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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs and HIV/AIDS)
Selected U.S. National Research Findings
Below are selected national women's health research findings and facts related to sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. This information is selected text from articles or
documents. Please view the source documents below each bulleted section to determine the exact context.
For more resources on this topic, visit: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs and HIV/AIDS): Women’s Health Topics A-Z
http://www.cdc.gov/women/az/std.htm
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STDs and HIV/AIDS: Chlamydia
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Gonorrhea
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Hepatitis B
STDs and HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Pregnancy
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Statistics (General)- includes multiple topics, behavioral risks, trends, and/or summary statistics
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Syphilis
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STDs and HIV/AIDS: Chlamydia |
•
In 2004, state- and outlying area-specific chlamydia rates among women
ranged from 160.9 per 100,000 to 1,016.6 per 100,000. This variation in
rates reflects both state-specific differences in screening and
reporting practices, and in true disease burden.
Source: Chlamydia Prevalence Monitoring Project
Annual Report,
2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/Chlamydia2004/default.htm
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•
Between 2003 and 2004, the rate of chlamydia infections in women
increased from 463.6 to 485.0 per 100,000 females. Chlamydia rates
exceed gonorrhea rates among women in all states.
Source: STD Surveillance Report, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/toc2004.htm
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• Chlamydia remains
the most commonly reported infectious disease in the United States.
• In 2003, 877,478 chlamydial infections were reported to CDC, up from
834,555 cases reported in 2002. Because many cases are not reported or
even diagnosed, it is estimated that there are actually 2.8 million new
cases of chlamydia each year.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases
in the United States, 2003- National Data on Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and
Syphilis
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats03/trends2003.htm
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• Between 2002 and
2003, the rate of chlamydia infections in women increased from 445.0 to
466.9 per 100,000 females.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Women and Infants
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/womenandinf.htm
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STDs and HIV/AIDS: Gonorrhea |
•
The gonorrhea rate for women in 2004 (116.5 per 100,000 females) showed
a slight decline since 2000. Although the gonorrhea rate in men has been
historically higher than the rate in women, the gonorrhea rate among
women has been higher than the rate among men for four consecutive
years.
Source: STD Surveillance Report, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/toc2004.htm
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•
Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported infectious disease in the
United States, with 330,132 cases reported in 2004.
Source: Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted
Diseases in the United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/trends2004.htm
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• Gonorrhea is the
second most commonly reported infectious disease in the U.S., with
335,104 cases reported in 2003.
• Much like chlamydia, gonorrhea is believed to be underreported. An
estimated 718,000 new infections occur each year.
• The gonorrhea rate among African Americans declined from 2002 to
2003, falling 8.1 percent (from 713.7 to 655.8); however, African
Americans remained the group most heavily affected by gonorrhea.
• Reported rates of gonorrhea in African Americans were 20 times
greater than those of whites in 2003, down from 23 times greater in
2002.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases
in the United States, 2003- National Data on Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and
Syphilis
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats03/trends2003.htm
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• The gonorrhea
rate for women in 2003 (118.8 per 100,000 females) showed a slight
decline since 1999.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Women and Infants
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/womenandinf.htm
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STDs and HIV/AIDS: Hepatitis B |
| • During 1990-2002, the incidence of reported acute hepatitis B declined 67%.
• The incidence of acute hepatitis B among men has been consistently higher than among women.
• In 1990, the incidence
[of acute hepatitis B] among men and women was 9.8 and 6.3, respectively; in 2002, the
incidence was 3.7 and 2.2, respectively.
• Overall, incidence
[of acute hepatitis B] among women has declined more than among men; the male-to-female
acute hepatitis B rate ratio was 1.5 in 1990, compared with 1.7 in 2002.
• Since 1999, the incidence of acute hepatitis B has increased 5% among males aged 20-39
years and 20% and 31%, respectively, among males and females aged >40 years.
Source: Incidence of Acute Hepatitis B- United States, 1990-2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5251a3.htm
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|
STDs and HIV/AIDS: HIV/AIDS |
| •
Chlamydia remains the most commonly reported infectious disease in the
United States. In 2004, 929,462 chlamydia diagnoses were reported, up
from 877,478 in 2003.
•
Women, especially young women, are hit hardest by chlamydia. Studies
have found that chlamydia is more common among young women than young
men, and the long-term consequences of untreated disease for women are
much more severe.
•
The chlamydia case rate for females in 2004 was 3.3 times higher than
for males (485.0 vs. 147.1). However, much of this difference reflects
the fact that women are far more likely to be screened than men.
•
Females ages 15 to 19 had the highest chlamydia rate (2,761.5), followed
by females ages 20 to 24 (2,630.7).
•
African-American women are also disproportionately impacted by chlamydia.
In 2004, the rate of reported chlamydia among black females (1,722.3)
was more than 7.5 times that of white females (226.6).
Source: Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted
Diseases in the United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/trends2004.htm
|
•
From 1999 to 2003, men experienced a modest but steady decrease in
HIV/AIDS mortality; the death rate for women was unchanged.
Source: QuickStats: Age-Adjusted Death Rates for
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection, by Sex- United States,
1987-2003
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5446a7.htm
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• Women were more
likely than men to have ever been tested for HIV.
Source: Summary
Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: National Health Interview Survey,
2003
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_10/sr10_225.pdf
|
• In 2003, almost
three quarters of HIV/AIDS diagnoses were made for male adolescents and
adults.
Source: A Glance at
the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/PUBS/Facts/At-A-Glance.htm
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| • An estimated
6,000 to 7,000 HIV-infected women give birth each year in the United
States, resulting in 280 to 370 new perinatal infections.
• Approximately 40% of mothers whose infants are perinatally infected
have no documentation of HIV status, despite recommendations that all
pregnant women be tested for HIV prenatally.
• About 40% of women
of childbearing age are unaware that treatment is available to prevent
perinatal transmission.
Source: Quick
Facts: Perinatal HIV/AIDS Prevention, April 2003-March 2005
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/prev_prog/AHP/resources/ factsheets/QF_Perinatal.htm
|
• During 2000–2003,
HIV/AIDS rates for African American females were 19 times the rates for
white females and 5 times the rates for Hispanic females; they also
exceeded the rates for males of all races/ethnicities other than
African Americans.
• During 200-2003, HIV/AIDS rates for African American males were 7
times those for white males and 3 times those for Hispanic males.
Source: HIV/AIDS
among African Americans: Updated Fact Sheet
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/aa/resources/factsheets/aa.htm
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• In 2002,
non-Hispanic blacks who died from HIV disease had approximately 11
times as many age-adjusted years of potential life lost before age 75
years per 100,000 population as non-Hispanic whites.
Source: Health
Disparities Experienced by Black or African Americans- United States
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5401a1.htm
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• From 1999 through
2003, the estimated number of AIDS cases increased 15% among females
and 1% among males.
Source: HIV/AIDS
Surveillance Report: Cases of HIV Infection and AIDS in the United
States, 2003
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/STATS/2003SurveillanceReport.pdf
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• The 2002 National
Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and the 2002 Behavioral Risk Factor
Surveillance System (BRFSS) surveys indicated that, in 2002,
approximately 10%-12% of persons aged 18-64 years in the United States
reported being tested for HIV during the preceding 12 months, an
estimated 16-22 million persons.
• In both surveys, greater percentages of pregnant women and persons at
increased risk for HIV reported being tested during the preceding 12
months than other persons.
• According to NHIS and BRFSS data, approximately 48.4% and 54.0% of
pregnant women, respectively, reported HIV tests.
Source: Number of
Persons Tested for HIV- United States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5347a4.htm
|
• An estimated
11,498 women had a diagnosis of AIDS, a number that represents 27% of
the 43,171 AIDS diagnoses.
• The rate of AIDS diagnoses for African American women (50.2/100,000
women) was approximately 25 times the rate for white women
(2.0/100,000) and 4 times the rate for Hispanic women (12.4/100,000).
• African American and Hispanic women together represented about 25% of
all US women, yet they account for 83% of AIDS diagnoses reported in
2003.
• An estimated 88,815 women were living with AIDS, representing 22% of
the estimated 405,926 people living with AIDS.
• An estimated 4,736 women with AIDS died, representing 26% of the
18,017 deaths of persons with AIDS.
• Data from 33 areas (32 states and the US Virgin Islands) with
confidential name-based HIV reporting indicate that an estimated 8,733
women were given a diagnosis of HIV infection.
• Heterosexual contact was the source of almost 80% of these HIV
infections.
• Women accounted for 27% of the estimated 32,048 diagnoses of HIV
infection.
• The number of estimated HIV diagnoses for women remained stable
during 2000–2003.
Source: HIV/AIDS
among Women Fact Sheet
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/women.htm
|
| • In 2001, HIV/AIDS
was the third leading cause of death among Hispanic men aged 35 to 44
and the fourth leading cause of death among Hispanic women in the same
age group. • In 2002, most Hispanic women are exposed to HIV through heterosexual contact, followed by injection drug use. Most Hispanic men are exposed
to HIV through sexual contact with other men, followed by injection drug use and heterosexual contact.
Source: HIV/AIDS among Hispanics
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/pubs/facts/hispanic.htm
|
| • Heterosexually acquired HIV infections represented 35% of all new HIV cases; 64% of
heterosexually acquired HIV infections occurred in females, and 74% occurred in non-Hispanic blacks.
• The proportion of females was greater among persons with heterosexually acquired HIV
infections (64%; 23,205 of 36,084) than the proportion of females among persons exposed through injection-drug use, blood products,
transfusions, and undetermined modes of exposure (36%; 6,661 of 18,732).
• The proportion of
HIV-infected females was highest among persons aged 13-19 years,
consistent with a previous finding.
• Survey data suggest that females in this age group engage in behaviors that place them
at increased risk for acquiring HIV infections; the high proportion of infected females might be associated with sexual contact with older
males, who are more likely to be infected. In addition, young females might have more opportunities for HIV testing and diagnosis (e.g.,
routine family planning and gynecological services) than young males.
• Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS was more common among males (25%; 3,223 of 12,879) than among
females (18%; 4,172 of 23,205).
• Females accounted for 89% of heterosexually acquired HIV infections among persons aged
13-19 years. Females also accounted for 70% of such cases reported among non-Hispanic whites, 64% among non-Hispanic blacks, and 56% among
Hispanics.
• Because of social patterns, non-Hispanic black and Hispanic females are more likely than
other females to be exposed to HIV because of a higher prevalence of infection among non-Hispanic black and Hispanic males.
Source: Heterosexual Transmission of HIV- 29 States, 1999-2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5306a3.htm
|
| • HIV diagnoses among injection-drug users (IDUs) have leveled in the majority of
demographic groups during this period in the 25 states for which HIV surveillance data are available.
• A total of 21,687 HIV diagnoses reported in the 25 states were among IDUs, and males
accounted for 14,252 (66%) cases.
• Among women, HIV diagnoses declined 41%, from 1,407 in 1994 to 835 in 1999, and leveled
to 886 in 2000. Among men, HIV diagnoses reported among IDUs declined 44%, from 2,819 in 1994 to 1,568 in 1999, and leveled to 1,628 in 2000.
Source: HIV Diagnoses Among Injection-Drug Users (IDUs) in States with HIV Surveillance-
25 States, 1994-2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5227a2.htm
|
| • The proportion of AIDS cases among women and adolescent girls (aged 13 and over)
increased from 8% in 1986 to 26% in 2001. • In 2001, 63% of women and adolescent
girls reported with AIDS were black; the rate was 47.8 cases per 100,000 black women and adolescent girls.
• CDC estimates that 66% of the 11,082 AIDS cases diagnosed among women and adolescent
girls in 2001 can be attributed to heterosexual transmission. About 32% were attributed to injection drug use and 3% to other risks.
• Nearly every state reported some AIDS cases among females in 2001. Most AIDS cases among
women and adolescent girls resided in the Northeast and the South; in these regions, most cases were among black, non-Hispanic women and
adolescent girls.
Source: Slide Set, HIV/AIDS Surveillance in Women, Through 2001
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/graphics/women.htm
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• Of the estimated 69,775 adult and adolescent women living with AIDS, 40,051 (57%) were
exposed through heterosexual contact, and 27,475 (39%) were injection-drug users.
Source: AIDS Update- United States, 2000
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5127a2.htm
|
|
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
•
The reported number of initial visits to physicians' offices for PID
through the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI) has generally
declined from 1993 through 2004.
Source: STD Surveillance Report, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/toc2004.htm
|
• If not adequately
treated, 20% to 40% of women infected with chlamydia, and 10% to 40% of
women infected with gonorrhea may develop PID.
• Among women with PID, tubal scarring will cause involuntary
infertility in 20%, ectopic pregnancy in 9%, and chronic pelvic pain in
18%.
• The vague symptoms associated with chlamydial and gonococcal PID
cause 85% of women to delay seeking medical care, thereby increasing
the risk of infertility and ectopic pregnancy.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Women and Infants
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/womenandinf.htm
|
| • Each year in the United States, it is estimated that more than 1 million women
experience an episode of acute PID. • More than 100,000 women become infertile each
year as a result of PID, and a large proportion of the ectopic pregnancies occurring every year are due to the consequences of PID.
• Annually more than 150 women die from PID or its complications.
Source: Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
http://www.cdc.gov/std/PID/STDFact-PID.htm
|
|
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Pregnancy |
• An estimated 6000 to 7000 HIV-infected women gave birth in the United States during the
year 2000; an estimated 280–370 infants were infected.
Source: Enhanced Perinatal Surveillance- United States, 1999-2001
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/STATS/SpecialReport10-7.pdf
|
| • Women who are pregnant can become infected with the same sexually transmitted diseases
(STDs) as women who are not pregnant. • The estimated number of pregnant women in
the United States who are infected with specific STDs each year:
| STD |
Estimated Number of
Pregnant Women |
| Bacterial vaginosis |
800,000 |
| Herpes simplex |
800,000 |
| Chlamydia |
200,000 |
| Trichomoniasis |
80,000 |
| Gonorrhea |
40,000 |
| Hepatitis B |
40,000 |
| HIV |
8,000 |
| Syphilis |
8,000 |
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Pregnancy
http://www.cdc.gov/std/STDFact-STDs&Pregnancy.htm
|
|
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Statistics (General)-
includes multiple topics, behavioral risks, trends, and/or summary statistics |
| •
From 2001 through 2004, the estimated number of HIV/AIDS cases decreased
approximately 2% among males and 15% among females.
•
In 2004, males accounted for 73% of all HIV/AIDS cases among adults and
adolescents.
Source: HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report: HIV Infection and AIDS in the
U.S., 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/STATS/2004SurveillanceReport.pdf
|
| •
The data from the National Survey of Family Growth and two other CDC
surveys show both marked progress since the earlier survey in 1995,
and a significant number of persons at risk of HIV who appear to
need testing and counseling for HIV.
•
The proportion of women who were tested in the year before the 1995
and 2002 surveys was quite similar (15 percent in 1995 and 16
percent in 2002).
•
About 4.8 million people (2.8 million men and 2.0 million women) at
risk of HIV had never been tested for HIV in 2002.
•
About 2 of 3 women (69 percent) were tested for HIV during a
pregnancy in the year before the survey, including 83 percent of
those at risk of HIV, and 67 percent of others.
Source: HIV Testing in the
United States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad363.pdf
|
• CDC estimates
that 19 million STD infections occur annually, almost half of them
among youth ages 15 to 24.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases
in the United States, 2003- National Data on Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and
Syphilis
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats03/trends2003.htm
|
• Approximately 70%
of chlamydia infections and 50% of gonococcal infections in women are
asymptomatic.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Women and Infants
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/womenandinf.htm
|
|
STDs and HIV/AIDS: Syphilis |
|
•
According to national notifiable disease surveillance data for
2000-2004, the disparity between syphilis rates among blacks and whites
in 2004 increased for the first time since 1993 and is associated with a
substantial increase of syphilis among black men.
•
Syphilis rates continue to increase among men who have sex with men (MSM).
•
Among women, the rate of primary and secondary syphilis decreased from
1.7 to 0.8 from 2000 to 2003 and remained at 0.8 in 2004, the first time
since 1991 that the rate among women did not decrease.
•
The findings underscore the need for enhanced prevention measures among
blacks and MSM. In addition, enhanced surveillance is needed to detect
any early increases in P&S syphilis among women.
Source: Primary and Secondary (P&S) Syphilis- United
States, 2003-2004
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5510a1.htm
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|
•
In 2004 — for the first time in over 10 years — the rate [or primary
and secondary syphilis] among females did not decrease, remaining at
0.8. Between 2003 and 2004, the rate of congenital syphilis (i.e.,
transmission from mother to child) decreased 17.8 percent (from 10.7
to 8.8 per 100,000 live births), likely reflecting the substantial
reduction in syphilis among women that has occurred over the past
decade.
Source: Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases in the
United States, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/trends2004.htm
|
|
•
Peaks in congenital syphilis usually occur one year after peaks in
primary and secondary (P&S) syphilis among women. The congenital
syphilis rate peaked in 1991 at 107.3 cases per 100,000 live births,
and declined by 92% to 8.8 cases per 100,000 live births in 2004.
The rate of P&S syphilis among women declined 95.4% (from 17.3 to
0.8 cases per 100,000 females) during 1990-2004.
Source: STD Surveillance Report, 2004
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats/toc2004.htm
|
|
• After an all-time
low in 2000, the syphilis rate in the U.S. rose for the third
consecutive year in 2003, increasing 19 percent during the three-year
period.
• Between 2002 and 2003 alone, the national rate of primary and
secondary syphilis— the early stages of the disease that indicate recent
infection —increased by 4.2 percent, from 2.4 to 2.5 cases per 100,000
population.
• Overall, the total number of reported primary and secondary syphilis
cases increased from 6,862 to 7,177 cases.
• Primary and secondary syphilis rates among African Americans declined
17.9 percent in 2003 (from 9.5 to 7.8 cases per 100,000 population) and
33.3 percent among African-American women, in particular (from 6.3 to
4.2).
• There was a 27.3 percent decline in the syphilis rate among women
overall (from 1.1 to 0.8).
• Rates of congenital syphilis, which occur when an infected pregnant
woman passes syphilis to her fetus, also declined 8.8 percent between
2002 and 2003, from 11.3 to 10.3 cases per 100,000 live births,
continuing a downward trend that began in 1991.
Source: STD
Surveillance, 2003: Trends in Reportable Sexually Transmitted Diseases
in the United States, 2003- National Data on Chlamydia, Gonorrhea and
Syphilis
http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats03/trends2003.htm
|
| • According to 2002 surveillance data, congenital syphilis (CS) rates have decreased
among all racial/ethnic minority populations and in all regions of the United States except the Northeast.
• During 2000-2002, the rate of CS decreased 21.1%, from 14.2 to 11.2 cases per 100,000 live
births.
• Among the 451 cases of CS reported in 2002, a total of 333 (73.8%) occurred because the
mother had no documented treatment or received inadequate treatment of syphilis before or during pregnancy; many of these cases occurred among
infants born to women who had no prenatal care or no documented prenatal care.
Source: Congenital Syphilis- United States, 2002
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5331a4.htm
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This page last reviewed
April 10, 2006
URL: http://www.cdc.gov/women/natstat/std.htm
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