. The relationship between application interval and disease incidence was determined by linear regression techniques for each cultivar. The slope of the regression for each cultivar was designated as a TOM-CAST anthracnose coefficient (TAC). TAC values were regressed on resistance indices to estimate optimum fungicide spray intervals for cultivars with different degrees of resistance. Results indicated that, with the TOM-CAST program, resistant cultivars require three to four fewer fungicide applications per year than susceptible cultivars to obtain adequate control of anthracnose. Optimum action threshold values may be increased from current recommendations by at least two-fold for resistant cultivars currently under development.

267.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
The integration of insect simulation models and plant models: some considerations.
Willers, J. L.; Sequeira, R. A.; Turner, S. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1994. v. 1 p. 592- 593.
Meeting held January 5-8, San Diego, California.
Descriptors: gossypium; plant-development; crop-production; simulation-models; insect-pests; population-dynamics; decision-making; computer- software; pest-control; gossym; texcim

268.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Integration of robotic milking in dairy housing systems. Review of cow traffic and milking capacity aspects.
Ipema, A. H. Comput-electron-agric v.17(1): p.79-94. (1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: Robotic milking / edited by D. Ordolff.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; dairy-herds; cow-housing; milking-machines; robots; animal-behavior; milking-interval; animal-husbandry; layout; automatic- milking-systems

269.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Intermountain Region Forest Pest Management GIS operation.
Halsey, R. L. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95- 4): p.55-57. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; pest-management; geographical- information-systems; personnel; computer-hardware; computer-software; aerial- surveys; forest-pests; insect-pests; idaho; utah

270.
NAL Call No.: HF5737.A94--1994
Introduction to electronic imaging. 2nd ed.
Avedon, D. M. D. M. Silver Spring, Md. : Association for Information and Image Management, c1994. v, 56 p. : ill., "AIIM catalog no. C125"--Cover p. [2].
Descriptors: Document-imaging-systems; Business-records-Management- Data-processing; Documents-in-optical-storage

271.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
An investigation into the use of machine learning for determining oestrus in cows.
Mitchell, R. S.; Sherlock, R. A.; Smith, L. A. Comput-electron-agric v.15(3): p.195-213. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; estrus; computer-software; comparisons; automation; milk-yield; fluctuations; free-range-husbandry; estrus-detection; milking-records; milking-order; computer-learning; c4; 5; first-order-inductive- learner-foil

272.
NAL Call No.: SB435.5.A645
Is the time right.
Posner, G. Arbor-age v.16(4): p.52-53. (1996 Apr.)
Descriptors: arboriculture; databases; computer-techniques; computer- software; marketing-techniques; internet; world-wide-web

273.
NAL Call No.: QL77.5.Z6
ISIS database: an evaluation of records essential for captive management.
Earnhardt, J. M.; Thompson, S. D.; Willis, K. Zoo-biol v.14(6): p.493- 508. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zoo-animals; breeding-programs; databases; studbooks; computer-software; animal-breeding; wildlife-conservation; zoological-gardens; captive-breeding; international-species-information-system

274.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
Knowledge-based systems for fruit and vegetable production management.
Willett, M. J.; Andrews, P. K. AI-appl v.10(1): p.75-92. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: horticultural-crops; crop-production; crop-management; computer-software

275.
NAL Call No.: SB951.P47
Knowledge-based systems for pest management: an applicat ions-based review.
Edwards Jones, G. Pestic-sci v.36(2): p.143-153. (1992)
Paper presented at the symposium, "Artificial Intelligence Methods in Drug and Pesticide Research," March 3, 1992, London, UK.
Descriptors: pest-management; computer-software; problem-solving; technology-transfer; research-support; literature-reviews; uk; artificial- intelligence

Abstract: Since the first application of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques to agricultural problems in 1982 nearly 300 further systems have been reported, of which 50 have been developed for pest management. Typically, these systems perform one of three tasks; diagnostics, treatment prescription or strategy development. The characteristics of all three types of system are discussed with reference to several examples. Although these examples serve to emphasise the power of AI techniques for aiding management decisions, few existing agricultural knowledge-based systems utilise this potential to the full, and as yet there has not been a widespread adoption of this technology by practising pest managers. Despite the failure to transfer this technology from the laboratory to the field, the potential of knowledge-based systems is widely recognised. However, further development of this technology for agricultural use within the UK is likely to be hindered by funding constraints.

276.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
A knowledge management imperative and six supporting technologies.
Schmoldt, D. L.; Rauscher, H. M. Comput-electron-agric v.10(1): p.11- 30. (1994 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: knowledge; management; expert-systems; computer-software; computer-techniques; technical-progress; audiovisual-aids; scientific- visualization; virtual-reality; spatial-data-management; hypertext; computer- support-cooperative-work

277.
NAL Call No.: SB193.F59
A knowledgepro decision support system for detecting and managing the major insect pests of Medicago sativa L.
Rhykerd, L. M.; Rhykerd, R. L.; Engel, B. A.; Wilson, M. C.; Rhykerd, C. L. Proc-Am-Forage-Grassl-Counc-1992. Georgetown, Tex. : American Forage and Grassland Council. 1993. v. 2 p. 34-37.
Meeting held March 29-31, 1993, Des Moines, Iowa. Includes references.
Descriptors: economic-thresholds; computer-software

278.
NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L33
A laboratory animal internet primer.
Boschert, K. Lab-anim v.25(10): p.23-29. (1996 Nov.)
Descriptors: laboratory-animals; animal-experiments; veterinary- medicine; computer-software; computer-networks

279.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Labour planning of vegetable growing.
Werken, G. v. d. Acta-hortic (267): p.369-377. (1990 Apr.)
Paper presented at the 6th Symposium on the Timing of Field Production of Vegetables, August 21-25, 1989, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Descriptors: vegetables; crop-production; labor-requirements; firms; work-planning; labor-allocation; labor-market; computer-software; netherlands

280.
NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Lamb carcass characteristics. 3. Describing changes in carcasses of growing lambs using real-time ultrasound and the use of these measurements for estimating the yield of saleable meat.
Hopkins, D. L.; Hall, D. G.; Luff, A. F. Aust-j-exp-agric v.36(1): p. 37-43. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; characteristics; carcass-composition; carcass- quality; ultrasound; measurement; lamb-meat; meat-yield; lamb-production

281.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Land-use-based phosphorus balances for Lake Okeechobee, Florida, drainage basins.
Fluck, R. C.; Fonyo, C.; Flaig, E. Appl-eng-agric v.8(6): p.813-820. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: phosphorus; watershed-management; computer-software; land-use; florida

Abstract: Budgeting the use of phosphorus (P) in the Lake Okeechobee watershed was performed in order to support the efforts of the South Florida Water Management District in reducing loadings of P to Lake Okeechobee from 600- 400 metric tons (t) P/yr (595 to 397 tons P/yr). The primary objective of this research was to perform a use analysis of P-containing materials which are imported to and exported from the Lake Okeechobee watershed. It entailed inventorying characteristics of 28 sub-basins in the watershed, assigning process-determined P flows to the various land-uses as well as to point sources, quantifying P imports to and exports from the sub-basins, and comparing net P imparts with P loadings to the lake to measure P storage in the sub-basins. This analysis was facilitated by the use of the geographic information system (GIS), pcARC/INFO, which provided the capabilities for storage, analysis and display of polygon specific land-use information. Phosphorus imports and exports are primarily the result of agricultural activities. Net imports of 6100 t P/yr are 13 times the measured P loading to the lake in drainage waters.

282.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
LandcareNet--Australian farmers' brush with information technology.
Curnow, M. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf-Spec v.41(2): p.178-186. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: land-management; information-systems; rural-areas; community-programs; diffusion-of-information; extension; australia; landcare- groups; land-conservation-district-committees

283.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
Landscape management and biodiversity: automating the design of forest ecosystem networks.
Thomson, A. J.; Goodenough, D. G.; Adams, B.; Archibald, R.; Morgan, D.; Hawkins, D.; Say, D. AI-appl v.10(3): p.57-65. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: forests; conservation; computer-software

284.
NAL Call No.: 56.8-J822
Laser altimeter measurements at Walnut Gulch Watershed, Arizona.
Ritchie, J. C.; Humes, K. S.; Weltz, M. A. J-soil-water-conserv v.50(5): p.440-442. (1995 Sept.-1995 Oct.)
In the special issue: Water research and management in semiarid environments.
Descriptors: watersheds; landscape; topography; surface-roughness; measurement; lasers; land-management; arizona

285.
NAL Call No.: aSD388.A1U52
Laser surveying on the Six Rivers National Forest.
McKinnon, D. Eng-field-notes. Washington, D.C. : United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Engineering Staff. Sept/Dec 1995. v. 27 p. 21- 23.
Descriptors: national-forests; surveying; lasers

286.
NAL Call No.: S544.3.V8V52
Leading the commonwealth toward tomorrow.
Breeze, P. R. ed.; Brinlee, B. ed. Publication collection, Virginia Cooperative Extension Service. 1991. (490-103) 18 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: cooperative-extension-service; programs; food-safety; lymantria-dispar; integrated-pest-management; hydroponics; fish-culture; environmental-protection; education; zoning; financial-planning; solid-wastes; youth-programs; microcomputers; computer-software; agricultural- economics; dairy-education; geographical-information-systems; virginia; virginia- geographic-information-system; solid-waste-management; women's-financial- information-program; crop-rotation-planning-system- crops; appalachian- integrated-pest-management-project

287.
NAL Call No.: SB435.5.A645
Leveraging time and money with computers.
Posner, G. Arbor-age v.16(1): p.34. (1996 Jan.)
Descriptors: money-management; assets; capital; computer-techniques; computer-software

288.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Linear programming as an aid to decision-making for investments in farm equipment for arable farms.
Jannot, P.; Cairol, D. J-agric-eng-res v.59(3): p.173-179. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farm-machinery; investment; farm-management; decision- making; linear-programming; computer-software; computer-analysis; arable- farming; france

289.
NAL Call No.: 100-T31P
Live animal ultrasound measurements to predict carcass characteristics and selection of optimum feeding period to express marbling ability.
Eizmendi, R. E.; Sanders, J. O.; Turner, J. W. PR-Tex-Agric-Exp-Sta (5056): p.23-26. (1993 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: carcass-composition; steers; cattle-feeding; models; prediction

290.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Locating melons for robotic harvesting using structured light.
Benady, M.; Miles, G. E. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (927021) 14 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: melons; robots; harvesting

291.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J823
Machine milking of dairy goats during lactation: udder anatomy, milking characteristics, and blood concentrations of oxytocin and prolactin.
Bruckmaier, R. M.; Ritter, C.; Schams, D.; Blum, J. W. J-dairy-res v.61(4): p.457-466. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; machine-milking; udders; milk-flow; milk-ejection; blood-plasma; prolactin; lactation-stage; late-lactation; mechanical- stimulation; milk-yield

Abstract: Forty-four goats were milked and milk flow recorded without or with 1 min manual prestimulation in early, mid and late lactation. Ultrasound measurements of cross sections of the whole mammary gland were performed in a water bath. In additional experiments with 15 goats, milk flow was recorded and frequent blood samples were taken for the determination of oxytocin and prolactin concentrations. Milk yield increased from the first to the third lactation and decreased markedly during the course of lactation. Average and peak milk flow rates were closely related to the actual milk yield. The ultrasound cisternal area was 27.4 +/- 1.5% of the entire udder half cross section. Milking characteristics were scarcely different without or with prestimulation, although oxytocin was released within 30 s after the start of prestimulation whereas oxytocin concentrations without prestimulation increased only after the start of milking. Concentrations of prolactin were higher during July and August than in April, and increased similarly with or without prestimulation during milking. In contrast to dairy cows, prestimulation and an opportune release of oxytocin during milking does not significantly influence the course of milk flow in goats, and this is probably because large amounts of cisternal milk allow milk ejection to be induced only after the start of milking without causing bimodal or otherwise reduced milk flow.

292.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Machine vision assisted robotic seedling transplanting.
Tai, Y. W.; Ling, P. P.; Ting, K. C. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (927044) 21 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: robots; transplanting

293.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Machine-vision-based nitrogen management models for rice.
Singh, N.; Casady, W. W.; Costello, T. A. Trans-ASAE v.39(5): p.1899- 1904. (1996 Sept.-1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; nitrogen; fertilizer-requirement- determination; split-dressings; computer-vision; image-processing; dimensions; yield- forecasting; techniques; comparisons; mathematical-models; crop- management; cultivars; microcomputers

Abstract: Machine-vision-based yield prediction models were developed for mid-season nitrogen (N) management for two rice cultivars: Oryza sativa 'Millie' and Oryza sativa 'Lemont'. Field images of rice plants were acquired using a camcorder mounted on an image acquisition unit (IAU) designed for flooded rice fields. The acquired images were digitized and then segmented into plant and background pixels using a segmentation algorithm based on spatially varying mean intensity values and mathematical morphology. Segmented images were used to extract features related to plant health. Several models were developed to predict yield as a function of mid-season N application rate and mid-season plant measurements; the measurements included features extracted from the rice plant images, manual size measurements and Y-leaf chlorophyll readings. The best models (R2 = 0.846 and 0.828 for Millie and Lemont, respectively) included 20 variables comprised of combinations of machine vision based measurements and leaf-chlorophyll readings. The models were superior to models based on manual measurements alone. The machine vision based N management system may provide an objective method for performing mid-season N assessments and making N recommendations that maximize yield or profit.

294.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Machine vision based plug quality estimation for robotic transplanting.
Ruzhitsky, V. N.; Ling, P. P. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Winter 1991. (913505) 30 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 17-20, 1991, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: machinery; vision; transplanting; seedlings; tomatoes

295.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Machine vision to locate melons and guide robotic harvesting.
Cardenas Weber, M.; Hetzroni, A.; Miles, G. E. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (91- 7006) 21 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: melons; harvesters; robots

296.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-P972
Maintenance management demonstration.
Goode, L. Eng-ext-ser. West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University, Dept. of Engineering Extension. 1993. (164) p. 47.
Paper presented at the 79th Annual Road School held on March 2-4, 1993, Purdue University, Indiana.
Descriptors: maintenance; management; computer-software

297.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-P972
Management tools used for establishing a competitive marketplace.
Sillery, C. F. Eng-ext-ser. West Lafayette, Ind. : Purdue University, Dept. of Engineering Extension. 1993. (164) p. 37-38.
Paper presented at the 79th Annual Road School held on March 2-4, 1993, Purdue University, Indiana.
Descriptors: computer-software; costs

298.
NAL Call No.: TD420.W374
Managing agricultural pollution using a linked geographical information system and non-point source pollution model.
Morse, G.; Eatherall, A.; Jenkins, A. J-Inst-Water-Environ-Manag v.8(3): p.277-286. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pollution; agriculture; simulation-models; geographical- information-systems; computer-software; prediction

Abstract: This study documents the development of a link between a geographical information system (GIS) and a non-point source pollution model. The GIS ARC/INFO was linked to the agricultural non-point source pollution model and ORACLE data sources. Application of the system is demonstrated using the Bedford-Ouse catchment as a suitable case study. Water quality impacts are predicted from source data describing topography, soils, land use and river network. The model results were in agreement with observed nitrate concentrations at the catchment outlet, and more appropriate data sources are considered to be the main priority for improving model predictive ability. Management scenarios were established to assess the impact of changing agricultural management practices on predicted water quality. The approach has significant potential for the management of agricultural pollution in the UK.

299.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
Managing biological diversity with intelligent systems.
Davey, S. M.; Stockwell, D. R. B.; Peters, D. G. AI-appl v.9(2): p.69- 89. (1995)
Includes references.
Descriptors: species-diversity; expert-systems; information-needs; information-systems; information-technology; australia; biodiversity; sustainable-development

300.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-F768
Managing cone and seed insects.
Zhang, Y.; Schowalter, T. D. J-for v.95(3): p.28-32. (1997 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pseudotsuga-menziesii; seeds; seed-cones; insect-pests; insect-control; seed-orchards; decision-making; models; computer-software

301.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Managing nitrogen on dairy farms: an integrated approach. I. Model description.
Dou, Z.; Kohn, R. A.; Ferguson, J. D.; Boston, R. C.; Newbold, J. D. J- dairy-sci v.79(11): p.2071-2080. (1996 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-farms; cattle-manure; computer-software; integrated-systems; nitrogen-cycle; feed-formulation; nitrogen-balance; dairy- herds; nutrient- requirements; soil-chemistry; crops; crop-management; application-rates; nitrogen-fertilizers; nitrogen-content; ammonium-nitrogen; losses; application-to-land; forage; dry-matter; crude-protein; prediction; pennsylvania; worksheets

Abstract: Nitrogen management on dairy farms can be enhanced with integrated and quantified information about N flow through various components of the system. A computer worksheet was developed to integrate several aspects of farm management, including ration formulation, crop selection, and manure application. Nutritional requirements of cows were determined from milk production, growth, and maintenance, and diets were formulated to meet these requirements based on the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Annual manure production and fractionation of feces and urine were calculated based on the N balance in the herd and external sources (i.e., bedding and wash water). The availability of manure N and the field history of soil and crop management assisted in the determination of crop N fertilization. Manipulating dietary formulations to meet herd nutritional requirements with less dietary N can be helpful to optimize feed selection and reduce manure N excretion simultaneously. Aggregated annual feed requirements of the herd foster the development of cropping and feeding strategies. The worksheet largely was empirically based, simple to use, and adaptable to any size dairy farm. The model was used to compare efficiencies of N utilization and balances of inputs and outputs with different management strategies and was demonstrated to be a useful planning tool for N management to minimize potential N losses to the environment.

302.
NAL Call No.: QA76.9.D3T42--1988
Managing your information : how to design and create a textual database on your microcomputer.
Tenopir, C.; Lundeen, G. W. New York : Neal-Schuman, c1988. xii, 226 p., Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
Descriptors: Database-management; Text-processing-Computer-science

303.
NAL Call No.: HV4708.O56--1992
A manual of standard operating procedures for animal facilities.
Olson, M. E.; Morck, D. W.; Nabrotzky, V. C. A. Calgary, Alta. : Dept. of Animal Care Services, University of Calgary, c1992. 1 computer disk 1 sheet.
Title from disk label.
Descriptors: Animal-welfare-Standards-Software; Veterinary-surgery- Standards-Software; Laboratory-animals

304.
NAL Call No.: 47.8-Am33P
Mathematical curves for the description of input and output variables of the daily production process in aviary housing systems for laying hens.
Lokhorst, C. Poultry-sci v.75(7): p.838-848. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hens; farm-inputs; yields; mathematical-models; expert- systems; feed-intake; water-intake; environmental-temperature; laying- performance; egg-quality; egg-weight; mortality; body-weight; diurnal-variation; chicken-housing; age-differences; floor-eggs; second-grade-eggs; flock- uniformity

Abstract: The objectives of this study were 1) to compute appropriate mathematical curves that describe the daily production process by the input variables daily feed consumption, water consumption, ambient temperature, and output variables hen-day egg production, egg weight, second grade eggs, floor eggs, cumulative mortality, body weight, and flock uniformity; and 2) to obtain insights into the daily variations in these variables, in order to support the poultry farmer with an aviary housing system in his daily management. Literature and research data attained from six unmolted flocks that were housed in aviary systems were used to formulate the mathematical curves. The curves were a function of the number of days in the laying period. Curves for cumulative mortality, hen-day egg production, egg weight, body weight, and percentage of floor eggs described individual flock results well (0.72 <R2adj <1.00). The coefficients of determination for feed consumption, water consumption, flock uniformity, and percentage of second grade eggs were in general low (0.33 < R2adj < 0.54), which implies that the form of the curve differs between flocks. Egg weight, body weight, cumulative mortality, and hen-day egg production had the lowest minimum coefficients of variation (0.8 to 1.9), followed by feed consumption, water consumption, and flock uniformity (2.8 to 3.6). Ambient temperature, percentage floor eggs, and percentage of second grade eggs had the highest minimum coefficients of variation (4.8 to 9.1).

305.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Mathematical model for a crop rotation problem.
Alonso, S. A.; Ayla, D. V.; Jhones, A. R.; Otero Pereira, J. M.; Gomez, G. I. Acta-hortic (267): p.379-385. (1990 Apr.)
Paper presented at the 6th Symposium on the Timing of Field Production of Vegetables, August 21-25, 1989, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Descriptors: vegetables; crop-production; demand; rotations; crop- management; mathematical-models; algorithms; computer-software; cuba

306.
NAL Call No.: SD430.S7--no.18
Mathematical models in forest resource management planning : an integrated study of calibration, prediction and optical decision models.
Li, C. c.; Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet. Avdelningen for skogsuppskattning och skogsindelning. Umea : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Biometry and Forest Management, Section of Forest Mensuration and Management, 1988. 197 p. : ill., Thesis (doctoral)--Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 1988.
Descriptors: Forest-management-Mathematical-models; Forests-and- forestry-Mathematical-models

307.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Measured and simulated surface soil drying.
Durar, A. A.; Steiner, J. L.; Evett, S. R.; Skidmore, E. L. Agron-j v.87(2): p.235-244. (1995 Mar.-1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: wind-erosion; susceptibility; prediction; computer- software; simulation; simulation-models; soil; drying; soil-water-content; evaporation; accuracy; wind-erosion-prediction-system

Abstract: The USDA initiated the Wind Erosion Prediction System (WEPS) to develop improved technology for predicting wind erosion. A HYDROLOGY submodel has been developed for WEPS to simulate the soil energy and water balances. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the HYDROLOGY submodel in predicting surface soil drying. Water content was measured gravimetrically in a bare 5- by 30-m plot for 14 d after irrigation during July and August 1991. The plot was located 5 m directly north of a bare weighing lysimeter at the USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, TX. Hourly samples were taken from depth increments of 0 to 2, 2 to 6, 6 to 10, 10 to 30, and 30 to 50 mm. Furthermore, soil cores were taken to 900 mm at 6-h intervals. Water content was also measured daily at the lysimeter and between the lysimeter and gravimetric sampling plot using a neutron probe to 2.1 m. The submodel accurately predicted that no deep percolation occurred throughout the simulation period. Simulation results agreed well with the measured daily evaporation rates from the lysimeter (r2 = 0.96). Furthermore, the submodel reasonably estimated the soil water content profiles, particularly the status of soil water at the soil-atmosphere interface. The mean absolute error, which describes the average absolute deviation between measured and simulated soil water contents, was 0.015 m3 m-3. The HYDROLOGY submodel of WEPS shows a potential to accurately simulate soil water dynamics, as needed for wind erosion modeling. The submodel successfully predicts the changes in water content at the soil surface, which relate to the susceptibility of the soil to wind erosion.

308.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Measurement and modeling of architecture of horticultural plants.
Honjo, T. Acta-hortic (399): p.233-238. (1995 Mar.)
Paper presented at the XXIVth International Horticultural Congress on Greenhouse Environmental Control and Automation, August 21-27, Kyoto, Japan.
Descriptors: glycine-max; varieties; greenhouses; environmental- control; plant-morphology; measurement; dimensions; computer-software; simulation- models; japan

309.
NAL Call No.: 99.9-F7662J
Measurement of basis weight and moisture content of composite boards using microwaves.
King, R. J.; Basuel, J. C. For-prod-j v.43(9): p.15-22. (1993 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: composite-boards; moisture-content; weight; measurement; microwave-radiation

Abstract: Economic benefits from real-time, on-line measurement of partial wet and dry basis weight/density and true bulk moisture content (MC) of solid wood and composites are exceptional. Such information is useful for front- end processing, in-process control, and output quality control. This paper describes the use of a two-parameter (attenuation and phase), single-frequency (10 GHz), noncontacting microwave transmission system to simultaneously measure the partial water and dry wood basis weights ((...); (g/cm2)), the total basis weight ((...); (g/cm2)), and the MC (MC = (...); dry basis). Attention is focused on fiberboard composites, but the measurement techniques apply equally to other composites and to dimensioned wood. The objective of this work is to show, through extensive experiments, how the measured changes in attenuation (delta A) and phase delay (delta phi) of microwave signals transmitted through the wood can be used to determine m(d) and m(w) continuously during on-line production of composite boards. Accordingly, a linear interpretive model is constructed in which the calibration constants are determined by a least squares regression to the ensemble of calibration data taken using wood samples of known m(d) and m(w). These coefficients are nearly linear functions of the wood temperature (T) for MC < 10 percent, which is the range of most interest for composites just emerging from the press. Once calibrated for a particular wood type and temperature, the model is used to find m(w), m(d), m(tot), and MC from the measured (delta A, delta phi) data, independent of the wood thickness (t). If the thickness is also known, the corresponding partial and total densities (...) and the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant (...) can also be found.

310.
NAL Call No.: 23-Au792
Measurement of cashmere yield and mean fibre diameter using the Optical Fibre Diameter Analyser.
Peterson, A. D.; Gherardi, S. G. Aust-j-exp-agric v.36(4): p. 429-435. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cashmere; diameter; yields; quality; techniques; accuracy; relationships

311.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Measurement of ear base temperature as a tool for sow management.
Geers, R.; Janssens, S.; Jourquin, J.; Goedseels, V.; Goossens, K.; Ville, H.; Vandoorne, N. Trans-ASAE v.39(2): p.655-659. (1996 Mar.-1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sows; estrus; body-temperature; monitoring; techniques; ears; rectum; blood-circulation; animal-husbandry; air-temperature; ; data- collection; thermistors; implantation; microcomputers; thermal-circulation- index; lower-critical-temperature; estrus-detection; rectal-temperature

Abstract: Ear base and rectal temperature of 21 multiparous sows were measured in order to detect estrus for optimal insemination time. A thermistor was implanted in the ear base and wire-connected to a data-acquisition system, allowing time-sampling with a measuring accuracy of 0.1 degrees C. Air temperature in the neighborhood of the sows was measured with the same equipment. Rectal temperature was measured each day in the afternoon with a veterinary thermometer. Following the rectal temperature measurement, a blood sample was taken to determine oestradiol-17 beta content. The combination of the physiological measurement with the observation of the standing reflex of the sows made estrus detection very reliable. A statistically significant rise of ear base (1.1 +/- 0.12 degrees C) and rectal (0.65 +/- 0.3 degrees) temperature was observed two days before estrus. Moreover, when relating variation in ear base temperature to environmental temperature, estrus detection and environmental temperature control may be improved. These results offer new possibilities for introduction of injectable electronic identification and monitoring systems for sow management.

312.
NAL Call No.: HD1401.A47
Measuring the sustainability and economic viability a tropical farming systems: a model from sub-Saharan Africa.
Ehui, S. K.; Spencer, D. S. C. Agric-econ v.9(4): p.279-296. (1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; tropics; productivity; sustainability; economic-viability; natural-resources; resource-utilization; mathematical- models; technology; africa-south-of-sahara; nigeria

Abstract: New technologies must be developed in sub-Saharan Africa which are sustainable and economically viable. This paper discusses a methodology for measuring the agricultural sustainability and economic viability of tropical farming systems for new technology evaluation. The approach is based on the concept of interspatial and intertemporal total factor productivity, paying particular attention to valuation of natural resource stock and flows. Agriculture is a sector which utilizes natural resources (e.g. soil nutrients) and the stock and flows of these resources affect the production environment. However, in many cases, the stock of these resources is beyond the control of the farmer and must be accounted for in an agricultural sustainability and economic viability measurement. For example, soil nutrients are removed by crops, erosion or leaching beyond the crop root-zone, or other processes such as volatilization of nitrogen. Agricultural production can also contribute to the stock of some nutrients by leguminous plants such as agroforestry systems. Using a data set available at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, we compute the intertemporal and interspatial total factor productivity indices for four cropping systems in southwestern Nigeria using stock of major soil nutrients as the natural resource stock. Results show that the sustainability and economic viability measures are sensitive to changes in the stock and flow of soil nutrients as well as the material inputs and outputs. Where the contribution of natural resource stock and flows are important (such as in the case of alley cropping), the measures provide markedly different results from conventional TFP approaches. quantity data, thus eliminating the need for econometric estimation.

313.
NAL Call No.: S590.S65. TD365.C54-1995
Methodology for a multi-country study of soil erosion management. Precision farming technology: application to claypen soils.
Ciesiolka, C. A.; Coughlan, K. J.; Rose, C. W.; Escalante, M. C.; Hashim, G. M.; Paningbatan, E. P. Jr.; Sombatpanit, S.; Sudduth, K. A.; Birrell, S. J.; Borgelt, S. C.; Hughes, D. F. Soil-technol. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE, c1995.. v. 3 p. 267-270. v.8(3): p.179-192. (1995 Dec.)
In the special issue: Soil erosion and conservation / edited by C.W. Rose.
Descriptors: soil; water-erosion; erodibility; evaluation; simulation- models; mathematical-models; sediment; losses-from-soil; data-processing; computer-software; griffith-university; erosion-system-template; low-input- agriculture; crop-management; claypan-soils; crop-yield; data-collection; spatial-variation; fields; sensors; combine-harvesters; glycine-max; zea-mays; sorghum-bicolor; phosphorus; soil-fertility; soil-depth; topsoil; pilot-farms; research-projects; missouri; site-specific-crop-management; management-systems; evaluation-areas

314.
NAL Call No.: DISS--F1996363
Methodology for combining optical and micromave remote sensing in agricultural crop monitoring : the sugar beet crop as special case.
Leeuwen, H. v. 1996. xiv, 233 p. : ill. (some col.), "Stellingen inserted." Thesis (doctoral)--Landbouwuniversiteit te Wageningen, 1996. Includes bibliographical references (p. 219-228).

315.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Microcomputer-based software system to facilitate mechanical planting for agricultural experiments.
Srinivasan, G.; Herrera, R. Agron-j v.85(4): p.959-962. (1993 July-1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crops; trials; planting; mechanical-methods; microcomputers; computer-software; field-experimentation; machplan-software

Abstract: Mechanized planting for experimental purposes such as yield trials and breeding nurseries is plagued by time consuming and often error-prone manual arrangement of seed packets, especially with multiple row planters. At CIMMYT, a four-row planter is used when feasible, for machine planting maize. Careful planning for error-free planting is necessary to fully realize the benefits of mechanized planting. The software system described in this article attempts to address this concern. The MACHPLAN program is written in the Pascal language using commercially available Turbo Pascal. MACHPLAN generates planting plans which can be used for a four-row planter. Tables, created in an ASCII file, contain the field row number (going left to right, right to left in a serpentine fashion in the field) and the four-digit mechanical planter number (from bottom to top and top to bottom in a serpentine fashion in the field). This plan is merged with a planting plan created by the user in a spreadsheet program (e.g., Lotus 1-2-3). Labels are then printed either using any commercially available package or by converting the spreadsheet file to a database file (e.g., dBASE). Using the mechanical planter number as key, seed packets can be arranged for machine planting.

316.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
A microcomputer scheduling program for supplementary irrigation.
Hess, T. Comput-electron-agric v.15(3): p.233-243. (1996 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: irrigation-scheduling; soil-water-balance; farm- management; computer-software; microcomputers; uk

317.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Microcomputer use on South Dakota farms and ranches.
Stange, K. W.; Adelaine, M. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (923023) 8 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: microcomputers; usage; farm-families; farm-management; automation; children; educational-resources; household-surveys; south-dakota

318.
NAL Call No.: 10-Ou8
Microcomputers in support of the generation and diffusion of agricultural technologies in developing countries.
Ausher, R. Outlook-agric. Oxon : C.A.B. International. 1995. v. 24 (3) p. 147-150.
Includes references.
Descriptors: computers; food-technology; agricultural-production; marketing; research; environmental-protection; diffusion-of-information; developing- countries

319.
NAL Call No.: HD2147.J35--1986
Microcomputers in the Gambian mixed farming project.
Jakus, P.; Eckert, J. [S.l.] : Mixed Farming Project, [1986] 32 leaves, "August 1986."
Descriptors: Gambian-Mixed-Farming-and-Resource-Management-Project; Agricultural-development-projects-Gambia; Minicomputers-Gambia

320.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Microirrigation scheduling and tube placement for cotton in the southeastern Coastal Plain.
Camp, C. R.; Thomas, W. M.; Green, C. C. Trans-ASAE v.36(4): p.1073- 1078. (1993 July-1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; irrigation-scheduling; irrigation- systems; tubes; coastal-plains; computer-simulation; expert-systems; south- carolina; comax-software

Abstract: Three irrigation scheduling methods and two microirrigation tube placements were evaluated on three cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars for three years on a southeastern Coastal Plain soil. Irrigation scheduling methods included two computer models, GOSSYM/COMAX and PRISM, and a method using tensiometers. Microirrigation tubing was placed on the soil surface, either adjacent to every row or in alternate furrows. Growing-season rainfall amounts ranged from 313 nun in 1990 to 544 mm in 1988. Rainfall distribution also varied widely within each year. In a similar manner, irrigation amount and frequency varied among scheduling methods and years, but no method consistently required the largest or smallest amount of irrigation. Cotton lint yields ranged from 850 to 1105 kg/ha over all years, but there were few significant differences among irrigation treatments within a year, even between the rainfall-only and irrigated treatments. Lint yields were significantly greater for the PD3 and DPL90 cultivars than for the Coker 315 cultivar during the three-year period, and the PD3 cultivar had a greater yield response to irrigation. The tensiometer-every row tube placement is the only irrigation treatment that produced cotton lint yields significantly higher than the rainfall-only treatment each year. The tensiometer scheduling method also produced significantly greater yields each year. Although yield differences occurred, they were relatively small. This fact, along with the inconsistent differences in the amount of irrigation water required, suggests that the preferred method for a particular application will probably depend more upon water or labor requirements, cost, or personal preference. Also, there was no difference in yield between the two tube. appears to be the preferred placement for this soil. Further research is needed to refine irrigation scheduling for cotton in this region.

321.
NAL Call No.: 57.09-F41
Micronutrient focus in modern farming.
Stephen, R. M. Proc-annu-meet-Fert-Ind-Round-Table (44th): p.62-65. (1994)
Meeting held November 7-9, 1994, Lake Buena Vista, Florida.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; crops; trace-element-fertilizers; application-rates; soil-test-values; crop-yield; correlation; fertilizer- requirement- determination; illinois; precision-agriculture

322.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Micropropagated sugarcane shoot identification using machine vision.
Schaufler, D. H.; Walker, P. N. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-3020/94-3063) 15 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 Summer Meeting sponsored by the ASAE, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: saccharum-officinarum; shoots; micropropagation; automation; tissue-culture; algorithms; computer-software

323.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
The milking capacity of a milking robot.
Sonck, B. R.; Donkers, H. W. J. J-agric-eng-res v.62(1): p.25-38. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: machine-milking; milking-machines; robots; automation; milk-yield; mathematical-models

324.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Milking robots in large dairy farms.
Armstrong, D. V.; Daugherty, L. S. Comput-electron-agric v.17(1): p.123-128. (1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: Robotic milking / edited by D. Ordolff.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; milking-machines; robots; innovation- adoption; costs; labor; animal-husbandry; microeconomic-analysis; usa; investment-costs

325.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Milking the 30,000-pound herd.
Mein, G. A.; Thompson, P. D. J-dairy-sci v.76(10): p.3294-3300. (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; dairy-herds; milk-production; bovine- mastitis; machine-milking; incidence; milking-rate; milk-flow; teats

Abstract: The principles for milking the 13,600-kg (30,000-lb) cow are the same as for any other dairy cow: she should be milked gently, quickly, and completely with minimal machine stripping or over-milking. The application of these principles may differ, however, because high producing cows have 1) lower premilking stimulus requirements than low producers, 2) higher peak miffing rates and higher average flow rates (yet longer times to milkout), 3) higher incidence of teat orifice lesions such as hyperkeratosis, and 4) higher risk of new mastitis infections. Existing national and international standards for construction and performance of milking systems may not be adequate to manage the higher expected flow rates through the milking unit and milklines. Such standards need to be reviewed and perhaps revised to ensure appropriate sizing and flow characteristics based on sound engineering principles and physiological requirements. Milking four times per day increases daily milk production compared with twice per day, and milking eight times per day increased daily production compared with four times per day. Cows milked more than four times per day might not require complete milking out at every milking. More frequent milking (or milking on demand) may be achieved with robot milkers, provided that robots can match the reliability of human milkers.

326.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Minimum ventilation for modern broiler facilities.
Gates, R. S.; Overhults, D. G.; Zhang, S. H. Trans-ASAE v.39(3): p.1135-1144. (1996 May-1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: broilers; chicken-housing; ventilation; heating; requirements; fuel-consumption; prediction; heat-production; air-temperature; age; computer-software; environmental-control; whole-house-broiler-heat- production; sensible-heat; latent-heat; minimum-ventilation-timers; chick-age

Abstract: New functions for whole-house broiler heat production as a function of bird age using modern straight run broiler growth rates are presented and compared to values in the literature. The approximations are based on field measurements of environmental conditions in modern broiler housing, using a technique that matches predicted to actual fuel use to estimate partitioning between latent and sensible heat. Development of a program utilizing these approximations to compute ventilation and heating requirements for temperature and humidity control in broiler housing is described. The program utilizes steady-state heat and moisture balances commonly used for design purposes, with hourly or daily home steps. Data input includes bird weight and numbers, house data including overall R-value and size, inside and outside temperature, and relative humidity. The program estimates ventilation for temperature and moisture control, minimum ventilation rate, and supplemental heat required. Example predictions are provided.

327.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
MIS support for pasture and nutrition management of dairy farms in tropical countries.
Baars, R. M. T.; Solano, C.; Baayen, M. T.; Rojas, J.; Mannetje, L. 't. Comput-electron-agric v.15(1): p.27-39. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-farms; farm-management; grassland-management; cows; animal-nutrition; computer-software; information-systems; tropics; cattle- feeding; case-studies; costa-rica; latin-america; veterinary-automated- management-and-production-control-program-vampp

328.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Modeling mined land reclamation strategies in a GIS environment.
Younos, T. M.; Yagow, E. R.; Zipper, C. E.; Diplas, P. Appl-eng-agric v.9(1): p.61-68. (1993 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mined-land; reclamation; computer-software; models; erosion-control; environmental-impact; virginia

Abstract: The erosion potential from mined lands is considered a major environmental threat. Mathematical models can be used to predict and demonstrate the effectiveness of various reclamation strategies for reducing erosion potential. The objective of this project was to use the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) with a sediment yield component to evaluate the comparative effects of alternative reclamation strategies in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The study site was an abandoned mined land (AML) site located in southwest Virginia. Topographic and landuse information for the site were obtained from topographic maps, aerial photographs, and field observation. The GIS tools were used to create digital data layers, store, analyze, and display information. The USLE factors were spatially derived from elevation, landuse, surface-water system, and watershed boundary data layers. The basic and derived data layers were then used to estimate the magnitude of soil loss and sediment yield. The methodology was used to predict the soil loss and sediment yield at the existing AML site, and to compare the effectiveness of three reclamation options for reducing soil loss and sediment yields. Results demonstrate the usefulness of the GIS tools for planning land reclamation strategies.

329.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Monitoring actual grain loss from an axial flow combine in real time.
Liu, C.; Leonard, J. Comput-electron-agric v.9(3): p.231-242. (1993 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: grain-loss-monitors; axial-flow-combine-harvesters; barley; sensors; time; computer-hardware; computer-software

330.
NAL Call No.: 325.28-P56
Multidate SAR/TM synergism for crop classification in western Canada.
Brisco, B.; Brown, R. J. Photogramm-eng-remote-sensing v.61(8): p.1009- 1014. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crops; identification; monitoring; remote-sensing; thematic-mapper; satellite-imagery; remote-sensors; accuracy; saskatchewan; multidate-synthetic-aperture-radar-imagery

331.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Multipurpose robot for vegetable production.
Dohi, M.; Fujiura, T.; Nakao, S. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (943070) 7 p.
Paper presented at the "1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: vegetables; robots; harvesting

332.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-F768
Multiresource management and planning with EZ-IMPACT: from linear optimization to ordinal judgment.
Behan, R. W. J-for v.92(2): p.32-36. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; resource-management; planning; multiple-use; computer-software

333.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
N-expert--a decision support system for vegetable fertilization in the field.
Fink, M.; Scharpf, H. C. Acta-hortic (339): p.67-74. (1993 Aug.)
Paper presented at the Workshop on Ecological Aspects of Vegetable Fertilization in Integrated Crop Production in the Field, September 7-11, 1992, Wadenswil, Switzerland.
Descriptors: vegetables; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; computer-software; germany

334.
NAL Call No.: S530.J6
N-show: an educational computer program that displays dynamic graphs of nitrogen in soil.
Cabrera, M. L. J-nat-resour-life-sci-educ v.23(1): p.43-45. (1994 Spring)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-education; nitrogen-cycle; crop-management; teaching-materials; computer-software; graphs

335.
NAL Call No.: QH84.8.B46
Near-infrared characteristics of forest humus are correlated with soil respiration and microbial biomass in burnt soil.
Fritze, H.; Jarvinen, P.; Hiukka, R. Biol-fertil-soils v.18(1): p.80- 82. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: humus; burnt-soils; soil-ph; carbon; ammonium-nitrogen; nitrogen-content; cation-exchange-capacity; base-saturation; respiration; microorganisms; biomass-production; infrared-spectroscopy; coniferous-forests

336.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U56--no.205
NED/SIPS : a stand inventory processor and simulator program for forests of the Northeastern United States. v. 1.00.
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station (Radnor, Pa. Burlington, VT : The Station, 1995. 1 computer disk 1 manual (103 p. : ill. ; 28 cm.)
Title from title screen.
Descriptors: Forest-management-Software; Trees-Growth-Computer- simulation; Forest-surveys-Software

337.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Neural networks for ultrasonic position control during blueberry pruning.
Zheng, D.; Rohrbach, R. P.; Jasper, W. J.; White, M. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric- Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-1039/94-1074) 9 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the ASAE, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: vaccinium; pruning; automatic-control; sensing; models; ultrasonics; position

338.
NAL Call No.: TP368.F64
Neural networks in state variable prediction during start-up of chemostat culture for ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast.
Zhu, Y. H.; Nagamune, T.; Endo, I.; Linko, P. Food-bioprod-process. Rugby [England] : The Institution ; a Basingstoke : Hemisphere Pub. Corp. [distributor], 1991-. Sept 1994. v. 72 (C3) p. 135-148.
Includes references.
Descriptors: ethanol-production; prediction; saccharomyces-cerevisiae; computer-software; mathematical-models; equations; optimization; substrates; biomass; starting; cell-culture; yeasts; fermentation; duration; artificial- intelligence

339.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
New graphical user interface for the rbWHIMS insect management expert system.
Akins, D. C.; Wagner, T. L.; Willers, J. L.; Olson, R. L.; Williams, M. R. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1993. v. 2 p. 1041-1043.
Meeting held on January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Descriptors: pest-management; expert-systems; interface; computer- software

340.
NAL Call No.: SB599.C35
New technologies in disease measurement and yield loss appraisal.
Gaunt, R. E. Can-J-plant-pathol v.17(2): p.185-189. (1995)
Paper presented at the "Symposium on Epidemiology, Crop Loss Assessment, and Phytopathometry," at the Sixth International Congress of Plant Pathology, July 28-August 6, 1993, Montreal, Canada.
Descriptors: plant-pathology; plant-diseases; plant-pathogens; assessment; measurement; yield-losses; epidemiology; technology; remote-sensing

Abstract: Disease and yield loss appraisal are dependent on a wide range of rapidly developing technologies in many sciences. Recent developments in immunological and molecular methods have improved the detection and discrimination of pathogen populations but in many cases are as yet unsuitable for quantifying disease. Developments in remote sensing, imaging, and positioning hardware and software have provided new opportunities for assessing disease severity and for sampling. The potential of disease gradients and nonreplicated designs for yield loss experimentation is discussed relative to design limitations.

341.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Nitrogen deficiency detection using reflected shortwave radiation from irrigated corn canopies.
Blackmer, T. M.; Schepers, J. S.; Varvel, G. E.; Walter Shea, E. A. Agron- j v.88(1): p.1-5. (1996 Jan.-1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; mineral-deficiencies; nitrogen; detection; assessment; canopy; radiation; reflectance; measurement; reflectometry

Abstract: Techniques that measure the N status of corn (Zea mays L.) can aid in management decisions that have economic and environmental implications. This study was conducted to identify reflected electromagnetic wavelengths most sensitive to detecting N deficiencies in a corn canopy with the possibility for use as a management tool. Reflected shortwave radiation was measured from an irrigated corn N response trial with four hybrids and five N rates at 0 40, 84 120, and 160 kg N ha-1 in 1992 and 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha-1 in 1993. A portable spectroradiometer was used to measure reflected radiation (40-1100 nm in 1992, 350-1050 nm in 1993) from corn canopies at approximately the R5 growth stage. Regression analyses revealed that reflected radiation near 550 and 710 nm was superior to reflected radiation near 450 or 650 nm for detecting N deficiencies. The ratio of light reflectance between 550 and 600 nm to light reflectance between 800 and 900 nm also provided sensitive detection of N stress. In 1993, an inexpensive photometric cell, which has peak sensitivity to light centered at 550 nm, was also used to measure reflected radiation from a corn canopy. Photometric cell readings correlated with relative grain yield (P <0.001, r2 = 0.74), but more research will be required to develop procedures to account for varying daylight conditions. These results provide information needed for the development of variable-rate fertilizer N application technology.

342.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Non-contact proximity sensing using ultrasonic waves.
Tinsey, K. G.; Rohrbach, R. P. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (91-3024) 21 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: ultrasonics; sensors; vaccinium; pruning; transducers

343.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
Northeast Decision model design document.
Rauscher, H. M.; Twery, M.; Palmer, J.; Hoffman, R.; Stout, S.; Steinman, J.; Kollasch, P.; Bennett, D.; Thomasma, L.; Hornbeck, J. AI-appl v.9(3): p.85-86. (1995)
In the special issue: Decision support systems.
Descriptors: forest-management; expert-systems; silviculture; resource-management; decision-making; decision-analysis; forest-resources; northeastern- states-of-usa; decision-support-systems

344.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Northeastern Area Forest Health Protection GIS summary.
DeLost, S. J. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95- 4): p.66-68. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; insect-pests; geographical- information-systems; personnel; computer-hardware; computer-software; forest- pests; northeastern-states-of-usa

345.
NAL Call No.: SF1.S6
A note on the evaluation of a simulation program for beef cattle breeding and production.
Du Toit, P.; Scholtz, M. M.; Dickson, I. F.; Van der Westhuizen, J. S-Afr-j- anim-sci v.24(2): p.72-74. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; breeding-programs; computer-simulation; liveweight-gain; sex-differences; computer-software; selection-criteria

346.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
NPK: a prototype case-based planning system for crop fertilization decision support.
Chiriatti, K. C.; Plant, R. E. AI-appl v.10(2): p.33-42. (1996)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fertilizer-requirement-determination; computer-software

347.
NAL Call No.: TD420.A1P7-v.32,-no.5-6
Nutrient management at the catchment scale using a decision support system.
Young, W. J.; Farley, T. F.; Davis, J. R. River basin management for sustainable development proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on River Basin Management, held in Kruger National Park, South Africa, 15-17 May, 1995 / International Symposium on River Basin Management. 1st ed. Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1995.. p. 277-282.
Includes references.
Descriptors: runoff; nutrients; water-pollution; pollution-control; watersheds; eutrophication; decision-making; computer-software; computer- analysis; australia; new-south-wales; catchment-management-support-system; non- point-source-pollution

348.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Nutrient requirements versus supply in the dairy cow: strategies to account for variability.
Sniffen, C. J.; Beverly, R. W.; Mooney, C. S.; Roe, M. B.; Skidmore, A. L.; Black, J. R. J-dairy-sci v.76(10): p.3160-3178. (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; nutrient-requirements; pregnancy; lactation; body-condition; rumen-metabolism; input-prices; farm-inputs; mathematical- models; computer-techniques; computer-software; milk-production-costs; literature-reviews

Abstract: Dairy producers must overcome substantial challenges to achieve milk outputs >14,000 kg of milk/yr per cow within the next decade. To obtain high productivity, a more complete comprehension of the dynamics of metabolism, nutrient utilization, and nutrient absorption will enable better prediction of the efficiency of utilization of these nutrients. A better understanding of the dynamics of rumen function and a more accurate prediction of nutrient flow from the rumen are necessary. Grouping strategy and group feeding behavior influence cow productivity and farm profitability. Understanding of the variance of individual cow responses to management practice is critical. Feeding system design and management and diet formulation techniques need to be developed that recognize the dynamic nature of cow physiology and the variability in feedstuffs and cow requirements. These concepts need to be integrated into total farm management and require the use of new computer modeling technologies.

349.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
An object-oriented framework for the construction of farm decision support systems.
Gauthier, L.; Neel, T. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (94-3020/94-3063) 15 p.
Paper presented at the 1994 Summer Meeting sponsored by the ASAE, June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: farm-management; decision-making; support-systems; databases; design; computer-software

350.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Object-oriented modeling and GIS integration in a decision support system for the management of eastern hemlock looper in Newfoundland.
Power, J. M.; Saarenmaa, H. Comput-electron-agric v.12(1): p.1-18. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambdina-fiscellaria; pest-management; geographical- information-systems; computer-software; design; flow-charts; newfoundland; forest-pest-management

351.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
Object-oriented system design for natural resource decision support: the Northeast Decision Model.
Kollasch, R. P.; Twery, M. J. AI-appl v.9(3): p.73-84. (1995)
In the special issue: Decision support systems.
Descriptors: forest-management; resource-management; natural- resources; expert-systems; forest-resources; decision-making; decision-analysis; silviculture; northeastern-states-of-usa; decision-support-systems

352.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
On the future of automated selective asparagus harvesting technology.
Arndt, G.; Rudziejewski, R.; Stewart, V. A. Comput-electron-agric v.16(2): p.137-145. (1997 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: asparagus-officinalis; selective-harvesting; mechanical- harvesting; automation; vegetable-harvesters; design; microcomputers; technical- progress; australia; harvesting-robots

353.
NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
On-the-go changes in fertilizer rates to agree with claypan productivity.
Kitchen, N. R.; Kanwar, R. S. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE, c1995.. v. 2 p. 103-106.
Descriptors: nitrogen-fertilizers; fertilizer-requirement- determination; application-rates; spatial-variation; fields; crop-yield; variation; claypan-soils; mapping; maps; zea-mays; glycine-max; sorghum-bicolor; triticum-aestivum; low-input-agriculture; soil-fertility; nitrate; missouri; claypan-depth-map; historical-yield-maps

354.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.A42-no.235
Operations guide for FORPLAN on microcomputers (release 14.2).
Kent, B. M.; Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, C. Fort Collins, Colo. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, [1993] 88 p. : ill., "September 1993."
Descriptors: FORPLAN-Computer-program; Forest-management-United- States-Computer-programs; Forests-and-forestry-United-States-Computer- programs

355.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Optimal control applied to peanut irrigation management.
McClendon, R. W.; Seginer, I.; Jones, J. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (912129) 16 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: arachis-hypogaea; irrigation; simulation-models; computer-software

356.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Optimizing orange grove factors for fruit production and harvesting.
Whitney, J. D.; Wheaton, T. A.; Castle, W. S.; Tucker, D. P. H. Trans- ASAE v.37(2): p.365-371. (1994 Mar.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: citrus; fruit-growing; plant-density; spacing; growth; fruit-trees; harvesting; yields; florida; tree-spacing

Abstract: Ten hectares of oranges were planted in 1980 in an experiment to investigate optimal management practices for different tree spacings, scion, and rootstock combinations. Experimental factors included two between-row spacings (6.0, 4.5 m), two in-row spacings (4.5, 2.5 m), two scions ('Hamlin', early season; 'Valencia', late season), two rootstocks (Milam, vigorous; Rusk citrange, moderately vigorous), and two tree heights (3.7, 5.5 m). Conventional equipment and practices were used to provide grove care and fruit harvesting. A 2-m middle or alleyway was maintained between rows for production and harvesting equipment traffic. The oranges were manually harvested for processing using conventional fruit handling equipment. During the 1980s, trees in the experiment endured several severe freezes which markedly reduced Florida citrus production. After nine fruit producing seasons, cumulative fruit and soluble solids yields were superior for the early orange, moderately vigorous rootstock, 6.0 X 2.5 m spacing and 5.5 height. Trees on this moderately vigorous rootstock developed smaller canopies with greater quantities of fruit per unit canopy volume. The smaller canopies allowed for a higher percentage of fruit to be harvested without a ladder, and more space for movement of pickers and fruit handling equipment. They also provided fruiting conditions which favored the use of picking aids or platforms and the use of shakers and robots.

357.
NAL Call No.: SF85.A1R32
Optimum cattle management on Utah ranches.
Workman, J. P.; Evans, S. G. Rangelands v.18(1): p.27-29. (1996 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: cattle-husbandry; range-management; computer-software; ranching; utah

358.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-R3224
Options in dairy data management.
Etherington, W. G.; Kinsel, M. L.; Marsh, W. E. Can-vet-j v.36(1): p.28-33. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; animal-health; computer-software; record- keeping; data-processing; information-storage; cattle-husbandry

359.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Orchard management and crop analysis--a new programme for growers and advisers.
Daugaard, H. Acta-hortic (416): p.225-227. (1996 June)
Paper presented at the 4th International Symposium on Computer Modelling in Fruit Research and Orchard Management, September 4-8, 1995, Avignon, France.
Descriptors: fruit-crops; crop-management; economic-analysis; computer-software

360.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
OrchardSim: an apple orchard design simulation using a multimedia interactive computer program.
Korban, S. S.; St Ores, C. A. HortTechnology v.5(4): p.332-338. (1995 Oct.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: malus-pumila; orchards; computer-simulation; teaching- methods; design; farm-planning; soil-types; cultivars; rootstocks; crop- management; computer-software

361.
NAL Call No.: 424.8-Am3
The other side of beekeeping: Some more thoughts about tree spacing-- development of a simple model to evaluate spacing and thinning practices.
Ayers, G. S. Am-bee-j v.135(1): p.53-57. (1994 Jan.)
Descriptors: trees; spacing; thinning; landscape; landscape-gardening; computer-software; models; spreadsheets

362.
NAL Call No.: aSD388.A1U52
Overview of information management products and services produced by the Geometronics Service Center and Nationwide Forestry Applications Programs.
Carroll, R.; Fonnesbeck, C. Eng-field-notes. Washington, D.C. : United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Engineering Staff. Nov/Dec 1993. v. 26, i.e. 25 p. 5-20.
Descriptors: forestry; information-services; information-technology; mapping; remote-sensing; spatial-data

363.
NAL Call No.: A99.9-F764Un
Overview of MAGIS: a Multi-resource Analysis and Geographic Information System.
Zuuring, H. R.; Wood, W. L.; Jones, J. G. Res-note-INT. Ogden, Utah : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Nov 1995. (427) 6 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; land-management; planning; transport; geographical-information-systems; computer-software

364.
NAL Call No.: HD1.A3
OZCOT: A simulation model for cotton crop management.
Hearn, A. B. Agric-syst v.44(3): p.257-299. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; crop-management; simulation-models; water-balance; nitrogen; growth-models; computer-software

365.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Pacific Northwest Region forest insects and diseases GIS summary.
Johnson, J. L. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95-4): p.60-61. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; insect-pests; geographical- information-systems; computer-hardware; computer-software; satellite-imagery; aerial-surveys; fungal-diseases; pacific-states-of-usa

366.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Pacific Southwest Region Forest Pest Management GIS summary.
Smith, S. L. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95- 4): p.58-59. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; pest-management; geographical- information-systems; personnel; computer-hardware; computer-software; ozone; insect- pests; forest-pests; fungal-diseases; california

367.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Parametric cost analysis of robotic preparation of geranium cuttings for propagation.
Van Waarde, P.; Florkowski, W.; Wimonton, W. Appl-eng-agric v.9(1): p.151-158. (1993 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pelargonium; vegetative-propagation; robots; cost- benefit-analysis; floriculture; georgia

Abstract: One of the areas of floricultural production which has yet to be automated is vegetative propagation. This study examined the effects of preparation efficiency, annual production level, robot number and cycle time, and labor on the costs associated with robotic preparation of geranium cuttings. The parametric analysis indicated allowable cost was most sensitive to robot cycle time, preparation efficiency, and cost of labor. A 33% decrease in time required for cutting preparation resulted in a prediction of a 100% increase in allowable cost per robot for one of the scenarios evaluated A 2% reduction in preparation efficiency resulted in a decrease of allowable cost of 23 % for an annual production of four million cuttings. An increase in labor cost of one dollar per hour may result in an increase of allowable cost of one robot by $5,000-$8,700, depending on other factors. The analysis provided meaningful design goals for an economically feasible system.

368.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
PARMS: a decision support system for planting and residue management.
Smith, E. G.; Lindwall, C. W.; Green, M.; Pavlik, C. K. Comput-electron- agric v.16(3): p.219-229. (1997 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; soil-conservation; conservation-tillage; crop-residues; crop-management; planting; planters; decision-making; computer- software; microcomputers; planting-and-residue-management-system

369.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Path generation for robotic cutting of carcasses.
Wadie, I. H. C.; Khodabandehloo, K. Comput-electron-agric v.12(1): p.65-80. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigmeat; carcasses; cutting-methods; robots; sensors; meat-cuts; butchering; mathematical-models; automation; algorithms

370.
NAL Call No.: TD427.A35A49-1993
Patriot--a methodology and decision support system for evaluating the leaching potential of pesticides.
Imhoff, J. C.; Hummel, P. R.; Kittle, J. L. Jr.; Carsel, R. F. Agricultural research to protect water quality proceedings of the conference February 21-24, 1993 Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA /. Ankeny, IA : The Society, [1993]. p. 478- 482.
Includes references.
Descriptors: pesticides; leaching; losses-from-soil; assessment; groundwater-pollution; simulation-models; computer-software; microcomputers; usa; pesticide-assessment-tool-for-rating-investigations-of-transport; site- specific-assessment

371.
NAL Call No.: QL55.A1L33
PC-based facility management.
Flato, A. Lab-anim v.23(7): p.37-40. (1994 July-1994 Aug.)
Descriptors: laboratory-animals; monitoring; microcomputers; environmental-monitoring

372.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-F768
PC-based GIS grows on foresters.
Kessler, B. J-for v.93(5): p.28-29. (1995 May)
Descriptors: forest-management; geographical-information-systems; forest-inventories; microcomputers; information-technology; computer-software

373.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
PC-based multiple camera machine vision systems for pine seedling measurements.
Wilhoit, J. H.; Kutz, L. J.; Fly, D. E.; South, D. B. Appl-eng-agric v.10(6): p.841-847. (1994 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pinus-taeda; seedlings; measurement; forest-nurseries; automation; electronics; microcomputers

Abstract: A PC-based machine vision system using multiple cameras, backlighting, and manual seedling placement in a specified location was developed for nondestructively measuring morphological properties of forest seedlings. Tests were conducted with two- and three-camera prototypes of the vision system measuring large numbers of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) seedlings. Machine vision measurements of shoot height and root collar diameter correlated with manual measurements about as well as manual measurements correlated with each other. Machine vision measurements of shoot and root projected areas correlated well with projected areas of dismantled seedling parts measured with a line scan area meter. The cycle times with the two- and three-camera prototypes were 5.8 and 15.8 s/seedling, respectively.

374.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
PC-MAPS: A tool for site specific crop management.
Motz, D. S.; Searcy, S. W.; Neuhaus, P. E. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1993. (93-3556) 28 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 14-17, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: crop-management; computer-software; data-analysis

375.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Performance evaluation of a three-dimensional optical volume flow meter.
Strubbe, G.; Missotten, B.; Baerdemaeker, J. de. Appl-eng-agric v.12(4): p.403-409. (1996 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: combine-harvesters; grain; flow; volume; measurement; flow-meters; optical-properties; sensors; performance-testing; crop-yield; mapping; accuracy

Abstract: Optical sensors in combine grain elevator housings have been used for volume flow measurements. Several parameters affecting the accuracy of optical volume flow detection are described. Parameters considered were the slope, the kernel type, the moisture content, and the clean grain elevator capacity. A positive linear relationship was found between the optical sensor output and the volume flow. Using the output of only one horizontal sensor to explain the volume flow of all the runs showed maximum deviations from the sample regression that ranged up to 13%. Using four optical sensors, two mounted transverse to the elevator chain and two mounted perpendicular to the chain and symmetrically on both sides of the chain, the maximum deviation from the sample regression was reduced to 9%. These results were obtained after reduction of the gap between the paddles and the housing. The above-mentioned parameters change continuously in harvesting conditions. If their influence is not corrected, then poor accuracy of yield maps is expected The challenge in yield mapping is reliability. Using four optical sensors will improve the accuracy of the yield maps.

376.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
PestMan: a decision support system for pest management in the Australian central grain-handling system.
Longstaff, B. C.; Cornish, P. AI-appl v.8(3): p.13-23. (1994)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pest-management; decision-making; computer-software; expert-systems

377.
NAL Call No.: Q184.R4
Photographic and videographic observations for determining and mapping the response of cotton to soil salinity.
Wiegand, C. L.; Rhoades, J. D.; Escobar, D. E.; Everitt, J. H. Remote-sens- environ v.49(3): p.212-223. (1994 Sept.)
Special Issue: Remote Sensing of Soils and Vegetation.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; soil-salinity; plant-height; bolls; crop-yield; infrared-photography; aerial-photography; spectral-data; mapping; classification; remote-sensing; california

378.
NAL Call No.: SF951.J65
The pony-metre: a new device for measuring the height of equids with lasers.
Antikatzides, T. G. J-equine-vet-sci. Lake Elsinore, Calif. : William E. Jones, DVM. Aug 1996. v. 16 (8) p. 339-344.
Includes references.
Descriptors: horses; height; measurement; lasers

379.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A3N6
A position report for farm-level marketing management.
King, R. P.; Lev, L. S.; Nefstead, W. E. Rev-agric-econ v.17(2): p.105, 205-212. (1995 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: maize; soybeans; farmers; marketing; management; market- intelligence; information-needs; comparisons

Abstract: Good information is a prerequisite for effective marketing management. New communications and computer technologies give farmers good access to external information about price movements and market conditions. Farmers also need internally-generated information about their own market position. This article presents a position report format that summarizes data on current cash resources and inventories, futures and options positions, and forward contract commitments. This position report also provides summary information on past marketing performance, and as such, serves as a model for organizing information needed for ex ante evaluation of marketing strategies. This position report format, which is implemented in the MarketTools software package, has two distinguishing features. First, it treats marketing activities for a single commodity as a distinct enterprise. This makes it easier to identify factors that contributed to the success or failure of past marketing decisions and provides a means for making consistent comparisons across marketing strategies. Second, the position report values all components of the current position in present value terms. This makes it possible to compare market positions that will generate different patterns of future cash flows. The usefulness of the position report is illustrated by a comparison of five marketing strategies for corn and soybeans during the 1991 to 1992 marketing year. Timing of sales and returns on futures and options transactions were found to have significant effects on overall performance. The usefulness of the position report is also demonstrated by evaluations from a small group of producers who have used it in. forward contract prices.

380.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Positioning with changing ground speed of mobile robots.
Throop, J. A.; Ochs, E.; Gunkel, W. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (917031) 31 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: robots; image-processors; pruning

381.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Possibility of different soil sampling techniques with automated soil sampler.
McGrath, D.; Skotnikov, A. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.27(5/8): p.1779-1794. (1996)
Paper presented at the 1995 International Symposium on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis: Quality of Soil and Plant Analysis in View of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment held August 5-10, 1995, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Descriptors: soil-analysis; sampling; automation; samplers; patterns; mathematical-models; crop-management; farming-systems; sustainability; sampling- patterns; precision-farming; site-specific-crop-management

Abstract: Obtaining soil samples over a small spaced grid for a field permits analyzing the soil with sufficient frequency and accuracy to provide information about fertilizers and pesticides to be applied in specific areas. For this need, an automated soil sampler was designed and built. The sampler is a trailed machine designed for automatic on-the-go sampling and packaging from a cultivated field. It contains a sampling mechanism, sample packer, packed sample collector, trace marker, control and alert system. The sample can be taken from locations spaced 15 and more meters. In manual regime it is possible to pick up samples in determined spots and around the field. In automated regime, one can collect soil samples along a swath or on grid bases in the field and in diagonal directions as predetermined. Packaging in separate plastic compartments of a connecting web gives wide flexibility for their subsequent physical processing (i.e. wet or dry sample preparation, combining several samples, etc.) and especially statistical processing of obtained soil analysis results. Calculations with the application of theory of probability show that the equal amount of soil samples from the determined area of the field on grid bases is more representative than any other sampling pattern. Using a grid sampling system it is also possible to make an assessment of any segment of the field with a higher probability. With this information about correlation among soil samples in both direction, it is possible to determine an improved and less costly pattern for future sampling.

382.
NAL Call No.: aZ5073.A37
Precision farming.
Emmert, B.; Gates, J.; Makuch, J. Agri-top. Beltsville, Md. : National Agricultural Library, 1990-. Jan 1994. (95-01) 19 p.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; crop-management; sustainability

383.
NAL Call No.: 10-Ou8
Precision farming: an introduction.
Blackmore, S. Outlook-agric. Oxon : C.A.B. International. 1994. v. 23 (4) p. 275-280.
Includes references.
Descriptors: farming-systems; farm-management; information-systems; technology

384.
NAL Call No.: 58.9-In7
Precision farming: an overview.
Blackmore, S. Agric-eng v.49(3): p.86-88. (1994 Autumn)
Descriptors: cropping-systems; geographical-information-systems; expert-systems; farm-machinery; computer-techniques; crop-yield; fields

385.
NAL Call No.: 325.28-P56
Precision farming data management using geographic information systems.
Usery, E. L.; Pocknee, S.; Boydell, B. Photogramm-eng-remote-sensing v.61(11): p.1383-1391. (1995 Nov.)
Special Issue: GIS.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; sustainability; information- processing; geographical-information-systems

386.
NAL Call No.: GB1001.G76
Precision farming: farmers using satellites, computers, and soils tests to protect ground water.
Horsley, S. W. Ground-water-monit-remediat. Dublin, OH : Ground Water Pub. Co., c1993-. Fall 1995. v. 15 (4) p. 66.
Descriptors: farming; agricultural-chemicals; farm-inputs; pollutants; groundwater; soil-testing; computer-analysis; geographical-information-systems; satellites

387.
NAL Call No.: aHD1751.A42
Precision farming: harnessing technology.
Christensen, L.; Krause, K. Agric-outlook (218): p.18-19. (1995 May)
Descriptors: farm-management; crop-production; environmental- protection; crop-yield; field-size; usa; site-specific-farming

388.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Precision farming overview.
Smith, W. F. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1996. v. 1 p. 179-180.

389.
NAL Call No.: 389.79-C81
Predicting body condition score changes in cows from calculated energy balance.
Fox, D. G. Proc-Cornell-Nutr-Conf-Feed-Manuf p.52-56. (1991)
Meeting held October 8-10, 1991, Rochester, New York.
Descriptors: cows; body-condition; prediction; energy-balance; nutrient-reserves; milk-production; energy-intake; energy-conversion; feed- rations; nutrient-requirements; optimization; mathematical-models; equations; body-weight; computer-software; cornell-net-carbohydrate-and-protein-system

390.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Prediction of lean yield in yearling bulls using real-time ultrasound.
Bergen, R. D.; McKinnon, J. J.; Christensen, D. A.; Kohle, N. Can-j-anim- sci v.76(3): p.305-311. (1996 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-bulls; lean; meat-yield; carcass-yield; live- estimation; ultrasound; accuracy; prediction; body-measurements; equations; ultrasonic-fat-depth; ultrasonic-longissimus-dorsi-area

Abstract: A study was undertaken to determine the repeatability and accuracy of ultrasound measurements taken on yearling bulls and to assess the value of these live measurements to predict lean yield. Ultrasonic fat depth and l. dorsi area were measured on 616 yearling bulls prior to slaughter. Corresponding carcass measurements were obtained through the Agriculture Canada Blue Tag Program. Carcass side lean (LEANYIELD) was extrapolated from the lean content of the seven-bone rib section from the carcasses of 41 Angus and 41 Charolais bulls. Stepwise multiple regression used live (USFAT and USREA) measurements to predict LEANYIELD. Repeatability (SER) and accuracy (SEP) statistics for USFAT were 0.8 mm and 1.6 mm, respectively. The corresponding results for USREA were SER = 4.3 cm2 and SEP = 7.8 cm2. The ultrasound lean yield (USLEAN) prediction equation was: USLEAN = 599.2 - (9.5 X USFAT) + (1.1 X USREA); R2 = 0.73, RSD = 17.9 g kg-1. Results indicated that LEANYIELD was predicted better by USLEAN (SEP = 18.0 g kg-1) than by BTLEAN (SEP = 22.6 g kg- 1). Results from a second group of dissected bulls (n = 110) confirmed that ultrasound can predict LEANYIELD as effectively as carcass measurements (SEP = 22.8 and 22.6 g kg-1 for USLEAN AND BTLEAN) in young breeding bulls in this study.

391.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Prediction of live and carcass characteristics of market hogs by use of a single longitudinal ultrasonic scan.
Gresham, J. D.; McPeake, S. R.; Bernard, J. K.; Riemann, M. J.; Wyatt, R. W.; Henderson, H. H. J-anim-sci v.72(6): p.1409-1416. (1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; ultrasonic-fat-meters; ultrasonography; accuracy; fat-thickness; carcasses; fat-percentage; body-composition; meat-cuts; pigmeat; sex- differences

Abstract: Live animal and carcass data were collected from market barrows and gilts (n = 119) to determine the accuracy and precision of using a single longitudinal scan, parallel to midline, in estimating body and carcass composition. Data from test pigs (n = 96) were used to develop prediction equations. Best results were obtained in predicting weight of boneless cuts (ham, loin, and shoulder), weight of lean cuts (bone-in ham, loin, and shoulder), and weight of fat-standardized carcass lean. Less accuracy was obtained in predicting ratios of all estimates on a live basis. Independent variables analyzed for the live models were live weight, sex, and ultrasonic fat depth and muscle depth at the 10th rib. Independent variables for the carcass models were the same as on the live animal; the estimators for boneless cuts (ham, loin, and shoulder) were most precise. Equations were tested against an independent set of experimental pigs (n = 23). Equations for predicting weight of boneless cuts, weight of ham and loin, and percentage of fat-standardized lean using both live and carcass measurements were most accurate, with R(2) values between .78 and .87 and RSD values between 1.30 and 1.92 kg. The results of this study reinforce the potential of assessing carcass composition and value by using a single longitudinal B-mode scan on both live pigs and carcass; live weight, sex of pig, and fat depth at the 10th rib were the greatest contributors to variation.

392.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Prediction of the time of maturity in cauliflowers.
Wurr, D. C. E. Acta-hortic (267): p.387-394. (1990 Apr.)
Paper presented at the 6th Symposium on the Timing of Field Production of Vegetables, August 21-25, 1989, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Descriptors: brassica-oleracea-var; -botrytis; crop-production; timing; transplanting; maturation; curds; harvesting-date; prediction; computer- software; uk

393.
NAL Call No.: 281.8-F2226
A preliminary assessment of the economics of variable rate technology for applying phosphorus and potassium in corn production.
Hertz, C. A.; Hibbard, J. D. Farm-econ-facts-opin. Urbana, ILL. : Cooperative Extension Service, University of Illinois,. Oct 1993. (93-14) 6 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; crop-production; phosphorus-fertilizers; potassium-fertilizers; application-rates; technology

394.
NAL Call No.: 1-F766Fi
Preplanning benefits all in systems development.
Crosby, J. I.; Santos, D. J. G. Fire-Manage-Notes. Washington, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service. 1995. v. 55 (1) p. 6-7.
Descriptors: fire-control; information-systems; planning; information- needs; design; computer-software; systems-analysis; usda; public-agencies; usa; national-automated-cache-system; forest-service; bureau-of-land-management

395.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Prescription maps for spatially variable herbicide application in no- till corn.
Brown, R. B.; Steckler, J. P. G. A. Trans-ASAE v.38(6): p.1659-1666. (1995 Nov.-1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; weeds; weed-control; remote-sensing; aerial- methods; aerial-photography; photointerpretation; identification; mapping; geographical-information-systems; computer-techniques; microcomputers; decision- making; models; herbicides; formulations; application-rates; spatial-variation; low-input-agriculture; ontario; herbicide-application-decision-models; weed-maps

Abstract: Weed maps for fields of no-till corn (Zea mays L.) were prepared from image analysis of digitized low-altitude aerial photographs. These weed maps were imported into a Geographic Information System (GIS) and divided into independent subunits for spatially variable herbicide prescription. A decision model was designed for pre-plant and post-emergence weed control recommendations. Each subunit of the field weed map was submitted to this decision model to determine the optimum herbicide mix and application rate. The resulting prescription maps would be used to control a field sprayer and to apply the appropriate herbicide combination to each weedy area. Results indicate that herbicide use would have been reduced by more than 40% with this approach. This demonstrates a means to significantly reduce herbicide usage in crop production without sacrificing weed control or crop yield.

396.
NAL Call No.: 99.9-F7662J
A procedure for determining the benefits of sorting lumber by grade prior to rough mill processing.
Steele, P. H.; Gazo, R. For-prod-j v.45(6): p.69-73. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lumber; sorting; log-grade; cross-cutting; rip-sawing; saws; processing; yields; operating-time; computer-software; computer- simulation; ram; cory

Abstract: Rough mill simulation software determined yield, processing time, and machine utilization differences between sorted and unsorted lumber. Both crosscut-first and rip-first rough mill systems were simulated. For the crosscut-first rough mill, a yield increase of about 1 percent was obtained for lumber sorted by grade prior to processing. For the crosscut-first rough mill, total processing time was not influenced by sorting lumber prior to processing. The actual machine utilization for the crosscut-first-rough mill was increased by 9.4 percent for the crosscut saw and decreased by 16.7 percent for the salvage crosscut saw when sorted lumber was processed. Sorting lumber prior to processing for the rip-first rough mill also increased yield by 0.3 percent. Total processing time was decreased by 2.0 percent for the rip-first rough mill when processing sorted lumber. The actual machine utilization for the rip-first rough mill was increased by 25 percent for the crosscut saws, decreased by 1.8 percent for the sorting operation, and increased by 13.5 percent for the salvage straight-line ripsaws when processing sorted lumber.

397.
NAL Call No.: SF105.W693--1994
Proceedings of the 5th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production. Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production.
Smith, C. C. 1.; World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production (5th : 1994 : University of Guelph). Guelph, Ont. : Dept. of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Guelph, c1994. v. : ill., "Organized under the International Committee for World Congresses on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production" -- p. i. v. 17. Genetics and breeding of dairy and beef cattle, swine and horses -- v. 18. Genetics and breeding of sheep and goats; breeding objectives and breeding strategies; genetic parameters; breeding values -- v. 19. Selection and quantitative genetics; growth; reproduction; lactation; fish; fiber; meat -- v. 20. Poultry breeding; avian biotechnology; behaviour genetics; reproductive bio-technology; immunogenetics and disease resistance genetics; breeding in the tropics and extreme environments -- v. 21. Gene mapping; polymorphisms; disease genetic markers; marker assisted selection; gene expression; transgenes; non-conventional animal products; conservation genetics; conservation of domestic animal genetic resources -- v. 22. Computing strategies and software.
Descriptors: Livestock-Genetics-Congresses

398.
NAL Call No.: SB99.D4S67--1995,-nr.26
Proceedings of the Seminar on Site Specific Farming, Koldkoergaard, Aarhus. March 20-21, 1995.Lyngby [Denmark] : Landbrugsministeriet, Statens planteavlsforsog, 1995. 204 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references.

399.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Process control system for poultry house environment.
Mitchell, B. W. Trans-ASAE v.36(6): p.1881-1886. (1993 Nov.-1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: poultry-housing; chicken-housing; environmental-control; automatic-control; computer-software; computer-techniques; sensors; computer- hardware; single-board-computers

Abstract: A menu-driven process control system was designed, installed, and used for centralized direct digital control and monitoring of environments in 14 research areas. A color monitor provides operators with multiple screen displays showing the status of setpoints and equipment graphically and numerically. Several external hardware and internal software signal conditioning features had to be designed to meet system reliability and control stability requirements, and to minimize nuisance alarms. The menu-driven software has greatly simplified setup, monitoring, alarm annunciation, data acquisition, and performance trending for a variety of operators. Control system performance has been as good or better than was previously achieved with dedicated single-board computer control. Performance was quite acceptable, even with the relatively slow update time for 300 I/O points of 2.5 s with an IBM1 AT (286) microcomputer and 1 s with a Compaq 386 SX microcomputer, since updates of 10 s are adequate for these types of applications. The system can easily be expanded to three or four times the present capacity of approximately 304 points. Other stations (computers) could easily be added to interface to other brands of I/O devices (besides the Optomux and I/O Pak) or to develop a network. The generic nature of the system lends itself to many applications.

400.
NAL Call No.: HC79.I55D37--1993
Process innovation : reengineering work through information technology.
Davenport, T. H. 1. Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business School Press, c1993. x, 337 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references and index. The nature of process innovation -- Selecting processes for innovation -- Information technology as an enabler of process innovation -- Processes and information -- Organizational and human resource enablers of process change -- Creating a process vision -- Understanding and improving existing processes --Designing and implementing the new process and organization -- Process innovation and the management of organizational change -- Implementing process innovation with information technology -- Product and service development and delivery processes - - Customer-facing processes -- Management processes -- Summary and conclusions -- Appendix A: Companies involved in the research -- Appendix B: The origins of process innovation.
Descriptors: Information-technology; Technological-innovations; Organizational-change; Production-engineering; Reengineering-Management

401.
NAL Call No.: HC106.8.E25
Producing knowledge in economic development through the management of information.
Riley, R. M. Econ-dev-rev v.13(1): p.4-7. (1995 Winter)
In the topical issue: High-tech economic development office.
Descriptors: economic-development; diffusion-of-information; technology; computer-hardware; computer-software

402.
NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5
Production, freezing and transfer of bovine IVF embryos and subsequent calving results.
Hasler, J. F.; Henderson, W. B.; Hurtgen, P. J.; Jin, Z. Q.; McCauley, A. D.; Mower, S. A.; Neely, B.; Shuey, L. S.; Stokes, J. E.; Trimmer, S. A. Theriogenology v.43(1): p.141-152. (1995 Jan.)
Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the International Embryo Transfer Society, January 8-10, 1995, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; embryo-transfer; cryopreservation; in-vitro; fertilization; embryos; pregnancy-rate; oocytes; collection; culture-media; synchronized-females

Abstract: Ultrasound-guided oocyte aspirations were performed repeatedly, on a weekly basis, on 155 different cows. An average of 4.9 oocytes with 4.1 classified as usable were collected. Following in vitro maturation (IVM), fertilization (IVF) and culture (IVC), a few Day 7 morulae, and all Day 7 and most Day 8 blastocysts were either transferred or frozen. The transfer of 2268 fresh IVF embryos resulted in 1220 pregnancies (58.8%). Day 7 embryos resulted in a higher (56%) pregnancy rate than did Day 8 (43%) or Day 9 (41%). In addition, the transfer of embryos classified as grade 1 on either Day 7 or 8 resulted in a higher pregnancy rate than did grade 2 embryos. Although there was no difference in pregnancy rate, embryos resulting from co-culture with Buffalo Rat Liver Cells in Menezo's B2 medium developed faster than embryos co-cultured with TCM 199 culture medium. Pregnancy rate following transfer of IVF blastocysts frozen on Day 7 was 42% and dropped to 20% for blastocysts frozen on Day 8. Pregnancy rate was not influenced when synchrony between the IVF embryo and recipient was within +/- 36 h. The sex ratio of the resulting calves did not deviate from normal but there was a higher than normal incidence of early abortions and dystocias There appeared to be some increase in calf birth weights.

403.
NAL Call No.: 56.8-J822
The promise of precision agriculture.
Vanden Heuvel, R. M. J-soil-water-conserv v.51(1): p.38-40. (1996 Jan.- 1996 Feb.)
Commentary.
Descriptors: alternative-farming; low-input-agriculture; sustainability; agricultural-development

404.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
A proposed method for the comprehensive evaluation of NPS models.
Von Euw, E. L.; Dickinson, W. T.; Rudra, R. P.; Wall, G. J. Appl-eng- agric v.8(6): p.821-828. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: groundwater-pollution; models; evaluation; watershed- management; computer-software; ontario

Abstract: A comprehensive method has been proposed to evaluate the performance of non-point source (NPS) models using subjective and objective criteria. The subjective portion of the evaluation includes attributes such as model documentation, input, output and model sensitivity. The objective evaluation includes measures of model calibration, model validation, and time use. Both the subjective and objective evaluations have been incorporated into a single-performance index. An example application of the method has been included for demonstration purposes and to illustrate the robustness of the method. The method can be applied more broadly for the selection and comparison of NPS models.

405.
NAL Call No.: GE5.A66-1993
Providing public access to the ARS Water Data Base using an on-line information management system.
Thurman, J. L. Application of advanced information technologies effective management of natural resources proceedings of the 18-19 June 1993 Conference, Spokane, Washington /. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, c1993.. p. 42-48.
Includes references.
Descriptors: water; watersheds; hydrological-data; data-collection; databases; information-retrieval; on-line; usda; usa; agricultural-research- service

406.
NAL Call No.: KF5753.P458--1994
Public information in the national information infrastructure : report to the Regulatory Information Service Center, General Services Administration, and to the administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget. Rev. 9/26/94. Perritt report on public information.
Perritt, H. H.; United States. Office of Management and Budget. [Washington, D.C.?] : Office of Management and Budget, [1994] v, 113, 9 p. : ill., Running title: Perritt report on public information.
Descriptors: Government-information-United-States; Information- technology-Government-policy-United-States; Information-services-industry- Government-policy-United-States; Telecommunication-policy-United-States

407.
NAL Call No.: SB1.H6
Pulsed excimer laser radiation influences in vitro culture of Algerian ivy.
Al Juboory, K. H.; Williams, D. J.; Nayfeh, M. H. HortScience v.26(9): p.1222. (1991 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: hedera; tissue-culture; contaminants; control; lasers; radiation; hedera-canariensis

408.
NAL Call No.: SB379.A9A9
Putting your grove on the map.
Sakovich, N. Calif-grow v.20(3): p.36. (1996 Mar.)
Descriptors: orchards; mapping; selection-methods; computer-software

409.
NAL Call No.: SD112.F67
Radiata pine growers' manual.
Maclaren, J. P. FRI-bull. Rotorus : Forest Research Institute, New Zealand Forest Service. 1993. (184) 140 p.
Descriptors: pinus-radiata; stand-establishment; artificial- regeneration; forest-nurseries; fertilizers; pruning; site-factors; thinning; harvesting; marketing- ; wood-products; computer-software; new-zealand

410.
NAL Call No.: S451.O5O8
Ranch calculator (RANCALC).
Lusby, K. S.; Walker, O. L. OSU-curr-rep. Stillwater, Oklahoma State University, Cooperative Extension Service. July 1993. (3252,rev.) 6 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cattle; ranching; computer-software; cattle- husbandry; farm-budgeting

411.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Real-time image processing for robotic melon harvesting.
Dobrusin, Y.; Edan, Y.; Grinshpun, J.; Peiper, U. M.; Hetzroni, A. Pap-Am- Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (923515) 16 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: melons; harvesters; robots

412.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Real-time irrigation scheduling of cotton with an automated pan evaporation system.
Phene, C. J.; DeTar, W. R.; Clark, D. A. Appl-eng-agric v.8(6): p.787- 793. (1992 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; irrigation-scheduling; computer- software; evaporation; california

Abstract: High frequency irrigation control necessitates real-time monitoring of soil water, plant water status or atmospheric evaporative demand. The research objective was to determine the suitability of real-time control of subsurface drip irrigation using automated evaporation pan measurements. Hourly electronic measurement of water loss from an evaporation pan was a critical feedback control element in the irrigation scheduling of a high frequency subsurface drip system (SDI) used to irrigate cotton. The water level in the class "A" pan was monitored continuously using a micrologger to measure die output of the electronic water level sensor. The crop water needs were calculated by multiplying the evaporation from the pan by a pan and crop coefficient. When the calculated water need was equal to or greater than 2 mm (0.08 in.) in 1990 and 1 mm (0.04 in.) in 1991, die micrologger automatically activated the irrigation system. Data were automatically transmitted daily to the station computer via telephone. Water was added each night to die pan automatically to refill the pan to a constant level. After installation and testing, the control system worked automatically without manual intervention for two growing seasons.

413.
NAL Call No.: SF601.A46
Real-time thermography: a diagnostic tool foor the equine practitioner.
Waldsmith, J. K. Proc-Annu-Conv-Am-Assoc-Equine-Pract p.455-466. (1993)
Meeting helding on November 29-December 2, 1992, Orlando, Florida.
Descriptors: horses; thermography; diagnosis

414.
NAL Call No.: 49-J82
Real-time ultrasonic measurement of fat thickness and longissimus muscle area. II. Relationship between real-time ultrasound measures and carcass retail yield.
Hamlin, K. E.; Green, R. D.; Cundiff, L. V.; Wheeler, T. L.; Dikeman, M. E. J-anim-sci v.73(6): p.1725-1734. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: steers; fat-thickness; ultrasonic-fat-meters; live- estimation; carcass-yield; birth-weight; age-differences; longissimus-dorsi; area; depot-fat; beef-quality; prediction; crossbreds

Abstract: Feedlot steers (n = 180) representing 11 sire-breed groups were ultrasonically measured for fat thickness (FTU) and longissimus muscle area (LMU) at two 60-d intervals during the feeding period and four 21-d intervals corresponding to serial slaughter dates to predict carcass retail yield parameters. Two fat trim levels, 8 and 0 mm, were used to calculate percentage of trimmable fat (FAT8P and FAT0P) and retail product percentage (RPD8P and RPD0P) for each carcass. Regression techniques were used to evaluate best-fit equations that explained variation in retail product components. When FAT8P, FAT0P, RPD8P, and RPD0P were regressed on USDA yield grade (YG), R2 values ranged from 75 to 76% (P <.001). Comparatively, when live animal predictors of YG components (FTU, LMU, and final live weight) were used as the independent variables, equations predicting retail yield had R2 values of 61 to 65% (P < .01). Equations using final FTU as the independent variable explained 58 to 64% (P <.001) of the variation in FAT8P, FAT0P, RPD8P, and RPD0P. Equations with FTU, LMU, and either WT, AGE, marbling, or quality grade resulted in R2 values similar to those with only FTU, indicating the strong influence of fat on retail yields. These results indicate that ultrasonic predictors explained about 10% less variation in retail product percentage than did carcass measures.

415.
NAL Call No.: SF601.I4
Real-time ultrasonography for the diagnosis and management of equine pregnancy.
England, G. In-pract v.16(2): p.84-92. (1994 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: mares; pregnancy; ultrasonography; ultrasonic-diagnosis; pregnancy-diagnosis; embryonic-development; fetal-development; twins; corpus- luteum; pregnancy-complications; embryonic-resorption

416.
NAL Call No.: 41.8-C163
Real-time ultrasound image analysis for the estimation of carcass yield and pork quality.
Sather, A. P.; Bailey, D. R. C.; Jones, S. D. M. Can-j-anim-sci v.76(1): p.55-62. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pigs; carcass-yield; pigmeat; meat-quality; ultrasound; prediction; backfat; fat-thickness; live-estimation; lean; pig-fat; carcass- quality; carcass-grading; marbling; intramuscular-fat

Abstract: Average backfat thickness measurements (liveweight of 92.5 kg) were made on 276 pigs using the Krautkramer USK7 ultrasonic machine. Immediately preceding and 1 h after slaughter, real-time ultrasonic images were made between the 3rd and 4th last ribs with the Tokyo Keiki LS- 1000 (n = 149) and/or CS-3000 (n = 240) machines. Image analysis software was used to measure fat thickness (FT), muscle depth (MD) and area (MA) as well as scoring the number of objects, object area and percentage object area of the loin to be used for predicting meat quality. Carcasses were also graded by the Hennessy Grading Probe (HGP). Prediction equations for lean in the primal cuts based on USK7 and LS-1000 animal fat measurements had R2-values (residual standard deviations, RSD) of 0.62 (27.0) and 0.66 (25.7). Adding MD or MA to LS-1000 FT measurements increased the R2-values to 0.68 and 0.66. Prediction equations using animal fat measurements made by the USK7 and CS-3000 had R2-values (RSD) of 0.66 (26.5) and 0.76 (22.4). Adding MD or MA to CS-3000 FT measurements made no further improvement in the R2-values. Estimation of commercial lean yield from carcass FT and MD measurements made by the HGP and LS-1000 had R2-values (RSD) of 0.58 (1.72) and 0.65 (1.56). Adding MA to LS-1000 measurements made no further improvement in the R2-values. Prediction equations based on carcass FT and MD measurements made by the HGP and CS-3000 had R2-values (RSD) of 0.68 (1.65) and 0.72 (1.54). Adding MA to CS-3000 measurements made no further improvement in the prediction equations. It was concluded that RTU has most value for predicting carcass lean content and further improvements in precision will. area and of percent object area of image from RTU images with intramuscular fat or marbling score made on the live pig or carcass were low, and presently do not appear suitable for predicting intramuscular fat.

417.
NAL Call No.: TD420.W374
Real-time water allocation for irrigation.
Hannan, T. C.; Coals, V. A. J-Inst-Water-Environ-Manag v.9(1): p.19-26. (1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: irrigation-scheduling; irrigation-requirements; linear- programming; water-allocation; irrigated-farming; computer-software; lombok

Abstract: Throughout the world the importance of water management is becoming more important as the demand for water increases. As one of the major uses of water, irrigation could benefit from improved management practices. The establishment of a Water Operations Centre in Indonesia has seen the development of a real-time water-allocation model for a complex irrigation system covering 60000 ha. The model uses linear programming (an optimization technique) to determine the best way in which to allocate limited water supplies while keeping crop yield losses to a minimum.

418.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Record-keeping systems and control of data flow and information retrieval to manage large high producing herds.
Tomaszewski, M. A. J-dairy-sci v.76(10): p.3188-3194. (1993 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-herds; milk-production; record-keeping; milk- recording; microcomputers; data-collection; computer-software; data-analysis

Abstract: Record-keeping systems have provided an essential link that significantly increases milk production. As new technologies are introduced, they are integrated into total management programs that provide for proactive management. Maintenance of data flow, not only for the producer but also for other users, requires increased cooperation among the various sectors. Larger production units demand products that integrate production and economic parameters to plan strategically for maximum profitability.

419.
NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
Recordkeeping options available for Michigan crop and livestock producers.
Jacobs, L. W.; MacKellar, B. A. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE, c1995.. v. 2 p. 83-86.
Includes references.
Descriptors: record-keeping; computer-software; microcomputers; records; pesticides; fertilizers; manures; application-to-land; application- date; application-rates; crop-production; animal-production; michigan; recommended-application-rates; paper-record-keeping-systems

420.
NAL Call No.: 281.9--M692-no.55
A records program for catfish and shrimp production : financial data and management decisions for IBM PC and compatible microcomputers.
Killcreas, W. E. Mississippi State, MS : Agricultural Economics Dept., Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station : Computer Applications & Services Dept., Mississippi Cooperative Extension Service, [1985] 1 computer disk 1 manual (viii, 80 p. ; 28 cm.)
System requirements: IBM PC or compatible.

421.
NAL Call No.: 100-T31S-1
Reducing herbicide risks to wildlife on rangeland.
Hanselka, C. W.; Rollins, D.; Winn, J. Bull-Tex-Agric-Exp-Stn. College Station, Tex. : Texas Agricultural and Mechanical College System,. Aug 1994. (5096) 6 p.
Descriptors: herbicides; wildlife; toxicity; susceptibility; risk; range-management; integrated-pest-management; selectivity; application-methods; texas- ; variable-rate-patterns; integrated-brush-management-systems

422.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Regional variation in temperature humidity index for poultry housing.
Gates, R. S.; Zhang, H.; Colliver, D. G.; Overhults, D. G. Trans-ASAE v.38(1): p.197-205. (1995 Jan.-1995 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: chicken-housing; bioclimatic-indexes; humidity; weather; air-temperature; environmental-temperature; summer; geographical-information- systems; heat-stress; risk; cooling-systems; mists; evaporation; geographical- variation; usa; evaporative-misting

Abstract: A building thermal model was used to compute hourly values of temperature humidity index (THI) for a broiler house with and without an evaporative misting system. Hourly summer time weather data for 238 U.S.A. locations covering 30 years were used to develop extreme occurrences of THI. Results were incorporated into a Geographical Information System (GIS) database to create isolines of THI and percentage of hours exceeding a heat stress threshold Regional variations in misting as a suitable cooling technique are presented in terms of hours reduction in annual heat stress. The technique may be used for assisting in management decisions regarding poultry facilities housing design and siting, and with appropriate THI may be extended to other livestock production.

423.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
A relational database as decision support system in chemical weed control.
Stigliani, L.; Santospirito, G.; Cardinale, N.; Resina, C. Weed-technol v.10(4): p.781-794. (1996 Oct.-1996 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: weed-control; chemical-control; decision-making; herbicides; computer-software; databases; optimization-methods

424.
NAL Call No.: 382-So12
Relationship between laser-induced fluorescence intensity and crude palm oil quality.
Tan, Y. A.; Chong, C. L.; Low, K. S. J-sci-food-agric v.67(3): p.375- 379. (1995 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: palm-oils; food-quality; laser-fluorescence-spectroscopy; detection; light-intensity; food-analysis; methodology; food-grades; lipid- peroxidation; hydrolysis; deterioration; carotenes

Abstract: Crude palm oil quality is an important consideration in the production of refined palm oil of consistent high quality. The quality of crude palm oil is determined by the analysis of oxidative and hydrolytic parameters such as peroxide value, anisidine value, free fatty acid content and moisture and impurities, all very time consuming and counter-productive for both crude palm oil mills and refineries to carry out. This study shows that laser- induced fluorescence (LIF) analysis can be used as an alternative to analysing all the common oxidative and hydrolytic parameters mentioned. LIF at 673 nm was indicative of the oxidative quality of crude palm oil. There was also positive correlation between fluorescence intensity and the carotene and the deterioration of bleachability index of crude palm oil, and the Rancimat induction time of the final refined product.

425.
NAL Call No.: 302.8-T162
Remote inspection of wood with lock-in-thermography.
Wu, D.; Busse, G. Tappi-j v.79(8): p.119-123. (1996 Aug.)
Summaries on p. 79-96.
Descriptors: wood; veneers; wood-defects; inspection; thermography; paint; veneered-wood; subsurface-defects

426.
NAL Call No.: 464.8-An72
Remote sensing and image analysis in plant pathology.
Nilsson, H. E. Annu-rev-phytopathol. Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews, inc., 1963-. 1995. v. 33 p. 489-527.
Includes references.
Descriptors: plant-pathology; imagery; remote-sensing; nondestructive- testing; plant-diseases; assessment; photography; aerial-photography; photogrammetry; satellite-imagery; radiometry; thermography; video-recordings; fluorescence; thermal-infrared-imagery; videography

427.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Remote sensing in the Northeastern Area.
Roberts, M. A. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95-4): p.76. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; remote-sensing; mapping; aerial- photography; video-recordings; computer-software; northeastern-states-of-usa

428.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Remote sensing of plant nitrogen status in corn.
Bausch, W. C.; Duke, H. R. Trans-ASAE v.39(5): p.1869-1875. (1996 Sept.-1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: zea-mays; nutrient-deficiencies; nitrogen-retention; measurement; canopy; reflectance; crop-growth-stage; meters; agricultural-soils; optical-properties; crop-management; low-input-agriculture; grain; crop-yield; remote-sensing; colorado; nitrogen-reflectance-index; nitrogen-sufficiency- index; chlorophyll-meters

Abstract: Excessive nitrates in ground and surface water supplies are impacting nitrogen (N) fertilizer management schemes in many agricultural areas. Small amounts of N fertilizer applied "as needed" to a crop have potential for alleviating nitrate leaching below the crop root zone. To effectively apply this N management scheme, techniques must be developed that provide rapid assessment of the plant N status on a frequent basis. Ground- based canopy reflectance was measured perpendicular to the crop surface and in discrete wavebands over irrigated corn with several imposed N treatments for comparison to SPAD chlorophyll meter measurements and to plant tissue total N concentration. An N reflectance index (a ratio of a treatment near-infrared (NIR) to green (G) canopy reflectance to the NIR/G ratio of a well N-fertilized treatment) was developed. The N reflectance index produced a near 1:1 relationship with the N sufficiency index (average SPAD reading for a treatment divided by the average SPAD reading for a well N-fertilized treatment) for corn growth stages V11 to R4. For the N reflectance index to be a practical, useable technique, it must represent plant N status as early as the V6 growth stage. Soil background influence on canopy reflectance during early vegetative growth is a major obstacle; consequently, procedures must be developed to minimize its effect on this index.

429.
NAL Call No.: 57.09-F41
Requirements for a fully integrated fertilizer program.
Larson, T. Proc-annu-meet-Fert-Ind-Round-Table (45th): p.52-57. (1995)
Meeting held October 23-25, 1995, Raleigh, North Carolina.
Descriptors: farm-management; farm-inputs; fertilizers; decision- making; sustainability; precision-agriculture

430.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Requirements for teat inspection and cleaning in automatic milking systems.
Mottram, T. Comput-electron-agric v.17(1): p.63-77. (1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: Robotic milking / edited by D. Ordolff.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; teats; udders; inspection; sanitation; disinfection; contamination; automation; techniques; robots; monitoring; milk- hygiene

431.
NAL Call No.: 56.8-J822
RES-N-Till crop residue conservation and tillage management software.
Kok, H.; Thien, J. J-soil-water-conserv. Ankeny, Iowa : Soil and Water Conservation Society. Nov/Dec 1994. V. 49 (6) p. 551-553.
Includes references.
Descriptors: crop-residues; management; soil-conservation; erosion- control; conservation-tillage; decision-making; computer-software

432.
NAL Call No.: Q184.R4
Retrieval of surface parameters from microwave radiometry over open canopies at high frequencies.
Calvet, J. C.; Wigneron, J. P.; Chanzy, A.; Haboudane, D. Remote-sens- environ v.53(1): p.46-60. (1995 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sorghum-bicolor; triticum-aestivum; canopy; fields; microwave-radiation; emission; radiometry; remote-sensing; soil-temperature; soil- water; bulk-density; temperature; france; canopy-infrared-temperature

433.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
A reveiw of livestock monitoring and the need for integrated systems.
Frost, A. R.; Schofield, C. P.; Beaulah, S. A.; Mottram, T. T.; Lines, J. A.; Wathes, C. M. Comput-electron-agric v.17(2): p.139-159. (1997 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: livestock-farming; monitoring; integrated-systems; animal-husbandry; information-systems; mathematical-models; expert-systems; sensors; microcomputers; farm-management; literature-reviews

434.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
Review: dairy cattle reproductive physiology research and management-- past progress and future prospects.
Foote, R. H. J-dairy-sci v.79(6): p.980-990. (1996 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cattle; artificial-insemination; ai-bulls; semen- preservation; cryopreservation; cryoprotectants; research-teams; research- support; embryo-transfer; estrous-cycle; synchronization; oocytes; in-vitro; fertilization; blood-flow; thermography; genetic-improvement; milk-yield; literature-reviews; reproduction; nutrients; metabolism; dairy-science

Abstract: Artificial insemination developed as the solution for two important problems in the dairy cattle industry during the past 50 yr: 1) the need for genetic improvement and 2 ) the elimination of costly venereal diseases. Cooperation among researchers, extension workers, veterinarians, dairy producers, and emerging AI organizations in pooling their expertise, was instrumental to the remarkably rapid development of AI. The cooperation of universities, government, and producers to fund teams of reproductive specialists to collaborate and transfer findings quickly to potential users was a major component of this successful venture. Money invested in these experiments was estimated to have returned about $100 for each $1 invested. Successful freezing of sperm led to the development of the field of cryobiology, and AI paved the way for embryo transfer. The development of ultrasound equipment; various types of rapid hormone assays; prostaglandins, progestogens, and GnRH; and computerization made possible various alternative management plans for controlling reproduction. Multidisciplinary, multigeographical teams that gather basic needed information have the potential for making excellent progress. As herd size increases, new programs for efficient reproductive management and for identifying needed research through computer modeling are a must. Sexed embryos from elite cows and bulls will be used selectively. When embryonic stem cell technology becomes practical, it will revolutionize cattle breeding.

435.
NAL Call No.: TD172.C54
Risk-based priorities for pesticide management initiatives.
Brown, S. L.; Rachman, N. J. Chemosphere v.33(7): p.1355-1368. (1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: pesticides; environmental-impact; pollution; exposure; pesticide-residues; food-chains; risk; decision-making; occupational-hazards; equations; mathematical-models; computer-software; groundwater-pollution; pesticide-selection-decision; pesticide-priority-system

436.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Robotic harvesting hands for fruit vegetables.
Kondo, N.; Monta, M.; Shibano, Y.; Mohri, K.; Arima, S. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric- Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (943071) 9 p.
Paper presented at the "1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: cucumbers; tomatoes; harvesting; robots

437.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Robotic melon harvesting: prototype and field tests.
Edan, Y.; Wolf, I.; Grinshpun, J.; Dobrusin, Y.; Rogozin, V. Pap-Am-Soc- Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (943073) 18 p.
Paper presented at the "1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: robots; melon-harvesters; tests

438.
NAL Call No.: SF967.M3N32
Robotic milking: state of the art.
Rossing, W.; Devir, S.; Hogewerf, P. H.; Ipema, A. H.; Ketelaar de Lauwere, C. C.; Metz Stefanowska, J. Annu-meet-Natl-Mastitis-Counc-inc p.212-221. (1994)
Meeting held on January 31-February 2, 1994, Orlando, Florida.
Descriptors: milking-machines; dairy-technology; prototypes; machine- milking; dairy-performance

439.
NAL Call No.: S715.M44R64--1994
Robotic systems for selective harvesting : integration and prototype tests.
Miles, G. E.; United States Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund. Bet Dagan, Israel : BARD, 1994. v, 99, 6 p. : ill., Final report.
Descriptors: Muskmelon-Harvesting-Machinery; Fruit-Harvesting- Machinery

440.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Robotic transplanting of orchid protocorm in mericlone culture.
Okamoto, T.; Kitani, O.; Torii, T. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1993. (933090) 12 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, and The Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.
Descriptors: ornamental-orchids; protocorms; robots; tissue-culture

441.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Robotic transplanting: simulation, design, performance tests.
Beam, S. M.; Miles, G. E.; Treece, G. J.; Hammer, P. A.; Kutz, L. J.; Richey, C. B. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1991. (917027) 16 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 23-26, 1991, Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Descriptors: transplanting; robots; computers

442.
NAL Call No.: Q184.R4
The Robusteness of canopy gap fraction estimates from red and near- infrared reflectances: a comparison of approaches.
Baret, F.; Clevers, J. G. P. W.; Steven, M. D. Remote-sens-environ v.54(2): p.141-151. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crops; beta-vulgaris; canopy-gaps; estimates; reflectance; red-light; infrared-radiation; canopy; radiometry; simulation- models; vegetation; vegetation-index

443.
NAL Call No.: 44.8-J822
The role of the cow in automatic teat cup attachment.
Mottram, T. T.; Hall, R. C.; Spencer, D. S.; Allen, C. J. J-dairy-sci v.78(8): p.1873-1880. (1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; machine-milking; milking-parlors; teats; animal-behavior; stalls; failure; uk; automatic-milking

Abstract: A system for automatically locating the teats of a cow and attaching teat cups was developed and used to milk nine cows for 10 consecutive d. For the first 5 d, the cows were milked three times a day at fixed intervals of 12, 6, and 6 h. For the subsequent 5 d, cows were intercepted for milking on their way from a bedded area to a forage feeding area; the mean numbers of attendances per cow were 3.2/d (range 2 to 4). Of 279 cow visits for milking, 72% were successful. Of the 77 occasions on which all four teat cups were not attached, 13 were attributable to the response of the cow (for example, kicking the robot); 46 were due to a difference between the estimated teat position and the actual teat position; and 14 were due to operational failures of the equipment. Eighty-five percent of attempts to attach individual teat cups were successful. Of the 162 failed attempts to attach teat cups, 15% were due to cow response, 54% to positional error, and 21% to engineering malfunctions. In treatment 2, cows that stayed in the stall for more than 5 min after milking were prompted to leave, which occurred during 13 (9%) visits. Cow behavior did not appear to be a major obstacle to the unsupervised use of automatic milking.

444.
NAL Call No.: SD387.S87J68
ROTATION: a computer program for calculating stand rotations based on volume yield and economic criteria.
De Rocher, T. R.; Walker, R. F. J-sustain-for. Binghamton, NY : Food Products Press, c1993-. 1994. v. (4) p. 65-79.
Includes references.
Descriptors: forest-management; rotations; volume; yields; economic- analysis; computer-software; even-aged-forest-stands

445.
NAL Call No.: 99.9-F7662J
Rough mill policies and practices examined by a multiple-criteria goal program called ROMGOP.
Suter, W. C. Jr.; Calloway, J. A. For-prod-j v.44(10): p.19-28. (1994 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sawmilling; optimization; computer-software; romgop- rough-mill-goal-programming; goal-programming

Abstract: A rough mill linear programming formulation called OPTIGRAMI (OPTImum GRade MIx) generates an optimal least cost solution. However, it cannot easily reconcile multiple-conflicting, incommensurate goals. In general, a major weakness of linear programming is that its objective function is unidimensional and only one unit measure can be minimized or maximized at a time. In the case of OPTIGRAMI, cost is minimized, but problems arise when planners want to minimize such things as the impact of overcrowding due to excessive work-in- process inventory, customer dissatisfaction due to missed deadlines, and the inconvenience of production interruptions due to lumber expediting to make up for shortfalls. This paper reviews the research leading up to and through rough mill optimization research and then puts forth ROMGOP (ROugh Mill GOal Programming) as an alternative optimizing technique. Even though a less than complete database was used to develop the technique, an example of how goal programming can be used as a rough mill planning tool is presented. To conclude, several rough mill policies are examined from a goal programming perspective to show the potential impact of rough mill planning from a multiple-criteria viewpoint.

446.
NAL Call No.: S590.S68
Runoff and leaching of alachlor under conventional and soil-specific management.
Khakural, B. R.; Robert, P. C.; Koskinen, W. C. Soil-use-manage v.10(4): p.158-164. (1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: alachlor; application-rates; environmental-impact; runoff; leaching; losses-from-soil; catenas; landscape; topography; drainage; soil- variability; alternative-farming; minnesota; precision-farming; landscape- position; soil-specific-application-rates; uniform-application-rates

Abstract: The influence of conventional and soil-specific management on leaching and runoff losses of soil-applied alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl- N- (methoxymethyl) acetanilide) was studied across a soil catena (landscape) with varied slope and drainage characteristics. The catena consisted of: a well- drained Ves (fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Udic Haplustoll) soil on the backslope (1- 4%), a Ves soil on the sideslope (6-12%), and a poorly drained Webster (fine- loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Haplaquoll) soil on the toeslope (0-3%). In general, the concentration of alachlor in runoff water was greater in the Ves soil than in the Webster. In 1992 alachlor concentrations in runoff (water, sediment + water) were less for soil-specific rates (2.20 or 2.80 kg/ha) than for a uniform rate (3.36 kg/ha) in both Ves soils. There was no significant difference in alachlor concentration related to application rates (soil-specific rate 3.66 kg/ha) in the runoff from the Webster soil. Averaged across soils and events, the concentrations of alachlor in runoff (water, sediments + water) were less for soil-specific rates than for the uniform rate. Alachlor was not detected in soil samples obtained from depths greater than 15 cm in any soil or treatment after the first sampling. At the first sampling in 1992 (7 days after application) alachlor was detected down to 45 and 90 cm in the Ves and Webster soils, respectively. Detectable amounts (less than or equal to 0.1 micrograms/l) of alachlor were observed in soil water samples extracted from all three soils during some sampling dates. No particular trends were observed with soils or application rates.

447.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
SAGE: an object-oriented framework for the construction of farm decision support systems.
Gauthier, L.; Neel, T. Comput-electron-agric v.16(1): p.1-20. (1996 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: farm-management; crop-production; computer-software; information-technology; computer-programming; databases; microcomputers; smalltalk-object-oriented-programming-system; object-oriented-database- management; software-development

448.
NAL Call No.: 100-So82S
Satellites and computers guide machinery in precision farming.
Leslie, J. S-D-farm-home-res v.46(4): p.12-13. (1995 Winter-1996 Winter)
Descriptors: farm-machinery; automatic-guidance; microcomputers; satellites; geographical-information-systems; south-dakota; global-positioning- systems

449.
NAL Call No.: SD143.S64
The 'script' approach to mobilizing knowledge and complex technologies.
Myers, W. L. Proc-Soc-Am-For-Natl-Conv p.513-514. (1992)
Paper presented at a meeting on "American Forestry -- An Evolving Tradition," October 25-27, 1992, Richmond, Virginia.
Descriptors: forest-management; computer-software; geographical- information-system

450.
NAL Call No.: aS21.R44A7
Scrotal thermography as a tool for predicting semen quality and natural- mating fertility in young beef bulls.
Lunstra, D. D.; Coulter, G. H. ARS. Clay Center, Neb. : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. May 1993. (71) p. 86-89.
In the series analytic: Beef research progress report no. 4.
Descriptors: beef-bulls; scrotum; thermography; testes; thermoregulation; semen; quality; mating; fertility

451.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
SELECT!: crop variety selection software for microcomputers.
Lauer, J. G. J-prod-agric v.8(3): p.433-437. (1995 July-1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: crops; varieties; selection; farm-management; decision- making; computer-software; microcomputers

Abstract: The selection of a good crop variety is an important management decision producers make for their farm. It can often mean the difference between breaking even and making a profit. Agronomists often struggle with summarizing and accurately describing variety performance due to the large amount of data and the many methods for describing performance. The software program, SELECT! version 1.0, is a microcomputer based decision support system for selecting crop varieties. SELECT! links variety traits and trial characteristics with actual variety performance. Its objectives are to assist producers, county agents, and other crop consultants in evaluating crop variety adaptation and performance using data from evaluation trials conducted by the agricultural experiment station, and to provide producers with production information regarding crops and varieties. Varieties selected by producers should be planted and evaluated on a trial basis using their farm management practices.

452.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
Selection for reproductive stage drought avoidance in rice, using infrared thermometry.
Garrity, D. P.; O'Toole, J. C. Agron-j v.87(4): p.773-779. (1995 July- 1995 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; drought-resistance; screening; germplasm; selection-criteria; developmental-stages; crop-growth-stage; flowering; water- deficit; water-stress; canopy; temperature; measurement

Abstract: Water deficits cause major yield reductions on the world's rainfed riceland. The most severe water deficits occur during the reproductive phase. Differences in canopy temperature among crop cultivars are known to be related to drought avoidance characters. In developing a practical field screening system for reproductive phase drought resistance in rice (Oryza sativa L.), we assessed the canopy temperature response of a range of germplasm, and related the results to other plant characters related to drought resistance. Field experiments were conducted on a silty clay loam Typic Hapludoll at the International Rice Research Institute. Planting of the test cultivars was staggered, to synchronize flowering during the water-deficit period. Canopy temperature measurements were made on 12 dates in Trial 1 and 8 dates in Trial 2. Mean canopy temperatures (Tc) increased from 28 to 37 degrees C during the stress period. Grain yield (r2 = -0.63**) and spikelet fertility (r2 = 051**) were related to midday Tc on the day of flowering. Highly significant differences were observed in canopy temperature among entries, with low coefficients of variation (2.0- 2.7%). Entries with a history of outstanding vegetative stage drought screening scores consistently remained coolest under stress. Visual drought tolerance scores (r = 0.72**) and leaf rolling scores (r = 0.68**) were correlated with mean canopy temperatures under moderate water stress, but not under severe stress (r = 0.31NS; r = 0.21NS). Infrared thermometry was judged well-suited to monitor the progression of crop water stress development, and to aid in classifying cultivars for relative drought avoidance. However, caution is necessary to assure proper.

453.
NAL Call No.: TX345.N32-1994
Selection of database management software.
Westrich, B. 19th National Nutrient Databank Conference proceedings nutrient data bases responding to trends and new technologies, May 22-24, 1994, Regal Riverfront Hotel, St Louis, Missouri / National Nutrient Data Bank Conference. [Washington, D.C. : International Life Sciences Institute, 1994]. p. 175- 183.
Includes references.
Descriptors: databases; management; computer-software; structure; data-processing; classification; relationships; information-storage; selection

454.
NAL Call No.: SF601.C66
Selection of equine health and reproduction management software.
Marteniuk, J. V.; Carleton, C. L.; Shea, M. Compend-contin-educ-pract- vet v.16(2): p.209-213. (1994 Feb.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: horses; animal-health; reproduction; computer-software; veterinary-medicine

455.
NAL Call No.: SB610.W39
SELOMA: expert system for weed management in herbicide-intensive crops.
Stigliani, L.; Resina, C. Weed-technol v.7(3): p.550-559. (1993 July- 1993 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: weed-control; decision-making; expert-systems; hordeum- vulgare; zea-mays; avena-sativa; secale-cereale; beta-vulgaris; sorghum-bicolor; triticum-durum; computer-hardware; computer-software; weeds; integrated-control; herbicides; chemical-control; cultural-weed-control

456.
NAL Call No.: SB599.C8
SEMAGI--an expert system for weed control decision making in sunflowers.
Castro Tendero, A. J.; Garcia Torres, L. Crop-prot v.14(7): p.543-548. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: helianthus-annuus; crop-production; crop-yield; weeds; orobanche-cernua; orobanche-cumana; infestation; crop-weed-competition; weed- control; herbicides; efficacy; expert-systems

Abstract: To use herbicides efficiently, decision makers must estimate when weed populations exceed economic treatment thresholds. An interactive microcomputer program named SEMAGI has been developed for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) to evaluate the potential yield reduction from multi-species weed infestations and from the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche cernua/O. cumana), and to determine the appropriate selection of herbicides. It combines relational databases on herbicides, weeds and their interaction. Originally, 34 weed species and twenty-six herbicides were introduced specifying each weed/herbicide efficacy combination. For other agricultural situations, SEMAGI permits the introduction of new weeds (up to 80), new herbicides (up to 40) and each herbicide-weed efficacy combination. The expert system processes and selects the herbicide(s) under the constraints of herbicide efficacy data and of a weed-crop competition model. This relates weed-infested crop yield (SY(I)), potential weed-free yield (SY(F)), weed density (RD) and weed biomass (RBio). The user evaluates the weed infestation by field survey or density counting and the program converts it into equivalent weed biomass. Weed species are classified in three groups according to their final size. A relationship between weed density, weed size and equivalent biomass is established for any weed group. In addition, SEMAGI provides an economic study of any herbicide treatment selected or introduced by the user, based on herbicide treatment cost, expected yield increase from the weed control treatment and sunflower selling price. A computer capable of running MS-DOS or PC-DOS version 2.0 or greater with a minimum of 2 M bytes of RAM is.

457.
NAL Call No.: 10-Ex72
Sensitivity (stability) analysis of multiple variety trials, with special reference to data expressed as proportions or percentages.
Dyke, G. V.; Lane, P. W.; Jenkyn, J. F. Exp-agric v.31(1): p.75-87. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: variety-trials; crop-yield; computer-software

458.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Sensor systems for milking robots.
Artmann, R. Comput-electron-agric v.17(1): p.19-40. (1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: Robotic milking / edited by D. Ordolff.
Descriptors: milking-machines; robots; sensors; automation; design; monitoring; identification; data-collection; animal-health; microcomputers; automatic-milking-systems

459.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Sigma+--an advanced cotton management system.
Lemmon, H. E.; Chuk, N.; Reddy, V.; Acock, B.; Pachepsky, Y.; Timlin, D.; Van Venuchten, M.; Simuned, J.; Vogel, T. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1994. v. 1 p. 589.
Meeting held January 5-8, San Diego, California.
Descriptors: gossypium; computer-software; crop-production; decision- making; mathematical-models

460.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Simulated water use and canopy resistance of New Guinea Impatiens (Impatiens X HB.) in single pots using infrared heating.
Al Faraj, A.; Meyer, G. E.; Fitzgerald, J. B. Trans-ASAE v.37(6): p.1973-1980. (1994 Nov.-1994 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: impatiens; greenhouses; heating; infrared-heaters; greenhouse-culture; water-use; temperature; leaves; canopy; air-temperature; evapotranspiration; equations; prediction; pot-culture; canopy-temperature; leaf-air-temperature-difference

Abstract: A plant-based temperature, infrared thermometer (IRT) control system was tested for a prototype greenhouse infrared heating system, using water use and canopy resistance of New Guinea Impatiens as performance indicators. Infrared heaters were used to raise canopy temperature of New Guinea Impatiens to a literature-based optimum level, which resulted in higher daily water use than plants receiving no radiant heat. The increase in plant water use was proportional to the decrease in the leaf-air temperature difference. Plants with canopy temperature close to 24 degrees C had increased water use of 118%, when air temperature was increased from 8 to 18 degrees C, and 33% when the air temperature was increased to 24 degrees C. A modified Monteith equation using canopy temperature predicted evapotranspiration very well, especially when the leaf-air temperature difference was 6 degrees C or less. Canopy resistance values were predicted to be higher for heated plants at higher leaf-air temperature differences and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) using a separate canopy energy analysis.

461.
NAL Call No.: 421-J822
Site-specific integrated pest management for high-value crops: impact on potato pest management.
Weisz, R.; Fleischer, S.; Smilowitz, Z. J-econ-entomol v.89(2): p.501- 509. (1996 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; integrated-pest-management; site- factors; leptinotarsa-decemlineata; myzus-persicae; empoasca-fabae; insect- control; infestation; population-density; spatial-distribution; insecticides; pennsylvania; precision-agriculture; eggmass-density

Abstract: Site-specific agriculture optimizes agricultural inputs by varying application rates to match within-field requirements. Two years of trials were conducted in rotated commercial potato fields to compare traditional whole-field integrated pest management with site-specific management for Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), and potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris). Additionally, the spatial dynamics of Colorado potato beetle populations subjected to whole-field integrated pest management were studied. Colorado potato beetle infestations mostly remained near field edges throughout the season. Highest densities for each life stage remained near the locations of the initial colonizing adults. Even if management thresholds were as low as the 3rd density decile, between 60 and 95% of the field area could be left untreated when the mean density exceeded the threshold. Site-specific management reduced insecticide inputs for the green peach aphid but not for potato leafhopper. Initial Colorado potato beetle colonization pressure, measured as egg mass density approximately 7 d after crop emergence, was a significant covariable in determining season-long insecticide requirements. Analysis of covariance demonstrated that after accounting for this variable, site-specific management significantly reduced insecticide inputs compared with whole-field integrated pest management. Cumulative season-long Colorado potato beetle insecticide savings of 30-40% across a broad range of colonization pressures were observed.

462.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Sites: the new DAMS2.
Temple, D. M.; Richardson, H. H.; Brevard, J. A.; Hanson, G. J. Appl-eng- agric v.11(6): p.831-834. (1995 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: water-management; dams; hydrology; hydraulics; evaluation; computer-software; water-resource-site-analysis

Abstract: The Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has updated its DAMS2 Structure Site Analysis computer program to reflect the evolving technology related to earth (soil and rock) spillway design and analysis. The changes include: 1) incorporation of vegetal retardance (discharge dependent flow resistance) into a water surface profile routine for use in computing the head discharge rating for the spillway, 2) computation of erosionally effective boundary stress for stability design of the exit channel, and 3) evaluation of breach potential using a three-phase erosion model. NRCS has tested the new software and is currently utilizing it for spillway design and analysis. The new software was renamed SITES and version 95.3 will be distributed in February 1996. This article provides an overview of the program changes and their significance to the user.

463.
NAL Call No.: SD143.S64
Software to estimate timber harvesting cost and revenue for eastern hardwoods.
Baumgras, J. E.; LeDoux, C. B. Proc-Soc-Am-For-Natl-Conv p.573-574. (1992)
Paper presented at a meeting on "American Forestry -- An Evolving Tradition," October 25-27, 1992, Richmond, Virginia.
Descriptors: computer-software; logging; costs; models; forest- management

464.
NAL Call No.: S599.5.A1A37-1991
Soil information system for land resource management.
Muchena, F. N.; Aore, W. W. Second African Soil Science Society Conference on Soil and Water Management for Sustainable Productivity proceedings of the conference at the Egyptian International Center for Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt, November 4-10, 1991 / African Soil Science Society Conference on Soil and Water Management for Sustainable Productivity. Cairo, Egypt : [Ain Shams University, Faculty of Agriculture], 1993.. p. 337-345.
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil; geographical-information-systems; land-management; computer-techniques; computer-software

465.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Soil moisture sensor for predicting seed planting depth.
Price, R. R.; Gaultney, L. D. Trans-ASAE v.36(6): p.1703-1711. (1993 Nov.-1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: sensors; soil-water; infrared-radiation; reflectance; sowing-depth; drilling; seed-drills; zea-mays; silt-loam-soils; near-infrared-sensors

Abstract: A near-infrared (NIR) sensor was built to predict corn seed planting depth based on moisture content and matric potential. The sensor uses three NIR wavelengths and a maximum likelihood classifier to predict a "plant deeper" or "plant at current depth" judgment. The sensor was trained on 29 different soils that varied in soil texture and organic matter content and was able to predict the -10, -30, -50 kPa potentials from the -100 and - 1500 kPa potentials with 82% accuracy. The system was tested in the field on a silt loam soil and predicted a "plant at current depth" for moisture contents above 19.44% and a "plant deeper" for moisture contents below 19.44% with 82% accuracy. The moisture contents for the field test ranged from 7 to 32%.

466.
NAL Call No.: T1.I59
Sources of innovation and professionals in small innovative firms.
Raffa, M.; Zollo, G. Int-j-technol-manag v.9(3/4): p.481-496. (1994)
In the special issue: Technology, human resources and growth / edited by P. Bianchi and M. Carnoy.
Descriptors: computer-software; small-businesses; innovations; personnel-management; entrepreneurship; italy

467.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Southern Region airborne video summary.
Spriggs, R. A.; Silvey, B.; Knighten, J. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber- Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95-4): p.78. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; aerial-surveys; video-recordings; pest-management; computer-software; geographical-information-systems; aquatic- weeds; insect-pests; forest-pests; southern-states-of-usa

468.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Southern Region Forest Health analysis team and GIS database information.
Valentine, T. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95- 4): p.62-65. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; insect-pests; geographical- information-systems; personnel; computer-hardware; computer-software; forest- pests; fungal- diseases; southern-states-of-usa

469.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.U585
Southwest Region Forest Pest Management GIS summary.
Frank, M. Rep-US-For-Serv-North-Reg-Timber-Coop-For-Pest-Manag (95-4): p.53-54. (1995 Jan.)
Paper presented at the Aerial Pest Detection and Monitoring Workshop, April 26- 29, 1994, Las Vegas, Nevada.
Descriptors: forest-management; pest-management; geographical- information-systems; computer-hardware; computer-software; insect-pests; forest- pests; arizona; new-mexico; mexico

470.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
"SPAM': a computer model for management of spare-parts inventories in agricultural machinery dealerships.
Haffar, I. Comput-electron-agric v.12(4): p.323-332. (1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-machinery-industry; spare-parts; management; computer-software; models; flow-charts

471.
NAL Call No.: 56.9-So3
Spatial analysis of soil fertility for site-specific crop management.
Cahn, M. D.; Hummel, J. W.; Brouer, B. H. Soil-Sci-Soc-Am-j. [Madison, Wis.] Soil Science Society of America. July/Aug 1994. v. 58 (4) p. 1240-1248.
Includes references.
Descriptors: soil-fertility; soil-variability; soil-organic-matter; carbon; nitrate-nitrogen; nitrogen-content; phosphates; phosphorus; potassium; nutrient- content; soil-water-content; spatial-variation; statistical-analysis; size; boundaries; patterns; crop-management; illinois; variography

Abstract: Spatial patterns of soil properties and nutrient concentrations need to be characterized to develop site-specific farming practices that match agricultural inputs with regional crop needs. The spatial variation of soil organic C (SOC), soil water content (SWC), NO3-N, PO4-P, and K were evaluated in the 0- to 15-cm layer of a 3.3-ha field (Typic Haplaquoll and Argiaquic Argialboll) cropped with maize (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The range of spatial correlation was determined from semivariance analyses of the data and was found to vary among and within fertility parameters. Nitrate had the shortest correlation range (<5 m) and SOC had the longest (> 180 m), whereas SWC, PO4-P, and K had intermediate spatial correlation ranges. In addition, SOC was found to have small-scale spatial variation nested within large-scale spatial variation. The spatial pattern of NO3-N changed with time. Frequency distributions of SOC and SWC were close to normal, whereas the distributions of NO3-N, K, and PO4-P data were skewed. Median polishing detrending and trimming of outlying data were useful methods to remove the effects of nonstationarity and non-normality from the semivariance analysis. The results suggest that reducing sampling intervals from 50 to 1 m would reduce the variance of SWC, SOC, NO3-N, PO4-P, and K estimates by 74, 95, 25, 64, and 58%, respectively. A useful sampling pattern for characterizing the spatial variation of several soil properties-nutrients and scales should be random with sample spacing as close as 1 m and as far apart as the longest dimension of the field.

472.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Spatial optimization of wildlife habitat.
Nevo, A.; Garcia, L. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1993. (933054) 16 p.
Paper presented at the "1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers, and The Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering," June 20-23, 1993, Spokane, Washington.
Descriptors: wildlife-management; habitats; spatial-distribution; models; ground-cover; computer-software; geographical-information-systems

473.
NAL Call No.: S79-.E3
A spreadsheet approach to fertilization management for greenhouse tomatoes.
Bull-Miss-Agric-For-Exp-Stn. State College, Miss. : Mississippi State University, Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, 1970-. Oct 1993. (1003) 20 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: greenhouse-culture; fertigation; fertilizers; nutrient- content; application-methods; application-rates; solubility; computer-software; computer- techniques; calculation; injectors

474.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
A spreadsheet program to examine feller-buncher machine configuration and operating rates.
Fridley, J. L.; Stokes, B. M.; Morgan, C. G. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1991. (917544) 8 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 17-20, 1991, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: forestry; harvesters; computer-software

475.
NAL Call No.: HF1101.T7
Stalking the elusive technology payoff.
Stamps, D. Training v.30(11): p.47-53. (1993 Nov.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: microcomputers; training; productivity

476.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Statistical relationship between SQUARMAP and earliness.
Danforth, D. M.; Cochran, M. J.; Tugwell, N. P.; Bourland, F. M.; Oosterhuis, D. M.; Justice, E. D. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 1 p. 522-524.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas.
Descriptors: gossypium; computer-simulation; earliness; plant- development; regression-analysis; computer-software; field-tests; arkansas

477.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
Strategic management planning and implementation at the milking robot dairy farm.
Devir, S.; Maltz, E.; Metz, J. H. M. Comput-electron-agric v.17(1): p.95-110. (1997 Apr.)
In the special issue: Robotic milking / edited by D. Ordolff.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; dairy-herds; milking-machines; robots; automation; cattle-feeding; farm-planning; grazing; automatic-milking-systems

478.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Study on a robot to work in vineyard.
Monta, M.; Kondo, N.; Shibano, Y.; Mohri, K. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1994. (943072) 10 p.
Paper presented at the "1994 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 19-22, 1994, Kansas City, Missouri.
Descriptors: grapes; robots; vineyards

479.
NAL Call No.: SB435.5.A645
Surfing the "net".
Lusey, C. Arbor-age v.16(1): p.36, 39. (1996 Jan.)
Descriptors: arboriculture; databases; computer-techniques; computer- software; internet; world-wide-web

480.
NAL Call No.: S530.J6
SWAGMAN-Whatif, an interactive computer program to teach salinity relationships in irrigated agriculture.
Robbins, C. W.; Meyer, W. S.; Prathapar, S. A.; White, R. J. G. J-nat- resour-life-sci-educ v.24(2): p.150-155. (1995 Fall)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-soils; soil-salinity; soil-management; crop- management; educational-methods; computer-assisted-instruction; irrigated- conditions; irrigation-water; saline-water; computer-software; microcomputers; agricultural-education; australia; usa

481.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
Systems of production of sheep in tropical Africa: health and breeding. Systeme de production ovine en Afrique tropicale: sante et elevage.
Giovannetti, J. F.; Burg, J. v. d.; Radigon, P. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf- Spec v.39(1/2): p.162-165. (1994)
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on New Information Technologies in Agriculture," November 10-12, 1993, Bonn Germany.
Descriptors: sheep; animal-husbandry; compact-discs; information- technology; animal-health; animal-breeding; sudan

482.
NAL Call No.: HD9000.4.T33--1994
Tables of producer subsidy equivalents and consumer subsidy equivalents : : 1979-1993. Tableaux des equivalents subvention a la production et des equivalents subvention a la consommation.
Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development. Directorate for Food, A. a. F. Paris : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Directorate for Agriculture, 1994. 3 computer disks 1 v. (10, 10 p. ; 27 cm.)
Title from disk label.
Descriptors: Agricultural-subsidies-Statistics-Software; Agriculture- Economic-aspects-Software

483.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Technical evolution of rbWHIMS: an expert system for cotton-pest management.
Olson, R. L.; Wagner, T. L.; Williams, M. R.; Willers, J. L.; McKinion, J. M. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1993. v. 2 p. 889-892.
Meeting held on January 10-14, 1993, New Orleans, Louisiana.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; pest-management; expert-systems; computer-software

484.
NAL Call No.: 281.8-C16
Technology in farm business management.
Loree, J. W. Can-j-agric-econ v.42(4): p.493-496. (1994 Dec.)
Paper presented at the 1994 Annual Meeting of the Canadian Agricultural Economics and Farm Management Society, "Changing land tenure: who owns the farm?," July 10-14, 1994, Regina, Saskatchewan.
Descriptors: farm-management; computer-techniques; information- technology; canada

485.
NAL Call No.: 60.18-UN33
Tee construction: use of the laser grader.
O'Brien, P. M. USGA-Green-Sect-rec v.31(4): p.6-8. (1993 July-1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: golf-courses; golf-green-soils; levelling; lawns-and- turf; construction; usa

486.
NAL Call No.: Q184.R4
Temporal variations in satellite reflectances at field and regional scales compared with values simulated by linking crop growth and SAIL models.
Moulin, S.; Fischer, A.; Dedieu, G.; Delecolle, R. Remote-sens-environ v.54(3): p.261-272. (1995 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: field-crops; satellite-imagery; radiometry; crop-yield; simulation-models; growth-models; reflectance; optical-properties; leaf-area- index; leaf-angle; temporal-variation; france; scattering-by-arbitrarily- inclined-leaves

487.
NAL Call No.: A99.9-F7622Un
Test of four stand growth simulators for the Northeastern United States.
Schuler, T. M.; Marquis, D. A.; Ernst, R. L.; Simpson, B. T. Res-pap-NE. Radnor, Pa. : United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Sept 1993. (676) 14 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: stand-development; computer-simulation; computer- software; comparisons; forests; growth; yields; northeastern-states-of-usa; silvah-simulator; fiber-simulator; ne-twigs-simulator; oaksim-simulator

488.
NAL Call No.: 100-T31M
Texas rice producers' technology adoption levels--computers, management, and production practices.
Jarvis, A. M.; Rister, M. E.; Grant, W. R.; Mjelde, J. W. Misc-publ,-Tex- Agric-Exp-Stn. College Station, Tex. : Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Oct 1992. (1733) 16 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: oryza-sativa; farmers; microcomputers; expert-systems; farm-management; decision-making; crop-production; texas

489.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Thermography for evaluating thermal comfort of poultry.
Bottcher, R. W.; Pardue, S. L.; Brake, J. T.; Jacobson, B. M.; Driggers, L. B.; Baughman, G. R. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1992. (92-4539) 10 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 15-18, 1992, Nashville, Tennessee.
Descriptors: poultry-housing; broilers; temperature; thermal-infrared- imagery

490.
NAL Call No.: S530.E97
The third generation logical framework approach: dynamic management for agricultural research projects.
Sartorius, R. Eur-j-agric-educ-ext v.2(4): p.49-62. (1996 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agricultural-research; organization-of-research; management; international-cooperation; project-implementation; methodology; computer- software; morocco; international-research-project-management

491.
NAL Call No.: S605.5.A43
Tillage, seeding and fertilizer application technologies.
Wilkins, D. E. Am-J-altern-agric. Greenbelt, MD : Henry A. Wallace Institute for Alternative Agriculture. 1996. v. 11 (2/3) p. 83-88.
Paper presented at the U.S.-Middle East Conference and Workshop on "Dryland Farming Systems and Technologies for a more Sustainable Agriculture" held October 18-23, 1993, Moscow, Idaho.
Descriptors: farm-machinery; equipment; tillage; sowing; fertilizers; application-methods; technology; soil-conservation; water-conservation; environmental-management; alternative-farming; automation; automatic-control; dry-farming; erosion-control; crop-residues; pacific-northwest- states-of-usa; site-specific-farming; variable-rate-technology; ecosystem-management; crop- residue-management

Abstract: Tillage, seeding and fertilizing implements for rainfed cereal production with a winter precipitation pattern have unique functional requirements. In designing and developing implements for these systems, soil and water conservation principles are critical and must be integrated into the total production system. Plant diseases, insects, weeds, environmental degradation, crop yield, crop quality and economics all may be influenced by tillage, seeding and fertilizing implements. Advances have been made in implements for improved residue management, stand establishment and crop fertilization that leave more crop residue on the surface for soil and water conservation. However, they alter the seed and root zones, often resulting in uncontrolled pests, reduced yields, or increased production costs. Research is needed to integrate production implements into ecosystem management through automatic control systems for improved tillage, seeding and fertilizing. These systems should include field history mapping, real-time soil sensors, and models to link data bases with equipment functions.

492.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.A48
Timber management and target stands in the whitebark pine zone.
Chew, J. D. Gen-tech-rep-INT (270): p.310-314. (1990 June)
Paper presented at the symposium on "Whitebark pine ecosystems: ecology and management of a high-mountain resource," March 29-31, 1989, Bozeman, Montana.
Descriptors: mountain-forests; forest-management; models; stand- improvement; stand-structure; computer-software; stand-characteristics; montana

493.
NAL Call No.: QA76.76.E95A5
A toolkit approach to developing forest management advisory systems in Prolog.
Nute, D. E.; Rauscher, H. M.; Perala, D. A.; Zhu, G.; Chang, Y.; Host, G. E. AI-appl v.9(3): p.39-58. (1995)
In the special issue: Decision support systems.
Descriptors: forest-management; decision-making; expert-systems; decision-analysis; populus-tremuloides; pinus-resinosa; mixed-forests; decision- support-systems

494.
NAL Call No.: S441.S855
Total resource budgeting of LISA related management strategies.
Crews, J. R. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE or Agriculture in Concert with the Environment ACE research projects. [1988-. 1993. [38] 8 p.
SARE Project Number: LS91-34-97. Reporting period for this report is January 1992 to December 1992.
Descriptors: crop-enterprises; livestock-enterprises; sustainability; low-input-agriculture; computer-software; sustainable-farm-practices

495.
NAL Call No.: S441.S855
Total resource budgeting of LISA related management strategies.
Crews, J. R. Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education SARE or Agriculture in Concert with the Environment ACE research projects. [1988-. 1991. 11 p.
SARE Project Number: LS91-34-97. Record includes 5 1/4 floppy disk.
Descriptors: low-input-agriculture; sustainability; crop-enterprises; livestock-enterprises; costs; returns; computer-software; sustainable-farm- practices; smart-software-program

496.
NAL Call No.: 100-K133P
Tracking marbling development in feedlot steers.
Brethour, J. R. Rep-prog-Kans-Agric-Exp-Stn (731): p.20-25. (1995 Apr.)
Descriptors: beef-cattle; steers; beef; meat-grades; meat-quality; ultrasonic-fat-meters; monitoring; statistical-data

497.
NAL Call No.: 80-Ac82
Transportation and robotics for greenhouse crop production systems.
Giacomelli, G. A.; Ting, K. C. Acta-hortic (399): p.49-59. (1995 Mar.)
Paper presented at the XXIVth International Horticultural Congress on Greenhouse Environmental Control and Automation, August 21-27, Kyoto, Japan.
Descriptors: greenhouse-crops; automation; greenhouses; intrafarm- transport; environmental-factors; farm-machinery; systems-approach; design; environmental-control; usa

498.
NAL Call No.: SB433.T874
Turfgrass management in 2004: products and services.
Sann, C. Turf-grass-trends p.8, 11. (1994 Feb.)
Descriptors: lawns-and-turf; forecasting; pesticides; computer- hardware; computer-software; record-keeping; databases; services; usa

499.
NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Ultrasonic estimates of fat thickness and longissimus dorsi muscle depth for predicting carcass composition of live Aragon lambs.
Delfa, R.; Teixeira, A.; Gonzalez, C.; Blasco, I. Small-rumin-res v.16(2): p.159-164. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lambs; fat-thickness; ultrasonic-fat-meters; longissimus- dorsi; carcass-composition; live-estimation; accuracy; body-weight; depot-fat; aragonese; labeling-controls

500.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
An ultrasonic tree trunk diameter caliper.
Upchurch, B. L.; Glenn, D. M.; Vass, G.; Anger, W. A. HortTechnology v.3(1): p.89-91. (1993 Jan.-1993 Mar.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: fruit-trees; orchards; diameter; girth; mensuration; trunks; ultrasonic-devices

501.
NAL Call No.: Z672.I53
The USDA germplasm information management and access.
Bird, E. M. Q-bull-Int-Assoc-Agric-Inf-Spec v.39(1/2): p.111-115. (1994)
Paper presented at the "International Symposium on New Information Technologies in Agriculture," November 10-12, 1993, Bonn Germany.
Descriptors: germplasm; information-systems; management; usda; diffusion-of-information; genetics; plants; information-technology; germplasm- resource-information-network

502.
NAL Call No.: aSD11.A42
Use and abuse of insect and disease models in forest pest management: past, present, and future.
Liebhold, A. M. Gen-tech-rep-RM. Fort Collins, Colo. : Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. May 1994. (247) p. 204-210.
Paper presented at the conference on "Sustainable Ecological Systems: Implementing an Ecological Approach to Land Management," July 12- 15, 1993, Flagstaff, AZ.
Descriptors: forests; forest-pests; plant-diseases; insect-pests; pest-management; simulation-models; computer-software; information-systems; north- america

503.
NAL Call No.: S539.5.J68
Use of COTTAM for scheduling limited irrigation.
Jackson, B. S.; Gerik, T. J.; Wanjura, D. F. J-prod-agric v.3(4): p.420-425. (1990 Oct.-1990 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: gossypium-hirsutum; irrigation-scheduling; optimization; decision-making; plant-development; simulation-models; computer-simulation; crop-management; meteorological-factors

Abstract: This paper demonstrates the use of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plant model, COTTAM, as a decision aid for timing irrigation application of field grown cotton with limited water supply. COTTAM simulates plant development in response to soil conditions, management practices, and weather. In addition, square and boll numbers obtained from counted periodic field observation may be used to update the model and improve its predictive accuracy. Its relatively short execution speed of 20 s/yr on an IBM PC/AT (8 MHz cpu) microcomputer makes multiyear and multimanagement scenario testing practical. Weather data recorded near the 1972 field site, weekly square and boll counts, and a 30- yr record of historical weather were used to evaluate the timing of a single irrigation application for cotton grown near Lubbock, TX. In the first simulation, CO182, weather data from the field were used until 1 July. Beyond 1 July, the historical weather records were used to simulate yield and yield maturity each of the 30 yr. In the second simulation, CO210, weather data and boll counts through 29 July (Day 210) were used to update the model. Computer simulations were then conducted for each year of historical weather to determine the effect of irrigation timing on crop yield. The highest mean yields from the CO182 and CO210 were achieved when irrigation was applied 2 to 3 wk after first flower appearance. Due to the variability of the weather, however, the highest yield for an individual year could occur when irrigation was applied as much as 2 wk earlier. These results suggest that the use of a single "representative" year of weather data (e.g., "wet" or "dry") could result in. date was delayed. Hence, the update feature to make within-season adjustments in the model is important in accurately describing phenological development and yield of the observed crop.

504.
NAL Call No.: 389.79-C81
The use of nutrition models in the commercial feed industry.
Roseler, D. K. Proc-Cornell-Nutr-Conf-Feed-Manuf p.66-72. (1991)
Meeting held October 8-10, 1991, Rochester, New York.
Descriptors: feed-industry; dynamic-models; animal-nutrition; feed- evaluation; feed-formulation; nutrient-requirements; animal-feeding; seasonal- cycle; seasonal-growth; optimization; productivity; performance; nutrition- programs; computer-software; nutrition-research; nutritional-assessment; cornell-net-carbohydrate-and-protein-system

505.
NAL Call No.: QP251.A1T5
Use of real-time ultrasound to identify multiple fetuses in beef cattle.
Davis, M. E.; Haibel, G. K. Theriogenology v.40(2): p.373-382. (1993 Aug.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: beef-cows; pregnancy-diagnosis; superovulated-females; multiple-births

Abstract: To examine the feasibility of producing multiple births in beef cattle by means of superovulation, real-time ultrasound was used to identify cows carrying multiple fetuses. Three replicates of the superovulation experiment were conducted with groups of 52, 25 and 89 purebred Angus cows, respectively. Both uterine horns of cows from Replicate 1 were examined via the rectum using ultrasound at averages of 43 (range = 30 to 68 days), 51 (range = 38 to 76 days) and 126 (range = 113 to 151 days) days after AI. Cows in Replicate 2 were examined in the same fashion at averages of 55 and 97 days post insemination. In Replicate 3 the number of fetuses was estimated on a single date (average number of days post insemination 49 days). Across the 3 replicates, the number of fetuses was most accurately assessed at an average of between 49 and 55 days post insemination. In most instances for which comparability between ultrasound estimations and calving results was low, the lack of correspondence was likely due to embryo mortality in cows identified as carrying multiple fetuses. For all 3 replicates combined, only 1 cow-diagnosed with a single fetus produced multiple calves at birth when the diagnoses were conducted at 49 to 55 days post insemination. Real-time ultrasound can be used to accurately identify open cows and to differentiate between cows carrying single or multiple fetuses.

506.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32T
Use of spectral radiance for correcting in-season fertilizer nitrogen deficiencies in winter wheat.
Stone, M. L.; Solie, J. B.; Raun, W. R.; Whitney, R. W.; Taylor, S. L.; Ringer, J. D. Trans-ASAE v.39(5): p.1623-1631. (1996 Sept.-1996 Oct.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; winter-wheat; nutrient-deficiencies; nitrogen; application-rates; spatial-variation; sensors; spectral-analysis; indexes; grain; crop-yield; nutrient-uptake; crop-growth-stage; urea-ammonium- nitrate; low-input-agriculture; oklahoma; variable-rate-applications; plant- nitrogen-spectral-index

Abstract: Variable rate application technology based on spectral radiance has not previously been used for correcting in-season winter wheat nitrogen (N) deficiencies. Soil and yield mapping has been used to recommend variable amounts of applied fertilizer in crop production, however, both are restricted by the time required to obtain results and their utility is bound by the year in which they were generated. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship between spectral radiance at specific wavelengths with wheat forage yield and forage N uptake, and to evaluate the potential use of spectral radiance measurements for correcting in-season wheat N deficiencies using sensor-based variable rate technology. Five studies were conducted, three in farmer fields where variable soil N deficiencies were present and two on Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station land. Spectral radiance readings for red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths were obtained in wheat between Feekes physiological stages 4 and 6 using photodiode-based sensors fitted with interference filters and interfaced to an embedded microcontroller. Correlation between a plant nitrogen spectral index (PNSI), a variation of the normalized- difference-vegetative-index (NDVI), and total N uptake in wheat forage was then established. Based on the PNSI readings, a variable 0 to 112 kg N ha-1 topdress N rate was determined for 3 X 3 m plots and N as urea ammonium- nitrate (UAN) applied accordingly (variable rate). In addition to the variable rate treatment, a fixed rate and a check plot (no N applied) were evaluated in a randomized complete block experiment. The PNSI was highly correlated with estimates of wheat forage N uptake at all. locations and stages of growth. Wheat grain yields increased significantly as a result of applying topdress N in both the fixed rate and variable rate treatments when compared to the check (no topdress N applied). However, no significant differences in wheat grain yield were found when comparing the fixed and variable rate treatments. Variable N rate treated plots (based on PNSI) resulted in a total N savings between 32 and 57 kg N ha-1 when compared to the fixed topdress N rates. In addition to improving site- specific N use efficiency, this technology will likely decrease the risk that overfertilization poses to the environment.

507.
NAL Call No.: SF380.I52
Use of ultrasound for the prediction of carcass characteristics in Alpine goats.
Stanford, K.; McAllister, T. A.; MacDougall, M.; Bailey, D. R. C. Small- rumin-res v.15(2): p.195-201. (1995 Jan.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: goats; longissimus-dorsi; ultrasonography; body-weight; body-condition; body-measurements; carcass-quality; boer; prediction; equations; carcass-composition

Abstract: Area and maximum depth of the longissimus muscle were measured using real-time ultrasound on 25 male Alpine goat kids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of use of real-time ultrasound to estimate carcass quality in goats. Ultrasonic measurements were taken: (A) between the 12th and 13th ribs and (B) at the first lumbar vertebra. Live weight, condition score, circumference of the widest part of the hind leg, length of the hind leg from the hip, heart girth, body length from shoulder to tail and length of the hind leg from hip to hock were also recorded. Kids were slaughtered 5 d after ultrasound measurements were taken. From carcass measurements, area of the longissimus muscle at both sites A and B averaged 5.6 cm2, and ranged from 4 to 8 cm2 at site A and from 3.6 to 7.6 cm at site B. At site A, the 12th and 13th ribs were very close together and it was difficult to obtain a distortion-free ultrasound image. Ultrasonograms at site B were free from rib-caused distortion, but this site was more difficult to locate repeatably. Despite these complications, the accuracy of measurement of longissimus area did not differ (P > 0.05) between the two sites. Maximum longissimus depth was more accurately measured at site A than at site B (P < 0.05). Regression equations and residual standard deviation (RSD) values indicated that longissimus area at site A was the indicator of carcass muscling most accurately predicted by ultrasound and body dimension measurements (R2 = 0.81, RSD = 3.6). Longissimus area could not be predicted from body dimensions without ultrasound data at site B, while for site A, length of the hind leg (P <0.05) was the only predictor (R2 = 0.22, RSD = 7.2). Therefore, the use of real-time.

508.
NAL Call No.: SF207.S68
Use of ultrasound in reproductive management of beef cow herds.
Zalesky, D. D. S-D-beef-rep (94-13): p.45-48. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ultrasound; pregnancy-diagnosis; synchronization; beef- cows

509.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Using a computer spreadsheet and compiler to extend growth models to greenhouse growers.
Wulster, G. J. HortTechnology v.3(2): p.230-233. (1993 Apr.-1993 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: lilium-longiflorum; crop-production; forcing; phenology; prediction; growth-models; crop-growth-stage; greenhouse-culture; computer- software; microcomputers; flowering-date; estimation

510.
NAL Call No.: HC106.8.E25
Using a technology-based information management system to better serve business.
Coles, C. H. Econ-dev-rev v.13(1): p.29-31. (1995 Winter)
In the topical issue: High-tech economic development office.
Descriptors: economic-development; diffusion-of-information; telecommunications; computer-software; south-carolina

511.
NAL Call No.: 1-Ag84y
Using computers to improve farm management decisions.
Hawkins, R. O. Yearb-agric. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Dept. of Agriculture : For sale by the Supt. of Docs., U.S. G.P.O., [1980-. 1989. p. 143-146.
In the series analytic: Farm management: How to achieve your farm business / edited by D.T. Smith.
Descriptors: farm-management; decision-making; computer-software; farm-planning

512.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Using database management software to enhance learning in plant materials courses.
Boufford, R. W. HortTechnology v.4(2): p.185-187. (1994 Apr.-1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: ornamental-plants; horticulture; identification; computer-software; databases; teaching-methods; ohio

513.
NAL Call No.: HD1773.A3N6
Using games to teach farm and agribusiness management.
Dobbins, C. L.; Boehlje, M.; Erickson, S.; Taylor, R. Rev-agric-econ v.17(3): p.239, 247-255. (1995 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: agribusiness; farm-management; teaching-methods; educational-games; simulation; college-students; learning-experiences; management- education; universities; indiana; computerized-games

Abstract: While the technology available for use in classrooms has changed dramatically, the lecture continues to be the most common method of instruction. This instructional method provides a time-efficient technique of information delivery when covering several sources or points of view, provides a structure for more effective reading, and is an effective method for creating an awareness of problems or for challenging ideas taken for granted. However, it treats students as passive learners. Learning research suggests that many students improve their learning with greater involvement. Experiential teaching methods that use computer simulations or games have been used in undergraduate classes at Purdue University for a number of years. These teaching tools help provide a learning environment in which students are more active participants. Based on our experience in the undergraduate classroom, computer games are a useful complement to the lecture. The use of games improves student motivation, increases the realism of class material, provides better integration of principles, provides students with experience in dynamic analysis, and can provide a vehicle through which students can sharpen interpersonal and communication skills. While there are several strengths associated with the use of games, there are also several pitfalls. The objectives to be achieved need to be carefully defined and limited in scope to avoid the game being a source of entertainment with little learning, plans must be made for software maintenance or updating, and the students must have an appropriate background in institutional structures, theoretical concepts, and analytical skills.

514.
NAL Call No.: TD420.A1P7
Using GLEAMS to evaluate the agricultural waste application rule-based decision support (AWARDS) computer program.
Ford, D. A.; Kruzic, A. P.; Doneker, R. L. Water-sci-technol v.28(3/5): p.625-634. (1993)
Paper presented at the IAWQ First International Conference on "Diffuse (Nonpoint) Pollution: Sources, Prevention, Impact, Abatement." September 19-24, 1993, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: agricultural-wastes; application-to-land; computer- software; pollutants; loads; water-pollution; simulation-models; groundwater- pollution; surface-water; groundwater-loading-effects-of-agricultural- management-systems; artificial-intelligence

515.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Using infrared thermography to access viability of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings before planting.
Egnell, G.; Orlander, G. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. Sept 1993. v. 23 (9) p. 1737-1743.
Includes references.
Descriptors: pinus-sylvestris; picea-abies; seedlings; viability; determination; thermography; temperature; survival

Abstract: One-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 2-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were lifted and stored under an array of conditions to test infrared thermography as a means of determining seedling viability. After winter storage, temperature was measured on each seedling with an infrared thermovision scanner (3-5 micromolar) in an environment favoring transpiration (vapor pressure deficit of the ambient air 1.6-2.9 kPa, photosynthetic photon flux density 1500 micromole.m(-2).s(-1)). Thereafter the seedlings were planted in the field. Visual signs of damage were assessed and annual height increments were measured after one and two growing seasons. Significant positive correlations were found between seedling temperature and degree of damage. The warmest seedlings had a lower survival rate as a group when compared with the remaining seedlings. There were significant negative correlations between seedling temperature and annual height increment in the first growing season.

516.
NAL Call No.: SD13.C35
Using infrared thermography to access viability of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies seedlings before planting.
Egnell, G.; Orlander, G. Can-j-for-res. Ottawa, National Research Council of Canada. Sept 1993. v. 23 (9) p. 1737-1743.
Includes references.
Descriptors: pinus-sylvestris; picea-abies; seedlings; viability; determination; thermography; temperature; survival

Abstract: One-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 2-year-old Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seedlings were lifted and stored under an array of conditions to test infrared thermography as a means of determining seedling viability. After winter storage, temperature was measured on each seedling with an infrared thermovision scanner (3-5 micromolar) in an environment favoring transpiration (vapor pressure deficit of the ambient air 1.6-2.9 kPa, photosynthetic photon flux density 1500 micromole.m(-2).s(-1)). Thereafter the seedlings were planted in the field. Visual signs of damage were assessed and annual height increments were measured after one and two growing seasons. Significant positive correlations were found between seedling temperature and degree of damage. The warmest seedlings had a lower survival rate as a group when compared with the remaining seedlings. There were significant negative correlations between seedling temperature and annual height increment in the first growing season.

517.
NAL Call No.: 100-T31P
Using near infrared spectroscopy to monitor nutritional status of free- ranging goats.
Leite, E. R.; Stuth, J. W.; Lyons, R. K.; Angerer, J. P. PR-Tex-Agric-Exp- Sta (4934): p.35-41. (1992 Sept.)
In the series analytic: Sheep and goat, wool and mohair, 1992.
Descriptors: infrared-spectroscopy; goats; free-range-husbandry; digestibility; composition; crude-protein; organic-matter; nutritive-value; pasture-plants; texas

518.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Using palmtop computers to collect plant data in the field.
Lehman Salada, L.; Hickey, K.; Salada, T. HortTechnology v.5(2): p.159- 160. (1995 Apr.-1995 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: data-collection; microcomputers; agricultural-research; computer-techniques; horticulture; field-experimentation; experimental-plots; malus- pumila; fungal-diseases; leaves; incidence

519.
NAL Call No.: GE5.A66-1993
Using soil water, crop response, and economic information to manage irrigation water.
Bryant, K. J.; Lacewell, R. D.; Mjelde, J. W.; Benson, V. W.; Williams, J. R. Application of advanced information technologies effective management of natural resources proceedings of the 18-19 June 1993 Conference, Spokane, Washington /. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers, c1993.. p. 179-187.
Includes references.
Descriptors: irrigation-water; irrigation-scheduling; decision-making; dynamic-programming; simulation-models; zea-mays; sorghum; texas

520.
NAL Call No.: SF951.E62
Using ultrasonography in broodmare management. 2.
Vogelsang, M. M. Equine-pract. [Santa Barbara, Calif., : Veterinary Practice Pub. Co.], 1979-. Nov/Dec 1992. v. 14 (10) p. 28-32.
Descriptors: mares; ultrasonic-diagnosis

521.
NAL Call No.: 58.8-J82
Validation of a daily automatic routine for dairy robotic milking and concentrates supply.
Devir, S.; Noordhuizen, J. P. T. M.; Huijsmans, P. J. M. J-agric-eng- res v.64(1): p.49-60. (1996 May)
Includes references.
Descriptors: dairy-cows; milking; cattle-husbandry; automation; expert-systems; robots; milking-machines; automatic-feed-dispensers; feed- supplements; cow-housing; cattle-feeding; automatic-control; milking-interval; feed-intake; on-line; automatic-milking-systems

522.
NAL Call No.: TD365.C54-1995
Variable nitrogen management: the importance of yield mapping.
Redulla, C. A.; Havlin, J. L.; Kluitenberg, G. J.; Schrock, M. D.; Zhang, N. Clean water, clean environment, 21st century team agriculture, working to protect water resources conference proceedings, March 5-8, 1995, Kansas City, Missouri /. St. Joseph, Mich. : ASAE, c1995.. v. 2 p. 183-186.
Includes references.
Descriptors: nitrogen-fertilizers; application-rates; soil-fertility; nitrogen; fertilizer-requirement-determination; crop-yield; spatial-variation; fields; mapping; nitrate; zea-mays; low-input-agriculture; kansas; soil-test- nitrogen

523.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Variable rate application equipment for precision farming.
Clark, R. L.; McGuckin, R. L. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1996. v. 1 p. 186-197.

524.
NAL Call No.: S494.5.D3C652
VEMM: predicting the effects of agricultural management and environmental conditions on semi-natural vegetation.
Sanderson, R. A.; Rushton, S. P. Comput-electron-agric v.12(3): p.237- 247. (1995 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: vegetation-management; computer-software; plant- communities; simulation-models; decision-analysis; classification; flow-charts; vegetation-environmental-management-model; decision-support-systems

525.
NAL Call No.: DISS--F1993397
Viability test of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings based on seedling temperatures remotely sensed with infrared thermography.
Egnell, G. Umea : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Dept. of Silviculture, 1993. 1 v. (various pagings) : ill., This thesis is based upon four papers whose texts are included.
Descriptors: Scots-pine-Seedlings-Evaluation; Norway-spruce-Seedlings- Evaluation; Infrared-imaging

526.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Video image analysis as a nondestructive measure of plant vigor for precision agriculture.
Beverly, R. B. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.27(3/4): p.607-614. (1996)
Paper presented at the 1995 International Symposium on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis: Quality of Soil and Plant Analysis in View of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment held August 5-10, 1995, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Descriptors: crops; crop-management; soil-management; farming-systems; sustainability; technical-progress; vigor; ground-cover; determination; nondestructive-testing; imagery; systems; remote-sensing; geographical- information-systems; site-specific-farming

Abstract: Precision agriculture addresses spatial variability across a field in order to optimize application of fertilizer and other inputs on a site- specific basis. Soil testing provides predictive information on patterns in soil fertility and other soil conditions, but plant vigor provides a more direct and integrative indication of plant response to soil properties and management. Spatial patterns in plant vigor also provide greater resolution of soil effects than is practical using soil testing. This paper describes recent experience in applying video image analysis in monitoring plant growth (i.e., percent ground cover) as an index of vigor in field situations. Using off-the-shelf technology, video images are recorded, digitized using an image capture computer board, then measured for percent ground cover using image analysis software. Results demonstrate that video image analysis is rapid and economical and can be used to detect patterns to guide subsequent soil sampling and mapping.

527.
NAL Call No.: S561.V57--1995
VisAg : map driven ag management software.
Crop Growers Software, I. Great Falls, MT : Crop Growers Software, Inc., c1995. 1 computer disk : col.
Demonstration program.
Descriptors: Farm-management-Software; Agriculture-Software

528.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Vision control and rough terrain compensation for a robotic grape pruner.
Ochs, E. S.; Throop, J. A.; Gunkel, W. W. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Summer 1992. (927043) 24 p.
Paper presented at the "1992 International Summer Meeting sponsored by The American Society of Agricultural Engineers," June 21-24, 1992, Charlotte, North Carolina.
Descriptors: grapes; robots; harvesting; pruning; surface-roughness

529.
NAL Call No.: 290.9-Am32P
Visualizing engineering design alternatives on forest landscapes.
Fridley, J. L.; McGaughey, R. J.; Lee, F. E. Pap-Am-Soc-Agric-Eng. St. Joseph, Mich. : American Society of Agricultural Engineers,. Winter 1991. (917523) 8 p.
Paper presented at the "1991 International Winter Meeting sponsored by the American Society of Agricultural Engineers," December 17-20, 1991, Chicago, Illinois.
Descriptors: forestry-engineering; design; planning; computer-software

530.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
WAS: computer software for wheat quality data management.
Morris, C. F.; Raykowski, J. A. Agron-j v.85(6): p.1257-1261. (1993 Nov.-1993 Dec.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: triticum-aestivum; breeding-programs; cultivars; lines; baking-quality; databases; statistical-analysis; computer-software; quality; tests; analysis; experimental-lines; wheat-analysis-system; nursery-sample- system

Abstract: Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar development programs benefit from the efficient assessment of end-use quality of experimental lines. Efficiency of assessment is enhanced when quality testing data are accurately collected, recorded, interpreted, and reported. The Wheat Analysis System (WAS) software specifically addresses this management need by providing a user- friendly, menu-driven system that generates data collection forms and reports, structures data entry, and maintains a cumulative database which is amenable to statistical analysis and interpretation. that accommodate all of the common methodologies used for soft and hard wheat evaluation, including grain and flour analyses, milling, and baking. A supplemental process, in addition to user- defined variables, provides flexibility and broad applicability. The WAS software is compiled in Borland C, version 3.0, and operates on DOS-based computers with 640K RAM, hard and floppy disk drives, and a printer. A color monitor, though not required, greatly enhances the use of the menu-driven features. WAS is simple to use, requires no programming, and directly and specifically addresses the needs of wheat quality testing and evaluation programs--thereby aiding the overall cultivar development process.

531.
NAL Call No.: 292.8-J82
The 'WaterWare' decision-support system for river-basin planning. 2. Planning capability.
Fedra, K.; Jamieson, D. G. J-hydrol v.177(3/4): p.177-198. (1996 Apr.)
In the special issue: Decision-support systems / edited by D. G. Jamieson.
Descriptors: water-management; water-resources; hydrology; rivers; watersheds; geographical-information-systems; databases; simulation-models; expert-systems; optimization; decision-making; support-systems; planning; water- pollution; groundwater-pollution; pollution-control

Abstract: The second of the three papers relating to the WaterWare decision-support system for river-basin planning describes the analytical components, both existing and intended. In essence, these comprise the geographical information system, geo-referenced database, groundwater pollution control, surface-water pollution control, hydrological processes, demand forecasting and water-resources planning. Each component is described in terms of its functionality and limitations, if any. Examples are given on how the components can be linked to give the impression of a seamless system.

532.
NAL Call No.: 4-AM34P
WeatherMan: a utility for managing and generating daily weather data.
Pickering, N. B.; Hansen, J. W.; Jones, J. W.; Wells, C. M.; Chan, V. K.; Godwin, D. C. Agron-j v.86(2): p.332-337. (1994 Mar.-1994 Apr.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: weather-data; simulation-models; computer-software; agroclimatology

Abstract: Daily weather data commonly used in simulation models of agricultural or ecological systems are sometimes incomplete, frequently contain errors, and are often in an inconvenient format. The Weatherman is a user- oriented software package designed to assist in preparing daily weather data for use with simulation models. The software can import or export daily weather files with any column format (including the Decision Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer ver. 2.1 and ver. 3.0 files) and convert the data to desirable units. Data are checked and flagged for possible errors on import. Several techniques are available for filling in missing values and erroneous data on export. Weatherman also contains two methods (WGEN and SIMMETEO) for stochastically generating sequences of daily weather data. Both methods can be parameterized from the daily data and the second method uses monthly means from any secondary data source. Summary statistics of raw and generated data can be graphed or presented in tables.

533.
NAL Call No.: S671.A66
Weed management support system for rice producers.
VanDevender, K. W.; Costello, T. A.; Ferguson, J. A.; Huey, B. A.; Slaton, N. A.; Smith, R. J. Jr.; Helms, R. S. Appl-eng-agric v.10(4): p.573-578. (1994 July)
Includes references.
Descriptors: weed-control; expert-systems; decision-making; economic- evaluation; crop-yield; crop-weed-competition; oryza-sativa; riceweed

Abstract: A weed management support system, RiceWeed, was developed and included a knowledge base designed for rice producers in Arkansas. The system used several expert systems and compiled programs functioning as a single package to generate weed control recommendations. Each recommendation included a description of the treatment, an economic analysis, and a list of application comments. The economic calculations were based on a model of the yield impact of weeds in competition with the crop. Preliminary validation of system recommendations was accomplished using weed management scenarios observed in field verification studies conducted by extension personnel. This technique provided a basis for identifying a set of test scenarios that included common situations (that involved well-known, decision-making logic) and less common situations (that required special weed management expertise), distributed according to the frequency of occurrence in farmers' fields. Preliminary user responses indicated a demand for weed management software and the information presented by RiceWeed.

534.
NAL Call No.: SB612.N2W43--1997
WeedSOFT.
Mortensen, D. A.; University of Nebraska Lincoln. Lincoln, Neb. : University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1997. 8 computer disks : col. 1 user's manual (21 p. : ill. ; 23 cm.)
Title from disk label. User's manual by D.A. Mortensen ... [et al.]. "Computer- aided weed management system"--User's guide.
Descriptors: Weeds-Control-Nebraska-Software

Abstract: WeedSOFT is an executive information system designed and developed by Weed Science faculty and personnel from across the state of Nebraska. WeedSOFT provides to crop producers and their agents a way to sift through a mountain of information in regard to weed management.

535.
NAL Call No.: HD30.2.L46--1995
Wellsprings of knowledge : building and sustaining the sources of innovation.
Leonard Barton, D. Boston, Mass. : Harvard Business School Press, c1995. xv, 334 p. : ill., Includes bibliographical references (p. [295]-319) and index.
Descriptors: Information-technology-Management; Information-resources- management; Management-information-systems

536.
NAL Call No.: aS623.W36--1995
WEPP95 : water erosion prediction project. WEPP 95. Water erosion prediction project.
United States. Agricultural Research Service. National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory (U.S.). West Lafayette, Ind. : National Soil Erosion Research Laboratory, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, [1995?] 1 computer laser optical disc : col. technical documentation.
Title from disc label. "August 1995."
Descriptors: Soil-erosion-Computer-simulation; Watershed-management- Computer-simulation; Sedimentation-and-deposition-Computer-simulation; Soil- erosion-Software

Abstract: Contains the water erosion prediction project (WEPP) erosion prediction model (computer program), user interface programs, input file builder programs, output file viewer programs, databases, documentation, HTML training documents, and a copy of NCSA Mosaic and other programs to allow viewing of the HTML and related files.

537.
NAL Call No.: SB379.A9A9
Westlands growers use own 'net' to transfer water.
Orth, D. Calif-grow v.20(4): p.30. (1996 Apr.)
Descriptors: water-management; water-allocation; computer-software; computer-techniques; water-resources; irrigation-water; irrigation; california

538.
NAL Call No.: TD420.A1P7-v.32,-no.5-6
Who should get the water? Decision support for water resource management.
Chapman, R. A.; Manders, P. T.; Scholes, R. J.; Bosch, J. M. River basin management for sustainable development proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on River Basin Management, held in Kruger National Park, South Africa, 15-17 May, 1995 / International Symposium on River Basin Management. 1st ed. Oxford ; New York : Pergamon Press, 1995.. p. 37-43.
Includes references.
Descriptors: water-allocation; water-resources; rivers; watersheds; simulation-models; computer-simulation; computer-software; land-use; decision- making; water-use; south-africa; catchment-resource-assessment-model; crocodile- river

539.
NAL Call No.: 99.8-AU74
Wildlife planning using FORPLAN: a review and examples from Victorian forests.
Burgman, M.; Church, R.; Ferguson, I.; Gijsbers, R.; Lau, A.; Lindenmayer, D.; Loyn, R.; McCarthy, M.; Vandenberg, W. Aust-for v.57(3): p.131-140. (1994 Sept.)
Includes references.
Descriptors: wildlife-management; forest-management; land-use- planning; computer-software; linear-programming; models; multiple-land-use; habitats; wildlife-conservation; literature-reviews; victoria; integrated- forest-management

540.
NAL Call No.: SB317.5.H68
Wisconsin's IPM program for potato: the developmental process.
Stevenson, W. R.; Curwen, D.; Kelling, K. A.; Wyman, J. A.; Binning, L. K.; Connell, T. R. HortTechnology v.4(2): p.90-95. (1994 Apr.-1994 June)
Includes references.
Descriptors: solanum-tuberosum; integrated-pest-management; decision- making; computer-software; farm-inputs; application-date; timing; agricultural- research; university-research; research-projects; research-support; crop- production; plant-protection; wisconsin; systems-research

541.
NAL Call No.: S530.J6
WMCE: an animal waste management cost estimation computer model.
Bullock, D. K.; Poe, S. E.; Farrell Poe, K. L.; Miller, B. E. J-nat-resour- life-sci-educ v.24(2): p.161-163. (1995 Fall)
Includes references.
Descriptors: animal-wastes; waste-disposal; operating-costs; ownership; estimation; computer-analysis; computer-software; microcomputers; animal-waste-disposal-systems

542.
NAL Call No.: 275.29-W27P
A worksheet for analyzing the economics of bovine somatotropin adoption.
Willett, G. S.; Blauwiekel, R.; Grusenmeyer, D. C.; Hinman, H. R. Ext-bull- Wash-State-Univ,-Coop-Ext. Pullman, Wash. : The Extension,. Feb 1994. (1777) 18 p.
Includes references.
Descriptors: somatotropin; dairy-cows; economic-analysis; dairy- farming; computer-software

543.
NAL Call No.: S590.C63
Yield and nutrient mapping for site specific fertilizer management.
Penny, D. C.; Nolan, S. C.; McKenzie, R. C.; Goddard, T. W.; Kryzanowski, L. Commun-soil-sci-plant-anal v.27(5/8): p.1265-1279. (1996)
Paper presented at the 1995 International Symposium on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis: Quality of Soil and Plant Analysis in View of Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment held August 5-10, 1995, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Descriptors: soil-fertility; soil-salinity; crop-yield; terrain; mapping; soil-variability; representative-sampling; crop-management; nutrients; fertilizers; application-rates; fertilizer-requirement-determination; sustainability; environmental-protection; alberta; differential-global- positioning-system; nutrient-management; variable-rate-application; precision- farming

Abstract: Soil sampling using a 67 m X 67 m grid was carried out at four locations in conjunction with a precision (site-specific) farming study. The four locations were on undulating to rolling topography, distributed across the Brown, Dark Brown and Black soil zones of the plains region of western Canada. A Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS) was used for positioning to map yield, terrain, fertility, and salinity. These attribute maps were used to develop maps for variable rate fertilization. At each grid-line intersection (node), a composite sample consisting of 15 cores was taken within a 5 m radius. Sample depths were 0-15, 15-30, 30-60, and 60-90 cm. The nutrient levels within the areas sampled (15-25 ha) generally had a wide range, high standard deviation, and strong positive skewness. The large variations found in nutrient levels and crop yields support the need for variable rate fertilization. For conventional, constant rate fertilizer application, the strong positive skewness of nutrient levels obtained with grid sampling indicates that systematic errors occur with the current method of composite sampling of large fields. When grid sampling results have frequency distributions that are positively skewed, fertilizer recommendations based on composite sampling will under fertilize the majority of the field.

544.
NAL Call No.: SB249.N6
Yield response to spreadsheet scheduling cotton irrigation using MOISTMIS.
Tyson, T. W.; Burmester, C. H.; Curtis, L. M. Proc-Beltwide-Cotton-Conf. Memphis, Tenn. : National Cotton Council of America, 1991-. 1995. v. 2 p. 1356- 1358.
Meeting held January 4-7, 1995, San Antonio, Texas.
Descriptors: gossypium; irrigation-scheduling; computer-software; crop-yield; soil-water; monitoring; alabama

Author Index

Abbott, J.A. 215
Acock, B. 459
Adams, B. 283
Addison, C. 239
Adelaine, M. 317
Aderoba, A.A. 74
Ahmad, I.S. 185
Akhand, N.A. 38
Akins, D.C. 339
Akoso, B.T. 142
Akridge, J.T. 254
Al Faraj, A. 460
Al Juboory, K.H. 407
Alchanatis, V. 48
Allen, C.J. 443
Allen, R.G. 116
Allotta, B. 8
Alonso, S.A. 305
Ameri, S.A. 50
American Cyanamid Company. 104
Anderson, J.H. 16
Anderson, J.L. 27
Andrews, P.K. 274
Anfodillo, T. 24
Angelo, R. 72
Anger, W.A. 500
Angerer, J.P. 517
Antikatzides, T.G. 378
Aore, W. W. 464
Archibald, R. 283
Arima, S. 436
Arkin, G.F. 100
Armstrong, D.V. 324
Arndt, G. 352
Artmann, R. 458
Ash, A.J. 115
Aspinall, R.J. 250
Auernhammer, H. 232
Ausher, R. 318
Avedon, Don M. (Donald M.) 270
Axaopoulos, P. 7
Ayers, G.S. 361
Ayla, D.V. 305
Baaijen, M. 22, 262
Baars, R.M.T. 327
Baayen, M.T. 327
Baecke, F. 9
Baenziger, P.S. 176
Baerdemaeker, J. de. 375
Bailey, D.R.C. 416, 507
Baird, C.D. 171, 172
Ballantyne, P. 37
Banks, R. 226
Bao, C. 64
Baret, F. 442
Barker, G.L. 136
Barry, P.J. 3
Bashford, L.L. 203
Bason, M.L. 252
Basuel, J.C. 309
Baughman, G.R. 489
Baumgras, J.E. 463
Bausch, W.C. 428
Beam, S.M. 441
Beaman, J.H. 135
Beattie, A.S. 41
Beaudry, R. 21
Beaulah, S.A. 433
Bedard, B.G. 142
Behan, R.W. 332
Beinroth, F.H. 223
Belk, A.F. 62
Bell, J.B. 132
Bell, J.C. 228
Bellamy, J.A. 115
Belli, K.L. 134
Belli, M.L. 45, 46
Benady, M. 125, 290
Bennett, D. 343
Benson, V.W. 519
Benyshek, L.L. 139, 187
Berberet, R. 12
Berg, E.P. 29, 167, 254
Berg, M.C. van den. 221
Bergen, R.D. 390
Berman, M. 252
Bernard, J.K. 391
Bernardo, D.J. 117
Bertrand, J.K. 139, 187
Bertrand, P.F. 77
Beverly, R.B. 193, 526
Beverly, R.W. 348
Bevers, M.M. 194
Bidwell, T.G. 117
Biggar, J.W. 39
Biggin, D.S. 57
Binning, L.K. 540
Bird, E.M. 501
Birrell, S.J. 186, 230, 313
Bishop Hurley, G.J. 205
Bisson, P. 1
Black, J.R. 348
Blackmer, T.M. 341
Blackmore, S. 383, 384
Blasco, I. 499
Blauwiekel, R. 209, 542
Blinn, C.R. 174
Blum, J.W. 291
Blyth, K. 57
Boehlje, M. 513
Boggs, D.L. 42
Boland, M.A. 17, 254
Bolisani, E. 102
Bologna, A. 8
Borgelt, S.C. 186, 230, 233, 313
Borges, J. 220
Bosch, J.M. 538
Boschert, K. 278
Bosio, L. 8
Boston, R.C. 301
Bottcher, R.W. 489
Boufford, R.W. 512
Bouquet, Y. 9
Bourdon, R.M. 2
Bourland, F.M. 99, 147, 476
Bowen, W.T. 75
Bowman, P.J. 108
Boydell, B. 385
Bradbury, J.W. 213
Bradley, N.W. 159
Brake, J.T. 489
Bredenkamp, B.V. 248
Breeze, P.R. ed. 286
Brethour, J.R. 179, 496
Brevard, J.A. 462
Brewer, H.L. 88, 91
Brinlee, B. ed. 286
Brisco, B. 10, 60, 330
Britton, C.J. 4
Brooks, R. Jr. 45, 46
Brouer, B.H. 471
Brouwer, B.O. 84
Brown, D.K. 73
Brown, L.C. 69, 70
Brown, R.B. 395
Brown, R.J. 10, 60, 330
Brown, S.L. 435
Brown, T.J. 229
Bruckmaier, R.M. 291
Brumfield, R.G. 235
Bryant, K.J. 519
Bucci, A. 8
Buchanan, D.S. 196
Buchmann, S.L. 36
Buehring, N.W. 113
Buemi, F. 8
Buller, O.H. 156
Bullock, D.K. 541
Bungartz, L. 53
Burg, J. van der. 481
Burger, D.W. 137
Burgman, M. 539
Burley, J.B. 229
Burmester, C.H. 544
Busse, G. 425
Byler, R.K. 136
Cabrera, M.L. 334
Cady, R.A. 110
Cahn, M.D. 471
Caillavet, D.F. 113
Cairol, D. 288
Callihan, R.H. 231
Calloway, J.A. 445
Calvet, J.C. 432
Cammell, M.E. 118
Camp, C.R. 320
Campbell, G.S. 106
Canada. Agriculture and Agri Food Canada. 145
Canning, J.R. 130
Cappella, E. 22
Cardenas Weber, M. 295
Cardinale, N. 423
Carleton, C.L. 454
Carlson, G.R. 208, 257
Carlson, I.T. 227
Carr, P.M. 208
Carroll, R. 362
Carsel, R.F. 370
Carver, B.F. 225
Casady, W.W. 293
Castle, W.S. 356
Castro Tendero, A.J. 456
Cawich, J.F. 138
Chai, K.L. 198
Chan, V.K. 532
Chaney, H. 178
Chang, W.H. 164
Chang, Y. 493
Chanzy, A. 432
Chao, K.L. 144
Chapman, R.A. 538
Chen, J. 64
Chen, S. 164
Cheng, Z. 80
Chescheir, G.M. 160
Chew, J.D. 492
Chewning, C. 162
Chewning, C.H. Jr. 161
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Chiriatti, K.C. 346
Chong, C.L. 424
Christensen, D.A. 390
Christensen, L. 387
Chuk, N. 459
Church, R. 539
Ciesiolka, C.A. 313
Cisneros, F. 59
Clark, D.A. 412
Clark, R.L. 523
Clemmens, A.J. 157
Clevers, J.G.P.W. 54, 442
Clifton, K.E. 213
Coals, V.A. 417
Cochran, M.J. 99, 147, 476
Coddington, R.C. 25
Coles, C.H. 510
Colliver, D.G. 422
Comis, D. 244
Connell, T.R. 540
Conner, J.R. 151
Corcoran, T.J. 199
Cornish, P. 376
Costello, T.A. 198, 293, 533
Coughlan, K.J. 313
Coulter, G.H. 450
Cowen, P. 131
Craven, J.B. Jr. 189, 190, 191
Cretenet, M. 1
Crews, J.R. 494, 495
Crop Growers Software, Inc. 527
Crosby, J.I. 394
Cullen, T. 239
Cundiff, L.V. 414
Cuperus, G. 12
Curnow, M. 282
Curran, P.J. 180
Currier, C.G. 11
Curtis, L.M. 544
Curwen, D. 540
Danforth, D.M. 476
Dario, P. 8
Daugaard, H. 359
Daugherty, L.S. 324
Davenport, Thomas H., 1954 400
Davey, S.M. 299
Davis, J.R. 347
Davis, M.E. 505
Davis, R.G. 121
Dawson, C.J. 256
De Lange, C.F.M. 43
De Rocher, T.R. 444
De Waal, H.O. 158
Dean, D.J. 87
Dedieu, G. 486
Dedrick, A.R. 157
Degrandi Hoffman, G. 36
Delecolle, R. 486
Delfa, R. 499
Delia, T. 86
DeLost, S.J. 344
Demmel, M. 232
DeTar, W.R. 412
Devir, S. 109, 438, 477, 521
Dewhurst, D. 253
Dickinson, W.T. 404
Dickson, I.F. 345
Dieleman, S.J. 194
Dijkhuizen, A.A. 153, 155
Dikeman, M.E. 414
Diplas, P. 328
Dobbins, C.L. 513
Dobrusin, Y. 411, 437
Dodd, R. B. 236
Dohi, M. 331
Domecq, J.J. 66
Doneker, R.L. 514
Donkers, H.W.J. 323
Doster, D.H. 65
Dou, Z. 301
Doye, D.G. 261, 265
Driggers, L.B. 489
Du Toit, P. 345
Duke, H.R. 428
Durar, A.A. 307
Dwinger, R.H. 22
Dyke, G.V. 457
Earnhardt, J.M. 273
Eatherall, A. 298
Eav, B. 217
Eckert, Jerry. 319
Edan, Y. 125, 126, 411, 437
Edwards, D.B. 130
Edwards Jones, G. 275
Egnell, G. 515, 516
Egnell, Gustaf. 525
Ehui, S.K. 312
Eizmendi, R.E. 289
Elberson, L.R. 35
Elliott, P.W. 28
Ellis, M. 59
Ellison, F. 252
Embleton, K.M. 56
Emmert, B. 382
Endo, I. 338
Enevoldsen, C. 143
Engel, B.A. 28, 56, 277
England, G. 415
Engle, D.M. 117
Erickson, E.H. JR. 36
Erickson, S. 513
Ernst, R.L. 487
Escalante, M.C. 313
Escobar, D.E. 377
Esnard, A.M. 223
Esslemont, R.J. 31
Etherington, W.G. 358
Evans, R.O. 160
Evans, S.G. 357
Everitt, J.H. 377
Evett, S.R. 170, 195, 307
Faber, B.G. 52
Fang, W. 173
Farley, T.F. 347
Farrell Poe, K.L. 541
Favro, A.P. 40
Fedra, K. 531
Feng, M.G. 35
Ferguson, I. 539
Ferguson, J.A. 533
Ferguson, J.D. 301
Fermanian, T.W. 68
Filella, I. 183
Fink, M. 333
Fischer, A. 486
Fisher, J.E. 167
Fitzgerald, B.P. 159
Fitzgerald, J.B. 460
Flaig, E. 281
Flato, A. 371
Fleischer, S. 461
Florkowski, W. 367
Fluck, R.C. 171, 172, 281
Fly, D.E. 373
Fogarty, N.M. 226
Fon, D.S. 164
Fonnesbeck, C. 362
Fonyo, C. 281
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Land and Water Development Division. 149
Foody, G.M. 180
Foote, R.H. 434
Ford, D.A. 514
Forrest, J.C. 29, 167, 254
Foster, K.A. 17
Fox, D.G. 52, 389
Fox, R.H. 58
Foy, M. 133
Frank, M. 469
Franz, E. 14
Franzen, D.W. 211
Fridley, J.L. 474, 529
Friedrich, H. 89
Fritze, H. 335
Frizzone, J.A. 124
Frost, A.R. 433
Fujiura, T. 5, 6, 169, 331
Fulcher, C. 120
Fulhage, C. 63
Fulling, B.A. 266
Galletta, P.D. 94
Gallo, E. 8
Garcia, L. 472
Garcia, L.V. 197
Garcia Torres, L. 456
Gardner, R.W. 155
Garner, S.R. 26
Garrity, D.P. 452
Gates, J. 382
Gates, R.S. 144, 326, 422
Gaultney, L.D. 465
Gaunt, R.E. 340
Gauthier, L. 349, 447
Gazo, R. 396
Gebhardt, M.R. 14
Geers, R. 311
Gerik, T.J. 503
Gherardi, S.G. 310
Giacomelli, G.A. 173, 497
Gijsbers, R. 539
Gilliam, J.W. 160
Gilman, E.F. 44
Gilmour, A.R. 226
Giovannetti, J.F. 481
Glenn, D.M. 500
Goddard, M.E. 108
Goddard, T.W. 543
Godwin, D.C. 532
Goedseels, V. 311
Goenaga, R. 223
Golden, B.L. 2
Gomez, G.I. 305
Gonzalez, C. 499
Gonzalez, R.A. 69, 70
Goode, L. 296
Goodenough, D.G. 283
Goossens, K. 311
Gorsky, L. 56
Gottardi, G. 102
Goulart, B.L. 184
Grace, L.A. 202
Grace, Laura A. 123
Grant, W.R. 488
Graybosch, R.A. 176
Green, C.C. 320
Green, M. 368
Green, R.D. 414
Greer, J.E. 200
Gresham, J.D. 391
Grinshpun, J. 411, 437
Grohn, Y.T. 143
Grusenmeyer, D.C. 542
Guard, C. 143
Gunkel, W.W. 165, 380, 528
Haboudane, D. 432
Hady, P.J. 66
Haffar, I. 470
Hahn, G.L. 188
Hahn, William F. 98
Haibel, G.K. 505
Hall, D.G. 280
Hall, J.B. 159
Hall, R. 18
Hall, R.C. 443
Halsey, R.L. 269
Hamburg, K. 206
Hamlin, K.E. 414
Hammer, P.A. 441
Han, Y. 177
Hanks, J.D. 142
Hannan, T.C. 417
Hanselka, C.W. 421
Hansen, J.W. 532
Hansen, T. 258
Hanson, G.J. 462
Harrison, J.D. 186, 230
Harrison, J.H. 209
Harsh, S.B. 155
Hartley, Ross. 148
Hashim, G.M. 313
Hasler, J.F. 402
Hastings, S.E. 152
Hatzis, C. 128
Havlin, J.L. 522
Hawkins, D. 283
Hawkins, R.O. 511
Hayes, F. 222
Healey, R.G. 250
Hearn, A.B. 100, 364
Heathcoate, I.W. 62
Hedberg, Calle. 260
Heilman, P. 201
Hein, G.L. 35
Heinemann, P.H. 184
Heitschmidt, R.K. 151
Helms, R. 114, 178
Helms, R.S. 533
Henderson, H.H. 391
Henderson, J.E. 154
Henderson, W.B. 402
Henning, J.A. 11
Henry, J.L. 210
Heriyanto, A. 142
Herrera, R. 315
Herring, W.O. 187
Hertz, C.A. 393
Hess, T. 316
Hester, P.Y. 85
Hetzroni, A. 125, 295, 411
Hibbard, J.D. 393
Hickey, K. 518
Hill, M.J. 10
Hinde, C.J. 146
Hinman, H.R. 542
Hiukka, R. 335
Hodges, J.D. 134
Hoffman, R. 343
Hogewerf, P.H. 438
Holtfrerich, D.R. 127
Honeycutt, T.L. 131
Hong, H. 177
Hong, S.T. 164
Honjo, T. 308
Hoogenboom, G. 75, 76
Hopkins, A.A. 227
Hopkins, D.L. 41, 280
Hornbeck, J. 343
Horsley, S.W. 386
Host, G.E. 493
Howell, T.A. 195
Hu, J. 64
Huang, Z. 64
Hubbard, K.G. 50
Hubele, J.D. 25
Huber, D.M. 78
Hueston, W.D. 131
Huey, B.A. 533
Huggan, R.D. 221
Hughes, D.F. 313
Huhnke, R. 12
Huijsmans, P.J.M. 521
Huirne, R.B.M. 153, 155
Hulzebosch, A.A. 83
Humes, K.S. 284
Hummel, J.W. 471
Hummel, P.R. 370
Hunt, E.D. 221
Hunter, T.D. 117
Hurtgen, P.J. 402
Hutchings, N.J. 204
Imam, B. 201
Imhoff, J.C. 370
Ipema, A.H. 268, 438
Jackson, B.S. 100, 503
Jacobs, L.W. 419
Jacobsen, J.S. 208
Jacobson, B.M. 489
Jacucci, G. 133
Jakus, Paul. 319
Jallas, E. 1
James, A.D. 142
Jamieson, D.G. 531
Jannot, P. 288
Janssens, S. 311
Jarvinen, P. 335
Jarvis, A.M. 488
Jasper, W.J. 337
Jaynes, D.B. 166
Jenkins, A. 298
Jenkinson, L. 253
Jenkyn, J.F. 457
Jhones, A.R. 305
Jin, Z.Q. 402
Joern, B.C. 78
Johnson, G. 12
Johnson, J.B. 35
Johnson, J.L. 365
Johnson, J.W. 182
Johnson, K.D. 227
Johnson, R.L. 134
Jones, D. 94
Jones, D.D. 56, 78
Jones, J.G. 363
Jones, J.W. 355, 532
Jones, S.D.M. 416
Jourquin, J. 311
Justice, E.D. 476
Kaneene, J. 66
Kanwar, R.S. 353
Kaplan, J.K. 244
Karamanos, R.E. 210
Kassay, L. 51, 163, 247
Kauffman, R.G. 29
Kazmierczak, T.K. 132
Ke, Z. 64
Keddal, H. 30
Kelling, K.A. 540
Kenna, M.P. 129
Kennedy, B.W. 93
Kent, Brian M. 354
Kessler, B. 372
Ketelaar de Lauwere, C.C. 438
Khakural, B.R. 446
Khan, A.H. 156
Khodabandehloo, K. 369
Kiffe, G. 237
Killcreas, W.E. 216
Killcreas, Wallace E. 420
King, R.J. 309
King, R.P. 379
Kinsel, M.L. 358
Kitani, O. 440
Kitchen, N.R. 353
Kittle, J.L. Jr. 370
Kleijnen, J.P.C. 153
Klein, C.D. 99
Klooster, C.E. van't 20
Kluitenberg, G.J. 39, 522
Knapp, M.C. 156
Knight, J.D. 118
Knighten, J. 467
Koenig, B.E. 16
Koenig, H.E. 16
Kohle, N. 390
Kohn, R.A. 301
Kok, H. 431
Kok, R. 222
Kollasch, P. 343
Kollasch, R.P. 351
Komine, M. 81
Kondo, N. 5, 6, 168, 169, 436, 478
Korban, S.S. 360
Korthals, R.L. 188
Koskinen, W.C. 446
Kott, I. 97
Kramer, L.A. 201
Krause, K. 387
Krejci, J. 97
Kruger, G.A. 210
Kruzic, A.P. 514
Kryzanowski, L. 543
Kurata, K. 81, 107
Kutz, L.J. 189, 190, 191, 373, 441
Kyritsis, S. 7
Lacewell, R.D. 519
Lachapelle, G. 257
Lacroix, R. 222
Lamb, J.A. 27
Lane, L.J. 201
Lane, P.W. 457
Lark, R.M. 47
Larson, D.L. 38
Larson, T. 429
Lass, L.W. 231
Latin, R. 266
Lau, A. 539
Lauer, J.G. 451
Law, B.E. 55
LeDoux, C.B. 463
Lee, C.I. 137
Lee, F.E. 529
Lee, J. 244
Leeuwen, H.J.C. van. 54
Leeuwen, Hans van. 314
Legg, D.E. 35
Lehman Salada, L. 518
Leipzig, F.P. 245
Leite, E.R. 517
Lemmon, H.E. 459
Lennington, M. 21
Leonard Barton, Dorothy. 535
Leonard, J. 329
Leslie, J. 448
Leu, K.C. 164
Lev, L.S. 379
Levin, J.B. 79
Li, Ch'ua chung. 306
Liebhold, A.M. 502
Limsupavanich, J. 12
Lindenmayer, D. 539
Lindwall, C.W. 10, 368
Linehan, P.E. 199
Lines, J.A. 433
Ling, P.P. 80, 292, 294
Linko, P. 338
Lippke, L.A. 182
Liu, C. 329
Liyanage, K.H. 81
Loewer, O.J. 34
Lokhorst, C. 304
Long, D.S. 257
Longstaff, B.C. 376
Loos, F.A.M. de. 194
Loree, J.W. 484
Louw, W.J.A. 248
Lovell, A.C. 182
Low, K.S. 424
Lowes, D. 115
Loyn, R. 539
Lu, C. 64
Lucas Hahn, A. 53
Luff, A.F. 226, 280
Lundeen, Gerald W. 302
Lunstra, D.D. 450
Lusby, K.S. 410
Lusey, C. 479
Lybecker, D.W. 96
Lyon, J.G. 255
Lyons, R.K. 517
Maatje, K. 101
Mabry, J.W. 139
MacDougall, M. 507
MacKellar, B.A. 419
Maclaren, J.P. 409
Macleod, N.D. 115
Macneal, K.E. 58
Major, D.J. 10, 60
Makuch, J. 382
Maltz, E. 240, 477
Manders, P.T. 538
Manges, H.L. 156
Mangstl, A. 89
Mannetje, L.'t. 327
Manuel, T.M. 134
Marquis, D.A. 487
Marsh, W.E. 358
Martell, D.L. 121
Marteniuk, J.V. 454
Martodam, D.J. 174
Massa, M. 8
Mattheeuws, M. 9
Matthew, B. 175
Matthias, A.D. 170
McAllister, T.A. 507
McCarthy, M. 539
McCauley, A.D. 402
McCauley, J.D. 28
McClendon, R.W. 355
McDaniel, C.D. 85
McFarlane, N.J.B. 251
McGaughey, R.J. 529
McGrath, D. 32, 381
McGuckin, R.L. 523
McIvor, J.G. 115
McKeith, F.K. 59
McKenzie, R.C. 543
McKinion, J.M. 1, 483
McKinnon, D. 285
McKinnon, J.J. 390
McNeil, R.L. 60
McPeake, S.R. 391
McQueen, R.J. 26
McSweeney, K. 228
Mein, G.A. 325
Merkley, G.P. 116
Metz, J.H.M. 477
Metz Stefanowska, J. 438
Meyer, G.E. 460
Meyer, S.J. 50
Meyer, W.S. 480
Miglierina, A.M. 246
Miles, G.E. 125, 126, 290, 295, 441
Miles, Gaines E. 439
Miller, B.E. 541
Miller, D.C. 187
Miller, K.D. 59
Miller, L.E. 131
Misra, M.K. 243
Missotten, B. 375
Mitchell, B.W. 234, 399
Mitchell, R.S. 271
Mjelde, J.W. 488, 519
Moeur, M. 217
Mohri, K. 5, 6, 168, 169, 436, 478
Mol, R.M. de. 101
Molnar, S. 51
Monta, M. 5, 6, 168, 169, 436, 478
Mooney, C.S. 348
Moore, K.J. 227
Morck, Douglas W. 303
Moreno, J.A. 197
Morgan, C.G. 474
Morgan, D. 218, 283
Morgan, M.T. 28
Morris, C.F. 530
Morrow, C.T. 184
Morrow, W.E.M. 131
Morse, G. 298
Mortensen, D. A. 534
Mottram, T. 430
Mottram, T.T. 433, 443
Motz, D.S. 374
Moulin, S. 486
Mower, S.A. 402
Mowierski, R.M. 35
Mozny, M. 97
Muchena, F.N. 464
Muhr, T. 232
Muller, E. 22
Munier, D.J. 112
Murphy, D.P.L. 95
Myers, R.L. 249
Myers, W.L. 449
Nabrotzky, Viola C. A. 303
Nagamune, T. 338
Nagata, M. 141
Nakao, S. 331
Nash, D.L. 241
Navis, S. 142
Nayfeh, M.H. 407
Neary, M.K. 29
Neel, T. 349, 447
Neely, B. 402
Nefstead, W.E. 379
Neuhaus, P.E. 374
Nevill Manning, C.G. 26
Nevo, A. 472
Newbold, J.D. 301
Nielsen, G.A. 208, 228, 257
Niemann, H. 53
Nienaber, J.A. 188
Nilsson, H.E. 426
Nolan, S.C. 543
Noordhuizen, J.P.T.M. 521
Norman, D.W. 165
Norman, R.J. 198
Northcutt, S.L. 196, 265
Northeastern Forest Experiment Station (Radnor, Pa.). 336
Novakofski, J. 59
Nowak, P.J. 140
Nute, D.E. 219, 493
Nuthall, P.L. 205
O'Brien, P.M. 485
O'Toole, J.C. 452
Ochs, E. 380
Ochs, E.S. 528
Okamoto, T. 440
Olson, Merle E. 303
Olson, R.L. 192, 339, 483
Oosterhuis, D.M. 99, 147, 476
Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development. Directorate for Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. 482
Orlander, G. 515, 516
Orth, D. 537
Ortmann, G.F. 79
Otero Pereira, J.M. 305
Overhults, D.G. 326, 422
Pachepsky, Y. 459
Palmer, J. 343
Panagakis, P. 7
Panesar, B.S. 171, 172
Paningbatan, E.P. Jr. 313
Pardue, S.L. 489
Parker, C.G. 146
Pathak, B.K. 119
Pavlik, C.K. 368
Peairs, F.B. 35
Peck, T.R. 211
Peden, G. 252
Pedersen, C.B. 19
Pedersen, S. 19
Pedigo, Larry P. 15
Peiper, U.M. 411
Peleg, K. 48
Pelkki, M. 220
Pennington, J.A. 111
Penny, D.C. 543
Penuelas, J. 183
Perala, D.A. 150, 493
Pereira, L.S. 157
Perez Alegria, L.R. 223
Perez, E. 22, 262
Perng, J.I. 156
Perritt, Henry H. 406
Person, H.L. 61
Peters, D.G. 299
Petersen, G.W. 228
Peterson, A.D. 310
Peterson, C.J. 176
Phelps, K. 146
Phene, C.J. 412
Philippidis, G.P. 128
Pickering, N.B. 532
Piekielek, W.P. 58
Pieterse, M.C. 194
Piper, E.L. 181
Pirlot, K.L. 41
Pitsilis, G. 7
Plant, R.E. 346
Plath, M. 89
Pocknee, S. 385
Poe, S.E. 541
Pohlmann, J.M. 89
Porter, D.O. 92
Posner, G. 272, 287
Power, J.M. 350
Prajamwong, S. 116
Prathapar, S.A. 480
Prato, T. 120
Preckel, P.V. 17
Price, R.R. 465
Pundt, L. 212
Putt, S.N.H. 142
Queen, L.P. 174
Rachman, N.J. 435
Radigon, P. 481
Raffa, M. 466
Ranst, B. van. 9
Rath, D. 53
Raun, W.R. 506
Rauscher, H.M. 150, 219, 276, 343, 493
Raykowski, J.A. 530
Reader, R.J. 146
Reddy, V. 459
Redulla, C.A. 522
Regalado, J.C. Jr. 135
Reid, J.F. 185
Resina, C. 423, 455
Rhoades, J.D. 377
Rhykerd, C.L. 277
Rhykerd, L.M. 277
Rhykerd, R.L. 277
Richardson, H.H. 462
Richey, C.B. 441
Riechers, R.K. 151
Riemann, M.J. 391
Riley, C. 128
Riley, R.M. 401
Ringer, J.D. 506
Rister, M.E. 488
Ritchie, J.C. 284
Ritter, C. 291
Riverina Outlook Conference (24th : 1995 : Charles Sturt University). 259
Roach, B.A. 154
Robbins, C.W. 480
Robbins, K.D. 49
Robert, P.C. 228, 446
Roberts, A.H.K. 41
Roberts, M.A. 427
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station (Fort Collins, Colo.). 354
Roe, M.B. 348
Rogers, D.H. 156
Rogers, G.W. 241
Rogozin, V. 437
Rohrbach, R.P. 337, 342
Rojas, J. 327
Rollins, D. 421
Rosa, D. de la. 197
Roschkle, D.J. 127
Rose, C.W. 313
Rose, D.W. 220
Roseler, D.K. 504
Rosell, R.A. 246
Rossing, W. 101, 438
Rottmeier, J. 232
Rudra, R.P. 404
Rudziejewski, R. 352
Rushton, S.P. 524
Ruzhitsky, V.N. 294
Saad, J.C.C. 124
Saama, P.M. 16
Saarenmaa, H. 350
Sakovich, N. 408
Salada, T. 518
Sanders, J.O. 289
Sanderson, R.A. 524
Sandini, G. 8
Sann, C. 498
Santos, D.J.G. 394
Santospirito, G. 423
Sartorius, R. 490
Sather, A.P. 416
Sawyer, J.E. 90
Say, D. 283
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