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Sexually
Transmitted Diseases (STDs and HIV/AIDS)
Publications and Materials
Below are
selected publications and materials related to sexually transmitted
diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Please note the year of publication may be
later than the year(s) the data represent.
LINKS ON THIS PAGE
2008 Publications and Materials
2007 Publications and Materials
2006 Publications and Materials
2005 Publications and Materials
2004 Publications and Materials
2003 Publications and Materials
2002 Publications and Materials
2001 Publications and Materials
Related
Links
2008 Publications and Materials
The HPV Vaccine
and Its Safety (8/7/08)
Based on ongoing assessments of vaccine safety information, FDA and CDC
continue to find that Gardasil is a safe and effective vaccine. FDA and
CDC continue to monitor the safety of this vaccine, with the public’s
health and safety the top priority.
Making Sense of Your HPV and
Pap Test Results (8/7/08)
This brochure explains the meaning of Pap and HPV test results and
answers common patient questions about HPV, such as how to talk to your
partner about HPV. It includes ‘questions to ask your doctor’ to help
prepare women for next steps and a glossary of terms.
HIV/AIDS
and Women Surveillance Slide Sets (6/23/08)
Slides focusing on HIV/AIDS in women (estimated number and proportion of
AIDS cases, AIDS rates and cases, those living with HIV infection and
AIDS, by transmission category, by race and ethnicity, age at diagnosis,
diagnosis rates, etc).
U.S. Syphilis Up (5/11/08)
The U.S. syphilis rate increased for the seventh consecutive year in 2007,
largely reflecting continued increases among men who have sex with men. The
rate among females also increased between 2006 and 2007, from 1.0 to 1.1
cases per 100,000 population.
Web Series:
HIV/AIDS Crisis among African Americans
(4/30/08)
CDC and the Public Health Training Network offers the six-part web series, A
Call to Action for Leaders: The Crisis of HIV/AIDS Among African Americans,
available online beginning June 30, 2008. This series is designed to 1)
increase awareness of HIV/AIDS in African American communities; 2) highlight
innovative, sustainable, and collaborative actions taken by leaders in
places where African Americans live, work, play, learn, and worship; and 3)
provide links to available resources. David Satcher, former Director of CDC
and the 16th Surgeon General of the United States, will serve as senior host
of the web series. Each part of the series is a prerecorded.
STD Brochures
(3/26/08)
Brochures are available on bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia, genital
herpes, genital HPV, gonorrhea, pelvic inflammatory disease, STDs and
pregnancy, and trichomoniasis.
One in Four Teenage Girls Has a Sexually Transmitted Disease (3/26/08)
A CDC study estimates that one in four (26 percent) young women between the
ages of 14 and 19 in the United States (3.2 million teenage girls) is
infected with at least one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases
(human papillomavirus (HPV), chlamydia, herpes simplex virus, and
trichomoniasis).
NCHHSTP
State Profiles (3/26/08)
The 2007 NCHHSTP State Profiles include statistical and other information on
HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB for all 50 states and Washington, DC.
They also include descriptions of public health prevention and control
programs. Select state profiles from the map or the list provided.
STD Surveillance, 2006
These slides cover chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, other STDs, women
and infants, adolescents and young adults, racial and ethnic
minorities, men who have sex with men, and persons entering
corrections facilities.
2007 Publications and Materials
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Report, 2006
(12/20/07)
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2006 presents statistics
and trends for STDs in the United States through 2006.
World AIDS Day
(11/19/07)
Help raise awareness about HIV/AIDS on World AIDS Day, December 1,
2007.
HIV/AIDS among Hispanics- United States, 2001-2005 (11/19/07)
Hispanics have the second highest rate among all racial/ethnic
groups in the United States. Among Hispanic females with HIV/AIDS
diagnoses, 76% were exposed through high-risk heterosexual contact.
For Hispanic females, the highest rate of HIV diagnosis occurred
among those aged 40-49 years.
Mother-to-Child (Perinatal) HIV Transmission and Prevention
(Updated) (11/19/07)
Perinatal HIV transmission is the most common route of HIV infection
in children and is now the source of almost all AIDS cases in
children in the United States. Most of the children with AIDS are
members of minority races/ethnicities.
Common Questions
about HPV and Cervical Cancer: For Women Who Have HPV (8/31/07)
This sheet answers 15 questions about HPV and cervical cancer, including how
to prevent infection, testing, talking to a partner about HPV, and the HPV
vaccine.
STD Treatment
Guidelines- Personal Digital Assistant Version, 2006 (8/31/07)
This point-of-care tool includes the complete 2006 STD Treatment Guidelines.
The recommendations for each category have been moved to the top of the
screen for efficiency, and the table of contents has been prioritized
according to the needs of clinicians.
QuickStats:
Prevalence of HPV Infection among Sexually Active Females Aged 14-59 Years,
by Age Group: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey- United
States, 2003-2004 (8/31/07)
HIV/AIDS and Women
Podcast (7/27/07)
CDC Director Dr. Julie Gerberding provides information on the HIV/AIDS
epidemic among U.S. women, HIV testing, and how U.S. women can take action
to protect their health.
One Test. Two Lives (7/27/07)
The One Test. Two Lives. campaign focuses on ensuring that all women
are tested for HIV early in their pregnancy. One Test. Two Lives. provides
quick access to a variety of resources for providers, and materials for
their patients, to help encourage universal voluntary prenatal testing for
HIV.
Human
Papillomavirus: HPV Information for Clinicians (6/12/07)
CDC recently updated the HPV brochure for clinicians and posted four sets of
counseling messages to assist providers in their HPV-related discussions
with patients.
HIV/AIDS among Women (4/17/07)
Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively few women and female adolescents (although we know now that many women were infected with HIV through injection drug use but that their infections were not diagnosed). Today, women account for more than one quarter of all new HIV/AIDS diagnoses. Women of color are especially affected by HIV infection and AIDS.
Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
These recommendations represent the first statement by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices on the use of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine licensed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration on June 8, 2006. This report summarizes the epidemiology of HPV and associated diseases, describes the licensed HPV vaccine, and provides recommendations for its use for vaccination among females aged 9-26 years in the United States.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Women Slide Set (4/17/07)
This set includes 14 slides on estimated number and proportion of cases, rates for female adolescents and adults, injection drug use or heterosexual contact, living with HIV infection and AIDS, diagnosis rates, and more.
Continuing Education- Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (4/17/07)
This activity has been approved for 1.75 contact hours (continuing nursing education); a maximum of 1.75 hours in category 1 credit (continuing medical education credit for non-physicians); a maximum of 1.75 hours in category 1 credit (continuing medical education); and 0.15 continuing education units.
Updated
Recommended Treatment Regimens for Gonococcal Infections and Associated
Conditions- United States, April 2007 (4/17/07)
This page provides updated treatment regimens for uncomplicated gonococcal
infections of the cervix, urethra, and rectum; pelvic inflammatory disease;
and more.
National Women & Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day, March 10
(3/5/07)
http://www.omhrc.gov/hivaidsobservances/women/index.html
(Non-CDC site)
March 10, 2007 marks the second annual National Women and
Girls HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. This day is set to raise
awareness on the increasing impact of HIV/AIDS transmission
on women and girls.
Syphilis Surveillance
Report, 2005
(3/5/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis2005/default.htm
This report consists of national and state profiles
containing and describing figures and tables that provide an
overview of syphilis morbidity in the United States. These
profiles present adult and congenital syphilis trends and
other statistics in the United States through 2005 and are
based on case reports from the 65 sexually transmitted
disease project areas.
Chlamydia Prevalence
Monitoring Project Annual Report
(3/5/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia2005/default.htm
In 2005, 976,445 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC
from 50 states and the District of Columbia. The reported
number of cases of chlamydial infection was nearly three
times greater than the reported cases of gonorrhea. From
1986 through 2005, the reported rate of chlamydial infection
in women increased from 50.7 cases to 496.5 cases per
100,000 population. The report consists of four parts. The
National Profile contains text and figures that provide an
overview of chlamydia surveillance in sexually active women
and men in the United States. The Regional Profiles contain
chlamydia trend data in women in all ten Health and Human
Services regions. The State Profiles provide statistical
information about chlamydia in women in all 50 states,
Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The City Profiles
provide statistical information about chlamydia in women for
selected cities, including Washington, D.C.
HIV/AIDS
Diagnoses among Blacks- Florida,
1999-2004
(3/5/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5604a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5604.pdf
This report describes trends in diagnoses of HIV/AIDS cases
that occurred among blacks during 1999-2004 and were
reported to the Florida Department of Health. These data
indicate that, during 1999-2004, the annual rate of HIV/AIDS
diagnosis among blacks decreased more than the rates among
other racial/ethnic groups. To examine possible explanations
for this decline, HIV/AIDS diagnosis rate trends were
compared with trends in gonorrhea diagnosis and publicly
funded HIV testing in Florida. The results indicated that
gonorrhea diagnosis rates also decreased among blacks in
Florida during 1999-2004, whereas the number of HIV tests
increased. These findings suggest that HIV/AIDS diagnoses in
blacks might be associated with a reduction in high-risk
sexual behavior and that the decline was not the result of
less testing. During 1999-2004, the rate decreased among
black, Hispanic, and white females and among black males.
The annual percentage decrease in the rate was greater among
black women than white women and Hispanic women.
HIV/AIDS among
African Americans
(3/5/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/factsheets/aa.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/factsheets/pdf/aa.pdf
In the United States, the HIV/AIDS epidemic is a health
crisis for African Americans. At all stages of HIV/AIDS-
from infection with HIV to death with AIDS- African
Americans are disproportionately affected compared with
members of other races and ethnicities.
Indian Health Surveillance Report: Sexually
Transmitted Diseases, 2004
(2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats-ihs-2004/toc.htm
This report presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) in
the United States. This inaugural report represents a unique
collaboration and partnership between CDC and the Indian Health
Service (HIS). Most of the AI/AN-specific data provided in this
report are the result of a new surveillance methodology, whereby
existing nationally notifiable STD data reported to CDC were
analyzed using standard IHS populations and methods. In 2004,
reported rates of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and primary and secondary
syphilis among AI/AN were 2 to 6 times higher than comparable rates
for whites.
Rapid HIV Tests
Currently Available in the United States (2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/factsheets/rt-lab.htm
Rapid HIV tests are simple to use and require little or no
specialized equipment. They make it possible to provide test results
at the time the test is done. Six rapid HIV tests approved by the
U.S. Food and Drug Administration are commercially available for use
in the United States.
A Glance at the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
(2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/At-A-Glance.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/PDF/At-A-Glance.pdf
At the end of 2003, an estimated 1,039,000 to 1,185,000 persons in
the United States were living with HIV/AIDS. In 2005, 38,096 cases
of HIV/AIDS in adults, adolescents, and children were diagnosed in
the 33 states with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting.
CDC has estimated that approximately 40,000 persons in the United
States become infected with HIV each year.
Methamphetamine Use and Risk
for HIV/AIDS (2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/meth.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/PDF/meth.pdf
Methamphetamine is very addictive, it can be injected, and it can
increase sexual arousal while reducing inhibitions. Because of these
attributes, public health officials are concerned that users may be
putting themselves at increased risk of acquiring or transmitting
HIV infection, a valid concern, considering that methamphetamine use
has been linked with increased numbers of HIV infections in some
populations.
Best-Evidence HIV
Interventions (2/1/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/research/prs/best-evidence-intervention.htm
CDC has identified 18 behavioral interventions as having
best-evidence of efficacy in reducing HIV risk. Best-evidence HIV
behavioral interventions include interventions that have been
rigorously evaluated and have shown significant effects in
eliminating or reducing sex- or drug-related risk behaviors,
reducing the rate of new HIV/STD infections, or increasing
HIV-protective behaviors.
Missed Opportunities
for Earlier Diagnosis of HIV Infection- South Carolina,
1997-2005
(1/8/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5547a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5547.pdf
This report examines HIV and AIDS case reporting in South Carolina
before the 2006 recommendations were published. During 2001-2005, a
total of 4,315 persons with HIV infection in South Carolina were
reported, of whom 1,784 (41.3%) were late testers, including 710 (16.5%)
who had AIDS diagnosed within 30 days of their initial HIV diagnoses.
Women were less likely than men to be late testers.
STD Surveillance, 2005
(1/8/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/default.htm
Sexually Transmitted
Disease Surveillance, 2005
presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
in the United States through 2005. This annual publication is intended
as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health
planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public
health implications of these diseases. The surveillance information in
this report is based on the following sources of data: (1) case reports
from state and local STD programs; (2) the Regional Infertility
Prevention Projects, the National Job Training Program (formerly the Job
Corps), the Corrections STD Prevalence Monitoring Project, and the Men
Who Have Sex With Men Prevalence Monitoring Project; (3) the Gonococcal
Isolate Surveillance Project; and (4) national surveys implemented by
federal and private organizations.
HIV
Counseling and Testing at CDC-Supported Sites, United States, 1999-2004
(1/8/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/resources/reports/pdf/ctr04.pdf
From 1999 through 2004, the number of HIV tests reported for females
exceeded those reported for males by approximately 6%. For each of these
years, the reported number of test results that were HIV-positive for
males was more than double that for females. In 2004, the proportion of
HIV tests reported for females (vs. males) increased through the age
group 13–18 years and then steadily declined. In 2004, for persons 19
years and older, males
accounted for approximately 71% of test results that were HIV-positive.
Legal Status of Expedited
Partner Therapy
(1/8/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/ept/legal/default.htm
CDC collaborated with Georgetown and Johns Hopkins Universities to
assess the legal framework concerning expedited partner therapy across
all 50 states and other jurisdictions. The primary research objective
was to conceptualize, frame, and identify legal provisions that
implicate a clinician’s ability to provide a prescription for a
patient’s sex partner, without prior evaluation of that partner, for
purposes of treating an STD.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report:
Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent
Areas, 2005
(1/8/07)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/2005report/ pdf/2005SurveillanceReport.pdf
From 2001 through 2005, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases increased
approximately 2% among males and decreased 17% among females. In 2005,
males accounted for 74% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and
adolescents. From 2001 through 2005, the estimated number of AIDS cases
increased 17% among females and 16% among males. Males accounted for 73%
of all AIDS cases diagnosed in 2005 among adults and adolescents in the
50 states and the District of Columbia. Rates of AIDS cases in 2005 were
27.2 per 100,000 among males and 9.4 per 100,000 among females.
2006 Publications and Materials
HPV Information for Clinicians
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/hpv-clinicians-brochure.htm
This 36-page
brochure discusses the transmission, prevention, detection and clinical
management of human papillomavirus.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV
Infection and AIDS in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2005
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/ 2005report/pdf/2005SurveillanceReport.pdf
This report presents estimated numbers of cases of HIV/AIDS (cases of
HIV infection, regardless whether they have progressed to AIDS) from the
37 areas (33 states and 4 U.S. dependent areas) that have had
confidential name-based HIV infection reporting long enough (i.e., since
at least 2001) for data collection to stabilize and for adjustment of
the data to monitor trends. According to the number of reported AIDS
cases, these 33 states represent approximately 63% of the epidemic in
the United States. From 2001 through 2005, the total number of new cases
of HIV/AIDS in the 33 states decreased slightly; however, HIV/AIDS
prevalence (i.e., the number of persons living with HIV/AIDS) increased
during this time. At the end of 2005, an estimated 476,095 persons in
the 33 states had been given a diagnosis and were living with HIV/AIDS.
From 2001 through 2005, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases increased
approximately 2% among males and decreased 17% among females. In 2005,
males accounted for 74% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and
adolescents.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Urban
and Non-Urban Area, through 2004 (12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/urban-nonurban/index.htm
This slide set
includes information on reported AIDS cases, regions, adolescents and
adults, male and female adolescents and adults, rates, non-metropolitan
areas, and more.
National
Center for HIV/AIDS, STD, and TB Prevention (NCHSTP) State
Profiles
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/stateprofiles/usmap.htm
The NCHSTP State
Profiles include statistical and other information on HIV/AIDS, STD and
TB by all 50 states and Washington, District of Columbia, as of
10/23/06. They also include examples of program initiatives supported by
CDC and state public health officials.
QuickStats: Percentage of Females Aged 15-44
Years Ever Treated for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), by Selected
Characteristics: National Survey of Family Growth- United States, 2002
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5543a8.htm
In 2002, the percentage of females aged 15-44 years reporting that they
had ever been treated for PID varied by age at first vaginal intercourse
and by number of male sex partners in the preceding 12 months. Higher
prevalence of PID treatment was reported among females who had their
first vaginal intercourse at younger ages, particularly under 15 years, and
among those who had greater numbers of male sex partners in the
preceding 12 months.
World AIDS Day,
December 1 (11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/affecting.htm
If new HIV infections continue at their current rate worldwide, women with
HIV may soon outnumber men with HIV. Find out how you can help prevent
HIV/AIDS.
Measuring HIV Risk in
the U.S. Population Aged 15–44: Results from Cycle 6 of the National Survey
of Family Growth
(11/29/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad377.pdf
Including those who were treated for a sexually transmitted disease in the
past year, 11.9 percent of persons 15–44 years of age (13.0 percent males
and 10.8 percent of females) were at risk of HIV in 2002.
STD-Prevention Counseling Practices and Human Papillomavirus Opinions among
Clinicians with Adolescent Patients- United States, 2004 (11/29/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5541a1.htm
The results of this survey indicated that most of the clinicians assessed
STD risk in their adolescent patients, addressed STD prevention, and
recommended various STD-prevention methods; however, clinician opinions
varied regarding the effectiveness of methods for preventing HPV infection
and whether their patients would adopt these methods for the long term.
Clinicians periodically should assess STD risk in their adolescent patients
and provide STD counseling and education to reduce the incidence of STDs in
this age group at high risk.
Revised
Recommendations for HIV Testing of Adults, Adolescents, and Pregnant Women
in Health-Care Settings
(11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5514a1.htm
These recommendations for HIV testing are intended for all health-care
providers in the public and private sectors. The recommendations address HIV
testing in health-care settings only.
Podcast: STD
Treatment Guidelines, 2006 (11/29/06)http://www2a.cdc.gov/podcasts/player.asp?f=3130
Learn about CDC’s latest recommendations for the prevention and treatment of
sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Running time: 12:09.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Females Aged 15-44 Years Ever Treated for Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease (PID), by Selected Characteristics, National Survey of Family
Growth- United States, 2002 (11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5543a8.htm
Infertility and
STDs (11/29/06)http://www.cdc.gov/std/infertility/default.htm
CDC recommends annual chlamydia screening for all sexually active females
aged 25 and under and for women older than 25 with risk factors such as a
new sex partner or multiple partners.
HPV Vaccine: What You
Need to Know (Interim Vaccine Information Statement)
(10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hpv.pdf
This two-page fact sheet answers the following questions: what is HPV, why
get vaccinated, who should get HPV vaccine and when, who should not get
vaccinated (or should wait), what are the risks from HPV vaccine, what if
there is a severe reaction, and where to go to learn more.
HPV and HPV Vaccine: Information for Healthcare Providers (Revised)
(10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/hpv-vacc-hcp-3-pages.pdf
This three-page fact sheet provides information on provisional
recommendations, HPV vaccine safety, HPV vaccine efficacy, duration of
vaccine protection, HPV vaccine delivery, cost effectiveness, policies,
other vaccines in development, genital HPV infection, natural history of HPV,
HPV-associated disease, prevention of cervical cancer, and additional
sources of information.
Mobilizing against the HIV/AIDS Crisis among African Americans, November 16,
2006
(10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5528a6.htm
CDC and the Public Health Training Network will present this satellite
broadcast and webcast on November 16, 2006, at 1 p.m. EST. The broadcast
will highlight relevant research and related programs and a panel will
answer viewer questions.
HIV Testing in Healthcare Settings
(10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/testing/healthcare/
CDC's recommendations urge providers to include HIV testing as a routine
part of their patients’ healthcare. Routine HIV testing ensures more people
learn whether they are infected with HIV, allowing them to benefit from
earlier access to treatment, and to reduce the risk of infecting their
partners.
Errata: STD Treatment
Guidelines, 2006 (10/31/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5536a7.htm
In the MMWR Recommendations and Reports, "Sexually Transmitted
Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006," errors occurred on pages 42, 48, and
59. The corrected text is provided.
Trends in HIV-Related Risk Behaviors among High School Students- United
States, 1991-2005 (9/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5531a4.htm
This report summarizes results indicating that, during 1991-2005, the
percentage of U.S. high school students engaging in HIV-related sexual risk
behaviors decreased.
Dear Colleague Letter
on Risk Behaviors and Methamphetamine
Use
(9/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/Dear_colleague/docs/ DearColleagueRiskBehaviorMetUse8-18-2006.pdf
Review this summary of the science and practice of methamphetamine use and
sexual risk, and consider incorporating the suggestions in prevention and
intervention planning to reduce sexually transmitted infections (including
HIV infection) in your communities.
The Global HIV/AIDS Pandemic, 2006
(9/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5531a1.htm
Despite a 5-year scale-up of interventions to prevent mother-to-child
transmission (PMTCT) of HIV, approximately one in 10 pregnant women were
offered PMTCT services, and fewer than one in 10 HIV-positive pregnant women
received antiretroviral therapy prophylaxis for PMTCT.
Sexually
Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines, 2006 (8/21/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5511a1.htm
Errata
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5536a7.htm
These guidelines for the treatment of patients who have sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) were developed by CDC after consultation with a group of
professionals knowledgeable in the field of STDs. Physicians and other
health-care providers play a critical role in preventing and treating STDs,
and these guidelines are intended to assist with that effort.
HIV Testing (7/28/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/spotlight2.htm
HIV counseling and testing enables people with HIV to take steps to protect
their own health and that of their partners, and helps people who test
negative get the information they need to stay uninfected. Across the
country, thousands of HIV counseling and testing sites, state and local
health departments, and community-based organizations provide counseling and
testing services. Fees for these services are often based on "ability to
pay" or may even be free.
Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the U.S., by Race/Ethnicity, 2000-2004
(7/28/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/ 2006supp_vol12no1/default.htm
This report complements the information in the 2004 HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Report and updates the detailed information in the previous surveillance
supplemental report on race/ethnicity during 1998–2002. The report presents
estimated numbers of cases of HIV infection, including cases that have
progressed to AIDS. These data are stratified by the following
races/ethnicities: white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic), Hispanic,
Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native.
Reduction in Perinatal Transmission of HIV Infection-
United States, 1985-2005 (7/28/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5521a3.htm
Estimates of the number of perinatal HIV infections peaked in 1991 at 1,650
and declined to an estimated range of 144-236 in 2002 (CDC, unpublished
data, 2006). This reduction is attributed to routine HIV screening of
pregnant women, use of antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prophylaxis,
avoidance of breastfeeding, and use of elective cesarean delivery when
appropriate. With these interventions, rates of HIV transmission during
pregnancy, labor, or delivery from mothers infected with HIV have been
reduced to less than 2 percent, compared with transmission rates of 25-30
percent with no interventions.
HIV/AIDS among Hispanics (7/28/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/hispanic.htm
The HIV/AIDS epidemic is a serious threat to the Hispanic community. In
addition to being a population seriously affected by HIV, Hispanics continue
to face challenges in accessing health care, prevention services, and
treatment. In 2002, HIV/AIDS was the third leading cause of death among
Hispanic men aged 35 to 44 and the fourth leading cause of death among
Hispanic women in the same age group.
HIV/AIDS among Youth
(7/28/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/youth.htm
An
estimated 4,883 young people received a diagnosis of HIV infection or AIDS,
representing about 13 percent of the persons given a diagnosis during that
year. During 2001–2004, in the 33 states with
long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting, 62 percent of the 17,824
persons 13–24 years of age given a diagnoses of HIV/AIDS were males, and 38
percent were females.
HIV/AIDS among Women Who Have Sex with Women
(7/28/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/resources/factsheets/wsw.htm
To date, there are no confirmed cases of female-to-female sexual
transmission of HIV in the United States database (K. McDavid, CDC, oral
communication, March 2005). However, case reports of female-to-female
transmission of HIV and the well-documented risk of female-to-male
transmission indicate that vaginal secretions and menstrual blood are
potentially infectious and that mucous membrane (for example, oral, vaginal)
exposure to these secretions has the potential to lead to HIV infection.
CDC’s Advisory
Committee Recommends Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
(7/11/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/hpv/default.htm
The Advisory Committee on
Immunization Practices (ACIP) voted to recommend that a newly licensed
vaccine designed to protect against human papillomavirus (HPV) be
routinely given to girls when they are 11-12 years old. The ACIP
recommendation also allows for vaccination of girls beginning at nine years
old as well as vaccination of girls and women 13-26 years old. HPV is the
leading cause of cervical cancer in women.
HPV Vaccine Questions and Answers (7/11/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-vaccine.htm
This fact sheet provides answers to questions about HPV; cervical cancer;
genital warts; treatment and prevention; screening; and vaccine
effectiveness, safety, benefits, costs, and recommendations.
HPV and HPV Vaccine: Information for Healthcare Providers (7/11/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/STDFact-HPV-vaccine-hcp.htm
This fact sheet provides an overview and information on genital HPV
infection, natural history of HPV, HPV-associated disease, prevention of
cervical cancer, HPV vaccine, and additional resources.
Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS– United States, 1981-2005 (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5521a2.htm
The majority of AIDS cases continue to occur among males; however,
the proportion of all AIDS cases increased from 15% (1981-1995) to
27% (2001-2004) for females. An estimated 252,000-312,000 persons in
the United States are unaware that they are infected with HIV and,
therefore, are unaware of their risk for HIV transmission.
Achievements in Public Health: Reduction in Perinatal Transmission of HIV
Infection- United States, 1985—2005 (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5521a3.htm
During 2005, an estimated 92% of AIDS cases reported among children aged <13
years in the United States were attributed to mother-to-child transmission
of HIV. Every perinatal HIV infection often indicates a woman who had
undiagnosed HIV infection before pregnancy or did not receive appropriate
interventions to prevent transmission of the virus to her infant.
HIV/AIDS among Women (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/resources/factsheets/women.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/resources/factsheets/pdf/women.pdf
In 2002 (the most recent year for which data are available), HIV infection
was the leading cause of death for African American women aged 25–34 years,
the 3rd leading cause of death for African American women aged 35–44 years,
and the 4th leading cause of death for African American women aged 45–54
years and for Hispanic women aged 35–44. In the same year, HIV infection was
the 5th leading cause of death among all women aged 35–44 years and the 6th
leading cause of death among all women aged 25–34 years. The only diseases
causing more deaths of women were cancer and heart disease.
Slide Set: HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Women (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/women/index.htm
Fourteen slides in Adobe PDF format, PowerPoint PPT format, or Macromedia
Flash format.
A Glance at the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
(6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/At-A-Glance.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/PDF/At-A-Glance.pdf
At the end of 2003, an estimated 1,039,000 to 1,185,000 persons in the
United States were living with HIV/AIDS. In 2004, 38,730 cases of HIV/AIDS
were diagnosed in the 35 areas (33 states, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands)
with long-term, confidential name-based HIV reporting. CDC has estimated
that approximately 40,000 persons become infected with HIV each year.
Social Networks Testing: A Community-Based Strategy for Identifying Persons
with Undiagnosed HIV Infection, Interim Guide for HIV Counseling, Testing,
and Referral Programs (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/guidelines/snt/index.htm
One strategy for reaching and providing HIV CTR to
persons with undiagnosed HIV infection is the use of social networks.
Enlisting HIV-positive or high-risk HIV-negative persons (i.e., recruiters)
to encourage people in their network (i.e., network associates) to be tested
for HIV may provide an efficient and effective route to accessing
individuals who are infected, or at very high risk for becoming infected,
with HIV and linking them to services. The social network approach has
proven to be a viable recruitment strategy for reaching people beyond
current partners.
Mother-to-Child
(Perinatal) HIV Transmission and Prevention
(6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/perinatl.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/factsheets/PDF/perinatl.pdf
HIV transmission from mother to child during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or
breastfeeding is called perinatal transmission. Research published in 1994
showed that zidovudine (ZDV) given to pregnant HIV-infected women reduced
this type of HIV transmission. Since then, the testing of pregnant women and
treatment for those who are infected have resulted in a dramatic decline in
the number of children perinatally infected with HIV.
Human
Papillomavirus Vaccine Fact Sheet (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/hpv/STDFact-HPV-Vaccine.htm
This fact sheet on human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines provides questions
and answers about HPV and HPV vaccines.
Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United States, by Race/Ethnicity,
2000–2004 (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/
reports/2006supp_vol12no1/default.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/reports/
2006supp_vol12no1/pdf/HIVAIDS_SSR_Vol12_No1.pdf
This report complements the information in the 2004 HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Report and updates the detailed information in the previous surveillance
supplemental report on race/ethnicity during 1998–2002. The report presents
estimated numbers of cases of HIV infection, including cases that have
progressed to AIDS. These data are stratified by the following
races/ethnicities: white (non-Hispanic), black (non-Hispanic), Hispanic,
Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native.
Women
and HIV/AIDS (6/19/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/index.htm
Find out about how HIV/AIDS impacts women, the latest surveillance findings,
and what women can do to protect themselves.
Notice to
Readers: Discontinuation of Spectinomycin (4/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5513a5.htm
In January 2006, CDC learned that Pfizer, Inc. (New York, New York) had
discontinued U.S. distribution of spectinomycin (Trobicin®) in
November 2005; remaining inventory will expire in May 2006. No other
pharmaceutical company manufactures or sells spectinomycin in the United
States. Relatively few indications exist for which spectinomycin is the
preferred treatment option for
N.
gonorrhoeae; these include 1) pregnant women with penicillin or
cephalosporin allergy (fluoroquinolones are contraindicated during
pregnancy), 2) persons with penicillin or cephalosporin allergies who reside
in areas with a high prevalence of quinolone-resistant
N.
gonorrhoeae, and 3) men with penicillin or cephalosporin
allergies who have sex with men.
HPV: Common Infection. Common Reality.
(4/24/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/common-infection/HPVBrochureCleared-Online.pdf
This consumer brochure provides information about HPV and answers the
following questions: why haven’t more people heard of it; how common is genital
HPV; who gets genital HPV; what makes a person more likely to get genital
HPV; what does “low-risk” HPV mean; what does “high-risk
HPV mean; does “high-risk” HPV mean cancer; how can women prevent
cervical cancer; why should women get regular Pap tests; should women worry
about abnormal Pap test results; what about a HPV test for women; what’s
the difference between the Pap test and the HPV test; do I need to know
if I have genital HPV; is there a cure for genital HPV; are there ways
to reduce my chances of getting genital HPV; what about a vaccine; and
what about condoms. A poster is also available.
STD Online Case
Studies (4/24/06)
http://www.stdhivtraining.org/nnptc/start.cfm (Non-CDC site)
This web-based case series is designed for practicing clinicians who
diagnose, treat and manage patients with, or at risk for, sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs). The series includes case presentations of
common STD-related syndromes with a guided, interactive process to evaluate
each case, arrive at a diagnosis and provide recommended treatment. In
addition, each case is designed to improve skills in assessing patient risk,
communicating risk reduction techniques and managing partners. Each case
should take about one hour to complete. Continuing education credit is
available free of charge. The Online STD Case Series is by the National
Network of STD/HIV Prevention Training Centers and CDC. Registration is
required.
Primary and Secondary (P&S) Syphilis- United States, 2003-2004 (3/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5510a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5510.pdf
To characterize the recent epidemiology of syphilis in the United States,
CDC analyzed national notifiable disease surveillance data for 2000-2004,
focusing on 2003-2004. This report describes the results of that analysis,
which indicated that the disparity between syphilis rates among blacks and
whites in 2004 increased for the first time since 1993 and is associated
with a substantial increase of syphilis among black men. Syphilis rates
continue to increase among men who have sex with men (MSM). Among women, the
rate of primary and secondary syphilis decreased from 1.7 to 0.8 from 2000
to 2003 and remained at 0.8 in 2004, the first time since 1991 that the rate
among women did not decrease. The findings underscore the need for enhanced
prevention measures among blacks and MSM. In addition, enhanced surveillance
is needed to detect any early increases in P&S syphilis among women.
Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project Annual Report, 2004 (3/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia2004/default.htm
In 2004, state- and outlying area-specific chlamydia rates among women
ranged from 160.9 per 100,000 to 1,016.6 per 100,000. This variation in
rates reflects both state-specific differences in screening and reporting
practices, and in true disease burden.
This report consists of four parts. The National Profile contains text and
figures that provide an overview of chlamydia surveillance in sexually
active women and men in the United States. The Regional Profiles contain
chlamydia trend data in women in all ten HHS regions. The State Profiles
provide statistical information about chlamydia in women in all 50 states,
the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The City
Profiles provide statistical information about chlamydia in women for
selected cities.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance: General Epidemiology Slide Set
(2/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/general/index.htm
Twenty-two slides in either PDF or PowerPoint on estimated numbers
and proportions for adults, adolescents, children, males, females,
including age group, reported cases, and other topics.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Diagnoses of HIV/AIDS - 33 States, 2001-2004 (2/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5505a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5505.pdf
This report describes racial/ethnic disparities in diagnoses of HIV/acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) during 2001-2004 and reported to CDC
through June 2005 by 33 states that used confidential, name-based reporting
of HIV and AIDS cases for at least 4 years. Of the estimated 157,252
diagnoses of HIV infection, the number of cases and diagnosis rates among
blacks were higher than those for all other racial/ethnic populations
combined. Among males, blacks had the largest or second-largest percentage
of cases in every transmission category; among females, blacks had the
largest percentage of cases in all transmission categories. Among females,
70% of high-risk heterosexual contact cases and 60% of IDU cases were in
blacks. Moreover, 69% of cases of perinatal transmission were among blacks.
Testing and Counseling for Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of
HIV: Support Tools (2/30/06)
http://www.womenchildrenhiv.org/wchiv?page=vc-10-00 (Non-CDC site)
The support tools were developed by CDC in collaboration with the Department
of HIV/AIDS at the World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund
and United States Agency for International Development and their
implementing partners. The Support Tools respond to a need in
resource-constrained settings for educational materials, job aids, and
training resources to support the integration of testing and counseling
into antenatal care, labour and delivery and post-delivery settings.
Components: pre- and post-test session flipcharts, protocol wall charts,
client information brochures, reference guide, and a CD-ROM.
Expedited Partner Therapy in the Management of Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(2/30/06)http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/EPTFinalReport2006.pdf
This report summarizes the available literature on expedited partner therapy
(EPT) for the management of the partners of persons with STD and interprets
the results. It also incorporates perspectives gained from two expert
consultations, one that predominantly addressed the scientific evidence
related to EPT and a second that emphasized operational issues that will
affect implementation of EPT. The report serves as background on EPT and
provides the evidence in support of anticipated guidelines for the selective
use of EPT. It is intended as a reference document for use by CDC and by
public health agencies, other organizations, interested individuals, and
other partners in the public and private sector. The document includes
recommendations on EPT for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection in women and
men, and women with trichomoniasis.
Syphilis Surveillance Project Annual Report, 2004
(2/30/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis2004/default.htm
State Profiles: Syphilis Elimination Effort
http://www.cdc.gov/stopsyphilis/state.htm
Local Profiles
http://www.cdc.gov/stopsyphilis/local.htm
This Syphilis Surveillance Report presents adult and congenital syphilis
statistics and trends in the United States through 2004.
The surveillance information in this report is based on the following
sources: case reports from the 65 STD project areas, data on the prevalence
of reactive serologic tests for syphilis provided by the Corrections STD
Prevalence Monitoring Project and state and local health departments, which
voluntarily submitted correctional facility screening data to CDC. This
report consists of two parts: a National Profile, which contains figures
that provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in the United States and the
State Profiles, which contains figures of syphilis case report trends at the
state and county level.
2005 Publications and Materials
Supplemental
Testing for Confirmation of Reactive Oral Fluid Rapid HIV Antibody Tests (12/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm54d1216a1.htm
In late 2005, HIV testing programs in multiple U.S. cities experienced
apparent clusters of false-positive rapid HIV test results using oral fluid
(but not whole blood) specimens. Counselors at these programs have expressed
concern regarding the specificity and positive predictive value of the
oral fluid rapid HIV test. CDC is actively working with FDA, state and
local health officials, and the product manufacturer to investigate these
reports, assess the test's current performance, and consider whether changes
in testing protocols should be recommended or any other actions taken.
In the meantime, current protocols for confirmation of reactive rapid HIV
test results should continue to be followed.
Trends
in HIV/AIDS Diagnoses- 33 States, 2001-2004 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5445a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5445.pdf
This report describes the characteristics of persons for whom HIV infection
was diagnosed during 2001-2004 and reported to 33 state and local health
departments with name-based HIV reporting. The findings indicate that the
rate of HIV diagnosis in these states decreased among non-Hispanic blacks
from 2001 to 2004; however, the rate of HIV diagnosis among blacks remained
disproportionately high. In 2004, the rate among blacks was 8.4 times higher
than among whites. During 2001-2004, an estimated 157,252 persons had HIV/AIDS
diagnosed in the 33 states reporting to CDC. Of these, 112,106 (71%) were
male and 45,146 (29%) were female. The majority (76%) of females with HIV/AIDS
diagnosed were exposed through high-risk heterosexual contact; 21% were
exposed through injection-drug use.
QuickStats:
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Infection, by Sex- United States, 1987-2003 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5446a7.htm
From 1999 to 2003, men experienced a modest but steady decrease in HIV/AIDS
mortality; the death rate for women was unchanged.
STD Surveillance Report,
2004 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/toc2004.htm
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004 consists of four parts.
The National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of STD morbidity
in the United States. The accompanying text identifies major findings and
trends for selected STDs. The Special Focus Profiles contain figures and
text describing STDs in selected subgroups and populations that are a focus
of national and state prevention efforts, including women and infants.
The Detailed Tables provide statistical information about STDs at the city,
county, state, and national levels. The Appendix includes information on
interpreting the STD Surveillance data used to produce this report, Healthy
People 2010 STD objectives, GPRA goals, and STD surveillance case definitions.
Trends in Reportable
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2004 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/trends2004.htm
This document summarizes 2004 national data on trends in notifiable STDs— chlaymdia,
gonorrhea, and syphilis— that are published in CDC's report, Sexually
Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2004, which are useful for examining
overall trends and trends among populations at risk, and represent only
a small proportion of the true national burden of STDs. Many cases of notifiable
STDs go undiagnosed, and some highly prevalent viral infections, such as
human papillomavirus and genital herpes, are not reported at all.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: HIV Infection and AIDS in the U.S., 2004
(11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/STATS/2004SurveillanceReport.pdf
This report is organized in 5 sections: (1) cases of HIV/AIDS and AIDS,
(2) deaths of persons with AIDS, (3) persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS,
or HIV infection (not AIDS), (4) length of survival after AIDS diagnosis,
and (5) reports of cases of AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS), and HIV/AIDS.
From 2001 through 2004, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases decreased
approximately 2% among males and 15% among females. In 2004, males accounted
for 73% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and adolescents.
HIV Testing in the United States, 2002 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/ad/361-370/ad363.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad363.pdf
This report shows national estimates of HIV testing from the National Survey
of Family Growth and two other CDC surveys. The data show both marked progress
since the earlier survey in 1995, and a significant number of persons at
risk of HIV who appear to need testing and counseling for HIV. The proportion
of women who were tested in the year before the 1995 and 2002 surveys was
quite similar (15 percent in 1995 and 16 percent in 2002). About 4.8 million
people (2.8 million men and 2.0 million women) at risk of HIV had never
been tested for HIV in 2002. About 2 of 3 women (69 percent) were tested
for HIV during a pregnancy in the year before the survey, including 83
percent of those at risk of HIV, and 67 percent of others.
Cervical
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Screening among Older Women (10/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no11/05-0575.htm
In this study, archived cervical smears were used to compare rates of HPV
acquisition during a 3-year period (1 screening interval in the United
Kingdom) between women of different ages. This approach also allowed the
estimation of rates of HPV persistence and clearance during the same 3-year
interval for women whose baseline smears were HPV positive.
STD Communications Database: Interviews with Non-Gay Identified (NGI)
Men Who have Sex with Men (MSM) (10/30/05)
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HealthComm/NGI-MSMCompleteReport.pdf
This study collected data on the behaviors, attitudes, and community/culture
of African-American and Hispanic/Latino NGI MSM aged 20–45 relevant
to STDs and their ideas for increasing knowledge of how to prevent these
diseases.
Sexual Behavior and Selected Health Measures:
Men and Women 15-44 Years of Age- United States, 2002 (9/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/ad/361-370/ad362.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad362.pdf
Plan and Operation of Cycle 6 of the NSFG
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_01/sr01_042.pdf
This report presents national estimates of several measures of sexual
behavior among males and females 15–44 years of age in the United States
in 2002, as collected in the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG).
These data are relevant to demographic and public health concerns, including
fertility and sexually transmitted diseases among
teenagers and adults. Data from the 2002 NSFG are compared with previous
national surveys.
HIV/AIDS among
American Indians and Alaska Natives (7/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/PUBS/Facts/Indian.htm
The numbers of HIV and AIDS diagnoses in the American Indian and Alaska
Native population represent less than 1% of the total number of HIV/ AIDS
cases reported to the HIV/AIDS Reporting System. However, when population
size is taken into account, this population in 2003 was ranked 3rd in rates
of AIDS diagnoses, after African Americans and Hispanics. The rate of AIDS
diagnoses for this group has been higher than that for whites since 1995.
HPV
Provider Survey: Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices about Genital HPV
Infection and Related Conditions
(6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/HPVProviderSurveyExecSum.pdf
Little is known about the extent to which U.S. clinicians are aware of
relatively new information about genital human papillomavirus prevalence,
natural history, transmission, testing, management, and prevention. CDC was
mandated by Public Law 106–554—Appendix A SEC. 317P.b.1.C. to conduct a
national survey of physicians. Three different survey instruments were
developed for three different clinician groups. Response rates varied by
group and by knowledge, attitudes, and practices.
A Glance at
the HIV/AIDS Epidemic (6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/PUBS/Facts/At-A-Glance.htm
This fact sheet includes information on HIV/AIDS diagnosis by exposure; by
sex; by race/ethnicity; trends in AIDS diagnoses and death; and estimated
AIDS diagnoses, deaths, and persons living with AIDS 1998-2002.
Men on the Down Low
(6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/PUBS/faq/Downlow.htm
This page answers several frequently asked questions: what are the origins
of this term down low and what does it refer to; what are the sexual risk
factors associated with being on the down low; what are the implications for
HIV prevention; and what steps is CDC taking to address the down low.
HIV Mortality
Slides (6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/GRAPHICS/mortalit.htm
This set includes 31 slides on HIV mortality, including rates, comparison of
mortality data, and trends.
Reporting of
Chlamydial Infection- Massachusetts, January-June 2003 (6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5422a3.htm
PDF (p. 558)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5422.pdf
This report summarizes an evaluation of chlamydial-infection reporting in
Massachusetts during January-June 2003. The findings in this report identify
the need to improve reporting of chlamydial infections in Massachusetts.
Laboratories and health care providers are not reporting all of their cases,
28% of reported cases do not receive follow-up, and reporting is likely not
timely enough to allow for intervention and to prevent transmission.
Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most commonly reported sexually
transmitted disease in the United States. An estimated 2.8 million
infections occur annually.
The U.S.
Syphilis Elimination Effort (SEE): A Progress Update (6/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/stopsyphilis/update-2005.htm
Today, syphilis remains a highly concentrated infection especially in the
South and, increasingly, in urban areas of the country that have large
populations of men who have sex with men. Use the resources on this website
to help build healthier communities across the United States. The
redeveloped SEE website has been designed to facilitate ready access to
relevant data and resources. A SEE Community Mobilization Toolkit was also
developed.
HIV/AIDS among
Youth (5/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/youth.htm
Young people in the United States are at persistent risk for HIV infection.
This risk is especially notable for youth of minority races and ethnicities.
Continual prevention outreach and education efforts are required as new
generations replace the generations that benefited from earlier prevention
strategies. Unless otherwise noted, this fact sheet defines youth, or young
people, as persons who are 13–24 years of age.
Human
Papillomavirus (HPV) Creative Material Testing Report (5/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/HPVgenaud4-2005.htm
This report presents the results of testing HPV messages and materials with
15 focus groups in February 2005. The materials were designed to raise
awareness about human papillomavirus and tested with individuals from the
general public between the ages of 18 and 29 who were African-American,
Caucasian, or Hispanic. Additional segmentation included gender, language
(English and Spanish), and geography. The appendices to the report provide
copies of all the messages and designs tested. There is also a downloadable
print-ready copy of the final products (brochure and poster). Both items may
be customized for local use.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance in Adolescents L265 Slide Series (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/adolesnt.htm
View 11 slides about HIV/AIDS in adolescents.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance in Urban and Non-Urban Areas L206 Slide Series (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/rural-urban.htm
View 14 slides about HIV/AIDS in urban and non-urban areas.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women– L264 Slide Series through 2003 (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/women.htm
View 9 slides, including Number and Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female
Adults and Adolescents; AIDS Cases and Rates for Female Adults and
Adolescents, by Race/Ethnicity; Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female Adults
and Adolescents, by Transmission; Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female
Adults and Adolescents, by Transmission Category and Age at Diagnosis; AIDS
Rates for Female Adults and Adolescents; AIDS Cases among Female Adults and
Adolescents Attributed to Injection Drug Use or Heterosexual Contact, by
Region; Reported AIDS Cases among Female Adults and Adolescents, by Region
and Race/Ethnicity; Female Adults and Adolescents 15 to 44 Years of Age
Reported to be Living with HIV Infection (not AIDS); and Female Adults and
Adolescents 15 to 44 Years of Age Reported to be Living with AIDS.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
by Race/Ethnicity (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/minority.htm
View 12 slides, including Proportion of AIDS Cases among Female Adults and
Adolescents, by Transmission Category and Race/Ethnicity, Cumulative through
2003— United States.
Quick Facts:
Perinatal HIV/AIDS Prevention, April 2003-March 2005 (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/prev_prog/AHP/resources/factsheets/QF_Perinatal.htm
This document includes data and information on the challenges and
accomplishments of preventing perinatal HIV infection.
AIDS Surveillance–
Trends L207 Slide Series through 2003 (4/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/trends.htm
View 18 slides covering topics on HIV/AIDS including Estimated Number of
Deaths among Female Adults and Adolescents with AIDS Attributed to
Heterosexual Contact by Race/Ethnicity, 1985-2003, United States; Estimated
Number of Female Adults and Adolescents Living with AIDS, by Transmission
Category, 1985-2003 United States; and Estimated Number of Perinatally
Acquired AIDS Cases, 1985-2003, United States.
HIV/AIDS
Risk Factor Reporting Alarmingly Low (3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/prev_prog/AHP/resources/other/print/Sample_article.htm
Of the approximately 33,000 new HIV/AIDS diagnoses reported to the National
HIV/AIDS Reporting System in 2003, over one-third were reported with no
identified risk factor, according to a new report by the CDC. Without
accurate risk factor documentation and reporting (which are part of routine
case reporting), state and federal funding for HIV prevention activities and
AIDS services may not reach the populations who are most in need.
HPV
Testing and Cervical Cancer Screening: Dear Colleague Letter
(3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HPV/DearColleagueMarch-21-2005.pdf
In light of the recent launch of a national consumer marketing campaign for
an HPV DNA test, questions may be directed to STD and family planning
clinics, as well as cervical cancer prevention programs. It is important to
reassure patients and providers that there have been no changes from any
professional organization in the recommendations regarding the importance,
timing or use of Pap tests. Additionally, this may be an opportune time to
answer questions from patients about HPV transmission and prevention.
AIDS Surveillance-
General Epidemiology L178 Slide Series (3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/surveill.htm
This 26 slide set contains updated slides for: estimated number of AIDS
cases and deaths among adults and adolescents; reported AIDS cases and
deaths cumulative through 2003; reported AIDS cases, by age and sex;
estimated number of adults and adolescents living with AIDS; estimated
number of persons living with AIDS; estimated number of Asians/Pacific
Islanders and of American Indians/Alaska Natives Living with AIDS;
proportion of AIDS cases among adults and adolescents; AIDS rates, reported
in 2003; proportion of AIDS cases and population; estimated number of AIDS
cases and rates for male adults and adolescents; proportion of AIDS cases
among adults and adolescents; estimated number and proportion of AIDS cases
among adults and adolescents; estimated number and proportion of AIDS cases
associated with injection drug use; reported AIDS cases in children <13
years of age at diagnosis; reported AIDS cases, by age group at diagnosis;
adolescents 13–19 years of age reported to be living with AIDS; estimated
rates for adults, adolescents and children; and proportion of persons
surviving after AIDS diagnosis.
Syphilis Elimination Effort (SEE)
Toolkit (3/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/SEE/
This SEE Tool Kit is for public health practitioners responsible for
planning, managing, and developing community coalitions to increase the
awareness of and garner support for their syphilis elimination or prevention
effort. The toolkit includes: a guide that provides advice and instructions
on how to mobilize a community; camera-ready print ads; brochures, posters,
banners, educational materials specifically developed for health care
providers, leaders of the community-based and faith-based organizations, and
for elected officials; sexual-history-taking guide; Syphilis - A Physicians
Pocket Guide; form letters; radio PSAs; resource guides; tip sheets; and a
CD-ROM containing all of the kit materials.
CDC's Clinical
Studies of Daily Oral Tenofovir for HIV Prevention (2/28/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/faqs.htm#Tenofovir
Researchers believe that an HIV drug approved by the Food and Drug
Administration (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir, brand name Viread)),
taken daily as an oral preventive, is one of the most important new
prevention approaches being investigated today. If proven safe and
effective, this approach could help address the urgent need for a
female-controlled prevention method for women worldwide who are unable,
because of cultural and other barriers, to negotiate condom use.
Furthermore, if effective, tenofovir could provide an additional safety net
for all men and women at risk due to sexual or drug-using behaviors, when
combined with reducing the number of sexual partners, HIV counseling and
testing, condom use, use of sterile syringes, and other prevention measures.
HIV/AIDS among African Americans Fact Sheet (2/28/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/factsheets/aa.htm
During 2000–2003, HIV/AIDS rates for African American females were 19 times
the rates for white females and 5 times the rates for Hispanic females; they
also exceeded the rates for males of all races/ethnicities other than
African Americans. Rates for African American males were 7 times those for
white males and 3 times those for Hispanic males.
HIV
Transmission among Black Women- North Carolina, 2004 (2/28/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5404a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5404.pdf
In August 2004, the North Carolina Department of Health invited CDC to
assist in an epidemiologic investigation of HIV transmission among black
women in North Carolina. This report summarizes the results of that
investigation, which indicated that the majority of HIV-positive and
HIV-negative sexually active black women in North Carolina reported HIV
sexual risk behaviors. In 2003, women constituted 28% of human
immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome cases in the
United States; approximately 69% of those cases were among non-Hispanic
black women. Heterosexual transmission is now the most commonly reported
mode of HIV transmission among women.
Antiretroviral Post-Exposure Prophylaxis after Sexual, Injection-Drug Use,
or Other Non-Occupational Exposure to HIV in the United States (1/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5402a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5402.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r050120.htm
This report summarizes knowledge about the use and potential efficacy of
non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis and details guidelines for its
use in the United States. Accumulated data from animal and human clinical
and observational studies demonstrate that antiretroviral therapy initiated
as soon as possible within 48-72 hours of sexual, injection-drug-use, and
other substantial non-occupational HIV exposure and continued for 28 days
might reduce the likelihood of transmission.
Chlamydia Prevalence
Monitoring Project Annual Report, 2003 (1/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia2003/
This report presents statistics and trends for Chlamydia trachomatis in the
United States through 2003. This annual publication is intended as a
reference document for policy makers, program managers, health planners,
researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health
implications of this disease.
Syphilis Surveillance
Report, 2003 (1/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis2003/
This report presents syphilis statistics and trends in the United States
through 2003. The Syphilis Surveillance Report consists of two parts. The
National Profile contains figures that provide an overview of syphilis
morbidity in the United States. The State Profile contains figures of
syphilis case report trends at the state and county level.
2004 Publications and Materials
HIV/AIDS Basic Statistics
(12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats.htm
Issues covered include HIV estimate, AIDS cases, deaths due to AIDS, AIDS
cases by age, AIDS cases by race/ethnicity, AIDS cases by exposure category,
top 10 AIDS cases by state/territory, state HIV/AIDS data, and international
statistics.
HIV/AIDS among Asians
and Pacific Islanders (12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/PUBS/Facts/api.htm
Asians and Pacific Islanders account for less than 1% of the total number of
HIV/AIDS cases in the United States. However, in recent years, the number of
AIDS diagnoses in this group has increased steadily. This fact sheet
includes information on cumulative effects of HIV infection and AIDS
(through 2002), AIDS in 2002, HIV/AIDS in 2002, risk factors and barriers to
prevention, and prevention.
Treating
Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
(12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5315a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5315.pdf
These guidelines are intended for clinicians and other health-care providers
who care for HIV-infected adults and adolescents, including pregnant women.
These guidelines complement companion guidelines for treatment of
opportunistic infections (OIs) among HIV-infected children and previously
published guidelines for prevention of OIs in these populations. They
include evidence-based guidelines for treatment of 28 OIs caused by
protozoa, bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and include information on
epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment recommendations,
monitoring and adverse events, management of treatment failure, prevention
of recurrence, and special considerations in pregnancy. Tables address drugs
and doses, drug toxicities, drug interactions, adjustment of drug doses in
persons with reduced renal function, and data about use of drugs in pregnant
women.
Treating
Opportunistic Infections among HIV-Exposed and Infected Children
(12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5314a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5314.pdf
Appendix A
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5314a2.htm
Appendix B
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5314a3.htm
Appendix C
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5314a4.htm
Because the guidelines are targeted to HIV-exposed and infected children in
the United States, the opportunistic pathogens discussed are those common to
U.S. children and do not include certain pathogens (e.g., Penicillium
marneffei) that might be seen more frequently in resource-poor countries.
The document is organized to provide information about the epidemiology,
clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for each pathogen. Each
treatment recommendation is accompanied by a rating that includes a letter
and a Roman number and is similar to the rating systems used in other USPHS/IDSA
guidelines.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United
States, 2003
(12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/STATS/2003SurveillanceReport.pdf
This report is organized in 5 sections: (1) cases of HIV/AIDS and AIDS, (2)
deaths of persons with AIDS, (3) persons living with HIV/AIDS, AIDS, or HIV
infection (not AIDS), (4) length of survival after AIDS diagnosis, and (5)
reports of cases of AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS), and HIV/AIDS. From 1999
through 2003, the estimated number of AIDS cases increased 15% among females
and 1% among males.
Number of
Persons Tested for HIV- United States, 2002 (12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5347a4.htm
PDF (p. 1110)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5347.pdf
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t041201.htm
To determine the number of persons who were tested for HIV during the
preceding 12 months, CDC analyzed data from both the 2002 National Health
Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS) survey. This report summarizes the results of these analyses,
which indicated that, in 2002, approximately 10%-12% of persons aged 18-64
years in the United States reported being tested for HIV during the
preceding 12 months, an estimated 16-22 million persons. In both surveys,
greater percentages of pregnant women and persons at increased risk for HIV
reported being tested during the preceding 12 months than other persons.
According to NHIS and BRFSS data, approximately 48.4% and 54.0% of pregnant
women, respectively, reported HIV tests.
Diagnoses
of HIV/AIDS- 32 States, 2000-2003 (12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5347a3.htm
PDF (p. 1106)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5347.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r041201b.htm
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t041201.htm
To examine trends of diagnoses for 2000-2003, CDC analyzed HIV and AIDS
together as HIV/AIDS (i.e., HIV infection with or without AIDS), counted by
the year of earliest reported diagnosis of HIV infection. From 2000 to 2003,
in 32 states that used confidential, name-based reporting of HIV and AIDS
cases for >4 years, the overall annual rate of diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
remained stable. However, rates among non-Hispanic black females were 19
times higher than rates among non-Hispanic white females. During 2000-2003,
HIV/AIDS was diagnosed in 125,800 persons who resided in the 32 states. Of
these persons, 35,241 (28.0%) were female. Although non-Hispanic blacks
constituted 13% of the population of the 32 states during these 4 years,
they accounted for more than half (64,532 [51.3%]) of the HIV/AIDS
diagnoses, including 68.8% of diagnoses among females and 44.5% of those
among males. The transmission category with the largest proportion of
females with HIV/AIDS was high-risk heterosexual contact (77.7%), followed
by intravenous drug use (19.4%).
HIV/AIDS among
Women Fact Sheet (12/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/women.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/women.pdf
Topics include cumulative effects of HIV infection and AIDS (through 2003),
AIDS in 2003, HIV/AIDS in 2003, risk factors and barriers to prevention
(lack of recognition of partners’ risk, sexual inequality, biologic
vulnerability, substance abuse, socioeconomic and other societal factors),
and prevention.
World
AIDS Day - December 1, 2004 (11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5346a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5346.pdf
World AIDS Day 2004 focuses on the increasing vulnerability of women to
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(AIDS) with the theme, Women, Girls, HIV, and AIDS. Globally, women account
for nearly half of adults living with HIV. However, in some African
countries, HIV prevalence is nearly five times greater among young women
than men. In the United States, women in racial/ethnic minority populations
are especially vulnerable.
Introduction of Routine HIV Testing in Prenatal Care- Botswana, 2004
(11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5346a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5346.pdf
To assess the early impact of routine testing on HIV-test acceptance and
rates of return for care, the CDC Global AIDS Program and the prevention of
mother-to-child transmission of HIV program in Botswana evaluated routine
prenatal HIV testing at four clinics in Francistown, the second largest city
in Botswana, where HIV prevalence has been >40% since 1995. This report
describes the results of that assessment, which indicated that, during
February-April 2004, the first 3 months of routine testing, 314 (90.5%) of
347 pregnant women were tested for HIV, compared with 381 (75.3%) of 506
women during October 2003-January 2004, the last 4 months of the opt-in
testing period. However, many women who were tested never learned their HIV
status because of logistical problems or not returning to the clinic.
STD Surveillance 2003
(11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats03/default.htm
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2003 presents statistics and
trends for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in the United States through
2003. This annual publication is intended as a reference document for policy
makers, program managers, health planners, researchers, and others who are
concerned with the public health implications of these diseases. The report
consists of four parts: National Profile - contains figures and major
findings and trends that provide an overview of STD morbidity in the United
States; Special Focus Profiles - contain figures and text describing STDs in
selected subgroups and populations; Detailed Tables - provide statistical
information about STDs at the state, county, city, and national levels; and
the Appendix.
Trends in
Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the United States, 2003:
National Data on Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and Syphilis (11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats03/trends2003.htm
This document summarizes the most recent national data on reportable STDs —
chlamydia, gonorrhea and syphilis — which are published in CDC’s 2003 STD
Surveillance Report.
2003 STD Surveillance
Slides (11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/slides.htm
The 2003 Surveillance Slides are in Microsoft PowerPoint format and cover
the following topics: Chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, other STDs, women and
infants, adolescents & young adults, racial & ethnic minorities, men who
have sex with men, persons entering corrections facilities, and all slides.
HIV/AIDS among
Hispanics (11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hispanic.htm
This updated fact sheet includes statistics (cumulative effects of HIV/AIDS,
AIDS in 2002, HIV/AIDS in 2002) risk factors and barriers to prevention
(poverty, denial, heterosexual risk, substance abuse, sexually transmitted
diseases), prevention, and more.
HIV/AIDS and the Flu
(11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/Treatment/hiv-flu.htm
This fact sheet provides questions & answers to guide both the
administration of flu shots and antiviral medications in people with
HIV/AIDS.
Assessment of Increase in Perinatal Exposure to HIV among Hispanics- 20
Counties, Georgia, 1994-2002 (10/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5340a4.htm
PDF (p. 944)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5340.pdf
This report summarizes the results of an assessment of perinatally
HIV-exposed Hispanic infants in the Atlanta metropolitan area, which suggest
that the increase in the number of perinatally HIV-exposed Hispanic infants
was associated with multiple factors, including the growth of the Hispanic
population, increasing HIV prevalence and fertility among Hispanics, and
lower preconception awareness of HIV serostatus among those with HIV. The
findings suggest a need for improved access to voluntary HIV counseling and
testing and increased opportunities for reducing the risk for unintended
pregnancy among Hispanics in these counties.
HIV/AIDS among
Hispanics Fact Sheet
(10/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hispanic.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hispanic.pdf
In 2000, HIV/AIDS was the second leading cause of death among Hispanic men
aged 35 to 44 and the fourth leading cause of death among Hispanic women in
the same age group. Most Hispanic men are exposed to HIV through sexual
contact with other men, followed by injection drug use and heterosexual
contact. Most Hispanic women are exposed to HIV through heterosexual
contact, followed by injection drug use.
Enhanced
Perinatal Surveillance- United States, 1999-2001
(10/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/STATS/SpecialReport10-7.pdf
This report describes the population of HIV-infected women who gave birth
during the years 1999, 2000, and 2001. These data provide essential
information for further focusing perinatal prevention efforts in the United
States. An estimated 6000 to 7000 HIV-infected women gave birth in the
United States during the year 2000; an estimated 280–370 infants were
infected.
Chlamydia
Screening Among Sexually Active Young Female Enrollees of Health Plans-
United States, 1999-2001 (10/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5342a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5342.pdf
To evaluate rates of chlamydia screening among sexually active young
females, CDC analyzed 1999-2001 data from the Health Plan Employer Data and
Information Set (HEDIS®) reported by commercial and Medicaid health
insurance plans. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which
determined that screening rates were low despite slight increases in
screening covered both by commercial and Medicaid plans during 1999-2001.
Increased screening by health-care providers and coverage of screening by
health plans will be necessary to reduce substantially the burden of
chlamydial infection in the United States.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance in Adolescents Slide Set (9/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/adolesnt.htm
This slide set includes: AIDS in 13-19 year olds by sex and year of report,
AIDS in 20-24 year olds by sex and year of report, proportion of AIDS
cases/HIV infection among adults and adolescents by sex and age, estimated
AIDS cases among male/female adolescents and young adults by exposure
category, proportion of AIDS cases/HIV infection in 13-19 year olds by
race/ethnicity, and adolescents 13-19 years of age living with HIV infection
or with AIDS.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women Slide Set, 2002 (9/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/women.htm
This set includes slides on estimated number and proportion of AIDS cases
among female adults and adolescents, reported AIDS cases and rates among
female adults and adolescents by race/ethnicity, proportion of AIDS cases
among female adults and adolescents by exposure category, proportion of AIDS
cases among female adults and adolescents by exposure category and age at
diagnosis, AIDS rates for female adults and adolescents, estimated number of
AIDS cases among female adults and adolescents attributed to injection drug
use and heterosexual contact by region, reported AIDS cases among female
adults and adolescents by region and race/ethnicity, and female adults and
adolescents aged 15-44 years living with HIV infection (not AIDS) or with
AIDS.
HIV
Transmission Among Black College Student and Non-Student Men Who Have Sex
With Men- North Carolina, 2003 (8/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5332a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5332.pdf
This report summarizes the results of an investigation, which indicated that
black men who have sex with men college students and non-students in North
Carolina had high rates of HIV risk behaviors, underscoring the need for
enhanced HIV-prevention programs in these populations. Nearly one third of
both HIV-positive and HIV-negative college students met sex partners on
college campuses, but the majority of both of these groups met their sex
partners at gay nightclubs or over the Internet. Fewer college students than
non-students identified as gay or disclosed their sexual identity to
everyone or to most people. Approximately 20% of study participants had a
female sex partner during the preceding 12 months.
HIV Prevention in the
Third Decade (8/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/HIV_3rdDecade/
The primary focus of this report is the epidemic in the United States and
the work of CDC's Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention. It begins in the past,
with a brief history of accomplishments since 1981. Then it focuses on the
present: the current status of the epidemic in the United States and CDC’s
responses.
Congenital Syphilis- United States, 2002 (8/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5331a4.htm
PDF (p. 716)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5331.pdf
This report summarizes 2002 congenital syphilis (CS) surveillance data,
which indicated that CS rates have decreased among all racial/ethnic
minority populations and in all regions of the United States except the
Northeast. During 2000-2002, the rate of CS decreased 21.1%, from 14.2 to
11.2 cases per 100,000 live births. Among the 451 cases of CS reported in
2002, a total of 333 (73.8%) occurred because the mother had no documented
treatment or received inadequate treatment of syphilis before or during
pregnancy; many of these cases occurred among infants born to women who had
no prenatal care or no documented prenatal care.
Printable STD
Fact Sheets (7/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/HealthComm/fact_sheets.htm
Print version of STD fact sheets on bacterial vaginosis, Chlamydia, genital
herpes, gonorrhea, antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhea, human
papillomavirus, pelvic inflammatory disease, STDs and HIV, STDs and
pregnancy, syphilis, syphilis and men who have sex with men, and
trichomoniasis.
Enfermedades de transmisión sexual
(7/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Spanish/
STD Information (fact sheets, hotlines, and links) in Spanish.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance– General Epidemiology (L178 Slide Series) – Through 2002
(7/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/surveill.htm
This set includes slides on estimated incidence and deaths, cases and
deaths, by age and sex, adults and adolescents/persons living with AIDS (by
sex, race/ethnicity, region), proportion of AIDS cases (by race/ethnicity,
exposure category, sex, region, size of residence, and year of diagnosis),
AIDS rates, cases and population, cases and rates for male and female adults
and adolescents, AIDS cases in children, confidential HIV case surveillance,
cases of HIV infection, adolescents living with HIV infection, age at
diagnosis of HIV infection or AIDS, rates for children/adults and
adolescents living with HIV infection or with AIDS, and proportion of
persons surviving (by year, race, age group).
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity (L238 Slide Series) – Through 2002
(7/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/minority.htm
This set includes slides on AIDS cases, proportion of AIDS cases/population,
AIDS in Blacks and Hispanics, AIDS cases among adults and adolescents,
percent distribution of AIDS cases in male and female adults and
adolescents, and by sex/race/ethnicity.
2004 National STD
Prevention Conference Abstracts and Slides (6/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/2004STDConf/
Several of the sessions featured include Bacterial STDs, Their Sequelae, and
Their Impact on Women; Integrating STD Services into Medical Care; Abused
and Nonabused Minority Women with STD; Enhancing Condom Use by Female Family
Planning Clients; HPV in a Cohort of Female Adolescents; Strategies to Treat
Partners of Women with Trichomonas vaginalis; and Integrating STD Prevention
with Family Planning and HIV Services.
Public
Health Service Task Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral Drugs in
Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions to
Reduce Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United States (6/30/04)
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines
(Non-CDC site)
These recommendations update the November 26, 2003 guidelines developed by
the Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce the risk
for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission*.
This report provides health care providers with information for discussion
with HIV-1 infected pregnant women to enable such women to make an informed
decision regarding the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and use
of elective cesarean delivery to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission.
Various circumstances that commonly occur in clinical practice are
presented, and the factors influencing treatment considerations are
highlighted in this report.
Notice to
Readers: Innovative STD Prevention Programs (4/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5316a5.htm
In 2000, despite an estimated 18.9 million persons infected with sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs), of which half were persons aged <25 years,
innovative STD prevention efforts are having a positive impact on infection
rates in several U.S. cities, including Chlamydia in females and reaching
sex partners.
OraQuick Rapid HIV Test for Oral Fluid: Frequently Asked Questions
(3/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/rapid_testing/materials/oralfluidqandafin1_1.pdf
The Food and Drug Administration has approved the OraQuick test for use with
oral fluid and for use on plasma specimens. Until now, the test was approved
only for whole blood specimens. This is the first and only rapid HIV test to
be approved in the U.S. by the FDA for use with oral fluid.
CDC's
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Cervical Cancer Prevention Activities
(3/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/washington/testimony/Ca3112004187.htm
This page provides the March 11 testimony of Ed Thompson, M.D., Deputy
Director, CDC, before the Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on
Criminal Justice, U.S. House of Representatives. Dr. Thompson discusses what
we know about HPV, CDC activities, and individual and public health
strategies.
Maternal
Malaria and Perinatal HIV Transmission, Western Kenya (3/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol10no4/03-0303.htm
This evaluation of perinatal HIV transmission in a malarious area of western
Kenya demonstrated that approximately 20% of infants born to HIV-infected
mothers acquired HIV by 4 months of age, similar to rates reported in other
sub-Saharan African settings. Consistent with other studies, maternal viral
load in peripheral blood at the time of delivery and having an episiotomy or
perineal tear were risk factors for perinatal mother-to-child HIV
transmission (MTCT). Women with placental malaria had lower rates of
perinatal MTCT than women without placental malaria. However, women with
high-density malaria had significantly higher rates of perinatal MTCT than
parasitemic women with low-density malaria. Malaria during pregnancy is a
serious problem in sub-Saharan Africa, affecting an estimated 24 million
pregnant women; malaria prevalence may exceed 50% among primigravid and
secundigravid women in malaria-endemic areas.
Syphilis Surveillance
Report, 2002 (3/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis2002/
This report presents syphilis statistics and trends in the United States
through 2002 and consists of two parts. The National Profile contains
figures that provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in the United States.
The State Profile contains figures of syphilis case report trends at the
state and county level. The number of cases of primary and secondary (P&S)
syphilis increased 2.1% between 2000 and 2001 and increased 12.4% between
2001 and 2002. Increases in cases during 2000-2002 were observed only among
men. The number of P&S syphilis cases among women and among
African-Americans has decreased every year since 1990. During 2001-2002, the
number of P&S syphilis cases declined 19.0% among women and 10.3% among
African-Americans. In 2002, the rate of P&S syphilis was highest among women
in the 20-24 year age group and among men in the 35-39 year age group.
Promising Practices in Perinatal HIV Prevention (3/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/projects/perinatal/materials/2003_Perinatal_
plenaries.htm
Selected summaries of plenary session presentations are provided from the
2003 grantees meeting. Summaries focus on communication, linkage, outreach,
integration, system changes, correctional health, counseling and testing,
training, social marketing, rural programs, reproductive health,
surveillance, and international activities.
Heterosexual
Transmission of HIV- 29 States, 1999-2002 (2/20/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5306a3.htm
PDF (p. 125)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5306.pdf
To characterize heterosexual transmission of HIV infections in the United
States, CDC analyzed data for 1999-2002 from the 29 states that have met CDC
standards for name-based HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome reporting
for >4 years. This report summarizes the results of that analysis,
which indicated that heterosexually acquired HIV infections represented 35%
of all new HIV cases; 64% of heterosexually acquired HIV infections occurred
in females, and 74% occurred in non-Hispanic blacks. The proportion of
females was greater among persons with heterosexually acquired HIV
infections (64%; 23,205 of 36,084) than the proportion of females among
persons exposed through injection-drug use, blood products, transfusions,
and undetermined modes of exposure (36%; 6,661 of 18,732). The proportion of
infected females was highest among persons aged 13-19 years, consistent with
a previous finding. Survey data suggest that females in this age group
engage in behaviors that place them at increased risk for acquiring HIV
infections; the high proportion of infected females might be associated with
sexual contact with older males, who are more likely to be infected. In
addition, young females might have more opportunities for HIV testing and
diagnosis (e.g., routine family planning and gynecological services) than
young males.
Rapid HIV
Testing (2/6/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/rapid_testing/index.htm#women
Rapid HIV tests can play an important role in HIV prevention activities.
These pages include descriptions of the rapid HIV tests approved by the FDA,
how the tests can be implemented in different settings, and research on the
effectiveness and possible uses of the tests. For women, treatment, even at
the time of labor and delivery, can substantially reduce the transmission of
HIV from mother to child. Rapid tests can help implement this prevention
strategy. When the recommended antiretroviral and obstetric interventions
are used, a woman who knows of her HIV infection early in pregnancy now has
a less than 2% chance of delivering an HIV-infected infant. Without
intervention, this risk is approximately 25% in the United States.
Sexually
Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Pregnancy– Updated Fact Sheet (1/22/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/STDFact-STDs&Pregnancy.htm
This fact sheet answers the following questions: can pregnant women become
infected with STDs; how common are STDs in pregnant women in the United
States; how do STDs affect a pregnant woman and her baby; should pregnant
women be tested for STDs; can STDs be treated during pregnancy; how can
pregnant women protect themselves against infection; and where can I get
more information.
Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease– Updated Fact Sheet (1/22/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/PID/STDFact-PID.htm
This fact sheet answers the following questions: what is PID; how common is
PID; how do women get PID; what are the signs and symptoms of PID; what are
the complications of PID; how is PID diagnosed; what is the treatment for
PID; how can PID be prevented; and where can I get more information.
Prenatal HIV
Testing and Antiretroviral Prophylaxis at an Urban Hospital- Atlanta,
Georgia, 1997-2000 (1/20/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5251a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5251.pdf
To identify missed prevention opportunities, CDC analyzed the incidence of
perinatal HIV infection among a cohort of HIV-exposed infants born during
1997-2000 at Grady Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. This report
describes the results of that analysis and underscores the challenges to
universal prevention of infant HIV infections. Efforts to reduce perinatal
HIV transmission should focus on increasing prenatal care rates, promoting
adherence to recommended treatment regimens during pregnancy, and increasing
prenatal HIV testing, particularly in areas where missed opportunities for
prevention of perinatal HIV transmission persist.
Implementation of Named HIV Reporting- New York City, 2001 (1/20/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5251a2.htm
PDF (p. 1248)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5251.pdf
This report describes epidemiologic data from the first full calendar year
of named HIV reporting in NYC. The findings indicate that, compared with
persons living with AIDS (PLWA), persons who had HIV diagnosed during 2001
were more likely to be female, non-Hispanic black, younger (i.e., aged <45
years), and residents of the Bronx or Brooklyn. These newly available data
describe the NYC population with HIV infection more accurately than data on
PLWA and can be used to redirect HIV-prevention efforts to better target
persons at highest risk for acquiring HIV infection.
Incidence of
Acute Hepatitis B- United States, 1990-2002 (1/20/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5251a3.htm
PDF (p. 1252)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5251.pdf
To characterize the epidemiology of acute hepatitis B in the United States,
CDC analyzed national notifiable disease surveillance data for 1990-2002.
This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that,
during 1990-2002, the incidence of reported acute hepatitis B declined 67%.
To reduce HBV transmission further in the United States, hepatitis B
vaccination programs are needed that target men who have sex with men,
injection-drug users, and other adults at high risk. The incidence of acute
hepatitis B among men has been consistently higher than among women. In
1990, the incidence among men and women was 9.8 and 6.3, respectively; in
2002, the incidence was 3.7 and 2.2, respectively. Overall, incidence among
women has declined more than among men; the male-to-female acute hepatitis B
rate ratio was 1.5 in 1990, compared with 1.7 in 2002.
2003 Publications and Materials
Chlamydia Surveillance
Supplement 2002 (12/17/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia2002/
This report consists of three parts. The National Profile contains text and
figures that provide an overview of chlamydia surveillance in sexually
active women in the United States. It also includes the sources and
limitations of the data used to produce this report. The State Profiles
provide statistical information about chlamydia in women in all 50 states,
the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. The City
Profiles provide statistical information about chlamydia in women for
selected cities with >200,000 population.
STD Surveillance Slides
2002 (12/17/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/slides.htm
The page provides PowerPoint and 35mm slides for Chlamydia, gonorrhea,
syphilis, other sexually transmitted diseases, STDs in women and infants,
STDs in adults and young adults, STDs in racial and ethnic minorities, STDs
among men who have sex with men, and STDs in persons entering corrections
facilities.
Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral
Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions
to Reduce Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United States - November 26,
2003 (12/17/03)
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines
(Non-CDC site)
These recommendations update the September 22, 2003 guidelines developed by
the Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce the risk
for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. This
report reviews the special considerations regarding use of antiretroviral
drugs for pregnant women; updates the results of PACTG 076 and related
clinical trials and epidemiologic studies; discusses the use of HIV-1 RNA
and antiretroviral drug resistance assays during pregnancy; provides updated
recommendations on antiretroviral chemoprophylaxis for reducing perinatal
transmission; and provides recommendations related to use of elective
cesarean delivery as an intervention to reduce perinatal transmission.
Increases in
HIV Diagnosis – 29 States, 1999-2002 (11/27/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5247a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5247.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r031126.htm
CDC analyzed trends in HIV diagnoses in 29 states that conducted name-based
HIV/AIDS surveillance during 1999-2002. This report summarizes the results
of that study, which indicated that HIV diagnoses increased among men,
particularly men who have sex with men (MSM), and also among non-Hispanic
whites and Hispanics. During 1999-2002, HIV infection was diagnosed in
102,590 persons in the 29 HIV-reporting states. Of these persons, 72,323
(70.5%) were male, and 30,264 (29.5%) were female. Among racial/ethnic
populations, the majority (56,872 [55.4%]) of HIV diagnoses were among
non-Hispanic blacks, accounting for 71.8% of all diagnoses in female and
48.6% of all diagnoses in males. Among females, the most prevalent exposure
category was heterosexual contact, followed by injection-drug use. The
number of new HIV diagnoses did not change significantly during 1999-2002
among females, persons exposed through heterosexual contact, injection-drug
users, or MSM who inject drugs.
Chlamydophila
abortus Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (11/26/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no12/02-0566.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol9no12/pdfs/02-0566.pdf
This article reports the first documented case of an extragestational
infection with Chlamydophila abortus in humans. The pathogen was
identified in a patient with severe pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) by
sequence analysis of the ompA gene. The findings raise the
possibility that Chlamydiaceae other than Chlamydia trachomatis
are involved in PID.
Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and
Adolescents- November 10, 2003 (11/26/03)
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines
(Non-CDC site)
The goal of these recommendations is to provide evidence-based guidance for
clinicians and other health-care providers who use antiretroviral agents in
treating adults and adolescents infected with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). The report includes a section on women of reproductive age and
pregnant women. Guidance for antiretroviral therapy for pediatric HIV
infection is not contained in this report.
STD Surveillance 2002
(11/24/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats00/default.htm
The report consists of four parts. The National Profile identifies major
findings and trends, and contains figures that provide an overview of STD
morbidity in the United States. The Special Focus Profiles contain figures
and text for selected subgroups and populations (including women and
infants). The Detailed Tables provide statistical information at the state,
county, city, and national levels. The Appendix includes the sources and
limitations of the data used to produce this report.
Primary &
Secondary Syphilis – United States, 2002 (Press Release) (11/21/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r031120.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5246.pdf
Erratum
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5247a10.htm
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t031120.htm
To characterize the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, CDC
analyzed national surveillance data for 2002. This report summarizes the
results of that analysis, which indicate that the number of reported cases
of P&S syphilis increased 12.4% in 2002. As in 2001, this increase occurred
only among men, suggesting that this increase occurred particularly among
men who have sex with men. For the 12th consecutive year, the number of P&S
syphilis cases declined among women and non-Hispanic blacks. During
2001-2002, the rate of P&S syphilis decreased 10.9% among non-Hispanic
blacks (2.2% among men and 22.6% among women) and 42.9% among AI/ANs (44.7%
among men and 42.1% among women). Rates increased 71.4% among non-Hispanic
whites (83.3% among men) and 28.6% among Hispanics (36.4% among men); rates
were unchanged among women of both populations. The rate increased 80.0%
among Asians/Pacific Islanders (60.0% among men and 100% among women).
STD 101 in a Box (11/20/03)
http://www2a.cdc.gov/std101/
This site provides materials that users may download and customize for
conferences, group discussions, and presentations. Topics include STD
clinical and behavioral information, HIV/STD inter-relationship, STD
epidemiology, and STD Prevention program information. The materials that are
available include PowerPoint presentations, Adobe Acrobat and MS Word
documents, and a short demonstration video. Must register.
Addendum: Cases of HIV
Infection and AIDS in the United States, 2002 (11/18/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/addendum.htm
This report provides additional information about the epidemiology of
HIV/AIDS at the national level to complement the information contained in
the 2002 HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. This report presents the number of
AIDS and HIV infection (not AIDS) cases reported in 2002 and cumulatively
through 2002. The accompanying tables also present cases of HIV infection
(not AIDS) and AIDS, by sex, for adults and adolescents cross-tabulated by
race/ethnicity, and exposure category.
STD Communications Database
(11/6/03)
http://stdsearch.shs.net/default.aspx
The purpose of the Database is to provide easy access to a comprehensive
reference of evidence-based communication interventions, peer-reviewed
journal articles, and target audience profiles. The Database houses
information specific to a variety of sexually transmitted diseases and
target audiences that can be used to guide future health communication
interventions or message development in a cost-effective, timely, and
efficient manner.
Cases of HIV infection
and AIDS in the United States, 2002 (10/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1402.htm
This report is organized in five sections: (1) diagnoses of HIV/AIDS and
AIDS, (2) deaths of persons with AIDS, (3) persons living with HIV/AIDS,
AIDS, or HIV infection (not AIDS), (4) length of survival after AIDS
diagnosis, and (5) reports of cases of AIDS, HIV infection (not AIDS), and
HIV/AIDS. From 1998 through 2002, the number of AIDS diagnoses increased 7%
among women and decreased 5% among men. In 2002, men accounted for 74% of
all new AIDS diagnoses among adults in the United States. Rates of AIDS
diagnoses in 2002 were 26.4 per 100,000 among men and 8.8 per 100,000 among
women.
The
Prevention Connection (HIV, STD, TB newsletter)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/HIV%20NewsletterFinal.pdf
This Spring 2003 issue of the newsletter provides updates on HIV, STD, and
TB programs and activities.
HIV
Diagnoses Among Injection-Drug Users in States with HIV Surveillance - 25
States, 1994-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5227a2.htm
PDF (p. 634)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5227.pdf
This report presents data on initial HIV diagnoses among IDUs aged >13
years, with and without AIDS at the time of HIV diagnosis, by year, during
1994-2000. The findings indicate that HIV diagnoses among IDUs have leveled
in the majority of demographic groups during this period in the 25 states
for which HIV surveillance data are available. During 1994-2000, a total of
21,687 HIV diagnoses reported in the 25 states were among IDUs; males
accounted for 14,252 (66%) cases. Among women, diagnoses declined 41%, from
1,407 in 1994 to 835 in 1999, and leveled to 886 in 2000. Among men, HIV
diagnoses reported among IDUs declined 44%, from 2,819 in 1994 to 1,568 in
1999, and leveled to 1,628 in 2000. Because IDUs and their sex partners
represent approximately one third of persons infected in the HIV epidemic
and continue to be at risk for transmitting HIV, prevention efforts
targeting IDUs and their sex partners should be enhanced.
Characteristics
of Persons Living with AIDS and HIV, 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrsuppVol9No2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/SuppVol9No2.pdf
This report presents the demographic characteristics of persons living with
AIDS and HIV at the end of 2001, by state and metropolitan area of
residence. The tables on AIDS are updates of previous similar reports
published in 1998 and 2000; the HIV tables are new additions. The report
features several tables by sex and metropolitan area or state of residence.
The number of persons living with AIDS has increased in every state and
nearly every metropolitan area over 500,000 population. Most of the persons
living with AIDS were male (78%). Over 100,000 persons are estimated to be
living with HIV in 25 states. The increased prevalence of persons with HIV
and AIDS reflects the success of medical therapies and treatments.
Rapid
Increase in HIV Rates - Orel Oblast, Russian Federation, 1999-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5228a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5228.pdf
This report summarizes the results of an assessment of recent HIV trends and
the prevalence of risk behaviors among injection-drug users (IDUs) in Orel
Oblast. During 1998-2001, the annual rate of new positive HIV test results
increased from five per 100,000 tests performed to 202. During January
1999-September 2001, a total of 380 Orel Oblast residents were identified as
HIV-positive; 312 (82%) were male, 341 (90%) were aged <30 years, and 313
(82%) were IDUs. During January 1999-September 2001, the number of new cases
among women increased from 15 (12%) of 125 cases in January 1999 to 42 (22%)
of 190 cases in September 2001. During January 1987-September 2001, a total
of 33 (47%) of 70 women and 30 (9%) of 318 men probably were infected
through having heterosexual sex. Of the 63 persons probably infected through
heterosexual sex, 31 (49%) had sexual contact with persons known by the AIDS
Center to be IDUs. Continued increases in HIV rates underscore the need for
interventions directed at IDUs and their sex partners to limit further
spread of HIV.
Incorporating HIV Prevention into the Medical Care of Persons Living with
HIV
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5212a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5212.pdf
The recommendations apply to incorporating HIV prevention into the medical
care of all HIV-infected adolescents and adults, regardless of age, sex, or
race/ethnicity. They are intended for all persons who provide medical care
to HIV-infected persons (e.g., physicians, nurse practitioners, nurses,
physician assistants); they might also be useful to those who deliver
prevention messages (e.g., case managers, social workers, health educators).
The recommendations were developed by using an evidence-based approach.
Public Health Service Task Force Recommendations for Use of Antiretroviral
Drugs in Pregnant HIV-1-Infected Women for Maternal Health and Interventions
to Reduce Perinatal HIV-1 Transmission in the United States - June 16, 2003
http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/guidelines
These recommendations update the November 22, 2002 guidelines developed by
the Public Health Service for the use of zidovudine (ZDV) to reduce the risk
for perinatal human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmission. This
report provides health care providers with information for discussion with
HIV-1 infected pregnant women to enable such women to make an informed
decision regarding the use of antiretroviral drugs during pregnancy and use
of elective cesarean delivery to reduce perinatal HIV-1 transmission.
Various circumstances that commonly occur in clinical practice are
presented, and the factors influencing treatment considerations are
highlighted in this report. On the NIH web site.
Implementing
HHS' New HIV Prevention Initiative (Press Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r030728.htm
The Department of Health and Human Services’ new HIV initiative emphasizes
HIV testing as a routine part of care, greater access to HIV testing,
increased attention to prevention among HIV-positive persons, and reduced
mother-to-child transmission. CDC research with women of childbearing age
shows that reducing mother-to-child HIV transmission in part depends on
increasing awareness of the need to be tested and that treatment is
available if results are positive. In two separate surveys of recently
pregnant women, 20 percent or more reported that they had never been tested
for HIV, despite a 1995 CDC recommendation that all pregnant women be
tested. Another CDC study found that more than 40 percent of women of
childbearing age were not aware that treatments to prevent transmission of
HIV from mother to child are available. Knowing that effective treatments
are available could motivate more women to be tested during pregnancy.
HIV Testing
- United States, 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5223a2.htm
PDF (p. 540)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5223.pdf
A goal of the new CDC initiative, Advancing HIV Prevention: New Strategies
for a Changing Epidemic, is to ensure that every HIV-infected person has the
opportunity to be tested and has access to state-of-the-art medical care and
prevention services needed to prevent HIV transmission. To characterize the
prevalence of HIV-antibody testing among U.S. adults, CDC analyzed data from
the 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. The findings document
variability in HIV testing prevalence by area and by sex within areas,
underscoring the ongoing need to promote voluntary HIV counseling and
testing that will provide persons with early knowledge of their HIV status
and offer them access to appropriate counseling and treatment. Among those
ever tested, few statistically significant differences between men and women
were found except for the reason they were tested. Women were more likely
than men ever to have been tested in nine states (California, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Tennessee, Texas, and
Washington) and in Puerto Rico.
Late Versus
Early Testing of HIV-16 Sites, United States, 2000-2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5225a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5225.pdf
This report summarizes the results from a multisite interview project where
persons at 16 U.S. sites were tested early in the course of HIV disease
(early testers) and compared with persons who were tested late in the course
of HIV disease (late testers). Results indicate that late testers were more
likely than early testers to be black or Hispanic, less educated, and
exposed to HIV through heterosexual contact. Reducing the incidence of both
new infections and HIV-associated morbidity and mortality will require
earlier testing and improved access to prevention and care services for
persons infected with HIV. A new CDC initiative, "Advancing HIV Prevention:
New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic," is aimed at reducing barriers to
early diagnosis of HIV infection and increasing access to quality medical
care, treatment, and ongoing prevention services.
Recommendations for Public
Health Surveillance of Syphilis in the United States
http://www.cdc.gov/std/SyphSurvReco.pdf
The recommendations were developed for state and local public health
programs. The intention of this report is to make the collection and
reporting of syphilis surveillance data more uniform so that data from a
variety of sources are comparable.
HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Supplement Report, 1994-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrsuppvol9No1.htm
This report characterizes the following three AIDS events in adolescents and
adults in the United States from 1994 to 2000 by years of age: AIDS
diagnoses, deaths in persons with AIDS, and persons living with AIDS.
2001 Syphilis Surveillance
Report
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis2001/
The Syphilis Surveillance Report, 2001, presents syphilis statistics and
trends in the United States through 2001. Between 2000 and 2001, the number
of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis cases among women declined 19.5%. In
2001, the rate of P&S syphilis among women was highest in the 20-24 year age
group. The Syphilis Surveillance Report consists of two parts. The National
Profile contains figures that provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in
the United States. The State Profile contains figures of syphilis case
report trends at the state and county level.
Advancing
HIV Prevention: New Strategies for a Changing Epidemic-United States, 2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5215a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5215.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r030417.htm
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t030417.htm
A new initiative will be launched in 2003 to reduce barriers to early
diagnosis of HIV infection and increase access to quality medical care,
treatment, and ongoing prevention services. The initiative consists of four
key strategies: make HIV testing a routine part of medical care; implement
new models for diagnosing HIV infections outside medical settings; prevent
new infections by working with persons diagnosed with HIV and their
partners; and further decrease perinatal HIV transmission. CDC will promote
recommendations for routine HIV testing of all pregnant women, and, as a
safety net, for the routine screening of any infant whose mother was not
screened. This initiative emphasizes the use of proven public health
approaches to reducing the incidence and spread of disease.
AIDS Surveillance -
Trends
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/trends.htm
This series has 17 slides, including incidence of perinatally acquired AIDS,
incidence of AIDS among adults and adolescents, incidence among women with
AIDS attributed to heterosexual contact, number of deaths among women with
AIDS attributed to heterosexual contact, and prevalence among female adults
and adolescents.
Pediatric HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Slide Set
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/pediatri.htm
This set includes 12 slides, including information on the following:
mother's exposure category, reported AIDS in children, perinatally acquired
AIDS cases, Zivoduvine use for HIV-infected pregnant women or perinatally
exposed or infected children, AIDS cases in children, perinatally acquired
AIDS cases, children living with HIV infection or AIDS, AIDS-defining
conditions, and AIDS rates for children by race/ethnicity.
2001 Syphilis Surveillance
Report
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Syphilis2001/
The Syphilis Surveillance Report, 2001, presents syphilis statistics and
trends in the United States through 2001. Between 2000 and 2001, the number
of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis cases among women declined 19.5%. In
2001, the rate of P&S syphilis among women was highest in the 20-24 year age
group. The Syphilis Surveillance Report consists of two parts. The National
Profile contains figures that provide an overview of syphilis morbidity in
the United States. The State Profile contains figures of syphilis case
report trends at the state and county level.
Pregnancy in
Perinatally HIV-Infected Adolescents and Young Adults, Puerto Rico, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5208a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5208.pdf
The number of perinatally HIV-infected females in the United States who are
becoming both sexually active and pregnant is increasing. During August
1998-May 2002, a total of 10 pregnancies were identified among eight
perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults in Puerto Rico; in
April 2002, the Puerto Rico Department of Health asked CDC to assist in
assessing such pregnancies. This report describes these pregnancies and
discusses factors associated with sexual activity and pregnancy. The
findings suggest that increasing numbers of pregnancies will occur among
perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults and that appropriately
tailored reproductive health interventions should be developed.
Slide Set - HIV/AIDS
Surveillance, General Epidemiology
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/surveill.htm
Includes 23 slides: Estimated incidence of AIDS and deaths of adults and
adolescents, AIDS cases and deaths, Persons diagnosed with AIDS by age and
sex, Estimated number of adults and adolescents living with AIDS by sex,
Estimated number of persons living with AIDS by race/ethnicity, Estimated
number of Asian/Pacific Islander and American Indian/Alaska Native persons
living with AIDS, Estimated number of persons living with AIDS by region,
Proportions of AIDS cases by race/ethnicity and year of report, Proportions
of AIDS cases among adults and adolescents by exposure category and year of
diagnosis, Estimated AIDS incidence among adults and adolescents by sex and
exposure category, AIDS rates, Reported AIDS cases and estimated population
by race/ethnicity, AIDS cases and rates for male/female adults and
adolescents by race/ethnicity, AIDS cases by region and size of place of
residence, Estimated AIDS cases by exposure category, Estimated AIDS cases
and rates associated with injection drug use by exposure category, AIDS
cases in children, Year of initiation of confidential HIV case surveillance,
Cases of HIV infection, Adolescents 13-19 years of age living with HIV
infection and adolescents living with AIDS, and Age at diagnosis of HIV
infection or AIDS.
Slide Set - HIV/AIDS
Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/minority.htm
Slides are available for: AIDS cases in racial/ethnic minorities, proportion
of AIDS cases, AIDS in blacks and Hispanics, Estimated AIDS cases in adults
and adolescents by exposure category, AIDS cases reported in 2001 and
estimated 2001 population, estimated percent distribution of AIDS cases in
male/female adults and adolescents by exposure category, and AIDS cases in
adults and adolescents by sex.
PDA Download of STD
Treatment Guidelines 2002
http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/std/pda.asp
The CDC Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines 2002 are
available as a PDA file for viewing on a Palm OS device, with bookmarks and
hyperlinks to facilitate browsing. This page contains instructions for
downloading the guidelines, the guideline files, and tips for viewing the
guidelines.
HIV/STD
Risks in Young Men Who Have Sex with Men Who Do Not Disclose Their Sexual
Orientation - Six U.S. Cities, 1994-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5205a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5205.pdf
The number of perinatally HIV-infected females in the United States who are
becoming both sexually active and pregnant is increasing. During August
1998-May 2002, a total of 10 pregnancies were identified among eight
perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults in Puerto Rico; in
April 2002, the Puerto Rico Department of Health asked CDC to assist in
assessing such pregnancies. This report describes these pregnancies and
discusses factors associated with sexual activity and pregnancy. The
findings suggest that increasing numbers of pregnancies will occur among
perinatally HIV-infected adolescents and young adults and that appropriately
tailored reproductive health interventions should be developed.
Fact Sheet for
Public Health Personnel: Male Latex Condoms and Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/condoms.htm
This fact sheet is based on the July 2001 National Institutes of Health
workshop report and additional studies that were not reviewed in that report
or were published subsequent to the workshop. Recommendations concerning the
male latex condom and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are based on
information about how different STDs are transmitted, the physical
properties of condoms, the anatomic coverage or protection that condoms
provide, and epidemiologic studies of condom use and STD risk.
Slide Set - HIV/AIDS
Surveillance in Women, through 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/women.htm
The slide sets includes AIDS incidence among women and adolescents by region
and race/ethnicity; AIDS cases and rates among women and adolescent girls;
Estimates of AIDS incidence in women and adolescent Girls by exposure
category; Estimated AIDS incidence in women and adolescent girls by exposure
category and age at diagnosis; AIDS rates in women and adolescent girls;
Estimated AIDS incidence among women and adolescent girls attributed to
injection drug use and heterosexual contact; AIDS incidence among women and
adolescent girls; and women and adolescent girls 15-44 years living with HIV
infection or AIDS.
2002 Publications and Materials
2001 Chlamydia
Surveillance Supplement
http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia2001/default.htm
The purpose of the project is to monitor the prevalence of genital Chlamydia
trachomatis infections among women screened for this infection in the United
States through publicly-funded programs. The data presented on chlamydial
infection in this report complement and supplement data presented in CDC's
2001 STD Surveillance Report. State profiles are provided.
STD Surveillance Report - 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats01/
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2001 presents statistics and
trends for STDs in the United States through 2001. This annual publication
is intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers,
health planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public
health implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this
edition supersede those in earlier publications of these data.
Slide
Show - Summary of the 2002 STD Treatment Guidelines
http://www.cdc.gov/STD/treatment/default.htm#TG2002Slides
View online or download the PowerPoint format.
HIV Testing
Among Pregnant Women - United States and Canada, 1998-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5145a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5145.pdf
To assess the effectiveness of three different prenatal HIV-testing
approaches, CDC reviewed prenatal HIV-antibody testing rates associated with
these approaches. Medical record data suggest that the "opt-in" voluntary
testing approach is associated with lower testing rates than either the
"opt-out" voluntary testing approach or the mandatory newborn HIV testing
approach. Prenatal HIV testing affords the best opportunity for the
prevention of perinatal HIV transmission. On the basis of clinical trial
data, perinatal HIV-transmission rates among HIV-infected women who begin
antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy are as low as <2%, compared
with 12%-13% early transmission rates among women who do not begin
preventive treatment until labor and delivery or after birth and 25% among
women who receive no preventive treatment.
FDA Approves
New Rapid HIV Test Kit (Press Release)
http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/2002/NEW00852.html
(Non-CDC site)
Using less than a drop of blood collected, this new test can quickly and
reliably detect antibodies to HIV-1, the HIV virus that causes infection in
most cases in the U.S. Unlike other antibody tests for HIV, this test can be
stored at room temperature, requires no specialized equipment, and may be
considered for use outside of traditional laboratory or clinical settings.
Primary and
Secondary Syphilis - United States, 2000-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5143a4.htm
PDF (p. 971)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5143.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r021101b.htm
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t021031.htm
To characterize the epidemiology of syphilis in the United States, CDC
analyzed national notifiable disease surveillance data for 2000-2001. This
report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate that the
number of reported cases of P&S syphilis increased slightly in 2001. This
increase occurred only among men; the number of P&S syphilis cases continued
to decline among women and among non-Hispanic blacks. The available data
indicate that syphilis cases occurring among men who have sex with men (MSM)
contributed to the increase in cases. The data suggest that, although
efforts to reduce syphilis among women and non-Hispanic blacks appear
effective and should continue, efforts to prevent and treat syphilis among
MSM need to be improved. In 2001, rates of P&S syphilis were 114.3% higher
for men than for women. During 2000-2001, the rate increased 15.4% among men
and decreased 17.6% among women; the male-to-female P&S syphilis case ratio
increased 50% (from 1.4:1 to 2.1:1). Increases in male-to-female case ratios
occurred among all racial/ethnic groups.
Screening Tests To
Detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Infections - 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5115.pdf
This report updates the 1993 guidelines for selecting laboratory tests for
C. trachomatis with an emphasis on screening men and women in the United
States. In this report, screening refers to testing persons in the absence
of symptoms or signs indicating C. trachomatis or N. gonorrhoeae infection.
In addition, these guidelines consider tests from an economic perspective
and expand the previous guidelines to address detection of N. gonorrhoeae as
well as C. trachomatis infections. This report also addresses the need for
additional testing after a positive screening test to improve the
specificity of a final diagnosis. These guidelines are intended for
laboratorians, clinicians, and managers who must choose among the multiple
available tests, establish standard operating procedures for collecting and
processing specimens, interpret test results for laboratory reporting, and
counsel and treat patients. Both infections are often asymptomatic among
females; and, if untreated, both can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease,
infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.
Text
documents:
Screening
Tests
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a1.htm
Appendix A
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a2.htm
Appendix B
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a3.htm
Appendix C
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a4.htm
Appendix D
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a5.htm
Appendix E
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a6.htm
Appendix F
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5115a7.htm
Deaths among Persons
with AIDS through December 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrsupp81.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrsupp81.pdf
This report describes deaths among persons with AIDS, by year of death, age
group, geographic area, exposure category, and race/ethnicity. Deaths among
persons with AIDS can be attributable to any cause of death, not necessarily
HIV-related disease. This report also includes death certificate data
collected by the National Center for Health Statistics on the leading causes
of death, including HIV disease in the general population. Decreases over
the past several years in the number of deaths among persons with HIV and
AIDS are evident in all geographic and demographic groups in the United
States. Sex specific data available in Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7, and in Figures
6, 7, and 8.
AIDS Cases by State
and Metropolitan Area of Residence, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrsupp82.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrsupp82.pdf
This report describes AIDS cases reported in 2000, cumulative AIDS cases
reported through 2000, AIDS rates (cases reported per 100,000 population) in
2000, and estimated AIDS prevalence at the end of 2000, by sex,
race/ethnicity, and exposure category for states and metropolitan areas over
500,000 population. States and metropolitan areas are ranked in descending
order of morbidity. All data in this report are provisional. New York,
California, Florida, New Jersey and Texas ranked the highest in total AIDS
cases reported in 2000 in most of the states tables. New York ranked first
in cumulative AIDS cases, AIDS cases reported in 2000, in persons living
with AIDS, among non-Hispanic black men and women. Puerto Rico ranked third
in number of AIDS cases reported in Hispanic men and second in Hispanic
women. Hawaii ranked high in number of cases in Asian/Pacific Islander men
and women. Arizona, Oklahoma and Washington ranked high in American
Indian/Alaska Native men and women.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
in Adolescents Slide Set
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/adolesnt.htm
This slide set includes: AIDS in 13- to 19-Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of
Report; AIDS in 20- to 24-Year-Olds, by Sex and Year of Report; AIDS in
Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at Diagnosis; Reported HIV in
Adolescents and Adults, by Sex and Age at Diagnosis; AIDS Cases in Male
Adolescents and Young Adults, by Exposure Category; AIDS Cases in Female
Adolescents and Young Adults, by Exposure Category; AIDS Cases in 13- to
19-Year-Olds, by Race/Ethnicity; HIV Infection and AIDS in 13- to
19-Year-Olds; and Adolescents 13-19 Years of Age Living with HIV Infection
and AIDS.
Trends in
Sexual Risk Behaviors Among High School Students - United States, 1991-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5138a2.htm
PDF (p. 856)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5138.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r020927.htm
This report summarizes the results of the analysis of six national Youth
Risk Behavior surveys (YRBS), which indicate that, during 1991-2001, the
percentage of U.S. high school students who ever had sexual intercourse and
the percentage who had multiple sex partners decreased. Among students who
are currently sexually active, the prevalence of condom use increased,
although it has leveled off since 1999. However, the percentage of these
students who used alcohol or drugs before last sexual intercourse increased.
During 1991-2001, the prevalence of sexual experience decreased 16% among
high school students. Logistic regression analysis indicated a significant
linear decrease overall and among female, male, 10th-grade, 11th-grade,
12th-grade, black, and white students. During 1991-2001, the prevalence of
multiple sex partners decreased 24%. Prevalence of multiple sex partners did
not show a significant linear decrease among female, 9th-grade, 10th-grade,
or Hispanic students. YRBS, a component of CDC's Youth Risk Behavior
Surveillance System, measures the self-reported prevalence of health risk
behaviors among adolescents through representative national, state, and
local surveys.
U.S. HIV and AIDS Cases
Reported Through December 2001. Year-end edition Vol.13, No.2
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1302.htm
Includes data on HIV infection and AIDS cases, AIDS incidence, prevalence,
and deaths, adjusted for unreported risk and delays in reporting.
Update: AIDS
- United States, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5127a2.htm
PDF (p. 592)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5127.pdf
This report describes changes in AIDS incidence, prevalence, and deaths
among persons with AIDS during January 1996-December 2000. Surveillance data
indicate a slowing of declines in new AIDS diagnoses, continued declines in
deaths among persons with AIDS, and increases in the number of persons
living with AIDS. Of the estimated 69,775 adult and adolescent women living
with AIDS, 40,051 (57 percent) were exposed through heterosexual contact,
and 27,475 (39 percent) were injection drug users.
HIV
Infections in U.S. Newborns Decline 80 Percent Since 1991
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r020707b.htm
CDC researchers report an estimated 80 percent decline in the number of
infants born with HIV infection in the United States during the last decade.
This decline, presented at the XIV International AIDS Conference represents
a tremendous success in reducing the toll of HIV infection in the United
States. However, study authors stress that, despite this progress,
eliminating mother-to-child HIV transmission will prove increasingly
difficult as the number of women living with HIV infection in the U.S.
continues to grow.
AIDS Cases
Remain Stable After Recent Declines
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r020707.htm
U.S. AIDS cases and HIV infections appear roughly stable overall; however,
the overall stability may be masking increases in HIV infections among some
populations of heterosexuals as well as gay and bisexual men. During the
seven-year period examined, the majority of HIV diagnoses occurred among gay
and bisexual men (43 percent), followed by individuals infected
heterosexually (27 percent) and injecting drug users (23 percent). Among the
heterosexual HIV diagnoses, African-American women accounted for almost 50
percent of cases. Among gay and bisexual men, white men (52 percent) and
African-American men (40 percent) represented the vast majority of reported
HIV diagnoses.
Preventing
Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission: Thailand
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r020706.htm
In the first year of Thailand's national program to prevent mother-to-child
(perinatal) HIV transmission, more than two-thirds of HIV-infected expectant
mothers who had prenatal care also received short-course zidovudine (ZDV) to
prevent HIV transmission to their newborns, and nearly nine in 10 infants at
risk of infection received prophylactic ZDV treatment after birth. The
program is the first to be implemented nationwide in a developing country,
and has reached more than 500,000 pregnant women to date.
Guidelines
for Preventing Opportunistic Infections Among HIV-Infected Persons – 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5108a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5108.pdf
This fourth edition of the guidelines, made available on the Internet in
2001, is intended for clinicians and other health-care providers who care
for HIV-infected persons. The goal of these guidelines is to provide
evidence-based guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections (OIs)
among HIV-infected adults and adolescents, including pregnant women, and
HIV-exposed or infected children. Nineteen OIs, or groups of OIs, are
addressed, and recommendations are included for preventing exposure to
opportunistic pathogens, preventing first episodes of disease by
chemoprophylaxis or vaccination (primary prophylaxis), and preventing
disease recurrence (secondary prophylaxis). Major changes since the last
edition of the guidelines include 1) updated recommendations for
discontinuing primary and secondary OI prophylaxis among persons whose CD4+
T lymphocyte counts have increased in response to antiretroviral therapy; 2)
emphasis on screening all HIV-infected persons for infection with hepatitis
C virus; 3) new information regarding transmission of human herpesvirus 8
infection; 4) new information regarding drug interactions, chiefly related
to rifamycins and antiretroviral drugs; and 5) revised recommendations for
immunizing HIV-infected adults and adolescents and HIV-exposed or infected
children.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
- General Epidemiology Slide Series
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/surveill.htm
Slides include estimated incidence of AIDS and deaths of adults with AIDS;
cases and deaths; cases by age and sex; estimated number of persons living
with AIDS; estimated number of Asian/Pacific Islanders and American
Indian/Alaska Natives living with AIDS; cases in adult/adolescent women by
race/ethnicity per 100,000 population; cases in children; age at diagnosis;
and others.
Guidelines
for Using Antiretroviral Agents Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents:
Recommendations of the Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5107a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5107.pdf
This report, which updates the 1998 guidelines, addresses 1) using testing
for plasma HIV ribonucleic acid levels (i.e., viral load) and CD4+ T cell
count; 2) using testing for antiretroviral drug resistance; 3)
considerations for when to initiate therapy; 4) adherence to antiretroviral
therapy; 5) considerations for therapy among patients with advanced disease;
6) therapy-related adverse events; 7) interruption of therapy; 8)
considerations for changing therapy and available therapeutic options; 9)
treatment for acute HIV infection; 10) considerations for antiretroviral
therapy among adolescents; 11) considerations for antiretroviral therapy
among pregnant women; and 12) concerns related to transmission of HIV to
others.
HIV/AIDS Mortality
Slide Set, 1987-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/mortalit.htm
This 36-slide set includes trends in age-adjusted death rates, survival
after months of diagnosis, leading causes of death by 5-year age group,
potential life lost, trends in annual rates of death among women, and
others.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Treatment Guidelines – 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment/
Telebriefing
http://www.cdc.gov/media/transcripts/t020509.htm
These guidelines are for the treatment of patients who have sexually
transmitted diseases (STDs) and were developed by CDC after consultation
with a group of professionals. The information in this report updates the
1998 Guidelines for Treatment of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Included in
these updated guidelines are new alternative regimens for scabies, bacterial
vaginosis, early syphilis, and granuloma inguinale; an expanded section on
the diagnosis of genital herpes (including type-specific serologic tests);
new recommendations for treatment of recurrent genital herpes among persons
infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); a revised approach to the
management of victims of sexual assault; expanded regimens for the treatment
of urethral meatal warts; and inclusion of hepatitis C as a sexually
transmitted infection. In addition, these guidelines emphasize education and
counseling for persons infected with human papillomavirus, clarify the
diagnostic evaluation of congenital syphilis, and present information
regarding the emergence of quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and
implications for treatment. Recommendations also are provided for
vaccine-preventable STDs, including hepatitis A and hepatitis B.
Updated Fact Sheet:
HIV/AIDS Among US Women: Minority and Young Women at Continuing Risk
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/women.htm
Between 1992 and 1999, the number of persons living with AIDS increased, as
a result of the 1993 expanded AIDS case definition and, more recently,
improved survival among those who have benefited from the new combination
drug therapies. During that 7-year period, a growing proportion of persons
living with AIDS were women, reflecting the ongoing shift in populations
affected by the epidemic. In 1992, women accounted for 14% of
adults/adolescents living with AIDS - by 1999, the proportion had grown to
20%.
Updated Fact Sheet:
HIV/AIDS Among Hispanics in the United States
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hispanic.htm
The United States has a large and growing Hispanic population that is
heavily affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 2000, Hispanics represented
13% of the U.S. population (including residents of Puerto Rico), but
accounted for 19% of the total number of new U.S. AIDS cases reported that
year (8,173 of 42,156 cases). Cumulatively, males account for the largest
proportion (81%) of AIDS cases reported among Hispanics in the United
States, although the proportion of cases among females is rising. Females
represent 19% of cumulative AIDS cases among Hispanics, but account for 23%
of cases reported in 2000 alone.
Changes in STD
Rates in U.S. Cities (Press Release)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/media/2002ConfTrends.htm
Summary data, is provided for gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, and human
papillomavirus (HPV-16), and the increases and decreases in disease rates
seen in various U.S. cities.
U.S. HIV and AIDS Cases
Reported Through June 2001: Midyear Edition
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1301.htm
This report includes new tables which present trends in estimated annual
AIDS incidence from 1996 through 2000, by U.S. region, race/ethnicity, and
exposure category. The number of AIDS cases diagnosed in 2000 was 1.4% lower
than that in 1999. From 1999 to 2000, the estimated number of persons living
with AIDS increased 7.9%. CDC estimates that about 339,000 persons were
living with AIDS as of December 2000: 41% were black, 38% were white, 20%
were Hispanic, 1% were Asian/Pacific Islander, and <1% were American
Indian/Alaska Native. Included are figures for: female adult/adolescent
annual AIDS rates; female adult/adolescent HIV infection and AIDS cases;
AIDS cases by age group, exposure category, and sex; female adult/adolescent
AIDS cases by exposure category and race/ethnicity; female adult/adolescent
HIV infection cases by exposure category and race/ethnicity; trends of
persons living with AIDS, trends of deaths of persons with AIDS; and other
information.
Substance Abuse Treatment
(HIV Prevention Among IDUs)
http://www.cdc.gov/idu/substance.htm
These fact sheets focus on HIV prevention issues related to substance abuse
treatment. They include: Substance Abuse Treatment for Injection Drug Users
(IDUs): A Strategy with Many Benefits, What Can We Expect From Substance
Abuse Treatment?, Linking HIV Prevention Services and Substance Abuse
Treatment Programs, Methadone Maintenance Treatment, Policy Issues and
Challenges in Substance Abuse Treatment, Substance Abuse Treatment and
Public Health: Working Together to Benefit Injection Drug Users.
Progress
Toward Elimination of Perinatal HIV Infection-Michigan, 1993-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5105a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5105.pdf
This report summarizes surveillance data collected through December 31,
2001, on children born to HIV-infected women in Michigan during 1993-2000.
The report highlights rapid adoption of PHS guidelines that resulted in the
reduction of perinatally acquired HIV infection to historically low levels
in Michigan. Improving levels of prenatal care (PNC) for HIV-infected
pregnant women, especially substance users, and routine HIV counseling and
voluntary testing for all pregnant women are needed to further reduce
perinatal HIV infection.
2000 Chlamydia Surveillance
Supplement
http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia2000/
This report compares data on chlamydia prevalence in selected populations
with data reported to CDC through the case reporting system. In 2000,
702,093 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC from 50 states and the
District of Columbia. The reported number of cases of chlamydial infection
was about two times greater than the reported cases of gonorrhea (358,995
gonorrhea cases were reported in 2000). From 1987 through 2000 the reported
rate of chlamydial infection among women increased from 78.5 cases per
100,000 population to 404. State profiles are also provided.
2001 Publications and Materials
Sexually Transmitted Disease
Surveillance 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats00
This report presents statistics and trends for sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) in the United States through 2000. This annual publication is
intended as a reference document for policy makers, program managers, health
planners, researchers, and others who are concerned with the public health
implications of these diseases. The figures and tables in this edition
supersede those in earlier publications of these data. It includes chapter
on STDS in women and infants, with rates by state for chlaymdia, gonorrhea,
and primary and secondary syphilis. It also includes information on
hospitalizations for ectopic pregnancy and pelvic inflammatory disease.
U.S. Syphilis Rate Declines to
All-Time Low in 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/std/media/
The overall syphilis rate in the United States fell to an all-time low in
2000, continuing a decade-long decline that places elimination of this
sexually transmitted disease within closer reach. In 2000, only 5,979 cases
of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis were reported in the United States,
a decline of 9.6 percent since 1999. The reported rate of syphilis for 2000
was 2.2 cases per 100,000 people, slightly less than the 1999 syphilis rate,
which was 2.4 cases per 100,000 people. In 2000, half of all P&S syphilis
cases in the United States were concentrated in only 21 counties and one
independent city.
Trichomonas
vaginalis, HIV, and African-Americans
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol7no6/sorvillo.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol7no6/pdf/sorvillo.pdf
Trichomonas vaginalis may be emerging as one of the most important cofactors
in amplifying HIV transmission, particularly in African-American communities
of the United States. In a person co-infected with HIV, the pathology
induced by T. vaginalis infection can increase HIV shedding. Trichomonas
infection may also act to expand the portal of entry for HIV in an
HIV-negative person. Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite
transmitted principally through vaginal intercourse. Infection with the
organism, while frequently asymptomatic, can cause vaginitis in women and
urethritis in men.
HIV
Prevalence Trends in Selected Populations in the United States: Results from
National Serosurveillance, 1993-1997
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/hivprevalence/hivprevalence.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/hivprevalence/HIVPrevalTrendsPop.pdf
Prevalence data from the serosurveillance system continue to reflect the
widespread, yet extremely varied, distribution of HIV infection across
demographic and geographic subgroups. This report presents data from 23
sexually transmitted disease clinics in 13 cities, 22 drug treatment centers
in 14 cities, and 5 adolescent medicine clinics in 3 cities.
Revised Guidelines for
HIV Counseling, Testing, and Referral (CTR) and Revised Recommendations for
HIV Screening of Pregnant Women
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5019.pdf
The new Guidelines and Recommendations replace guidelines previously issued
by CDC and the Public Health Service. The new Counseling, Testing and
Referral guidelines include the following significant revisions: providing
guidance to all providers of voluntary HIV counseling, testing and referral
(CTR), both in the public and private sectors; underscoring the importance
of early knowledge of HIV status by making testing more accessible and
available; acknowledging providers' need for flexibility in implementing the
guidelines, given their particular client base, setting, HIV prevalence
level, and available resources; recommending that CTR be targeted
efficiently through risk screening and other strategies; and addressing ways
to improve the quality and provision of HIV CTR. Major revisions to the 1995
Screening of Pregnant Women recommendations include: emphasizing HIV testing
as a routine part of prenatal care; strengthening the recommendation that
all pregnant women be tested for HIV; recommending simplification of the
testing process and making the consent process more flexible; recommending
that providers explore and address reasons for refusal of testing; and
emphasizing HIV testing and treatment at the time of delivery for women who
have neither received prenatal testing nor antiretroviral drugs, if
HIV-positive.
Learning from the
Community: What Community-Based Organizations (CBO) Say About Factors that
Affect HIV Prevention Programs
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/aboutdhap/perb/cbo.pdf
This summary reflects the experiences of many CBOs who work to develop,
implement, and evaluate effective approaches to decreasing HIV transmission
in their communities.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women [slide series] Through 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/women.htm
The nine slides include information on incidence, cases and rates, exposure
category, age of diagnosis, injection drug use and heterosexual contact,
region and race/ethnicity, and living with HIV infection.
U.S. HIV and AIDS Cases
Reported Through December 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasr1202.htm
As of December 31, 2000, CDC had received reports of 774,467 persons with
AIDS in the U.S.; 448,060 (58%) are known to have died. Through December
2000 there were 450,151 persons reported to the CDC as living with HIV
infection or with AIDS. The predominant mode of exposure among an estimated
10,092 adult/adolescent women with AIDS diagnosed in 1999, was heterosexual
contact. The estimated AIDS incidence among women fluctuated slightly and
the proportion of cases attributable to heterosexual contact increased. The
number and proportion of AIDS cases among women exposed through injecting
drug use declined. In 2000, 21,704 newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection
(not AIDS) were reported from 36 areas. Of the HIV reports received in 2000,
68% were among adult men, 31% were among adult women, and 1% among children
<13 years of age.
AIDS Cases - Basic Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats.htm
Tables are provided of cumulative AIDS cases by age, race or ethnicity and
by exposure category, summarized from the CDC semiannual HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report. Numbers are based on AIDS cases reported to CDC through
December 2000.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Methods Slide Set
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/methods.htm
Eleven slides on: HIV/AIDS case surveillance, how HIV/AIDS surveillance data
are collected, core HIV/AIDS surveillance information flow, what HIV/AIDS
surveillance data are collected, core surveillance: reporting the spectrum
of HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality, confidentiality of HIV/AIDS
surveillance data, evaluation of surveillance systems, representativeness of
HIV/AIDS surveillance data, limitations of HIV/AIDS surveillance data, uses
of HIV/AIDS surveillance data, and dissemination of HIV/AIDS surveillance
data.
Evaluation
of a Regional Pilot Program to Prevent Mother-Infant HIV Transmission -
Thailand, 1998-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5028a2.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5028.pdf
In 1998, the Thailand Ministry of Public Health initiated a pilot program to
prevent mother-infant HIV transmission in region 7, a rural area in
northeastern Thailand with an antenatal HIV prevalence of approximately 1%,
to assess program feasibility, effectiveness, and acceptability. This report
summarizes an evaluation of the 2-year pilot program, which indicated that
acceptance of HIV testing and adherence to zidovudine were high and HIV
transmission was reduced. The findings demonstrate the feasibility of
implementing programs to prevent mother-infant HIV transmission on a large
scale in a developing country.
Congenital
Syphilis - United States, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5027a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5027.pdf
Press Release
http://www.cdc.gov/media/pressrel/r010712.htm
This report summarizes 1997-2000 congenital syphilis (CS) surveillance data,
which indicate that CS rates have decreased substantially among most
racial/ethnic minority populations and that the elimination of CS in the
United States is feasible because of the limited number of cases and highly
focal distribution. To increase the percentage of women at risk who receive
screening for syphilis during pregnancy, collaborative efforts are needed
among health-care providers, health insurers, policymakers, and the public.
HIV Counseling and Testing
in Publicly Funded Sites: Annual Report 1997 and 1998
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/cts98.pdf
This report represents the release of final HIV Counseling and Testing
System statistics for 1997 and 1998 and presents detailed data on publicly
funded HIV counseling, testing, and referral services by facility, and
client demographic and behavioral risk characteristics. The report also
provides data on completion of posttest counseling session, HIV test result,
region, and project area. Slightly more than half of all HIV tests were
requested by women (56.5% and 55.6% in 1997 and 1998, respectively).
However, slightly more than two-thirds of all HIV-positive test results were
for men (67.4% and 68.2% in 1997 and 1998, respectively). Both for men and
women, the largest proportion of all HIV tests was provided for persons 20
to 29 years of age, but the largest proportion of HIV-positive test results
was for persons 30 to 39 years of age. Among adolescents aged 13 to 19, a
higher proportion of HIV-positive tests were reported by females than by
males.
Fact Sheets on Genital HPV Infection, Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease, and Chlamydia
Learn more about these sexually transmitted diseases, including causes,
symptoms, complications, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
A Method for
Classification of HIV Exposure Category for Women Without HIV Risk
Information
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5006a3.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5006.pdf
In this report, a classification model using discriminant function analysis
is described. The purpose of the classification model is to develop a
proportionate distribution of exposure risk category for cases among women
reported without risk information. The distribution was estimated based on
behavioral and demographic data obtained from interviews with HIV-infected
women; the interviews were conducted in 12 states during 1993-1996.
Variables used in the analysis were alcohol abuse, noninjection-drug use,
and crack use; year of HIV/AIDS diagnosis; age; employment; and region. As a
result of the classification procedure, nearly all cases among women with no
reported risk were classified into an exposure risk category: 81%,
heterosexual contact; and 16%, injection-drug use. This report provides one
method that could be applied to HIV surveillance data at the national level
to estimate the proportion of cases in exposure risk categories. However,
because the study in this report is limited in sample size and geographic
representativeness, other models are also needed for adjusting risk exposure
data at the national, state, and local levels.
Bright Ideas 2001:
Innovative or Promising Practices in HIV Prevention & Planning
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/brightideas.pdf
Bright Ideas 2001 follows the huge success of Bright Ideas 2000, shared for
the first time one year ago at the Community Planning Leadership Summit for
HIV Prevention in Los Angeles. We are pleased to present another set of
practices identified as noteworthy or promising, to better share and network
about strategies to increase the effectiveness of community planning and HIV
prevention in the nation.
Primary and
Secondary Syphilis - United States, 1999
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5007a1.htm
PDF
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/wk/mm5007.pdf
In 1999, 6657 cases of primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis were reported in
the United States (2.5 per 100,000 population), a 5.4% decrease from the
7035 cases (rate: 2.6) reported in 1998 and a 22% decrease from the 8556
cases (rate: 3.2) reported in 1997. Rates for P&S syphilis in 1999 were 45%
higher for men (2.9) than for women (2.0). The male-to-female rate ratio in
1999 was 1.5:1, and has been increasing since 1994, when it was 1:1. The
South continues to have the highest rate in the country (4.5). Reported
rates of P&S syphilis in 1999 were 30 times higher for African Americans
than for white Americans. Of the 265 counties (8.5% of all counties) with
P&S syphilis rates above the 2000 objective, 243 were in the South. Syphilis
increases the likelihood of HIV transmission and can compromise reproductive
health; e.g., miscarriages, stillbirths.
Replicating Effective
Programs Plus
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/projects/rep/
Welcome to REP+, Replicating Effective Programs plus other related
resources. This site is dedicated to helping you identify and implement
HIV/AIDS prevention programs that have been shown to work in the real world!
The programs in REP are tested, science-based behavioral interventions with
demonstrated evidence of effectiveness in reducing risky behaviors, such as
unprotected sex, or in encouraging safer ones, such as using condoms and
other methods of practicing safer sex. The interventions are translated into
everyday language and put into user-friendly packages of materials. These
packages are designed, developed, and field-tested by researchers
collaborating with community-based partners.
HIV Prevention
Strategic Plan Through 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/news/prevention.pdf
To develop this five-year strategic plan, CDC involved more than 100 experts
from inside and outside the government: experts in behavioral science,
epidemiology, medicine and the other disciplines required to address the HIV
epidemic, including community-based HIV prevention providers, state and
local health departments, members of infected and affected groups. A new
strategic plan for HIV prevention and control is timely and essential in
guiding our efforts to more effectively address HIV infection and AIDS at
home and abroad. CDC’s HIV Prevention Strategic Plan Through 2005 lays out
the blueprint for those actions.
Nine Fact Sheets on HIV/AIDS
Now Available in Spanish
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts.htm
Titles include: Condoms and Their Use in Preventing HIV Infection and Other
STDs, HIV/AIDS Among U.S. Women: Minority and Young Women at Continuing
Risk, Drug-Associated HIV Transmission Continues in the United States,
HIV/AIDS & U.S. Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW), HIV/AIDS Among
Hispanics in the United States, Need for Sustained HIV Prevention Among Men
who Have Sex with Men, Surveillance of Health Care Workers with HIV/AIDS,
HIV and Its Transmission, and Young People at Risk - HIV/AIDS Among
America's Youth.
Basic Statistics for HIV/AIDS
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats.htm
The data are from the CDC semiannual HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report. Numbers
are based on AIDS cases reported to CDC through June 2000. Data are provided
on cumulative AIDS cases, exposure categories, international statistics, and
ten states/territories and cities reporting the highest number of AIDS
cases.
Preventing the Sexual
Transmission of HIV, the Virus that Causes AIDS-What You Should Know about
Oral Sex
ftp://ftp.cdcnpin.org/Updates/oralsex.pdf (Non-CDC site)
Like all sexual activity, oral sex carries some risk, particularly when one
partner or the other is known to be infected with HIV, when either partner’s
HIV status is not known, and/or when one or the other partner is not
monogamous or injects drugs. Numerous studies have demonstrated that oral
sex can result in the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted
diseases. Abstaining from oral, anal, and vaginal sex all together or having
sex only with a mutually monogamous, uninfected partner are the only ways
that individuals can be completely protected from the sexual transmission of
HIV.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance
Supplement Report - HIV/AIDS in Urban & Non-Urban Areas of the U.S.
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/stats/hasrsupp62.htm
This report includes data on the distribution of AIDS among racial/ethnic
and risk exposure groups by the size of the place of residence for the
reported cases. Data are presented either by state or region of the United
States to highlight additional geographic similarities and differences.
Although the larger numbers of cases generally correspond to the large
metropolitan areas, the significance of the smaller numbers in the
medium-size metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas should be noted. In many
states, persons with HIV or AIDS who reside in non-metropolitan areas are
geographically dispersed throughout an entire state and the geographic
distribution may pose unique challenges to the delivery of HIV-related
services.
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Women’s
Health Topics A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/std.htm
View women’s health resources related to STDs and HIV/AIDS.
Fact Sheets: HIV/AIDS
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts.htm
Learn more about HIV/AIDS.
Fact Sheet: Pelvic
Inflammatory Disease (PID)
http://www.cdc.gov/std/PID/STDFact-PID.htm
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about PID.
Fact
Sheets: Personal Health Questions about HIV/AIDS and STDs
http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/dstd/personal_Health_Questions.htm
View fact sheets for a variety of sexually transmitted diseases, including
bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus, gonorrhea,
herpes, pelvic inflammatory diseases, syphilis, and trichomonas.
Fast Stats A-Z:
AIDS/HIV Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/aids-hiv.htm
View data and statistics on HIV/AIDS.
Fast Stats A-Z: STD
Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/stds.htm
View data and statistics on sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Frequently Asked Questions:
HIV/AIDS
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/faqs.htm
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about HIV/AIDS.
Frequently Asked
Questions: HIV/AIDS Risk for Women Who Have Sex with Women
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/faq/faq34.htm
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about HIV/AIDS risk for women
who have sex with women.
HIV/AIDS Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/dhap.htm
Learn more about HIV/AIDS prevention.
HIV/AIDS among Women
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/women.htm
Early in the epidemic, HIV infection and AIDS were diagnosed for relatively
few women. Today, the HIV/AIDS epidemic represents a growing and persistent
health threat to women in the United States, especially young women and
women of color. Learn more.
HIV/AIDS Surveillance in
Women Slide Set
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/women.htm
View a slide presentation of HIV/AIDS in women.
HIV/AIDS and U.S. Women
Who Have Sex with Women (WSW)
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/Facts/wsw.htm
Learn more about HIV/AIDS and women who have sex with women.
HIV/AIDS and World AIDS
Day
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/mmwr/wad.htm
View notices encouraging people to observe World AIDS Day.
HIV and AIDS: Are
You at Risk?
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/brochure/atrisk.htm
Learn answers to frequently asked questions about HIV/AIDS risk.
HIV, STD, and TB
Prevention
http://www.cdc.gov/nchstp/od/nchstp.html
Learn more about HIV, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and tuberculosis
(TB).
National Prevention
Information Network
http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/index.asp (Non-CDC site)
View information and resources on HIV/AIDS, STDs, and TB prevention.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
http://www.cdc.gov/std
Spanish Version
http://www.cdc.gov/std/spanish/
Learn the facts about a variety of sexually transmitted diseases, including
bacterial vaginosis, chlamydia, HIV/AIDS, human papillomavirus, gonorrhea,
herpes, pelvic inflammatory diseases, syphilis, and trichomonas.
STDs and
Pregnancy
http://www.cdc.gov/std/STDFact-STDs&Pregnancy.htm
Learn answers to frequently asked questions related to sexually transmitted
diseases (STDs) and pregnancy.
STDs in Women
and Infants
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats00/PDF/SFWmInf2000.pdf
Learn more about sexually transmitted diseases in women and infants.
Women
and HIV/AIDS
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/women/index.htm
Find out about how HIV/AIDS impacts women, the latest surveillance findings,
and what women can do to protect themselves.
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