TITLE: Precision Farming
PUBLICATION DATE: December 1994
ENTRY DATE: April 1995
EXPIRATION DATE:
UPDATE FREQUENCY:
CONTACT: Jane Gates
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
National Agricultural Library
Room 304, 10301 Baltimore Ave.
Beltsville, MD 20705-2351
Telephone: (301) 504-6559
FAX: (301) 504-6409
Internet: afsic@nal.usda.gov
DOCUMENT TYPE: text
DOCUMENT SIZE: 26k (12 pages)
==================================================================
ISSN: 1052-2255
United States Department of Agriculture
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Blvd.
Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351
Precision Farming
Agri-Topics: AT 95-01
Compiled by: Bonnie Emmert, Water Quality Information Center
Jane Gates, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
Joe Makuch, Water Quality Information Center
Special thanks to:
Kenneth Sudduth, Agricultural Research Service,
for his helpful comments in reviewing this publication.
December 1994 National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:
Emmert, Bonnie
Precision farming.
(Agri-topics ; 95-01)
1. Precision farming--Bibliography. I. Gates, Jane Potter.
II. Makuch, Joe. III. Title.
aZ5073.A37 no.95-01
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TITLE: Precision Farming
PUBLICATION DATE: December 1994
ENTRY DATE: April 1995
EXPIRATION DATE:
UPDATE FREQUENCY:
CONTACT: Jane Gates
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
National Agricultural Library
Room 304, 10301 Baltimore Blvd.
Beltsville, MD 20705-2351
Telephone: (301) 504-6559
FAX: (301) 504-6409
Internet: afsic@nalusda.gov
DOCUMENT TYPE: text
DOCUMENT SIZE: 26k (12 pages)
==============================================================
Precision Farming
This publication is a brief guide to information about precision
farming"a means of growing crops by making more efficient use of
inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides. Other terms for
precision farming include: prescription farming, prescription
agriculture, site-specific farming and site-specific crop
management. The expected benefits of precision farming include
increased farm profits with less possibility of environmental
damage from agricultural operations.
Crop management decisions are typically made on a field-by-field
basis, i.e., entire fields are treated as if they were one
homogeneous unit. But soil characteristics (pH, texture, organic
matter) and other factors such as moisture conditions or weed
problems may vary considerably within a given field. Instead of
managing an entire field based upon some hypothetical average
condition, which may not exist anywhere in the field, a precision
farming approach recognizes site-specific differences within fields
and adjusts management actions accordingly. For example, based on
extensive soil testing, different locations within a field may
receive different amounts of fertilizer.
Technological advancements make precision farming easier. Smaller,
faster, less expensive computers are of critical importance in
gathering, analyzing, and acting upon information about soils and
growing conditions in a timely manner. Soil sensors, variable rate
applicators, on-the-go yield monitors, and global positioning
systems (GPS) that use satellite technology to identify specific
locations within fields are the high-tech tools of the precision
farmer.
What's Here
The articles listed in this publication are from newspapers, the
scientific literature, and the farm press, and are intended,
collectively, to give an overview of precision farming. The
listing of research projects comes from the United States
Department of Agriculture's Current Research Information System
(CRIS) database and serves to acquaint the reader with publicly
funded research efforts involving precision farming.
The inclusion or omission of a citation should not be construed as
endorsement or disapproval. Please contact your local, state or
university library to access the publications. If unable to locate
the desired publication, your library can contact the National
Agricultural Library (NAL).
Who We Are
The Water Quality Information Center (WQIC) and the Alternative
Farming Systems Information Center (AFSIC) are two of eleven
centers located at the NAL. Centers provide in-depth coverage of
specific subject areas relating to the food and agricultural
sciences. Areas of interest between centers frequently overlap, as
they do in this instance on the subject of precision farming: WQIC
is concerned with the relationship between agricultural activities
and the quality of surface water and groundwater. AFSIC focuses on
alternative farming systems that employ methods of farming
sustainably which protect natural resources while maintaining
agricultural productivity and profitability.
Copies of this and other publications on related subjects are
available at no charge from either center. Contact:
Alternative Farming Systems Information Center
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Blvd., Beltsville Md 20705-2351
phone 301/504-6559; Fax 301/504-6409
Internet nalafsic@nalusda.gov
or
Water Quality Information Center
National Agricultural Library
10301 Baltimore Blvd., Beltsville Md 20705-2351
Phone 301/504-6077; Fax 301/504-7098
Internet wqic@nalusdagov
READINGS IN PRECISION FARMING
Agriculture is Reaping the Rewards of Computers
Johnson, Lori Beckman
PC Today p. 64-69 (April 1991)
Computers have a wide variety of uses on farms, from accounting to
controlling the application of nitrate.
Area Co-op Tries Focused Fertilizing
LeDuc, Doug.
The News-Sentinel, August 30, 1993. Business Monday, p. 13B
Cooperating with Purdue University researchers, an Indiana
agricultural cooperative participates in DeKalb Agra's Variable
Rate Technology Program.
Combines with Senses
Mowitz, Dave
Successful Farming v. 91 (11): p. 24-25 (November 1993)
NAL Call No: 6 S412
Combines can now be equipped with electronic sensors that weigh
yields on-the-go or at unloading.
Directed Sprayer for Targeting Pesticides
Morrison, J. E. & Chandler, J. M.
Weed Technology v. 6 (2): p. 441-444 (April-June 1992)
NAL Call No: SB610 W39
Experimental directed sprayer design improvements that deliver
pesticides to targets at minimum application rates.
Effects of Spatial Variability of Nitrogen, Moisture, and Weeds on
the Advantages of Site- specific Applications of Wheat
Chancellor, W. J, & Goronea, M. A.
Transactions of the ASAE 37(3): p.717-724 (1994)
NAL Call No: 290.9 Am32T
Evaluates the major differences between spatially determined
applications and conventional blanket applications of water,
nitrogen, and herbicide on irrigated winter wheat. Considers the
variable efficacy of the site-specific method for short- and
long-term intervals.
Environmentally Sound Agricultural Production Systems Through
Site-Specific Farming
Engel, B.A. & Gaultney, L.D.
Paper-American Society of Agricultural Engineers (90-2566) (Winter
1990) St. Joseph, MI: The Society
NAL Call No: 290.9 AM32P
Examines site-specific or prescription farming for reducing
environmental impacts and describes a prescription-farmed field
project.
Farm by the Foot
Reichenberger, Larry & Russnogle, John
Farm Journal v. 113(6): p. 11-15 (Mid-March 1989)
NAL Call No: 6 F2212
Growers can increase profits by tailoring fertilizer applications
to soil types.
Farmers Find GPS Useful Management Tool
Stock, Elaine
Farmweek v. 22 (19): p. 6 (May 9, 1994)
Global positioning systems (GPS) provide farmers with the ability
to monitor an exact spot in a field for yields, soil type,
fertility and chemical problems. Farmers can use these data to
apply inputs where they are needed.
Farming Soils, Not Fields: A Strategy for Increasing Fertilizer
Profitability
Carr, P. M., Carlson, G. R., Jacobsen, J. S., Nielsen, G. A. &
Skogley, E. O.
Journal of Production Agriculture 4(1): p.57-61
NAL Call No: S539.5 J68, 1991.
Compares crop yields produced by different soils within fields and
the economic consequences of using soil-specific applications of
fertilizer vs. conventional uniform applications. Generally,
results indicate potential for increasing fertilizer profitability
by using the soil-specific method.
Farming Takes on New Computer Technology
Wall, Robin
Christian Science Monitor, November 30, 1993. Economy p. 8
Examines an agricultural vehicle of the next decade which adopts
new methods and technologies such as a satellite dish, sensors,
lasers, and a computer.
Field Navigation Using the Global Positioning System (GPS)
Larsen, W.E., Tyler, D.A & Nielsen, G.A.
American Society of Agricultural Engineers Microfiche Collection 10
pp. ill.(fiche no 88-1604) (1988) St. Joseph, MI: The Society.
NAL Call No: FICHE S 72
Describes technology needed for prescription farming.
Field-Testing the Smart Box
Holmberg, Mike
Successful Farming v. 91 (8): p. 38 (August 1993)
NAL Call No: 6 SU12
Technology for the precise application of insecticide granules.
Fine-Tuning Agricultural Inputs
Cooke, Linda
Agricultural Research v. 41 (1): p. 16-18 (January 1993)
NAL Call No: 1.98 Ag84
Prescription farming increases production efficiency and reduces
potential for water contamination. Discusses sensors and yield
variability measurement.
Harvesting From the Heavens/Farmers Embrace the Computer Age
Chicago Tribune
Sacramento Bee, November 26, 1993. Business, p. B8
Computers move into the farm fields to launch variable rate
application of pesticides and fertilizers, and satellite mapping
for farmland using global positioning systems.
Herbicide Application to Targeted Patches
Miller, P. C. H. & Stafford, J. V.
Brighton Crop Protection Conference Weeds v. 3: p. 1249-1256
(1991)
NAL Call No: SB610.2.B74
Describes concept for targeting herbicide application to weed
patches in arable crops so that sprays can be applied only to
detected patches.
High Tech is Fertile Ground for Farmers
Goering, Laurie
Chicago Tribune, November 7, 1993. Business, p.1
Farm equipment outfitted with personal computers, optic-sensors,
and satellite receivers combines with variable application of
fertilizers, pesticides, and other inputs.
How Much and Where
Goering, Carroll E.
Agricultural Engineering v. 73 (4): p. 13-15 (July 1992)
NAL Call No: 58.8 Ag83
Technical advances make site-specific crop management feasible.
How Much Fertilizer? The Satellite Sees All
Uhlenbrock, Tom
St. Louis Post Dispatch, November 8, 1992. News p. 1A
Ken Gilmore, manager of the prescription farming program for the
Space Remote Sensing Center, Stennis Space Center, explains the
application of remote sensing technology on an Oran, Missouri farm.
In Ohio's Maumee River Valley Precision Put to Test
Wanzel, Robert J.
Dealer Progress v. 25(1): p. I4-I5, I14 (January 1994)
NAL Call No: S631 F44
Experiences of twelve fertilizer dealers involved in the Maumee
Valley Prescription Farming Feasibility Project.
Index for Describing Spatial Variability in Prescription Farming
McCauley, J. D. & Whittaker, A. D.
Transactions of the ASAE v. 36 (3): p. 691-693 (May-June 1993)
NAL Call No: 290.9 AM32T
Presents a scalar descriptor of the spatial variability of
fertilizer application maps with regard to the difficulty an
applicator may have in matching prescribed rates for site-specific
application.
Influence of Fertilizer Application Nonuniformity on Crop Response
Ndiaye, J. P. & Yost, R. S.
Soil Science Society of America Journal 53: p.1872-1878 (1989)
NAL Call No: 56.9 So3
Examines variable applications of potassium fertilizer in field
areas with potassium deficient soil. Using cabbage as an indicator
crop, results showed that nonuniform fertilizer distribution
decreased maximum yields about 9.5%
Mapping and Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) as Alternative
Methods to Address Variability in Soil Test Results
Beverly, R. B., Hoogenboom, G., Shuman, L. M., & Tollner, E. W.
Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis v. 25 (7&8): p.
1057-1070 (1994)
This case study from field plots in Georgia looks at soil testing
aspects of precision nutrient management. The study compares
strategies for addressing spatial and statistical variability in
soil characteristics using currently available technology.
Mapping of Spatially Variable Yield During Grain Combining
Searcy, S. W., Schueller, J. K., Bae, Y. H., Borgelt, S. C. &
Stout, B. A.
Transactions of the ASAE 32(3): p.826-829 (1989)
NAL Call No: 290.9 Am32T
A data acquisition system, consisting of a grain flowmeter and
location detection sensor, was mounted on a combine and used to
generate grain yield maps that indicated field-site variations.
Describes method of analysis used to produce these maps.
Military Satellites Lock onto Farm Targets
Keller, Des
Progressive Farmer v. 108 (10): p. 24-25 (October 1993)
NAL Call No: S1 P74
Satellite positioning technology, on-the-go yield monitors,
variable rate fertilizer applicators, and sophisticated computer
programs are making prescription farming a reality.
New Technology Out of this World - Literally
Stock, Elaine
Farmweek v. 22 (19): p. 6 (May 9, 1994)
Satellite and computer technology allows farmers to precisely map
their fields to show variations in nutrient needs, crop yields and
other data. These very specific data are then used to tailor the
amount of inputs applied to each part of a field.
Precision Farming: Soil Sensors Reduce the Use of Fertilizer for
Crops
Anonymous
The Futurist v. 27: p. 56 (November-December 1993)
Electronic sensors measure organic matter and moisture in soil.
Precision Farming Series (93-ARS-29)
USDA Research Reports Vidiocassette (VHS; 11 minutes) (1993)
NAL cataloging in process
This film consists of five short clips: Introduction, Global
Positioning Systems (GPS), Remote Sensing, Geographic Information
Systems (GIS), and Variable Rate Technology (VRT). For copies or
more information, contact USDA-ARS Information, Room 456, 6303 Ivy
Lane, Greenbelt, MD 20770.
Preparing for the Future Farm
Krutz, Gary
Conservation Impact v. 12 (9): p. 1 (October 1994)
NAL Call No: S604 C66
The lead article of an issue devoted to precision farming
technology. This article examines a prototype vehicle developed at
Purdue University. Other articles discuss GIS, GPS and VRT.
Prescription Farming Based on Soil Property Sensors
Gaultney, Larry D.
Paper-American Society of Agricultural Engineers (89-1036) (1989),
St. Joseph, MI: The Society
Prescription farming will improve profitability and potentially
reduce agricultural pollution. Soil property sensors provide the
basis.
A Prototype Design of a Computer-Controlled Spreader System for
Prescription Farming Technology
Tsui, Tak-Lap & Smith, Donald A.
Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science v. 46: p. 64
(April 1992), Grand Forks, ND: The Academy
NAL Call No: 500 N813
A database system; knowledge-based system; micro-controller; and
location sensing system are four parts of a computer-controlled
prescription farming system.
Recycling a Concept
Goering, Carroll E.
Agricultural Engineering v. 74 (6): p. 25 (November 1993)
NAL Call No: 58.8 Ag83
Site-Specific Crop Management (SSCM) surfaces again because of
technological advances and environmental awareness.
A Review and Integrating Analysis of Spatially-Variable Control of
Crop Production
Schueller, John K.
Fertilizer Research 33: p.1-34 (1992)
NAL Call No: S631 F422
Reviews research and development in managing and controlling crop
production by examining the variability of components within each
field, such as soils, crops, and pests. Considers advances in
various technologies that contribute to this type of sensitive
analysis. Uses both conventional scientific and non-traditional
sources.
An Rx for Tailor-Made Fertilizers: Farmers Could Get Prescriptions
for Their Fields
Gertz, Deborah
Quincy Herald-Whig, April 4, 1993. Business Extra, p. 8
Farmers could prescribe tailor-made field fertilizer and chemical
applications using satellite, infrared sensor and on-tractor
computer technology.
Selling Precision at DeKalb Agra...Their Future is Now
Wanzel, Robert J.
Dealer Progress v. 25(1): p. I10-I13 (January 1994)
NAL Call No: S631 F44
Technology and techniques utilized by one commercial entity to
achieve precision farming.
Sensors, Software and Satellites May Hold Seeds of Better Yields
Sugarman, Carole
The Washington Post, September 7, 1992. A Section, p. a03
Satellite farming utilizes global positioning systems and other
technology to customize agricultural chemical application rates.
Soil Organic Matter, CEC and Moisture Sensing with a Portable NIR
spectrophotometer
Sudduth, K. A, & Hummel, J.W.
Transactions of the ASAE 36(6): p.1571-1582 (1993)
NAL Call No: 290.9 Am32T
Evaluates the accuracy of soil reflectance data gathered with a
portable spectrophotometer by comparing results with standard
laboratory analyses. Movement of soil past the sensor during
sample collection contributed to a higher error rate for the
spectrophotometer.
Soil Specific Crop Management: Proceedings of a Workshop on
Research and Development Issues, Minneapolis, MN, April 14-16, 1992
Robert, P. C., Rust, R. H. & Larson, W. E. (ed.)
Soil Society of America, Inc., Madison, WI
NAL Call No: S596.7 P76 1993
Conference proceedings with forty-three papers covering a variety
of topics related to precision farming. Papers are grouped under
these section headings: soil resources variability, managing
variability, engineering technology, profitability, environment,
and technology transfer. Also included is a list of participants.
Spectroscopic Sensing of Soil Organic Matter Content
Shonk, J. L., Gualtney, L. D., Schulze, D. G, & Van Scoyoc G. E.,
Transactions of the ASAE 34(5): p.1978-1984 (1991)
NAL Call No: 290.9 Am32T
Evaluates the effectiveness of a sensor to determine the
composition of organic matter in soil. Tests indicate the sensor
is likely to be useful for prescription application of chemicals.
Variable Fertilizer Application Based on Yield Goal, Soil
Fertility, and Soil Map Unit
Wibawa, Winny D., Dludlu, Duduzile L., Swenson, Larry, J., Hopkins,
David G. & Dahnke, William, C.
Journal of Production Agriculture 6(2): p.255-2611(1993)
NAL Call No: S539.5 J68
Examines how fertilizer treatment can be adjusted to meet the
variable conditions within fields. Differences in soil fertility
were determined by preparing grid patterns and soil maps based on
soil samples for each of several eastern North Dakota fields.
consisting mainly of Haploborols, Calciaquolls, Argialbolls.
Wheat and barley were grown. Determined that fertilizer
variability using the sampling method increased yields but the
increased cost of using this method resulted in a lower net return.
Variable Rate Fluid Technology Arrives for Dealers
Peitscher, Alissa
Solutions v. 36 (5): p. 31-34 (July/August 1992)
NAL Call No: 57.8 SO4
Describes variable rate technology, which offers prescription
application of fluid fertilizers and crop protection chemicals.
Varying Fertilizer Applications within a Field
Buchholz, Daryl D. & Wollenhaupt, Nyle C.
Better Crops v. 72 (2): p. 12-13 (Spring 1990)
NAL Call No: 6 B46.
Missouri researchers have found major benefits to managing
fertilizer applications. Systems that do this can be termed
prescription farming.
Yield Determination Using a Pivoted Auger Flow Sensor
Wagner, L. E. & Schrock, M. D.
Transactions of the ASAE 32(2): p.409-413 (1989)
NAL Call No: 290.9 Am32T
Evaluates the use of a grain flow sensor, mounted on a combine, to
determine yield variations of wheat and sorghum within a field.
Examines factors that could influence sensor accuracy, such as
vibration, vehicle motion, time lag of grain conveyance through the
combine, and unsteady flow rates.
PRECISION FARMING RESEARCH
This section lists examples of precision farming research projects
entered on the Current Research Information System (CRIS) database.
CRIS is the U. S. Department of Agriculture's electronic
documentation and reporting system for publicly funded agricultural
and forestry research.
***
Applying and Recording Agricultural Chemicals Simultaneously via
Computer Control
Project No. SD00189
To ensure safety plus enhance productivity, applied chemicals for
crop production need to be feasibly utilized with as much control
as possible. A machinery system (both hardware and software) is
being designed to control and adjust the release of pesticides so
that the on-the-go applied delivery corresponds to the soil
environment. A laptop microcomputer (positioned within the tractor
cab) is the main component and provides simplicity, reliability and
establishes the capability to record and maintain a chemical-field
history.
Investigator(s):
Froelich, D. P., Klosterman, T. & Alcock, R.
Agricultural Engineering
South Dakota State University
Brookings, South Dakota 57007
Project Duration: 10/4/89-9/30/93
***
Engineering Systems for Field and Vegetable Crop Production
Project No. CA-D-AER-5468-H
The objective of this project is to develop efficient and
sustainable production systems for field and vegetable crops to:
reduce soil compaction, energy use and dust generation; enhance
residue utilization and management; accommodate nonchemical pest
control alternatives; enhance product quality; allow site specific
application of inputs, such as pesticides, fertilizers or water.
Investigator(s):
Studer, H. E., Chancellor, W. J. & Garrett, R. E.
Agricultural Engineering
University of California
Davis, CA 95616
Project Duration: 8/21/91-9/30/96
***
Engineering Systems for Spatially Variable Agricultural Production
Project No. TEX06745
(1) To develop a computer based system that can obtain data,
analyze that data and implement management practices on small area
production units. (2) To determine the nature of variability of
parameters affecting agronomic productivity on a spatial basis and
to determine the economic impact of that variability.
Investigator(s):
Searcy, S. W., Whittaker, A. D. & Coble, C. G.
Agricultural Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, Texas 77843
Project Duration: 3/29/91-3/28/96
***
Remote Sensing and Associated Technology Transfer to Production
Agriculture
Project No. 1270-66000-011-03S
Develop remote sensing based products in cooperation with
Agricultural Research Service scientists and users that are most
appropriate for agriculture production management decisions.
Assist users in independently evaluating cost effective use.
Investigator(s):
Hart, G. F. & May, G. A.
Institute for Technical Development
Stennis Space Center, Mississippi 39520
Project Duration: 9/1/93-8/31/95
***
Remote Sensing Laboratory: Remote Sensing of Agricultural and
Natural Resources
Project No. MIN-40-016
The overall project goal is to advance the development and
application of remote sensing and geographic information systems
(GIS) in agricultural and natural resource inventory and
management. The major objectives are: develop a quantitative
understanding of the relationships of spectral-radiometric
properties of vegetation and soil to biophysical characteristics;
and research and develop analysis techniques and capabilities that
will enable resource managers in Minnesota to effectively utilize
remote sensing and GIS.
Investigator(s):
Bauer, M. E. & Martin,R.D.
Natural Resources
University of Minnesota
St Paul, Minnesota 55108
Project Duration: 7/1/89-6/30/94
***
Sensing and Control Technology to Optimize Cropping System Inputs
Project No. 3622-21000-006-00D
Establish methods and develop instrumentation for sensing organic
carbon, depth to clay layer, and other agronomic properties
important in spatially variable cropping systems management.
Develop integrated agrichemical application systems utilizing soil
and crop spatial data as basis for variable application rate
control. Assess performance of sensors, application systems, and
techniques in field evaluations.
Investigator(s):
Sudduth, K. A
Agricultural Research Service
Columbia, Missouri 65211
Project Duration: 10/1/90-9/30/95
***
Sensors for Measuring Physical and Chemical Properties of
Agricultural Materials
Project No. IND046056
The general objective is to develop reliable methods for sensing
important physical and chemical properties of agricultural
materials, particularly grain and soil. The adaptation of these
sensors for use with real-time process control systems on
agricultural equipment will be a high priority consideration.
Special attention will be given to developing equipment suitable
for prescription application of pesticides.
Investigator(s):
Gaultney, L. D
Agricultural Engineering
Purdue University
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
Project Duration: 10/1/90-9/30/95
***
Spatial Variability of Crop Production Variables
Project No. ILLU-10-0339
Investigate alternative navigation systems, then select and
obtain a system for use in building a Geographic Information
System (GIS). Investigate alternative possible organizations
of geographic information systems and begin to develop a system
structure suitable for midwest agricultural production.
Investigator(s):
Goering, C.E., Reid, J.F. & Hummel, J.W.
Agricultural Engineering
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Project Duration: 10/1/89 - 9/30/94
***
Use of Global Positioning System in Production Agriculture
Project No. NEB-11-094
The overall objective of this research effort will be to utilize
GPS as a tool to provide site-specific location: (1) integrate
computer, GPS receiver and signal conditioning equipment so
that sensitivity and reliability can be evaluated (2) develop
hardware and software to measure seed crop yield and location
within a field (3) develop a system for using fertilizers or
pesticide based on site-specific requirements.
Investigator(s):
Bashford, L.L.
Biological Systems Engineering
University of Nebraska
Lincoln, ND 68583
Project Duration: 9/3/92-8/31/97
***
Variable Rate Crop Management System
Project No. 3611-12220-001-02S
Assess the potential impact of variable rate crop management
on improving water quality.
Investigator(s):
Hummel, J.W., Goering, C.E. & Wax, L.M.
Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Project Duration: 5/20/93-4/30/96