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Aging
Publications and Materials
Below are
selected publications and materials related to aging. Please note the year
of publication may be later than the year(s) the data represent.
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2008
Publications and Materials
2007
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2006
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2005 Publications and Materials
2004
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2003 Publications and Materials
2002 Publications and Materials
2001 Publications and Materials
Related Links
2008 Publications and Materials
Self-Reported Falls and Fall-Related Injuries among Persons Aged Older than
65 Years- United States, 2006 (5/11/08)
This report indicated that approximately 5.8 million persons aged over 65
years, or 15.9% of all U.S. adults in that age group, fell at least once
during the preceding 3 months, and 1.8 million (31.3%) of those who fell
sustained an injury that resulted in a doctor visit or restricted activity
for at least 1 day. Women reported significantly more fall-related injuries
than men (35.7% versus 24.6%, respectively).
Adult and Older
Adult Adverse Drug Events
(4/30/08)
Medicines cure infectious diseases, prevent problems from chronic diseases,
and alleviate pain and suffering for millions of Americans every day. But
medicines can also cause harm. When someone has been harmed by a medicine,
they have had an adverse drug event. Learn more to reduce the risk of harm
from adverse drug events.
2007 Publications and Materials
Fall Injury Episodes
among Non-Institutionalized Older Adults- United States, 2001-2003
(10/9/07)
Rates of fall injuries increased with age and were higher for women compared
with men. The most common cause of fall injuries among older adults was
slipping, tripping, or stumbling. Most fall injuries occurred inside or
around the outside of the home.
2006 Publications and Materials
Fatalities
and Injuries from Falls among Older Adults- United States, 1993-2003
and 2001-2005
(12/1/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5545a1.htm
This study examined trends in rates of fatal falls and hospitalizations
for hip fractures during 1993-2003 and in rates of nonfatal injuries
resulting from falls during 2001-2005. The findings indicate that rates
of fatal falls increased significantly among both men and women but were
consistently higher among men. Whites had the highest fatal fall rates,
but an increasing trend was observed for all races. Changes in rates for
nonfatal injuries from falls were not statistically significant. Rates
of nonfatal injuries from falls and particularly rates of
hospitalizations for hip fractures were higher among women than men.
However, hospitalization rates for hip fractures appear to be declining
among women.
QuickStats:
Percentage of Older Adults Who Engaged in Regular Leisure-Time Physical
Activity, by Age Group and Sex- United States, 2000-2003
(8/21/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5528a7.htm
During 2000-2003, men aged 55 years of age and older were more likely
than women in the same age group to engage in regular leisure-time
physical activity. For both men and women, prevalence of regular
activity was nearly the same for adults aged 55-64 and 65-74 years,
declined among those aged 75-84 years, and declined further among those
aged 85 years and older. Among adults aged 85 years and older,
approximately one in 10 men and one in 20 women engaged in regular
leisure-time physical activity.
Health Characteristics of Adults 55 Years of Age and Over- United States,
2000-2003
(4/24/06)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad370.pdf
This report highlights the health characteristics of four age
groups of older adults— 55–64 years, 65–74 years, 75–84 years, and 85 years
and over— providing estimates by sex, race and Hispanic origin, poverty
status, health insurance status, and marital status. Overall, prevalence
rates for fair or poor health, chronic health conditions (with the exception
of diabetes), sensory impairments, and difficulties with physical and social
activities increased with advancing age, doubling or even tripling between
the age groups 55–64 and 85 years and over. Men and women were about equally
likely to be in fair or poor health across the age groups studied, but women
were more likely to have difficulty in physical or social activities.
2005 Publications and Materials
Older
Patients with Caregivers and Assistance for Activities of Daily Living:
1998 and 2000 (11/30/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/homhltpatients.htm
This analysis uses data from the 1998 and 2000 National Home and Hospice
Care Surveys to examine activities of daily living (ADL) assistance received
by home health patients ages 65 years and over and the extent to which
receipt of services is related to sex. More males than females lived with
their primary caregiver, 90 percent versus 68 percent, most likely due
to men being cared for by their spouses who outlived them. Significant
differences were found between the sexes in the receipt of ADL assistance.
Specifically, more women than men received assistance with any activity
of daily living overall, 53 percent compared to 42 percent, respectively.
Almost half of the female patients (45 percent) received assistance from
a home health agency to bathe or shower compared to more than one-third
of male patients (35 percent). Eating assistance was almost twice as likely
among female patients as male. In addition, 25 percent of females received
assistance from the agency in using the toilet room compared to 16 percent
of males.
QuickStats:
Rate of Total Knee Replacement for Persons Aged >65 Years, by Sex -
United States, 1979-2002 (2/28/05)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5407a6.htm
Total knee replacement
has become one of the most common orthopedic procedures performed on older
persons. During 1979-2002, the rate of knee
replacement procedures among those aged >65 years increased
approximately eightfold. These procedures are performed more frequently for
women than men.
2004 Publications and Materials
Prevalence
of Visual Impairment and Selected Eye Diseases among Persons Aged >50 Years
With and Without Diabetes- United States, 2002 (11/30/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a3.htm
To characterize the prevalence of visual impairment and selected eye
diseases (i.e., diabetic retinopathy, cataracts, macular degeneration, and
glaucoma) among persons aged >50 years with and without diabetes, CDC
analyzed data from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). This
report summarizes the findings of that analysis, which identified a
substantially higher prevalence of visual impairment and eye disease among
those with diabetes compared with those without diabetes. The prevalence of
visual impairment, cataracts, and glaucoma was higher among persons aged
>50 years with diabetes than among those without diabetes, overall, and
for most groups examined. Among persons with diabetes, the age-adjusted
prevalence of visual impairment was higher among women than men (28.5%
versus 19.2%) and higher among those with less than high school education
than among those with high school or more education (30.5% versus 20.9%).
Among persons with diabetes, the prevalence of cataracts was higher among
persons aged >65 years than persons aged 50-64 years (50.3% versus
16.1%), higher among women than men (37.3% versus 26.7%), and higher among
non-Hispanic whites than those of other racial/ethnic populations (34.8%
versus 24.1%).
Strength
Training Among Adults Aged >65 Years- United States, 2001 (1/26/04)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5302a1.htm
CDC analyzed data from the 2001 National Health Interview Survey. In
face-to-face interviews, respondents were asked, "How often do you do
physical activities specifically designed to strengthen your muscles, such
as lifting weights or doing calisthenics?" Women were less likely than men
to meet the objective - adults who perform, >2 days per week,
physical activities that enhance and maintain muscular strength and
endurance. The findings in this report indicate that, in 2001, the majority
of older adults, including those who met the national objective for
physical activity, did not engage in strength training. Approximately 11%
of respondents aged >65 years reported that they engaged in strength
training >2 days per week. These results suggest the need for
targeted programs to encourage certain older-adult populations (e.g., women
and persons who are less educated, obese, or physically inactive) to
increase strength training.
2003 Publications and Materials
Public
Health and Aging: Health-Related Quality of Life Among Low-Income Persons
Aged 45-64 Years – United States, 1995-2001 (11/21/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5246a2.htm
CDC analyzed health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and related factors
among a subset of respondents to the 1995-2001 Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System surveys. This report summarizes the results of that
analysis, which found that low-income adults aged 45-64 years have worse
HRQOL than all other adults. During 1995-2001, women in this population
reported a mean of 6.4 unhealthy days, compared with 4.7 unhealthy days for
men. In the higher income groups (i.e., annual household income of >$15,000),
women consistently reported more unhealthy days than men. Among persons
with the lowest incomes, men aged 55-64 years had the highest mean number
of unhealthy days (14.8), followed by women aged 45-54 years (13.9).
Unique Lipoprotein Phenotype and Genotype Associated with Exceptional
Longevity (11/20/03)
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/lipoprotein.htm
This was a case control study of 213 Ashkenazi Jewish probands with
exceptional longevity (mean age of 98.3 years, SD 5.3 years). This study
suggests that lipoprotein (HDL and LDL) particle size is heritable and
contributes to healthy aging. Persons with increased lipoprotein particle
size had increased homozygosity for the I405V variant of cholesteryl ester
transfer protein as well as lower prevalence of cardiovascular disease,
hypertension, and the metabolic syndrome. On average, women in the study
had particle sizes larger than those in men, which may help explain the
over representation of women in the ranks of those who reach their 100th
birthday. Females represent 80% of this population.
Use
of Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) Among Postmenopausal Women in the
United States, 1988-1994
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/databriefs/hrtinwomen.pdf
This fact sheet draws data from NHANES III (1988–94) to show patterns of
HRT use in the United States, and factors associated with HRT use. NHANES
III data showed that nearly one-half of postmenopausal U.S. women have used
different forms of HRT at some time, and over one-third of HRT pill users
have been on the therapy for more than 10 years. Also, HRT use is not
evenly distributed among subgroups, with the use of HRT being associated
with menopausal type, race/ethnicity, education, and family income.
Questions discussed include: when did women start using HRT, in what form,
and for how long; and how does HRT use differ by menopausal type,
race/ethnicity, education, or poverty status.
Hormonal Replacement Therapy, Prothrombotic Mutations and the Risk of
Venous Thrombosis
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/HR_therapy.htm
Consistent with current literature, the authors found an increased risk for
venous thromboembolism (VTE) among HRT users as well as among the women
with prothrombotic mutations. The results from this study raise concerns
about prescription of HRT for women who are genetically predisposed to
thrombosis. The authors argue that screening for Factor V Leiden in
postmenopausal women and the subsequent withholding of HRT in women tested
positive would prevent 5-25 thrombotic events per year per 10,000 women.
However, because recent evidence suggests that HRT may not help prevent
cardiovascular disease, withholding HRT may be more prudent and more
cost-effective, as the authors point out, in women with other risk factors
for VTE, such as obesity and familial risk.
Public
Health and Aging: Nonfatal Injuries Among Older Adults Treated in Hospital
Emergency Departments- United States, 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5242a4.htm
To characterize nonfatal injuries among older adults, CDC analyzed data
from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program.
This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate
differences in type and mechanism of injury by sex, suggesting that
prevention programs should be designed and tailored differently for men and
women. During 2001, an estimated 935,556 men and 1,731,640 women aged >65
years were treated in EDs for nonfatal injuries. The overall injury rate
per 100,000 persons was higher among women (8,466 per 100,000 persons) than
among men (6,404). The most common (47%) location for nonfatal injuries was
the home.
Public
Health and Aging: Nonfatal Physical Assault-Related Injuries Among Persons
Aged >60 Years Treated in Hospital Emergency Departments - United States,
2001
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5234a2.htm
CDC analyzed data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance
System-All Injury Program, which indicate that approximately 33,000 persons
aged >60 years in the United States were treated in hospital emergency
departments (EDs) for nonfatal assault-related injuries in 2001, with
injuries occurring disproportionately among persons aged 60-69 years. The
majority (55.4%) of adults aged >60 years who were examined in EDs were
men. Older adults were at similar risk for being assaulted at home (25.9%)
compared with a public area (27.5%). The types of injuries sustained were
primarily contusion/abrasion (31.9%), laceration (21.1%), and fracture
(12.7%). Compared with persons aged 20-59 years, a greater proportion of
older assault victims were women, had fractures and were hospitalized at
the time of diagnosis; however, these differences were not statistically
significant.
Public
Health and Aging: Nonfatal Fall-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Among Older
Adults - California, 1996-1999
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5213a3.htm
California hospital discharge data were collected and analyzed to describe
fall-related traumatic brain injury (TBI). This report summarizes the
results of that analysis, which support previous findings that persons aged
>65 years are at risk for hospitalization for a fall and that
same-level falls are far more common among persons aged >65 years
than falls from a higher level (e.g., a ladder, chair, or stair). For this
report, cases were limited to first admissions. Overall, males were
hospitalized more frequently (59%) than females. Although 70% of
hospitalizations among those aged <65 years were among males, females
accounted for 56% of hospitalizations among those aged >65 years.
Defining the circumstances of fall injuries and recognizing the type of
fall leading to TBI hospitalizations among older persons can help
health-care providers conduct risk assessment and management of falls in
this population.
Trends in
Aging - United States and Worldwide
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5206a2.htm
The median age of the world’s population is increasing because of a decline
in fertility and a 20-year increase in the average life span during the
second half of the 20th century. In 2000, the worldwide population of
persons aged >65 years was an estimated 420 million, a 9.5 million
increase from 1999. The sex distribution of older U.S. residents is
expected to change only moderately. Women represented 59% of persons aged
>65 years in 2000 compared with an estimated 56% in 2030. A higher
life expectancy at birth for females compared with males is almost
universal. The average sex differential in 2000 was approximately 7 years
in Europe and North America but less in developing countries.
Public
Health and Aging: Atrial Fibrillation as a Contributing Cause of Death and
Medicare Hospitalization - United States, 1999
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5207a2.htm
One of the major risk factors for stroke is atrial fibrillation (AF), a
common cardiac disorder characterized by cardiac arrhythmia and the absence
of coordinated contractions, which increases the risk for blood stasis,
clot formation, and embolic stroke. AF affects approximately 2.2 million
adults in the United States and is the most common sustained heart rhythm
disturbance observed in clinical practice. The rate of AF increases with
age, from <1% among persons aged <60 years to approximately 10% among
persons aged >80 years. Age-adjusted death rates for AF were highest
among whites (25.7) and blacks (16.4) and higher for men (34.7) than women
(22.8). In 1999, a total of 1,765,304 hospitalizations (137.1 per 1,000
Medicare enrollees) were reported among persons with AF in the Medicare
population. Rates increased among successive age groups. The rate of
hospitalization among persons with AF was higher among whites (142.7) than
among blacks (100.4). Although 55.7% of these hospitalizations were among
women, men (162.9) had a higher rate of AF-related hospitalization than
women (121.2). Stroke is the leading cause in the United States of serious
long-term disability and the third leading cause of death.
2002 Publications and Materials
Combined COMT and GST Genotypes and Hormone Replacement Therapy Associated
Breast Cancer Risk
http://www.cdc.gov/genomics/hugenet/ejournal/comt_gst.htm
An E-Journal Club review from the Human Genome Epidemiology Network (HuGENeT)
of the Mitrunen et al. article. Includes a detailed abstraction of the
article.
Prevalence
of Health-Care Providers Asking Older Adults About Their Physical Activity
Levels- United States, 1998
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5119a2.htm
To evaluate whether health-care providers ask about physical activity among
older adults, CDC analyzed data from the 1998 National Health Interview
Survey. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicate
that approximately half of older adults who attended a routine check-up
during the previous year reported being asked about physical activity by
their health-care providers. A total of 52% of respondents reported that
their health-care providers had asked about their level of physical
activity or exercise. Women were significantly less likely than men to be
asked. The likelihood of being asked declined with age and increased with
level of education. Persons who were obese were more likely to be asked
than persons with normal weight. To help older adults make lifestyle
changes, health-care providers should ask older adults during routine
check-ups about their physical activity levels.
2001 Publications and Materials
Trends in Causes of Death Among the Elderly (Fact Sheet)
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/01facts/olderame.htm
The leading causes of death among the elderly are chronic diseases, notably
cardiovascular disease and cancer. Under existing conditions, women who
live to age 65 can expect to live about 19 years longer, men about 16 years
longer. Whether the added years at the end of the life cycle are healthy,
enjoyable, and productive depends, in part, upon preventing and controlling
a number of chronic diseases and conditions. Over one-third (35 percent) of
all deaths are due to heart disease, including heart attacks and chronic
ischemic heart disease. Cancer accounted for about one-fifth (22 percent)
of all deaths. Death from heart disease and atherosclerosis has declined
dramatically for all groups.
U.S. Fall Prevention Programs for
Seniors
http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/falls/
This document describes fall prevention programs for U.S. seniors that
research show are important components of effective programs: education,
home assessment for environmental fall hazards, and access to home
modification and/or repair services. These programs may provide models for
agencies or organizations that want to develop fall prevention programs for
older adults. Among people age 65 and older, falls are the leading cause of
injury deaths and serious injuries. Among seniors with osteoporosis, falls
can cause devastating injuries such as hip fractures; 75%–80% of hip
fractures are sustained by women. Comprehensive programs from the following
states are described: Arizona, California, Connecticut, Idaho, Kentucky,
Maryland, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Utah, and Virginia.
Examples of program materials from several states are also provided.
Aging: Women’s Health Topics A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/aging.htm
View women’s health resources related to aging.
Fast Stats
A-Z: Older Persons’ Health Statistics
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/older_americans.htm
View data and statistics on older persons’ health statistics.
Healthy Aging
http://www.cdc.gov/aging/
Learn more about healthy aging.
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last reviewed December 31, 2006
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